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Journal articles on the topic 'Modelling photovoltaics'

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1

Abu Hamed, Tareq, Nadja Adamovic, Urs Aeberhard, et al. "Multiscale in modelling and validation for solar photovoltaics." EPJ Photovoltaics 9 (2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2018008.

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Photovoltaics is amongst the most important technologies for renewable energy sources, and plays a key role in the development of a society with a smaller environmental footprint. Key parameters for solar cells are their energy conversion efficiency, their operating lifetime, and the cost of the energy obtained from a photovoltaic system compared to other sources. The optimization of these aspects involves the exploitation of new materials and development of novel solar cell concepts and designs. Both theoretical modeling and characterization of such devices require a comprehensive view includ
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Marques Lameirinhas, Ricardo A., João Paulo N. Torres, and João P. de Melo Cunha. "A Photovoltaic Technology Review: History, Fundamentals and Applications." Energies 15, no. 5 (2022): 1823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051823.

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Photovoltaic technology has become a huge industry, based on the enormous applications for solar cells. In the 19th century, when photoelectric experiences started to be conducted, it would be unexpected that these optoelectronic devices would act as an essential energy source, fighting the ecological footprint brought by non-renewable sources, since the industrial revolution. Renewable energy, where photovoltaic technology has an important role, is present in 3 out of 17 United Nations 2030 goals. However, this path cannot be taken without industry and research innovation. This article aims t
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Alfonso-Solar, David, Carlos Vargas-Salgado, Carlos Sánchez-Díaz, and Elías Hurtado-Pérez. "Small-Scale Hybrid Photovoltaic-Biomass Systems Feasibility Analysis for Higher Education Buildings." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (2020): 9300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219300.

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Applications of renewable electricity in cities are mostly limited to photovoltaics, and they need other renewable sources, batteries, and the grid to guarantee reliability. This paper proposes a hybrid system, combining biomass and photovoltaics, to supply electricity to educational buildings. This system is reliable and provides at least 50% of electricity based on renewable sources. Buildings with small (<500 kW) installed power based on renewables, mainly biomass, are usually expensive. Besides, in urban areas, photovoltaic capacity is limited due to roof availability. This paper analyz
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Few, Sheridan, Jarvist M. Frost, and Jenny Nelson. "Models of charge pair generation in organic solar cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 4 (2015): 2311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp03663h.

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5

Spasevski, Stojan, and Vlatko Stoikov. "Estimating rooftop photovoltaics placement on administrative building using Building Information Modelling." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 20 (September 2022): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj20.332.

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The implementation of renewable energy sources and energy efficiency measures for administrative buildings, contribute for reduction of costs for electricity and other fuels. For estimating the optimal rooftop photovoltaic placement on administrative building, a placement analysis is needed. This analysis enables designer to define the optimal placement of the PV modules on the roof using Building Information Modelling (BIM). BIM is based on digital technologies developed with the special purpose for creating a digital model of a building that contains all its physical and functional character
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6

Gondek, E., and P. Karasiński. "High reflectance materials for photovoltaics applications: analysis and modelling." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 24, no. 8 (2013): 2934–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-013-1194-2.

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7

Samiul Islam, Md, K. Sobayel, Ammar Al-Kahtani, et al. "Defect Study and Modelling of SnX3-Based Perovskite Solar Cells with SCAPS-1D." Nanomaterials 11, no. 5 (2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11051218.

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Recent achievements, based on lead (Pb) halide perovskites, have prompted comprehensive research on low-cost photovoltaics, in order to avoid the major challenges that arise in this respect: Stability and toxicity. In this study, device modelling of lead (Pb)-free perovskite solar cells has been carried out considering methyl ammonium tin bromide (CH3NH3SnBr3) as perovskite absorber layer. The perovskite structure has been justified theoretically by Goldschmidt tolerance factor and the octahedral factor. Numerical modelling tools were used to investigate the effects of amphoteric defect and in
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Schiro, Fabio, Alberto Benato, Anna Stoppato, and Nicola Destro. "Improving photovoltaics efficiency by water cooling: Modelling and experimental approach." Energy 137 (October 2017): 798–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.04.164.

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9

Babin, Markus, Ingvar Haukur Jóhannsson, Michael Linde Jakobsen, and Sune Thorsteinsson. "Experimental evaluation of the impact of pigment-based colored interlayers on the temperature of BIPV modules." EPJ Photovoltaics 14 (2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2023028.

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While colored photovoltaics are gaining popularity in the market for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), several specific properties are not accounted for in standard PV performance models. This work shows how relying on the coloration efficiency alone can lead to significant errors regarding module temperatures. By comparing measured temperature data from a test installation featuring BIPV façade elements in multiple colors, little correlation is found between total optical losses (reflection and absorption losses) and module temperature. Instead, better correlation is found with total
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Schmager, Raphael, Malte Langenhorst, Jonathan Lehr, Uli Lemmer, Bryce S. Richards, and Ulrich W. Paetzold. "Methodology of energy yield modelling of perovskite-based multi-junction photovoltaics." Optics Express 27, no. 8 (2019): A507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.27.00a507.

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Dominković, Dominik, and Goran Krajačić. "District Cooling Versus Individual Cooling in Urban Energy Systems: The Impact of District Energy Share in Cities on the Optimal Storage Sizing." Energies 12, no. 3 (2019): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030407.

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The energy transition of future urban energy systems is still the subject of an ongoing debate. District energy supply can play an important role in reducing the total socio-economic costs of energy systems and primary energy supply. Although lots of research was done on integrated modelling including district heating, there is a lack of research on integrated energy modelling including district cooling. This paper addressed the latter gap using linear continuous optimization model of the whole energy system, using Singapore for a case study. Results showed that optimal district cooling share
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12

Kibaara, Samuel Kariuki, D. K. Murage, P. Musau, and M. J. Saulo. "Comparative Analysis of Implementation of Solar PV Systems Using the Advanced SPECA Modelling Tool and HOMER Software: Kenyan Scenario." HighTech and Innovation Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/hij-2020-01-01-02.

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Globally, attention has majorly been focused on pollution and exhaustion of fossil fuels allied to the conventional energy sources while the non-conventional energy/renewable energy sources have always been considered clean and environmentally friendly. Of the two, the non-conventional (renewable) is being preferred because it is believed to be more environmentally friendly. Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) especially Solar Photovoltaics have seen many plants being constructed to either supplement the grid or as alternatives for those far from the grid. Solar Photovoltaics plants occupy la
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Alam, Marzia, Mehreen Saleem Gul, and Tariq Muneer. "Radiation View Factor for Building Applications: Comparison of Computation Environments." Energies 12, no. 20 (2019): 3826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12203826.

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Computation of view factors is required in several building engineering applications where radiative exchange takes place between surfaces such as ground and vertical walls or ground and sloping thermal or photovoltaics collectors. In this paper, view factor computations are performed for bifacial solar photovoltaic (PV) collectors based on the finite element method (FEM) using two programming languages known as Microsoft Excel-Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and Python. The aim is to determine the computer response time as well as the performance of the two languages in terms of accuracy
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Wang, Chenguang, Guangcai Gong, Huan Su, and Chuck Wah Yu. "Dimensionless and thermodynamic modelling of integrated photovoltaics–air source heat pump systems." Solar Energy 118 (August 2015): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.04.036.

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15

Papargyri, Lamprini, Marios Theristis, Bernhard Kubicek, et al. "Modelling and experimental investigations of microcracks in crystalline silicon photovoltaics: A review." Renewable Energy 145 (January 2020): 2387–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.138.

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16

Bednar, N., A. Caviasca, P. Sevela, N. Severino, and N. Adamovic. "Modelling of flexible thin-film modules for building and product integrated photovoltaics." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 181 (July 2018): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.12.035.

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17

Grobe, L. O., S. Wasilewski, D. Ploerer, and C. Roeske. "Modeling reflection by structured building-integrated photovoltaics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2600, no. 4 (2023): 042006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2600/4/042006.

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Abstract Evaluating the reflection of solar radiation by Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) with structured front-glass is challenging for two reasons. First, the resulting irregular scattering of light cannot be accounted for by simple reflection models. Second, the locations where the evaluation needs to take place cannot be predicted by simple geometric considerations, as in the case of mirror-like reflection. The detailed modelling of a BIPV module featuring a periodical, linear structure based on the scanning of its surface is described. The application of the model is demonstrated
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18

Mateos-Canseco, Alejandro, Manuel Peña-Cruz, Arturo Díaz-Ponce, Jean-Luc Battaglia, Christophe Pradère, and Luis Patino-Lopez. "Time-Resolved Temperature Map Prediction of Concentration Photovoltaics Systems by Means of Coupled Ray Tracing Flux Analysis and Thermal Quadrupoles Modelling." Energies 11, no. 8 (2018): 2042. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082042.

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A transient 3D thermal model based on the thermal quadrupole method, coupled to ray tracing analysis, is presented. This methodology can predict transient temperature maps under any time-fluctuating irradiance flux—either synthetic or experimental—providing a useful tool for the design and parametric optimization of concentration photovoltaics systems. Analytic simulations of a concentration photovoltaics system thermal response and assessment of in-plane thermal gradients induced by fast tracking point perturbations, like those induced by wind, are provided and discussed for the first time. C
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19

Joshi, Siddharth, Shivika Mittal, Paul Holloway, Priyadarshi Ramprasad Shukla, Gallachóir Brian Ó, and James Glynn. "High resolution global spatiotemporal assessment of rooftop solar photovoltaics potential for renewable electricity generation." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (2021): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25720-2.

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Rooftop solar photovoltaics currently account for 40% of the global solar photovoltaics installed capacity and one-fourth of the total renewable capacity additions in 2018. Yet, only limited information is available on its global potential and associated costs at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we present a high-resolution global assessment of rooftop solar photovoltaics potential using big data, machine learning and geospatial analysis. We analyse 130 million km<sup>2</sup> of global land surface area to demarcate 0.2 million km<sup>2</sup> of rooftop area, which together represent 27
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20

Lin, Wenye, Zhenjun Ma, Kehua Li, V. V. Tyagi, and A. K. Pandey. "A dynamic simulation platform for fault modelling and characterisation of building integrated photovoltaics." Renewable Energy 179 (December 2021): 963–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.035.

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21

Toledo, Carlos, Ana Maria Gracia Amillo, Giorgio Bardizza, Jose Abad, and Antonio Urbina. "Evaluation of Solar Radiation Transposition Models for Passive Energy Management and Building Integrated Photovoltaics." Energies 13, no. 3 (2020): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13030702.

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Incident solar radiation modelling has become of vital importance not only in architectural design considerations, but also in the estimation of the energy production of photovoltaic systems. This is particularly true in the case of buildings with integrated photovoltaics (PV) systems having a wide range of orientations and inclinations defined by the skin of the building. Since solar radiation data at the plane of interest is hardly ever available, this study presents the analysis of two of the most representative transposition models used to obtain the in-plane irradiance using as input data
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22

Mitchell, Bernhard, Juergen W. Weber, Mattias Juhl, Daniel Macdonald, and Thorsten Trupke. "Photoluminescence Imaging of Silicon Bricks." Solid State Phenomena 205-206 (October 2013): 118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.205-206.118.

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Photoluminescence imaging techniques have recently been extended to silicon bricks for early production quality control and electronic characterisation in photovoltaics and microelectronics. This contribution reviews the state of the art of this new method which is fundamentally based on spectral luminescence analyses. We present highly resolved bulk lifetime images that can be rapidly extracted from the side faces of directionally solidified or Czochralski grown silicon bricks. It is discussed how detailed physical modelling and experimental verification give good confidence of the best pract
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23

Mohammad, Asaad, Ramon Zamora, and Tek Tjing Lie. "Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Distribution Network: A Review of PV Based Electric Vehicle Modelling." Energies 13, no. 17 (2020): 4541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174541.

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of a prominent solution for the sustainability issues needing dire attention like global warming, depleting fossil fuel reserves, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Conversely, EVs are shown to emit higher emissions (measured from source to tailpipe) for the fossil fuel-based countries, which necessitates renewable energy sources (RES) for maximizing EV benefits. EVs can also act as a storage system, to mitigate the challenges associated with RES and to provide the grid with ancillary services, such as voltage regulation, frequency regulation, spinning reserve,
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24

Domjan, Suzana, Sašo Medved, Boštjan Černe, and Ciril Arkar. "Fast Modelling of nZEB Metrics of Office Buildings Built with Advanced Glass and BIPV Facade Structures." Energies 12, no. 16 (2019): 3194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12163194.

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The planning process of nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB), as defined in Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), requires that designers check their solutions at all stages of planning. In the initial design phase, methods and tools for which only basic design knowledge of the modelling of energy efficiency indicators is required are often sufficient. With the introduction of fast modelling techniques, designers’ work can be simplified. A method and software for the fast modelling of nZEB energy efficiency indicators of buildings constructed with advanced multi-layer glass and buil
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25

Gota, Fabrizio, Raphael Schmager, Ahmed Farag, and Ulrich W. Paetzold. "Energy yield modelling of textured perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics with thick perovskite top cells." Optics Express 30, no. 9 (2022): 14172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.447069.

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Khordehgah, N., A. Żabnieńska-Góra, and H. Jouhara. "Analytical modelling of a photovoltaics-thermal technology combined with thermal and electrical storage systems." Renewable Energy 165 (March 2021): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.058.

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Gan, Guohui, and Saffa B. Riffat. "CFD modelling of air flow and thermal performance of an atrium integrated with photovoltaics." Building and Environment 39, no. 7 (2004): 735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.01.027.

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Nysted, Vilde Stueland, Lars Einar S. Stieng, Manish Kumar, et al. "Modelling wave-induced losses for floating photovoltaics: Impact of design parameters and environmental conditions." Solar Energy 293 (June 2025): 113439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2025.113439.

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Schregle, Roland, Christian Renken, and Stephen Wittkopf. "Spatio-Temporal Visualisation of Reflections from Building Integrated Photovoltaics." Buildings 8, no. 8 (2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings8080101.

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With the increasing adoption of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), concerns arise about potential glare. While recommended criteria to assess glare exist, it is challenging to apply these in the spatial and temporal domains and communicate the complex data to planning authorities and clients. This paper presents a new computational workflow using annual daylight simulation, material modelling using bi-directional scattering distribution functions (BSDFs) and image-based postprocessing to obtain 3-dimensional renderings of cumulative annual irradiance and glare duration on the built envi
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Krishna, Yathin, Shashikantha Karinka, Mohd Faizal Fauzan, and Prashanth Pai Manihalla. "An Experimental and Mathematical investigation of optimal tilt angle and effects of reflectors on PV energy production." MATEC Web of Conferences 335 (2021): 03020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202133503020.

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The performance of the solar photovoltaic panels relies on its direction and tilt angle with respect to the horizontal to obtain better conversion efficiency. The tilt angle of the PV panel needs to be in proper location and position to obtain maximum power output from photovoltaics. The optimum tilt angle is generally calculated based on global, diffused, and direct radiation on the horizontal surface. This study focuses on the concept of the optimal tilt angle that improves the performance of the PV panel. The paper discusses the MATLAB mathematical modelling and experimental validation cond
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Jayaram, Ms Kruthi. "Simulation Based Three Phase Single Stage Grid connected Inverter Using Solar Photovoltaics." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 23, no. 05 (2021): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/21/05190.

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Since ages, the best alternative for fossil fuel generation is found from Renewable energy sources. One among them is the Solar energy which can produce solar power. Solar power can be taught as “Solar Electricity” and is the most practical, cleanest forms of Renewa-ble Energy. Solar Power Systems otherwise called as PV systems can be of various types like off-grid and on-grid systems. This paper, focuses on Grid connected solar electric system. The paper aims at modelling high performance Three Phase Single Stage Grid Connected Inverter. So as to achieve maximum output from the photovoltaic a
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32

Raina, Gautam, and Sunanda Sinha. "A holistic review approach of design considerations, modelling, challenges and future applications for bifacial photovoltaics." Energy Conversion and Management 271 (November 2022): 116290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116290.

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Haval, Abhijeet Madhukar, and Md Afzal. "Power System Stability Improvement Through PV Integration and Unified Power Flow Control." E3S Web of Conferences 564 (2024): 05018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456405018.

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The unified power flow controller (UPFC) has been shown to benefit significantly from the contributions of photovoltaic (PV), according to the consensus between scientists. The power quality issues (PQI) and stability in real-world voltage sag/swell and harmonics have been significantly improved as a result of photovoltaic (PV) technology, as is evident. Additionally, there is a growing interest in the incorporation of photovoltaics (PV) into the electrical power system (EPS). In order to strengthen the stability of the situation, this generates a UPFC by employing the maximum power point trac
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Krunal R. Patel. "A Comprehensive Review of Electric Vehicle Charging Station with the Scope of Renewable Hybrid Energy and Fuel Cell Integration." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 50s (2025): 740–52. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i50s.10354.

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A renewable energy (RE) based system is a pollution-reductive and cost-effective solution while considering life cycle of RE system for electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS). In which solar photovoltaics, wind turbines, fuel cells, and biogas etc., are utilized to generate electricity that can be used in grid-tied or stand-alone charging stations. Due to a lack of grid access, stand-alone EVCS are promoted in tourist, rural and remote areas. The review article covers alternative modelling approaches in conjunction with EVCS standards for off-grid applications. Numerous modelling approaches
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Nysted, Vilde Stueland, Dag Lindholm, Josefine Selj, and Torunn Kjeldstad. "Floating photovoltaics: modelled and experimental operating temperatures and the impact of wind speed and direction." EPJ Photovoltaics 15 (2024): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjpv/2024020.

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Floating photovoltaics (FPV) is rapidly emerging as a promising alternative to ground-mounted PV (GPV) where available land area is scarce or expensive. Improved cooling has often been reported as a benefit of FPV, as cell temperature is an important parameter for the performance of a PV system. However, more recent literature shows that the cooling effect depends strongly on FPV technology and that it is not always superior to that of open rack GPV systems. There is still a need for more information on how to estimate cell temperatures for FPV systems, and how to consider the influence of var
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Friesecke, Gero, and Michael Kniely. "New Optimal Control Problems in Density Functional Theory Motivated by Photovoltaics." Multiscale Modeling & Simulation 17, no. 3 (2019): 926–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/18m1207272.

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Macías, Javier, Rebeca Herrero, Luis San José, Rubén Núñez, and Ignacio Antón. "On the validation of a modelling tool for Vehicle Integrated PhotoVoltaics: Reflected irradiance in urban environments." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 277 (October 2024): 113060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2024.113060.

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38

Athienitis, Andreas K., Giovanni Barone, Annamaria Buonomano, and Adolfo Palombo. "Assessing active and passive effects of façade building integrated photovoltaics/thermal systems: Dynamic modelling and simulation." Applied Energy 209 (January 2018): 355–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.09.039.

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39

Spiliotis, Konstantinos, Juliana E. Gonçalves, Dirk Saelens, Kris Baert, and Johan Driesen. "Electrical system architectures for building-integrated photovoltaics: A comparative analysis using a modelling framework in Modelica." Applied Energy 261 (March 2020): 114247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114247.

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40

Hassan, Husna A., and M. L. Inche Ibrahim. "Comparison between the use of uniform and non-uniform light absorption profiles in modelling organic photovoltaics." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1489 (March 2020): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1489/1/012019.

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Ozcan, Zeynep, Levent Bilir, and Basar Caglar. "Modelling and analysis of heat pump integrated Photovoltaics-Wind systems for an agricultural greenhouse in Turkey." Applied Thermal Engineering 248 (July 2024): 123364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123364.

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Yakoob, Mohammed Amir, Jani Lamminaho, Karlis Petersons, et al. "Efficiency-Enhanced Scalable Organic Photovoltaics Using Roll-to-Roll Nanoimprint Lithography." ChemSusChem 15, no. 2 (2022): e202101611. https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202101611.

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Light-trapping nanostructures have for decades been researched as a route to enhance the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). While the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSC has reached above 18% recently, industrial compatible devices made by scalable processing in air, using only non-toxic solvents and materials, show significantly lower performance values. Light-trapping nanostructures may improve this, however, the methods for integrating the nanostructures are typically not compatible with industrial scale up. In this work, we demonstrate scalable, industrial compatible, non-full
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Shafiq, Zunaira, Nadia Akram, Saba Jamil, Khalid Mahmood Zia, and Muhammad Ramzan Saeed Ashraf Janjua. "Quantum chemical modelling of non-fullerene donor and acceptor compounds for high performance organic photovoltaics and optoelectronics." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 343 (March 2025): 125152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2024.125152.

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Vazquez-Rodriguez, Alberto, Andrea Michiorri, and Georges Kariniotakis. "Integrating thermal properties and degradation modelling of batteries into the scheduling of hybrid power plants with photovoltaics." Journal of Energy Storage 73 (December 2023): 108782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108782.

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45

Chen, Liutao, Zinan Lin, Qi Zhou, Shihong Zhang, Mengying Li, and Zhe Wang. "Impacts of photovoltaics and integrated green roofs on urban climate: Experimental insights for urban land surface modelling." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 217 (July 2025): 115709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115709.

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46

Dalder, Jacob, Gbemi Oluleye, Carla Cannone, Rudolf Yeganyan, Naomi Tan, and Mark Howells. "Modelling Policy Pathways to Maximise Renewable Energy Growth and Investment in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Using OSeMOSYS (Open Source Energy Modelling System)." Energies 17, no. 2 (2024): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17020342.

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This study sought to generate, evaluate, and recommend possible national policies for the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to implement to most effectively boost growth and investment in renewable energy technologies (RETs) through 2065 using Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS). The novelty of this study stems in-part from the scarcity of RET modelling completed for specific West African countries rather than for broader regions. Market-based instruments were identified as the policy type most practical for DRC. From modelling the resulting energy systems for
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Bahri, Hamza, and Adelghani Harrag. "Modelling and Analysis of Hybrid PV-PEM Fuel Cell Power System." Progress in Solar Energy and Engineering Systems 4, no. 1 (2020): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/psees.040104.

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Among the renewable energy sources, photovoltaics seems to be the most promising source. It has the advantage of being available everywhere, friend of the environment and easily maintainable. Nevertheless, the major disadvantages are high manufacturing cost, low energy conversion efficiency and non-linear characteristics. On the other hand, the fuel cell is undoubtedly the least polluting means of making electrical energy. Indeed, apart from electricity, the reaction between hydrogen and air produces only water vapour. As such, the process does not reject any greenhouse gases, unlike the combu
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48

Boghdady, Tarek A., Ali J. Alamer, M. A. Moustafa ‎. Hassan, and A. A. Seif. "Improving the Fractional Order PID Controller Performance with an Energy Storage System for Photovoltaics." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON SYSTEMS AND CONTROL 17 (March 3, 2022): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23203.2022.17.14.

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A PhotoVoltaic (PV) dependent maximum power point tracking controller is used, modeled, and assessed. It includes a study of system components and their modelling. The model is then tested and validated using more than one method. This article focuses on increasing energy extraction in grid-connected PV and isolated systems, damping system oscillations, and reducing its settling time. Tuning the PID controller and the fractional order PID controller is a challenging task that can be carried out by trial and error, Ziegler-Nichols method, or by optimization techniques. In this article; genetic
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49

Sammut, Stephen, and Patrick Attard. "Mathematical Modelling of Heat Transfer Physics in Sea and Air deployed PV Systems." MCAST Journal of Applied Research & Practice 3, no. 2 (2019): 24–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4387.

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The sea provides a vast area which can be harnessed as a platform on which to install energy-harvesting technology. This is especially relevant for a small country such as Malta with a very small landmass when compared to the vast area of the surrounding sea. Photovoltaics (PV) also become more inefficient as they heat up. When PV panels are deployed in the sun, the temperature tends to increase and the PVs become more inefficient. This is especially so in the summer months when the ambient temperatures are at their highest levels. Sea temperature in summer is lower than the air temperature. H
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50

Castellanos, J. G., M. Walker, D. Poggio, M. Pourkashanian, and W. Nimmo. "Modelling an off-grid integrated renewable energy system for rural electrification in India using photovoltaics and anaerobic digestion." Renewable Energy 74 (February 2015): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.08.055.

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