Academic literature on the topic 'Moderate Distribution'
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Journal articles on the topic "Moderate Distribution"
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Susheel Kumar, Dr. Mahender Singh Poonia. "Study On Moderate Distribution In The Statistical Framework." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 4 (2023): 2734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i4.1339.
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This essay is a personal investigation into the origins, consequences, and significance of the concepts of "distribution" that we are working to instill in children. When creating learning experiences, these factors need to be in the back of our minds. The idea of "distribution" is formed as a filter through which statisticians view the variety in data. I investigate the causes of data variation, the distinction between empirical and theoretical distributions, the characteristics of statistical models, sampling distributions, the conditional nature of distributions used for modelling, and the foundations of inference.
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Bertail, Patrice, Anthony Gamst, and Dimitris N. Politis. "Moderate deviations in subsampling distribution estimation." Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 129, no. 2 (2000): 551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/s0002-9939-00-05551-9.
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Feng, Shui, and Fuqing Gao. "Moderate deviations for Poisson–Dirichlet distribution." Annals of Applied Probability 18, no. 5 (2008): 1794–824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/07-aap501.
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Liu, Qingwei, and Aihua Xia. "On moderate deviations in Poisson approximation." Journal of Applied Probability 57, no. 3 (2020): 1005–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpr.2020.47.
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AbstractIn this paper we first use the distribution of the number of records to demonstrate that the right tail probabilities of counts of rare events are generally better approximated by the right tail probabilities of a Poisson distribution than those of the normal distribution. We then show that the moderate deviations in Poisson approximation generally require an adjustment and, with suitable adjustment, we establish better error estimates of the moderate deviations in Poisson approximation than those in [18]. Our estimates contain no unspecified constants and are easy to apply. We illustrate the use of the theorems via six applications: Poisson-binomial distribution, the matching problem, the occupancy problem, the birthday problem, random graphs, and 2-runs. The paper complements the works [16], [8], and [18].
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Lu, Shuyuan, Yanan Xie, Rui Wang, Ting Luo, Zhenbin Xu, and Xueying Yu. "An Algorithm for Retrieving the 2-D Distribution of Moderate Rain by X-SAR." Remote Sensing 14, no. 16 (2022): 4081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14164081.
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Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can detect ground information with high precision, which provides another opportunity for the retrieval of rain. Rainfall intensities in East Asia are mainly moderate. The current retrieval algorithms have high accuracy in rainstorms, but they overestimate the rainfall intensity greatly in moderate rain. Therefore, it is very important to reduce the retrieval error of SAR in moderate rain. After analyzing the scattering model of precipitation, this paper proposes an algorithm for retrieving 2-D moderate rain distribution (MRA). Since the 2-D distribution of rain is related to the vertical and horizontal distributions, MRA combines the empirical regression equation with the directional model of rain rates at different levels to retrieve the vertical distribution of precipitation. Compared with the model-oriented statistical (MOS) algorithm, MRA reduces the root mean square error when retrieving the surface rain rate from 2.6 to 0.1. In addition, based on the high-precision rain parameters retrieved by MRA, the horizontal distribution is retrieved through the likelihood distance. This horizontal distribution retrieval method not only has less amount of calculation but also avoids the difficulties of mathematical analysis.
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Bevara Kondala Rao. "Mathematical Models: Unlocking Solution to Two Biological Frontiers." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 32, no. 6s (2025): 313–26. https://doi.org/10.52783/cana.v32.3298.
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In this paper, we study two different biological problems by using mathematical formulations. In the first problem, our study is based on hyperprolactinemia of non-cycling African elephant which is not associated with hyperestrogenism. There is no distinguishable pattern in the moderated and noticed hypoprolactiemic group, and moderate group is in base line. Time-based profile is absorbed in cyclic females, and elevations observed during follicular phase. In mathematical model, Weibull distribution is used. Medical results are analysed with corresponding mathematical model.In the second problem, a four-parameter generalized log-logistic distribution is introduced, using a quadrature rank transmutation map to create a transmuted four-parameter log-logistic distribution. The reliability function for the four distributions is calculated. The standard model applies to the concentration of prolactin in dairy cows, with continuous probability and cumulative distribution functions for the four-parameter log-logistic distributions. Finally, the implementation corresponds to the probability distribution, with results closely tied to medical reports.
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Pavithra, MR, and Dr P. Balamurugan. "Moderate distribution with six sigma control chart for range." International Journal of Statistics and Applied Mathematics 7, no. 1 (2022): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/maths.2022.v7.i1b.782.
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Molinero, C. Mar, and J. F. Gard. "The Distribution of Special Education (Moderate) Needs in Southampton." British Educational Research Journal 13, no. 2 (1987): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0141192870130204.
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Slaoui, Yousri. "Large and moderate deviation principles for kernel distribution estimator." International Mathematical Forum 9 (2014): 871–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/imf.2014.4488.
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Xu, M., W. D. Wright, R. Higashikubo, and J. Roti Roti. "Intracellular distribution of hsp70 during long duration moderate hyperthermia." International Journal of Hyperthermia 14, no. 2 (1998): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02656739809018226.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Moderate Distribution"
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Wynn, William Bernard. "Tonsils : a risk factor for moderate and severe chronic periodontitis? /." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2002. http://library.ouhsc.edu/epub/theses/Wynn-William-B.pdf.
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Kahtan, Bader Yasin. "Vers une distribution moderne en Irak : les grandes surfaces." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985CLF1D012.
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Lambert, Pascal. "Stratégie du grand commerce moderne : flexibilité et maîtrise dynamique de l'offre." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010014.
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La recherche de flexibilité a conduit l'enseigne à mettre en oeuvre des dispositions particulières de moyens et de ressources. Ces formes spécifiques d'organisation - l'extension continue de l'offre intégrant les produits de spécialite et les services, la généralisation de l'usage de la marque de distributeurs, et la prise de contrôle de l'ensemble des flux de marchandises en amont des points de vente - sont décrites comme des configurations de fléxibilité. Le passage d'un comportement adaptatif à une gestion dynamique des configurations de flexibilité et des opportunités vise à élever le nombre des variables contrôlées. Il caractérise un nouveau comportement stratégique, la maîtrise dynamique de l'offre. Dans ce cadre, l'enseigne tend à élargir vers l'amont du canal son périmètre de compétences et à substituer ses propres objectifs à ceux de ses fournisseurs. On est alors conduit à envisager l'enseigne comme un centre decisionnel tendant à coordonner les activités d'un nombre croissant d'agents économiques en amont du canal, fournisseurs et prestataires, auxquels elle délègue sélectivement certaines fonctions tout en s'assurant de la valeur finale pour le consommateur. Les principes de fonctionnement du grand commerce moderne sont identifiés tandis que les contraintes de l'environnement propres aux années 90 sont mises en évidence. Enfin les concepts relatifs à la stratégie de la firme de distribution et à celle de l'enseigne font l'objet d'une analyse spécifique<br>The search for flexibility has lead the large retail chain to take special measures to ensure means and resources. These special forms of organisation - the continuous expansion of the offering to embrace specialty goods and services, the proliferation of the private label, the gradual acquisition of the control of the interchange of goods upstream from the retail outlets can be described as structures aimed at flexibility. The transition from a state of adaptibility to a dynamic management of opportunity and the structures seeking flexibility is one directed at increasing the numbers of controlled variables. This transition demonstrates a new strategy of dynamic control of the offering. In this framework, the large retail chain tends to extend its domain of competences higher up the channel and to substitute its own objectives for these of its suppliers. One is then lead to envisage the mass market chain as a decision center tending to coodinate higher up the channel the activities of a growing number of economics agents, goods and services providers, to whom it selectively delegates certain functions while at the same time assuring final value for the consummer. The principles of mass market retailing are identified and limits of the business environnement of the 90s are highlighted. Finally the concepts relating to the strategy of the distribution holding company and the activity unit receive a specific analysis
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Anderson, Timothy J. "Les carrières de meules du sud de la péninsule ibérique, de la protohistoire à l'époque moderne." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985009.
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Les moulins avec leurs meules en pierre ont été utilisés depuis les débuts de l'agriculture pour moudre de céréales. Au fil du temps, ils ont évolué passant des moulins va-et-vient, aux moulins rotatifs manuels, puis à des moulins à mécanismes complexes entrainés par l'homme, l'animal, l'eau ou le vent. Notre étude porte sur la question de la production de ces meules dans le sud de l'Espagne depuis le troisième millénaire av. J.-C. jusqu'au XXe siècle. Seuls quelques sites étaient signalés au début de notre recherche. Maintenant, plus de 130 meulières sont connues suite à des travaux de terrain, l'étude des textes anciens, des recherches sur l'internet et des études museographiques. Les sources conventionnelles pour identifier les sites sont des archives et des textes historiques, ainsi que des dictionnaires géographiques, notamment du XIXe siècle. La plupart des sites identifiés par ces sources datent de périodes récentes. Des sites plus anciens, datés de l'époque romaine et du moyen âge, ont été identifiés par des études des meules dans les dépôts des musées (ébauches en particulier) combinées avec des recherches sur le terrain. L'internet peut être aussi une source intéressante. De nombreux sites sont signalés le long des sentiers de randonnée ou dans des pages historiques locales. Une partie de ce travail a été consacré à établir une première classification des différents types de meules. En raison de l'absence de corpus publiés, ce travail n'est pas équivalent pour toutes les périodes, en particulier pour le Moyen Age. Toutes les roches n'étaient pas aptes à la fabrication des meules et certaines étaient plus recherchées que d'autres. Ainsi à l'âge du fer c'était le calcaire tuffeau. Alors qu'à l'époque romaine c'était le biocalcarenite de la bordure de la Baie de Cadix, et les roches volcaniques qui ont été importées, parfois sur de longues distances depuis les deux districts volcaniques (Calatrava et Province volcanique du SE). Dans les périodes plus récentes c'est le calcaires blanc qui a été favorisés, peut-être parce qu'il permettait d'obtenir une farine plus blanche. Après avoir décrit des techniques de fabrication, une classification des meulières (MQ) est proposée selon s'il s'agissait d'exploitation de blocs de surface (MQ-1) ou du substrat rocheux (MQ-2). Les meules va-et-vient étaient surtout produites à partir de blocs de surface (MQ-1a), tandis que des modèles de l'âge du fer et romains provenaient de carrières de blocs (MQ- 2b). L'extraction directe (MQ-2a) où des cylindres ont été tirés de la roche laissant des fronts alvéolaires datent d'époque romaine. Des gros blocs de surface (calcaires karstiques, rochers de granit) ont servi également comme meulières (MQ-1b). Les carrières sont décrites sur la base de leur morphologie : en pallier, en poche, en fosse, de bordure, en tranchée, extensive contigües, extensives dispersées et souterraines. Des thèmes liés à l'infrastructure des meulières sont traités, tels que la maintenance des outils, la gestion des déchets, et le transport des meules (courte et à longue distance). Les meuliers sont également étudiés du point de vue de leur degré de spécialité, leur organisation en équipes, leurs gains et leurs risques professionnels (silicose). Quant à la question de la propriété et de leur contrôle, il est démontré que ces sites au moins depuis le Moyen Age étaient sous l'autorité de la classe dirigeante. A l'origine, la production était surtout locale et régionale. Les meules ont commencé à être diffusées à de longues distances à l'époque romaine. Au Moyen Age, avec l'abandon de roches volcaniques, il y a eu un retour aux roches locales et régionales. L'introduction des pierres silicieuse françaises au XIXe siècle fut le début de la fin des meulières en Espagne. Le coup de grâce, cependant, est arrivé avec l'introduction du rouleau en acier industriel, qui non seulement a engendré la fin des meulières, mais aussi de la longue tradition de mouture à la pierre.
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Boye, Susanne. "Moderne Fraktioniermethoden zur Charakterisierung von verzweigten Polymeren." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-107514.
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Die Charakterisierung von verzweigten Polymeren stellt eine große Herausforderung dar. In dieser Arbeit wurden zum einen die Asymmetrische Fluss-Feldflussfraktionierung (AF4) als Alternative zur Größenausschlusschromatographie angewandt, um dendritische Polymere zu charakterisieren. Dabei wurden erstmals auch Komplexierungs-und Aggregationsstudien von dendritischen Glykopolymeren durchgeführt. Weiterhin ist es mittels Adaption der Phasenverteilungschromatographie gelungen, in Abhängigkeit des Verzweigungscharakters aufzutrennen. Hierbei konnten lineare und sternförmige Polystyrenproben separiert werden.
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Sans, Pierre. "Relations verticales et pouvoir au sein du canal de distribution : le cas de l'industrie de transformation de la viande bovine française dans ses rapports avec la distribution moderne." Toulouse 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU10035.
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L'objet de ce travail est d'étudier la nature des relations verticales qui unissent deux catégories d'agents d'un canal de distribution (les fabricants et les distributeurs) et d'analyser les modalités et effets de l'exercice éventuel d'un pouvoir par l'une d'entre elles sur l'autre. Une première partie est consacrée à l'analyse, empirique et théorique, de ces relations. L'auteur retrace l'évolution des rapports entre ces deux catégories d'acteurs au cours du XXème siècle et en souligne les motifs. Après avoir présenté les deux secteurs d'activité qui sont l'objet de l'étude, les apports et les limites des deux principaux courants d'analyse des relations verticales au sein d'un canal de distribution, les approches économiques et comportementale, sont exposés. Enfin, un cadre théorique, inspiré du modelé d'économie politique des canaux, est proposé. Il sert de support à la recherche empirique développée dans une deuxième partie. Elle exploite les résultats d'une enquête directe menée auprès des principaux opérateurs de l'industrie de transformation de la viande bovine française et de la distribution moderne. Elle montre comment la structure et les modes de fonctionnement que cette dernière met en place conduisent à un contrôle étroit des transactions. Il s'appuie sur une centralisation croissante du pouvoir de décision, une formalisation des besoins et sur la mainmise du distributeur sur la réalisation de fonctions connexes. Il constitue un outil de régulation de la concurrence au sein du secteur de la transformation. Face au leadership de l'opérateur aval, les industriels développent des stratégies de résistance, d'évitement ou de coopération dans le but de rééquilibrer le rapport de force<br>The aim of this study is to particularize the relationships between beef industry and modern distribution. It analyses both the sources of power and the consequences of the exercise of this power on a dominated firm. In a first part, the author recalls the relationships evolution between industry and distribution during the XXth century. Then, after a presentation of the two activities (beef industry and meat retail), the major theorical approaches of marketing channel are discuted. Finally, the author proposes a model based on the political economy analysis (Stern & Reve, 1980). The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the data collected in a personal interview process involving the eight biggest firms of beef industry and “big distribution” (supermarket chains). It emphasizes how the structures and the processes adopted by big distribution firms lead to a complete control of transactions. The centralization of the buying decisions, the formalization of the requirements and the implication in non-distributive activities (production logistic. . . ) Are used by retail firms to exercise the channel leadership and to prevent the constitution of an industrial oligopoly. To counteract the effects of the retail leadership, beef industry reacts developing resistance, “shunting” and cooperation strategies. Finally, a conclusion emphasizes how this study contribute to a best comprehension of the relationships between meat industry and “big distribution”
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Awan, Mohamed. "Impact du développement des grandes et moyennes surfaces (GMS) sur les agriculteurs dans les pays du Moyen Orient : le cas de la Jordanie." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARE044/document.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’impact du développement des Grandes et Moyennes Surfaces (GMS) sur les producteurs de produits agricoles Jordaniens. Ce travail essaye d’approcher les évolutions nécessaires aux exploitations agricoles traditionnelles, qui écoulent leur production dans les marchés de gros, pour se préparer aux exigences agronomiques, techniques et managériales propres aux circuits de distribution modernes. Cette thèse montre également que la vente dans les GMS n’est pas pour l’instant très rentable pour les agriculteurs Jordaniens. Malgré ce constat, ces derniers adoptent une stratégie d’anticipation en se positionnant dès aujourd’hui dans cette chaîne moderne<br>This these focuses on the impact of the development of food retailing on Jordanian agricultural producers. This work is particularly interesting because it allows us to approach the evolutions necessary for traditional farms, which dispose of their production in the wholesale markets, in order to prepare themselves for the agronomic, technical and managerial requirements of modern channels. This thesis also shows that the sale in the supermarkets is not for the moment very profitable for the Jordanian farmers. Despite this, they are adopting a strategy of anticipation by positioning themselves today in this modern chain
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Awan, Mohamed. "Impact du développement des grandes et moyennes surfaces (GMS) sur les agriculteurs dans les pays du Moyen Orient : le cas de la Jordanie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSARE044.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’impact du développement des Grandes et Moyennes Surfaces (GMS) sur les producteurs de produits agricoles Jordaniens. Ce travail essaye d’approcher les évolutions nécessaires aux exploitations agricoles traditionnelles, qui écoulent leur production dans les marchés de gros, pour se préparer aux exigences agronomiques, techniques et managériales propres aux circuits de distribution modernes. Cette thèse montre également que la vente dans les GMS n’est pas pour l’instant très rentable pour les agriculteurs Jordaniens. Malgré ce constat, ces derniers adoptent une stratégie d’anticipation en se positionnant dès aujourd’hui dans cette chaîne moderne<br>This these focuses on the impact of the development of food retailing on Jordanian agricultural producers. This work is particularly interesting because it allows us to approach the evolutions necessary for traditional farms, which dispose of their production in the wholesale markets, in order to prepare themselves for the agronomic, technical and managerial requirements of modern channels. This thesis also shows that the sale in the supermarkets is not for the moment very profitable for the Jordanian farmers. Despite this, they are adopting a strategy of anticipation by positioning themselves today in this modern chain
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Tchamsi, Assoulian Katcha. "Contribution à la connaissance du consommateur africain : application au choix des circuits de distribution moderne ou traditionnel : le cas du Togo." Poitiers, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995POIT4004.
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Dans les pays en voie de developpement en general et au togo en particulier, le commerce occupe une place tres importante. Deux types de circuits servent de support a la distribution des produits. Ce sont les circuits traditionnel (marches) et moderne (boutiques et supermarches) de distribution. Le consommateur a donc la possibilite de s'approvisionner dans l'un ou l'autre circuit. Par ailleurs, l'environnement africain est particulier, non seulement par ses caracteristiques economiques, mais aussi par rapport a la culture qui sous-tend ses societes. Quels sont les facteurs qui determinent le consommateur a acheter un produit dans l'un plutot que dans l'autre circuit ? a partir d'une enquete realisee aupres de 200 consommateurs togolais, nous avons essaye de mesurer la perception qu'ils ont des deux types de circuits, de meme que les raisons qui les poussent a les frequenter. Nous avons ainsi pu remarquer que les consommateurs togolais avaient une perception tres differente des deux circuits et preferaient frequenter l'un ou l'autre en fonction de celle-ci. A cet effet, un certain nombre de propositions, prenant en compte les realites culturelles du togo ont ainsi ete faites a la lumiere des resultats issus des analyses que nous avons realisees<br>Business plays an important role in developing countries ; particularly in togo. There exist two types of distribution channels of products, namely the traditional distribution channel (open markets) and the modern distribution channel (shops and supermarkets). Therefore consumers can choose either of the two distribution channels. Besides the environment of africa is special. It is not only because of its economic characteristics, but also related to the culture of the society. What are the decisive factors which influence the consumers to buy a product from one particular distribution channel rather than from the other ? on the basis of the market survey which were conducted with 200 consumers, we tried to explore the opinions of the consumers on the two distribution channels and the reasons why they chose one particular channels. In the meanwhile, we notice that the consumers in togo have different opinions on the two distribution channels. They prefer visiting one to the other distribution channel in accordance with their opinions of the different channels. With this end in view, a number of propositions are provided by taking into account of the cultural reality of togo
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Lazzaoui, Najoua. "Les réactions des consommateurs locaux à l'implantation des formats de distribution alimentaire moderne dans les pays émergents : enjeux et implications pour les acteurs." Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0086.
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L'introduction des formats de distribution alimentaire modernes dans le paysage commercial des pays émergents suscite des interrogations sur l'impact que cela produit sur les comportements de consommation et de magasinage des acheteurs locaux. La persistance du commerce traditionnel, ancré dans la culture locale, couplée à l'implantation d'enseignes de distribution modernes, renvoyant à l'image « idéalisée » de l'Occident, exerce une tension sur les goûts et les habitudes de consommation autochtones. Cette recherche doctorale explore les significations culturelles données aux pratiques de consommation et de magasinage dans ces pays en s'appuyant sur une importante étude qualitative de type ethnographique réalisée au Maroc. Les résultats montrent que l'introduction des formats modernes de vente sur ce marché émergent qui porte des valeurs socio-culturelles différentes de celles des pays d'importation est à l'origine de l'apparition de comportements hybrides ou de pratiques d'adoption sélective à travers lesquels les consommateurs cherchent à articuler des codes et des dimensions symboliques contrastés en vue de donner sens à leur consommation. En outre, la dualité du système de distribution accentue la logique du jeu des classes en amplifiant les tendances au marquage social du statut via la mise en scène (au sens de Goffman) de la consommation et de l'appropriation des espaces de vente. Par ailleurs, si l'introduction des nouveaux formats de vente constitue une vraie menace pour le commerce traditionnel, elle favorise par la même occasion la réorganisation du secteur, la diversification de l'activité de ses acteurs et l'amélioration de leurs pratiques de gestion<br>The introduction of modern food retail formats in the emerging countries' commercial landscape raises questions on the impact it causes on the local buyers' consumption and shopping behavior. Anchored in the local culture, the persistence of traditional business coupled with the implementation of modern retail chains that put forth an ‘idealistic' image of the Western societies causes tensions on consumers' native tastes and habits. This doctoral research explores the cultural meanings given by consumers to shopping and consumption practices in these countries based on a large ethnographic qualitative study performed in Morocco. Results show that the introduction of modern sales formats in emerging markets where socio-cultural values differ from those of the importing countries causes hybrid behaviors or selective adoption practices to emerge through which consumers try to articulate contrasted codes and symbolic dimensions in an effort to give meaning to their consumption. In addition, the dual distribution system accentuates the social class game amplifying trends in social status tagging through the staging of consumption (as per Goffman) and the appropriation of the retail spaces. Furthermore, if the introduction of new retail formats is a real threat to traditional retailers, it favors by the same token the reorganization of this sector, the diversification of the activities by its actors as well as the enhancement of their management practices
Books on the topic "Moderate Distribution"
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Purcaru-Ciongradi, Ioana-Madalina. Sisteme moderne de distributie. Multilevel marketing. Editura Universitara, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5682/9786062811372.
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Prezenta lucrare isi propune sa realizeze studiul privind analiza si interpretarea conceptelor de multilevel marketing. Lucrarea este structurata in cinci capitole majore, tratand urmatoarele aspecte: aspect conceptuale si metodologice privind sistemele moderne de distribuție, stadiul actual al cunoasterii in domeniul sistemelor de multilevel marketing, particularitați ale comportamentului consumatorului si ale pieței sistemelor de multilevel marketing, analiza politicilor si strategiilor de marketing utilizate in multilevel marketing si un program de marketing privind promovarea produselor si serviciilor oferite de sistemele mlm prin intermediul platformelor social media.
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Lobell, Steven E. Structural Realism/Offensive and Defensive Realism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.304.
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Structural realism, or neorealism, is a theory of international relations that says power is the most important factor in international relations. First outlined by Kenneth Waltz in his 1979 book Theory of International Politics, structural realism is subdivided into two factions: offensive realism and defensive realism. Structural realism holds that the nature of the international structure is defined by its ordering principle, anarchy, and by the distribution of capabilities (measured by the number of great powers within the international system). The anarchic ordering principle of the international structure is decentralized, meaning there is no formal central authority. On the one hand, offensive realism seeks power and influence to achieve security through domination and hegemony. On the other hand, defensive realism argues that the anarchical structure of the international system encourages states to maintain moderate and reserved policies to attain security. Defensive realism asserts that aggressive expansion as promoted by offensive realists upsets the tendency of states to conform to the balance of power theory, thereby decreasing the primary objective of the state, which they argue is ensuring its security. While defensive realism does not deny the reality of interstate conflict, nor that incentives for state expansion do exist, it contends that these incentives are sporadic rather than endemic. Defensive realism points towards “structural modifiers” such as the security dilemma and geography, and elite beliefs and perceptions to explain the outbreak of conflict.
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Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson, Göran Djurfeldt, Ola Hall, and Maria Archila Bustos. Agrarian Change and Structural Transformation: Drivers and Distributional Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0005.
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This chapter examines agrarian changes triggered by the structural transformation of the overall economy, focusing on their drivers and distributional outcomes. By means of multi-level modelling of three processes—intensification of grain yields, diversification of cropping, and non-farm diversification (pluriactivity)—it concludes that intensification has moderately accelerated and is getting more important than its twin process. Similarly, crop diversification has accelerated, while non-farm diversification seems to be more pull- than push-driven. The most important drivers of the two first-mentioned processes are commercial ones: increasing local and domestic demand for grains and for other crops and institutional changes promoting market participation of smallholders. The chapter concludes that these processes are not pro-poor, but neither are they pro-rich; middling smallholder households tend to be more involved. The gender profile of agricultural diversification seems to involve and benefit male-managed farms, whereas non-farm diversification is gender neutral.
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Bell, Derek. Justice on One Planet. Edited by Stephen M. Gardiner and Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.25.
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The environmental justice movement has made “justice” a key concept in environmental ethics. This chapter examines what “justice” offers to environmental ethics and argues that an ecologically aware theory of justice—or “justice on one planet”—is likely to be very different from the liberal conceptions of justice that dominate contemporary political theory. Three sets of environmental challenges to liberal theories are distinguished. The first emphasizes the importance of ongoing debates within liberalism about the currency, spatial scope, and temporal scope of justice. The second relates to issues that have been at the center of debates between liberals and their critics, specifically, challenges to the distributive paradigm, individualism, and anthropocentrism. The third questions the liberal conception of the environment: as part of the economy, passive or controllable, infinitely divisible, always able to provide circumstances of moderate scarcity, and as property. “Justice on one planet” requires us to reconceptualize justice.
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Whittle, Ian. Head injury. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0589.
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Head injury or traumatic brain injury is a ubiquitous phenomenon in all societies and affects up to 2 per cent of the population per year (Bullock et al. 2006). Although the causes of head injury and its distribution within populations vary, it can have devastating consequences both for the patient and family (Tagliaferri et al. 2006). In some countries severe traumatic brain injury is the commonest cause of death in people under 40 years (Lee et al. 2006), and it is estimated that the sequelae of head injury cost societies billions of dollars per year. Understanding of the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management have all improved dramatically in the last few decades (Steudel et al. 2005). However within western society, perhaps one of the greatest benefits has been the reduction in severe craniocerebral injuries following motor vehicle accidents. This has arisen because of increased safety in car design, seat-belt legislation, the introduction of air-bags, enforcement of speed limits, and the societal conformity to drink-driving legislation. For instance, because of these changes, in the last 15 years the number of severe head injuries managed in the Clinical Neuroscience unit in Edinburgh has decreased by around 66 per cent. Unfortunately in some developing countries one legacy of increased traffic, particularly of motor cycles, is an epidemic of head injuries amongst young adults (Lee et al. 2006). With the number of severe head injuries declining in many countries the challenge will be to provide better care for patients with minor head injury, about 10 times more common than severe injury (Steudel et al. 2005).Ageing patients who tend to fall over, falls associated with increased alcohol consumption, and domestic or social assaults probably now contribute to the majority of head injuries (Flanagan et al. 2005; Steudel et al. 2005; Tagliaferri et al. 2006). Sporting injuries are fortunately uncommon as a cause of severe craniocerebral injury, although horse riding accidents can sometimes be devastating particularly in teenage girls. In some countries injuries from hand guns and other missiles are common (Aryan et al. 2005), but in European countries many such injuries are self-inflicted. Prompt management of intracranial haematoma, which occurs in 25–45 per cent of severe head injuries, 3–12 per cent of moderate injuries, and 0.2 per cent of minor injuries, and the rehabilitation of patients with head injury are now important areas in clinical neuroscience (Flanagan et al. 2005; Bullock et al. 2006b, c).
Book chapters on the topic "Moderate Distribution"
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Bellissimo, Giancarlo, Benedetto Sirchia, and Vincenzo Ruvolo. "Assessment of the ecological status of Sicilian coastal waters according to a macroalgae based index (CARLIT)." In Proceedings e report. Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.52.
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In the frame of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC), a macroalgae based index (CARLIT) was applied along the Sicilian coastal water bodies (WBs) in order to assess for the first time their ecological status and collect accurate information on the distribution and abundance of shallow-water communities, especially of those most sensitive. The ecological quality ratio values, sensu WFD, showed “high”/“good” levels in all WBs with lushy forests of Cystoseira amentacea except two with “moderate” level due to the presence of stress-tolerant species related to local factors.
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Chyzhykov, Igor, and Severyn Skaskiv. "Growth, Zero Distribution and Factorization of Analytic Functions of Moderate Growth in the Unit Disc." In Blaschke Products and Their Applications. Springer US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5341-3_8.
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Anghelache, Mirela-Adriana, Horia Mitrofan, Florina Chitea, Alexandru Damian, Mădălina Vişan, and Nicoleta Cadicheanu. "The Space-Time Distribution of Moderate- and Large-Magnitude Vrancea Earthquakes Fits Numerically-Predicted Stress Patterns." In Seismic Hazard and Risk Assessment. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74724-8_3.
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Salvia, Agustín. "Changes in Economic Inequality in Europe and Latin America in the First Decades of the Twenty-First Century." In Towards a Comparative Analysis of Social Inequalities between Europe and Latin America. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48442-2_9.
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AbstractThis chapter contains a comparative analysis of the changes in the inequality of family income distribution in the last two decades in Latin America and Europe. The study examines the degree to which the economic-productive factors—associated with the primary income distribution—or, on the contrary, the social policies—linked to the secondary distribution—reveal structural differences in economic inequality between regions in the 2000–2017 period. Based on a wide sample of countries, the evolution of inequality is compared within and between regions. The dissimilarity of these behaviours is examined as well as how valid certain economic-institutional factors are to give an account of the changes that occurred within each region.The chapter shows that, in the last two decades of the twenty-first century, Western Europe and Latin America have reduced their economic inequality gap, although following different paths: while inequality decreased in the majority of Latin American countries, an inverse process, although moderate, has been taking place in the majority of Europe. While both trends had national exceptions, the evidence presented helps us to deduce that it was simultaneously due to productive changes and to changes in the growth style, and to transformations in the redistributive efficiency of expenditure on social policies.
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Nikolai, Rita, and Thomas Koinzer. "Long Tradition, Moderate Distribution and Growing Importance: Private Schools in Germany as ‘Change Agents’ of School Choice." In Private Schools and School Choice in Compulsory Education. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-17104-9_6.
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Mayer, Maximilian, Neven Ukrainczyk, and Eduardus Koenders. "R3 Reactivity Test on Biochar from Pyrolyzed Green Waste, Wood Waste, and Screen Overflow." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-69626-8_47.
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AbstractGlobal warming is strongly affected by the release of various anthropogenic greenhouse gases, in particular CO2, and is still increasing due to the use of fossil fuels, land use, and the consumption and production of goods. Cement production is accountable for approximately 6% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. In this respect, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) made from sustainable resources can make a significant contribution to reducing CO2 emissions and mitigating global warming. Biochar typically possesses the necessary properties, such as microstructure, specific surface area and chemical stability, to be used as SCM. The present work reports the reactivity of biochar from pyrolyzed biomass, focusing on screen overflows which consist of green waste, wood waste, and other inorganic waste. Screen overflows from two different composting plants in Germany and different particle size distributions (< 40 μm, 40–125 μm, and 125–250 μm) are investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the R3 test. TGA is conducted after 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. Additionally, the chemical composition is determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and particle size distribution. Material from screen overflows was focused purposely in this study due to them being one of the main components being incinerated in waste incineration plants. Therefore, pyrolyzed biochar produced from these screen overflows represents an up-cycling opportunity. Preliminary investigations revealed a moderate reactivity.
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Huntley, Brian John. "The Arid Savanna Biome." In Ecology of Angola. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18923-4_15.
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AbstractThe Arid Savanna Biome of Angola (and Africa) is home to the richest wildlife diversities and abundances of the continent. This Chapter describes the features that characterise the biome – low and unpredictable rainfall, generally low primary production, infrequent but occasionally intense fires, occupying the young, moderate to high nutrient soils of the hot lowlands and river valleys of the western coastal belt and south of the country. The three ecoregions of this biome occur at from sea level to 1000 m above sea level, where rainfall ranges from 250-650 mm per year. Colophospermum mopane dominates and characterises the largest ecoregion of the Arid Savanna Biome in Angola (and across southern Africa), has a low diversity of plant species, but is rich in mammal and bird species. The factors that determine the distribution of this generally monospecific woodland have been subject to detailed research and the results are described. The other two Arid Savanna Biome ecoregions are dominated by Acacia species, with a prominence of baobabs Adansonia digitata. The Arid Savanna Biome supported the highest biomasses and diversities of indigenous mammal species in Angola until their near annihilation during the civil war and replacement by domestic livestock in recent decades.
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Long, Yu, Juanlin Fu, Li Yan, Minghong Yu, Xuanyan Li, and Yuzhen Liu. "Health Risk Assessment of Park Environment Based on Particulate Matter (PM2.5) - A Case Study of Mianyang City." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8401-1_46.
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AbstractAir pollution seriously harms human health, especially the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in pollutants is more harmful to the human body. Urban parks are important public places for residents’ activities, and the air quality of the park's micro-environment directly affects residents’ respiratory health. This article uses the method of field measurement, takes the People's Park of Mianyang City as the research object, conducts PM2.5 monitoring and statistical analysis of crowd activities under light to moderate pollution weather, and according to the visit frequency, conducts health risk assessment of important spaces. The research results show: 1. The daily average PM2.5 concentration in People's Park is high, and there are obvious differences in spatial and temporal distribution. 2. There is some overlap between the peak period of people flow in People's Park and the time period when the daily PM2.5 concentration is high. 3. There is a high health risk in the space nodes where the activities of some people in the People's Park are highly concentrated. This article uses the principle of crowd exposure assessment to construct a health risk assessment method for parks, analyze the potential health risks of the spatial environment of People's Park, and provide new guidance for people to choose healthy activity places and urban public space renewal and optimization, which has certain practical significance.
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Melo, Martim, Peter J. Jones, and Ricardo F. de Lima. "The Avifauna of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands." In Biodiversity of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06153-0_21.
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AbstractAlthough birds have always been one of the best-known taxa on the Gulf of Guinea oceanic islands, our understanding of their ecology and evolution has increased substantially in the last two decades. Intensive field-based surveys have allowed the first detailed island-wide distribution maps for most species and a much better grasp of habitat associations, highlighting the importance of native forests for many of the endemic birds. Molecular data have provided important insights into evolutionary history, leading to an extensive revision of the taxonomy of the islands’ endemic avifauna. Most speciation events are much more recent than the age of the islands, indicating a high species turn-over that is likely explained by the islands’ history of intense volcanic activity and their moderate distances to the mainland. These islands have the highest accumulation of endemic bird species for small oceanic islands: at least 29 endemic species occur in three islands with a total area of just over 1000 km2. This may be explained by their particular geographic location: offshore from a species-rich continent at distances that allowed the colonization and evolution in isolation of many distinct lineages. All these contributions are now being used to ensure bird conservation, through updated species conservation status and species action plans for the most threatened species, and also to promote the conservation of the native forests on which most of the endemic birds depend.
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Brüdern, Jörg, and Christian Elsholtz. "Local Oscillations in Moderately Dense Sequences of Primes." In Number Theory – Diophantine Problems, Uniform Distribution and Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55357-3_8.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Moderate Distribution"
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Beitelman, Alfred D., Charles P. Marsh, and Thomas A. Carlson. "Low Heat-Transfer Coatings in Heat Distribution Systems." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09496.
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Abstract Heat distribution systems (HDS) are an integral part of military facility and installation infrastructure. Inside the HDS manholes, pipes and appurtenances are often exposed to a high-temperature, high-humidity environment. This corrosive environment can cause moderate to severe corrosion of pipes and appurtenances in a relatively short time, resulting a significant reduction in system energy efficiency, reliability, and service life. In order to counteract these types of corrosive effects, two projects were initiated to demonstrate an innovative coating system consisting of a corrosion-resistant primer and a thermally insulating ceramic topcoat. The first application was performed at Fort Jackson, SC, on a low-temperature system. The second application was performed at Redstone Arsenal, AL, on a high-temperature HDS. In addition to providing corrosion protection, part of the initial intent of this work was to reduce the temperature inside the manholes in order to reduce the corrosivity of the interior environment. This paper describes the initial results of both laboratory experiments and field performance of this coating system. The results reported here pertain both to the performance of the coating materials and lessons learned about application in the field on operating HDSs.
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Wang, Junyi, and Qijun Zhao. "Effects of Structural Properties on Rotor Airloads Prediction Based on CFD/CSD Coupling Method." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9549.
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For accurate aeroelastic analysis, the unsteady rotor flowfield is solved by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) module based on RANS/Euler equations and moving-embedded grid system, while Computational Structural Dynamics (CSD) module is introduced to handle blade flexibility. In CFD module, dual time-stepping algorithm is employed in temporal discretization, JST scheme is adopted in spatial discretization and B-L turbulent model is used to introduce the viscous effect. The CSD module is developed based on Hamilton's variational principles, moderate deflection beam theory and advanced geometric blade-tip analysis. Grid deformation is implemented using algebraic method through coordinate transformations to achieve deflections with high quality and efficiency. A CFD/CSD loose coupling strategy is developed to transfer information between rotor flowfield and blade structure. The CFD and CSD module is validated respectively, then the CFD/CSD loose coupling is adopted in airloads prediction of UH-60A rotor under high speed forward flight condition and the calculated results are compared with test data which show good agreements. Finally, effects of torsional stiffness properties on airloads of rotors with different tip swept angles (from 10 degree forward to 30 degree backward) are investigated. The results are evaluated through pressure distribution and airloads variation, and some meaningful conclusions about the moderated shock wave strength and pressure gradient caused by varied tip swept angle and structural properties are drawn.
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Winslow, Justin, Zohaib Hasnain, Moble Benedict, and Inderjit Chopra. "Performance and Flowfield Measurements of a Micro-Air-Vehicle Scale Helicopter Rotor." In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9663.
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This paper describes the systematic performance measurements and flowfield studies (PIV) conducted towards understanding and optimizing the hover performance of a MAV-scale helicopter rotor operating at Reynolds numbers of 30,000 or less. The rotor parameters that were varied include blade airfoil profile, blade chord, number of blades, blade twist, planform taper and winglets at blade tip. Blade airfoil section had a significant impact on the hover efficiency and among the large number of airfoil sections tested, the ones with the lower thickness to chord ratios and moderate camber (4.5% to 6.5%) produced the highest rotor hover figure of merit. Increasing the solidity of the rotor by increasing the number blades (constant blade chord) had minimal effect on efficiency; whereas, increasing the solidity by increasing blade chord for a 2-bladed rotor, significantly improved hover efficiency. Moderate blade twist (-10° to -20° ) and large planform taper (larger than 0.5) marginally improved rotor efficiency. Rotor blades with small winglets (height ≈ 6% of rotor radius) at the tip also improved hover performance. Using winglets, the flowfield measurements showed a diffused tip vortex, which could reduce the induced aerodynamic losses. Spanwise lift distribution obtained using sectional bound circulation computed from the measured flowfield correlated well with the load cell measurements. The optimal rotor designed based on the understanding gained from the present study produced a figure of merit of 0.67, which is the highest value of FM ever reported in the literature for micro-rotors operating at these low Reynolds numbers.
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Zhu, Yuntao, and De-Cheng Feng. "A regional climate variable modified probabilistic natural carbonation prediction model for service bridges." In IABSE Symposium, Tokyo 2025: Environmentally Friendly Technologies and Structures: Focusing on Sustainable Approaches. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2025. https://doi.org/10.2749/tokyo.2025.0124.
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<p>Existing carbonation prediction model is not targeted at bridge structures which served in harsh environment, bringing a strong difficulty to make reasonable decision. For this purpose, this study is aimed to modify the existing natural carbonation model (NCP) with measured carbonation data. The overall kb follows Gaussian distribution and the mean value reaches 1.08. Based on the parametric study, the regression model conditioned on temperature and relative humidity is further developed. Finally, the proposed modification factor is applied in probabilistic analysis of corrosion initiation for the service bridges in China. Results show that the probability of corrosion initiation predicted using modified NCP model (NCP-K) is commonly larger than NCP model, especially in high temperature or moderate humid regions. The maximum difference of predicted corrosion probability can reach 62% between two models.</p>
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Esmacher, M. J. "Deposit Weight Density Methodology for Industrial Boilers." In CORROSION 1988. NACE International, 1988. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1988-88334.
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Abstract Methods for quantitatively measuring the level of accumulated waterside deposits in cut boiler tube samples are reviewed. For moderate deposit loading, mechanical procedures-either scraping/crimping or short-duration glass-bead blasting-produce consistent and reliable deposit weight density (DWD) measurement (mg/cm2or g/ft2). Glass-bead blasting is preferred for measuring thin and tenacious scales because it completely removes deposits in a short time frame with very limited metal loss. Although the conventional solvent (inhibited acid) technique is useful in removing scales in test areas that are resistant to scraping or blasting, it typically produces high DWD-loading estimates because it corrodes the surface metal. As the deposit mass on the test surface increased (above 20 mg/cm2), the data produced by these three measurement methods showed greater similarity. Also, differences produced by irregular deposit distribution on heavily scaled samples were perceived to be greater than the specific variances of the three techniques.
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Padli, Muhammad Iqbal, Abdul Rachman Rasyid, and Wiwik W. Osman. "Flood Hazard Mapping in the Latuppa Watershed, South Sulawesi." In International Conference on Research in Engineering and Science Technology (IC-REST) 2023. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4028/p-zi6nsa.
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Flooding in the Latuppa Watershed almost always occurs when the rainy season arrives which is influenced by various factors. Starting from quite high rainfall, soil type, land use, to topographic conditions, slope, and river flow density. This study aims to determine the distribution zone of potential flood hazards at the research location using a Geographic Information System (GIS). The method used is Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) analysis which combines Flood Hazard Index (FHI) related to GIS environment. This study also uses Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) in determining the weight of each flood parameter. Research data in the form of secondary data was taken through Indonesia Geospatial Data Portal of the Geospatial Information Agency and Watershed Management Information System data of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry. The results of the study were in the form of a flood hazard map showing the distribution of potential flood locations. The location of high flood hazard occurs in almost all downstream parts of the Latuppa atershed which covers most of Wara Timur, Wara Selatan, Wara, Sendana and Mungkajang Districts with an area of 1847.31 ha (27.06%) with Ammasangan, Dangerakko and Lagaligo Districts dominating the most. Then, moderate vulnerability is evenly distributed in all urban villages with an area of 3199.54 ha (46.87%) and the low-level vulnerability class category has a distribution of 1779.23 ha (26.07%) which is dominated by forest land use. The results of this study are expected to be a reference in future research, and can be a literature study to take policies related to flood management in the Latuppa Watershed.
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Esmaeeli, Asghar, Chan Ching, and Mamdouh Shoukri. "Phase Distribution in Buoyancy-Driven Bubbly Flows." In ASME 2002 Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2002-31236.
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This study aims to investigate the effect of topology change on the rise velocity of bubbly flows and the phase distribution in a channel at a moderate Reynolds number. A front tracking/finite difference method is used to solve the momentum equation inside and outside deformable bubbles. It is found that bubble/bubble coalescence enhances the average rise velocity of the bubbles dramatically and also increases the fluctuations of the liquid velocity. Examination of the pair distribution function shows that the flow becomes more non-homogeneous as a result of topology change.
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Martynski, Karol, Andrzej Kulak, and Rafal Iwanski. "Comparison of charge moment distribution in supercell and moderate thunderstorm based on ELF electromagnetic field measurements." In 2018 Baltic URSI Symposium (URSI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursi.2018.8406712.
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Hung, Hua-Sheng, Yeong-Jey Chen, and Chuin-Tih Yeh. "Partial Oxidation of Methanol Over Dispersed Silver Catalysts at Moderate Temperatures." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2536.
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Supported silver catalysts displayed a moderate ignition temperature of Ti ∼ 100 °C in partial oxidation of methanol (POM). The moderate Ti was attributed to an enhanced adsorption of methanol on silver by co-adsorption of oxygen. The conversion of methanol increases with the reaction temperature and the ratio of oxygen to methanol. CO2 (instead of CO), H2 and H2O were found as the major product of POM. The selectivity of desired products, CO2 and H2, varied with the kind of support used in silver catalysts. A mechanism is proposed to account for the variation in the distribution of products.
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Ling, Yue, Weixiao Shang, and Jun Chen. "Detailed Numerical Simulation of Two Impinging Jets With Moderate Injection Velocities." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5221.
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Abstract Impinging-jet injectors are commonly used in liquid propellant rocket engines. Two cylindrical liquid jets impinge at a certain angle and form a liquid sheet in the plane normal to the jets. When the Reynolds and Weber numbers are large, the liquid sheet becomes unstable and disintegrates into liquid ligaments and droplets. In the present study, we focus on cases with moderate injection velocities so that the liquid sheet remains unbroken. Detailed numerical simulations are performed using the adaptive multiphase flow solver, Basilisk. The volume-of-fluid method is used to resolve the gas-liquid interface. Grid-refinement studies are conducted to verify the formation of the liquid sheet is accurately captured in simulation. The numerical results are compared to the recent experimental measurement of the sheet thickness distribution by partial coherent interferometry and a good agreement is achieved.
Reports on the topic "Moderate Distribution"
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Alokhina, Tetiana, and Vadym Gudzenko. Distribution of radionuclides in modern sediments of the rivers flowing into the Dnieper-Bug Estuary. EDP Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4617.
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The article presents the results of large-scale studies of the content and distribution of natural and man-made radionuclides in the sediments of the rivers flowing into the Dnieper-Bug estuary. The article also presents the results of the granulometric analysis of the surveyed water bodies. The data about natural radioactive elements in the sediments rivers flowing into the Dnieper-Bug estuary obtained in this research are demonstrated moderate specific activity, which, however, clearly correlates with the granulometric composition of sediments. The 137Cs determined by us is contained in the sediments of all studied water bodies and the places of it greatest concentration coincide with the areas in which the sediment is represented mainly by the pelitic fraction. The data obtained in this research can serve as a baseline data in natural radionuclides concentration in sediments rivers flowing into the Dnieper-Bug estuary. The obtained data can also be used for further monitoring of the specific activity of man-made radionuclides, in particular 137Cs.
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Guilfoyle, Michael, Ruth Beck, Bill Williams, et al. Birds of the Craney Island Dredged Material Management Area, Portsmouth, Virginia, 2008-2020. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45604.
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This report presents the results of a long-term trend analyses of seasonal bird community data from a monitoring effort conducted on the Craney Island Dredged Material Management Area (CIDMMA) from 2008 to 2020, Portsmouth, VA. The USACE Richmond District collaborated with the College of William and Mary and the Coastal Virginia Wildlife Observatory, Waterbird Team, to conduct year-round semimonthly area counts of the CIDMMA to examine species presence and population changes overtime. This effort provides information on the importance of the area to numerous bird species and bird species’ groups and provides an index to those species and group showing significant changes in populations during the monitoring period. We identified those species regionally identified as Highest, High, and Moderate Priority Species based on their status as rare, sensitive, or in need of conservation attention as identified by the Atlantic Coast Joint Venture (ACJV), Bird Conservation Region (BCR), New England/Mid-Atlantic Bird Conservation Area (BCR 30). Of 134 ranked priority species in the region, the CIDMMA supported 102 of 134 (76%) recognized in the BCR, including 16 of 19 (84%) of Highest priority ranked species, 47 of 60 (78.3%) of High priority species, and 39 of 55 (71%) of Moderate priority species for BCR 30. All bird count and species richness data collected were fitted to a negative binomial (mean abundance) or Poisson distribution (mean species richness) and a total of 271 species and over 1.5 million birds were detected during the monitoring period. Most all bird species and species groups showed stable or increasing trends during the monitoring period. These results indicate that the CIDMMA is an important site that supports numerous avian species of local and regional conservation concern throughout the year.
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Stampini, Marco, Pablo Ibarrarán, Carolina Rivas, and Marcos Robles. Adaptive, but not by design: cash transfers in Latin America and the Caribbean before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003795.
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The socioeconomic crisis associated with the pandemic put cash transfer programs back at the top of the policy agenda. It showed that the Latin American and Caribbean regions income support systems were both fundamental and insufficient. In this paper, we present novel estimates of the coverage and beneficiary distribution of all non-contributory cash transfers both before and during the COVID-19 crisis. The former is useful to show the degree of preparedness of the region. The latter analyzes the magnitude of the policy response. While the literature presents estimates of coverage and leakage of conditional cash transfers and non-contributory pensions, our results are novel because they are the first to analyze coverage and leakage implemented in response to the COVID-19 crisis. In addition, we are the first to expand the focus to all non-contributory cash transfer programs, including those that are quasi-universal and/or unconditional. This is the most appropriate focus when the goal is to assess the ability to provide protection to larger population groups (including the vulnerable) and against transitory poverty caused by systemic shocks (such as pandemic or extreme weather events, which may become more and more frequent due to climate change). Using data from the Inter-American Development Bank “Harmonized Household Surveys from Latin America and the Caribbean”, which now provide a more comprehensive coverage of Caribbean countries, we show that before the pandemic non-contributory cash transfers covered 26% of the population of 17 countries with available data. Average coverage of the extreme poor, moderate poor and vulnerable population was 56%, 43% and 28% respectively. During the crisis, LAC governments implemented 111 new cash transfer interventions, increasing coverage to 34% of the population in 12 countries with available data. Average coverage increased among the moderate poor (50%) and vulnerable population (37%), while it remained unvaried amongst the extreme poor. Moving forward, the countries of the region are called to reform their social protection systems to make them more flexible, efficient, and sustainable, and including strategies that provide protection against shocks. In this way, resilient and responsive social protection systems can contribute to the fight against climate change and support a just transition towards net-zero emission societies. These efforts must also include measures to close the historical coverage gap amongst the poorest.
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McQuinn, Kieran, Conor O'Toole, Eoin Kenny, and Lea Hauser. Quarterly Economic Commentary, Winter 2023. ESRI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.26504/qec2023win.
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Forecast Overview: While the underlying Irish economy as measured by modified domestic demand (MDD) continues to grow, it is clear that external sources of growth are slowing somewhat. Global conditions continue to moderate as households and firms in most Western economies are facing elevated costs of finance through higher interest rates. This has implications for the domestic economy given its small and open nature. However, the moderating impact on the Irish economy is compounded by the slowdown in growth rates experienced by sectors which have been central to the recent strong growth performance. Exports and investment levels in the domestic economy, for example, have registered negative growth rates in recent quarters principally due to the slowdown in multinational-related activities. Despite this, MDD is still growing at a consistent rate of approximately 0.6 per cent, and other indicators such as Exchequer receipts and the labour market variables all indicate resilient domestic growth. We expect MDD to grow at an average of 2 per cent in 2024. The recent Budget was a sizeable package with an additional expenditure level of approximately €14 billion being outlined for the coming year. While there were elements in the Budget which were laudable, overall the package was quite stimulatory and would have benefitted from being more targeted in nature. This is particularly the case given the persistence observed in the rates of CPI inflation. We now forecast that inflation will be 6.4 per cent in 2023 before falling to a still elevated rate of 2.9 per cent in 2024. A Special Article to the Commentary by Doorley et al. presents the annual distributional review of the impacts of the Budget. Doorley et al. conclude that the Budget left households across the income distribution better off by just over 2 per cent, with the lowest income quintile benefitting the most by 5 to 6 per cent of disposable income. They also note that policymakers should move away from the use of temporary measures to compensate households for the presence of inflation.
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Castro, Rubén, Leonardo González, Ignacio Schiappacasse, and Juan Tapia. The Impact of Covid-19 on Pensions due to Early Withdrawals of Pension Savings. Inter-American Development Bank, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004517.
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The Chilean pension system was hit hard during 2020-2021 by the withdrawal of 25 per cent of the individual pensions funds accumulated by 2019, an amount equivalent to 20 per cent of Chiles GDP. We estimate here the impact of those withdrawals on new pension allowances, using a combination of official data sets and the IDB model for the actuarial projection of pensions, including its heterogeneity matrix, to simulate the distribution of pension impacts. The withdrawal impact decreases in new retirees of future years until disappearing around the year 2065. We estimate respective impacts of about 31 percent and 37 percent for males and females new self-financed pensions around the year 2022, which goes to about 56 percent among the third of the affiliates with the lowest savings. However, we found that the recent increase in non-contributory pensions more than counteracted this impact for roughly 90 percent of 2022 new retirees. Regarding labor markets shocks, we found only a moderate role for them in the long-term evolution of the pension system, as we also found to be the case of seven Caribbean countries (Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Bahamas and Barbados). As an overall conclusion, we recommend studying contribution rates, because low-salary workers attain a substantial replacement rate with just the non-contributory pension, which casts doubt on whether a mandatory contribution is appropriate for them.
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Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, et al. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.
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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.
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Monge-González, Ricardo, Oswald Céspedes-Torres, and Juan Carlos Vargas-Aguilar. South-South Remittances: The Costa Rica Nicaragua Corridor. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009004.
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Migration, while certainly not new, is on the increase all over the world. Indeed, the United Nations estimates that from 1990 to 2000 alone, the number of people who left their countries of origin rose by 14 percent, from 154 million to 175 million. The phenomenon is not only growing, but is having an impact on the economies of sending countries and receiving countries alike. The effect is visible in the labor market, income distribution, poverty, economic growth, and such areas as gender, health, education and human rights. In particular, remittances (money that immigrants send to friends or family in their countries of origin) have been growing rapidly throughout the world since the mid-1990s. Official figures in many developing countries show that these currency flows bring in more income than both foreign direct investment (FDI) and international development aid. Studies performed so far in Latin America show that remittance flows have a significant although moderate impact on economic and social development in receiving countries. However, these studies have failed to consider differences associated with the origin of remittances (i.e., North-South remittances versus South-South remittances). They implicitly assume that the impact of remittances is unaffected by the type of corridor through which they come. This document discuss that this assumption could prove to be mistaken if the socioeconomic profile of migrants is directly associated with the country to which they migrate and the kinds of opportunities they find for employment and compensation so as to send money home to families or friends.
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Tummala, Rohan, Andrew de Jesus, Natasha Tillett, Jeffrey Nelson, and Christine Lamey. Clinical and Socioeconomic Predictors of Palliative Care Utilization. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2020.0006.
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INTRODUCTION: Palliative care continues to gain recognition among primary care providers, as patients suffering from chronic conditions may benefit from use of this growing service. OBJECTIVES: This single-institution quality improvement study investigates the clinical characteristics and socioeconomic status (SES) of palliative care patients and identifies predictors of palliative care utilization. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was used to compare clinical and SES parameters for three groups of patients: (1) palliative care patients who attended at least one visit since the inception of the University Clinical Health Palliative Care Clinic in Memphis, TN in October 2018 (n = 61), (2) palliative care patients who did not attend any appointments (n = 19), and (3) a randomized group of age-matched primary care patients seen by one provider from May 2018 to May 2019 (n = 36). A Poisson regression model with backward conditional variable selection was used to determine predictors of palliative care utilization. RESULTS: Patients across the three care groups did not differ in demographic parameters. Compared to palliative care-referred non-users and primary care patients, palliative care patients tended to have lower health risk (p < 0.001). Palliative care patients did not differ from primary care patients in socioeconomic status but did differ in comorbidity distribution, having a higher prevalence of cancer (𝜒2 = 14.648, df = 7, p = 0.041). Chance of 10-year survival did not differ across risk categories for palliative care patients but was significantly lower for very high-risk compared to moderate-risk primary care patients (30% vs. 78%, p = 0.019). Significant predictors of palliative care use and their corresponding incidence rate ratios (IRR) were hospital referral (IRR = 1.471; p = 0.039), higher number of prescribed medications (IRR = 1.045; p = 0.003), lower Charlson Comorbidity Index (IRR = 0.907; p = 0.003), and lower systolic blood pressure (IRR = 0.989; p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who are expected to benefit from and of being high utilizers of palliative care may experience greater clinical benefit from earlier referral to this service.
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Sela, Hanan, Eduard Akhunov, and Brian J. Steffenson. Population genomics, linkage disequilibrium and association mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in wild emmer wheat, Triticum turgidum ssp. dicoccoides. United States Department of Agriculture, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598170.bard.
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The primary goals of this project were: (1) development of a genetically characterized association panel of wild emmer for high resolution analysis of the genetic basis of complex traits; (2) characterization and mapping of genes and QTL for seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in wild emmer populations; (3) characterization of LD patterns along wild emmer chromosomes; (4) elucidation of the multi-locus genetic structure of wild emmer populations and its correlation with geo-climatic variables at the collection sites. Introduction In recent years, Stripe (yellow) rust (Yr) caused by Pucciniastriiformis f. sp. tritici(PST) has become a major threat to wheat crops in many parts of the world. New races have overcome most of the known resistances. It is essential, therefore, that the search for new genes will continue, followed by their mapping by molecular markers and introgression into the elite varieties by marker-assisted selection (MAS). The reservoir of genes for disease and pest resistance in wild emmer wheat (Triticumdicoccoides) is an important resource that must be made available to wheat breeders. The majority of resistance genes that were introgressed so far in cultivated wheat are resistance (R) genes. These genes, though confering near-immunity from the seedling stage, are often overcome by the pathogen in a short period after being deployed over vast production areas. On the other hand, adult-plant resistance (APR) is usually more durable since it is, in many cases, polygenic and confers partial resistance that may put less selective pressure on the pathogen. In this project, we have screened a collection of 480 wild emmer accessions originating from Israel for APR and seedling resistance to PST. Seedling resistance was tested against one Israeli and 3 North American PST isolates. APR was tested on accessions that did not have seedling resistance. The APR screen was conducted in two fields in Israel and in one field in the USA over 3 years for a total of 11 replicates. We have found about 20 accessions that have moderate stripe rust APR with infection type (IT<5), and about 20 additional accessions that have novel seedling resistance (IT<3). We have genotyped the collection using genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and the 90K SNP chip array. GBS yielded a total 341K SNP that were filtered to 150K informative SNP. The 90K assay resulted in 11K informative SNP. We have conducted a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) and found one significant locus on 6BL ( -log p >5). Two novel loci were found for seedling resistance. Further investigation of the 6BL locus and the effect of Yr36 showed that the 6BL locus and the Yr36 have additive effect and that the presence of favorable alleles of both loci results in reduction of 2 grades in the IT score. To identify alleles conferring adaption to extreme climatic conditions, we have associated the patterns of genomic variation in wild emmer with historic climate data from the accessions’ collection sites. The analysis of population stratification revealed four genetically distinct groups of wild emmer accessions coinciding with their geographic distribution. Partitioning of genomic variance showed that geographic location and climate together explain 43% of SNPs among emmer accessions with 19% of SNPs affected by climatic factors. The top three bioclimatic factors driving SNP distribution were temperature seasonality, precipitation seasonality, and isothermality. Association mapping approaches revealed 57 SNPs associated with these bio-climatic variables. Out of 21 unique genomic regions controlling heading date variation, 10 (~50%) overlapped with SNPs showing significant association with at least one of the three bioclimatic variables. This result suggests that a substantial part of the genomic variation associated with local adaptation in wild emmer is driven by selection acting on loci regulating flowering. Conclusions: Wild emmer can serve as a good source for novel APR and seedling R genes for stripe rust resistance. APR for stripe rust is a complex trait conferred by several loci that may have an additive effect. GWAS is feasible in the wild emmer population, however, its detection power is limited. A panel of wild emmer tagged with more than 150K SNP is available for further GWAS of important traits. The insights gained by the bioclimatic-gentic associations should be taken into consideration when planning conservation strategies.
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Shomer, Ilan, Louise Wicker, Uzi Merin, and William L. Kerr. Interactions of Cloud Proteins, Pectins and Pectinesterases in Flocculation of Citrus Cloud. United States Department of Agriculture, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580669.bard.
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The overall objective was to understand the cloud flocculation of citrus juice by characterization of the interactions between proteins and pectins, and to determine the role of PE isozymes in catalyzing this phenomenon. Specific objectives were to: 1. identify/characterize cloud-proteins in relation to their coagulable properties and affinity to pectins; 2. to determine structural changes of PME and other proteins induced by cation/pectin interactions; 3. localize cloud proteins, PME and bound protein/pectates in unheated and pasteurized juices; 4. to create "sensitized" pectins and determine their effect on clarification. The original objectives were not changed but the methods and approach were modified due to specific research requirements. Two i postulates were: 1. there is a specific interaction of cloud proteins with de-esterified regions of ! pectin and this contributes to cloud loss; 2. isozymes of pectin-methyl-esterase (PME) vary in efficiency to create sensitized pectins. The appearance of citrus fruit juice is an important quality factor and is determined by the color and turbidity that .are conferred by the suspended particles, i.e., by the cloud and its homogeneity. Under some circumstances the cloud tend to flocculate and the juice clarifies. The accepted approach to explain the clarification is based on pectin demethoxylation by PME that promotes formation of Ca-pectate. Therefore, the juice includes immediate heat-inactivation upon ~ squeezing. Protein coagulation also promotes cloud instability of citrus fruit extracts. However, the clarification mechanism is not fully understood. Information accumulated from several laboratories indicates that clarification is a more complex process than can be explained by a single mechanism. The increasing trend to consume natural-fresh juice emphasizing the importance of the knowledge to assure homogeneity of fresh juice. The research included complementary directions: Conditions that induce cloud-instability of natural- juice [IL]. Evaluate purification schemes of protein [USA]. Identifications of proteins, pectin and neutral sugars ([IL]; Structure of the cloud components using light and electron microscopy and immuno-labeling of PME, high-methoxyl-pectin (HMP) and low-methoxyl-pectin (LMP); Molecular weight of calcium sensitized pectins [US]; Evaluation of the products of PME activity [US]. Fractions and size distribution and cloud components [IL-US]. The optimal pH activity of PME is 7 and the flocculation pH of the cloud is 3-4. Thus, the c roles of PME, proteins and pectins in the cloud instability, were studied in pH ranges of 2- 7. The experiments led to establish firstly repeatable simulate conditions for cloud instability [IL]. Thermostable PME (TS-PE) known to induce cloud instability, but also thermolabile forms of PME (TL-PE) caused clarification, most likely due to the formation and dissolution of inactive :. PE-pectin complexes and displacement of a protective colloid from the cloud surface [US]. Furthermore, elimination of non-PME protein increases TS-PE activity, indicating that non-PME proteins moderate PME activity [US]. Other experiments Concomitantly with the study of the PME activity but promotes the association of cloud-proteins to pectin. Adjusting of the juice pH to f 7 retains the cloud stability and re-adjusting of the pH to 40% DE reacts to immuno-labeling in the cloud fragments, whereas