Academic literature on the topic 'Moderate-risk gamblers'

Abstract The current study examined the association between gambling problem severity and health risk behaviours, health and wellbeing. A cross-sectional survey (including representative population and supplementary convenience samples) was conducted with 2303 adult residents of a British Island. Gambling problem severity was assessed using the Problem Gambling Severity Index. The EQ-5D-5L, WEMWBS and AUDIT-C were used to measure general health, mental wellbeing and alcohol use, respectively. Other measures included diet, physical exercise and tobacco use. Differences between gambling severity levels for each measure were analysed using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and income. Compared to non-problem gamblers, moderate/high severity gamblers had higher odds of a poor diet, low physical exercise and poor general health. Tobacco use was associated with both low and moderate/high severity gambling. Low severity, but not moderate/high severity gambling, was significantly associated with binge and higher risk drinking behaviours. Health risk behaviours tended to cluster, with a graded relationship between gambling problem severity and odds of reporting at least two health risk behaviours. Compared to non-problem gamblers, low severity gamblers were approximately twice as likely and moderate/high severity gamblers were three times as likely, to have low mental wellbeing. Findings suggest associations between gambling problems and a range of health risk behaviours and health issues, and crucially that such issues are not limited to gamblers with the highest severity of problems. Addressing gambling across the whole continuum of risk should be a key public health priority.

Gambling has seen a significant increase in Italy in the last 10 years and has rapidly become a public health issue, and for these reasons the first National Helpline for Problem Gambling (GR-Helpline) has been established. The aims of this study are to describe the GR-Helpline users’ characteristics and to compare the prevalence rates of the users with those of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers obtained from the national survey (IPSAD 2010-2011). Statistical analysis was performed on data obtained from the counselling sessions (phone/e-mail/chat) carried out on 5,805 users (57.5% gamblers; 42.5% families/friends). This confirms that the problems related to gambling concern not only the gamblers but also their families and friends. Significant differences were found between gamblers and families/friends involving gender (74% of gamblers were male; 76.9% of families/friends were female), as well as age-classes and geographical area. Female gamblers had a higher mean age (47.3 versus 40.2 years) and preferred nonstrategy-based games. Prevalence rates of GR-Helpline users and of moderate risk/problematic gamblers were correlated (Rho = 0.58;p=0.0113). The results highlight the fact that remote access to counselling can be an effective means of promoting treatment for problem gamblers who do not otherwise appeal directly for services.

The importance of studying attitudes towards gambling has been recently recognized in the field of gambling. Research aim is to examine whether non-gamblers and gamblers exhibit both positive and negative implicit attitudes towards gambling-related stimuli. Research questions: (I) What is the valence of implicit associations with gambling among gamblers and non-gamblers? (II) Are the differences in attitudes towards gambling revealed by explicit and implicit methods among gamblers and non–gamblers? (III) Is there a consistency between results obtained by implicit measures and explicit measures of attitude towards gambling? Methods: Participants - 98, age 18-58, Mdn=34 years. Groups: Social Gamblers – 24, Problem Gamblers – 25, Non-Gamblers – 49. Implicit measures: Modified version of Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). Explicit measures: “Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS)” and “Gamblers anonymous twenty questions (GA-20)”. Results and Conclusions. (I) Both positive and negative implicit gambling associations were found in each of the groups. (II) Explicit attitudes towards gambling are most pronounced in social gamblers and most not pronounced in non-gamblers. Differences in implicit associations with gambling among the groups were not found. (III) In case of positive implicit associations, a negative correlation between the results of explicit and implicit measurements was found. It is possible that the use of negative implicit associations will contribute to the classification of gamblers with low, moderate and high risk.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether gambler’s cognitive errors affect gambling involvement and addiction. As the popularity of gambling has grown, questions are being raised about its excessive use and factors related to addictive behaviours. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey on 508 gamblers was conducted. Structural equation modelling was used to investigate the relationships among gambling beliefs, gambling involvement and problem gambling. Findings – Among the three sets of erroneous beliefs investigated, luck and superstition were significant predictors of both gambling involvement and the severity of gambling problems (according to the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)), while the illusion of control showed a negative relationship with the PGSI. Moreover, gambling involvement positively affected the potential risk of disease and mediates the relationship between luck and superstition and PGSI. Research limitations/implications – Because not all cognitive dimensions apparently influence gambling behaviour, future research should extend the analysis to include other variables that may moderate or mediate the causal relationship. Practical implications – The results are useful to marketers in developing social marketing campaigns wishing to discourage gambling. Moreover, factors that influence gambling involvement and addiction may be used as diagnostic tools to correct gamblers behaviour. Originality/value – The paper proposes a deeper exploration of the relationships among beliefs, gambling involvement and dysfunctional gambling and an appropriate scale to capture the entire spectrum of gambler’s beliefs in relation to every form of gambling activity.

This study examines gambling and problem gambling among gaming venue staff and provides a quantitative analysis that is directly comparable to the general population. A sample of 511 staff from casinos, hotels, and clubs in Queensland, Australia completed a questionnaire. Results indicate that employees exceed the average for gambling participation, regular gambling, and usual gambling duration for every type of gambling for which comparisons could be made. Problem gambling rates amongst staff were 9.6 times higher than for the Queensland population. Problem and moderate-risk gamblers were typically males who worked around gambling facilities and assisted patrons with gambling. A substantial proportion of problem and moderate-risk gamblers report increasing their gambling since commencing work. These results are of interest, given the importance of understanding how exposure interacts with gambling behaviour, of debates about the nature of this interaction, and of industry-based responsible gambling policies that particularly focus on gaming venue employees.

AbstractBackgroundEngagement in responsible or ‘positive play’ strategies is known to be negatively associated with problem gambling, as indexed by measures such as the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Less is known about whether positive play is associated with reduced harm or a greater ability to enjoy the recreational benefits of gambling.AimsThis study investigated the relationship between positive play and gambling harm after controlling for PGSI scores and whether positive play moderated the relationship between PGSI scores and harm. It also examined whether positive play was related to perceived benefits associated with gambling.MethodsThe study utilised an online panel sample of 554 respondents who completed a survey that included the PGSI, measures of gambling harm drawn from Browne et al. (2016), and the newly developed Positive Play Scale (Wood et al., 2019). The study involved predominantly monthly gamblers with higher levels of gambling risk: 23% problem gamblers; 36% moderate risk; and 21% low risk gamblers.ResultsThe results indicated that positive play was negatively associated with reduced gambling harm. The behavioural Positive Play subscales relating to pre-commitment and honesty and control explained additional variation in harm after controlling for PGSI scores. Higher levels of positive play also moderated and reduced the relationship between the PGSI and gambling harm. Perceived benefits were, unexpectedly, found to be higher in problem gamblers and negatively related to positive play.ConclusionBehavioural measures of positive play appear to be useful moderating factors in understanding the relationship between problem gambling and harm. Higher-risk gamblers appear to experience both greater costs as well as benefits from gambling, which likely reflects a stronger personal need to engage in the activity.

Gambling researchers have used self-report measures in order to assess gamblers' attitudes toward gambling. Despite their efficiency, self-report measures of attitudes often suffer self-presentation and social desirability bias when they are used to assess socially sensitive or stigmatized issues. This concern has led to the recent development of indirect, non-reactive measures of attitudes in psychology. These implicit measures of attitudes tend to reveal automatic, impulsive mental processes, whereas the self-report measures tap conscious, reflective processes (F. Strack & R. Deutsch, 2004). In this paper, we demonstrate how response latency-based measures can be used to investigate attitudes toward gambling. We report findings of our empirical study, in which evaluative priming (Fazio et al., 1995) and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 1996) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward gambling, and the Single Target IAT was adapted to assess implicit arousal-sedation associations of gambling. With a sample of 102 undergraduate students, we found that latency-based measures of attitudes toward gambling were not significantly correlated with self-report measures. Moderate-to-high-risk gamblers held more positive attitudes toward gambling in the SC-IAT and exhibited more positive and more negative attitudes toward gambling in the evaluative priming task than did low-risk gamblers.

Les joueurs à risque modéré et pathologiques probables représentent respectivement 1,4 % et 0,4 % de la population dans la province de Québec (Kairouz, Paradis, Nadeau, Hamel, & Robillard, 2015). Bien que prolifique, la recherche sur les trajectoires des joueurs présente plusieurs limites méthodologiques menant à l'hétérogénéité des résultats et peu d’études ont empiriquement examiné les facteurs associés aux changements dans les habitudes de jeu. Par ailleurs, il est reconnu que les évènements de vie ont un impact sur le développement de la psychopathologie (Brown & Harris, 1989). L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la façon dont les joueurs évoluent au fil du temps en fonction de la gravité de leurs comportements de jeu et des conséquences néfastes, et d'examiner de manière prospective les associations entre les évènements de vie et la sévérité des problèmes de jeu. Au cours d’un suivi de deux ans, comprenant trois temps de mesure, 179 joueurs sélectionnés à partir d'une enquête populationnelle ont été répartis dans quatre groupes (non-problème, à faible risque, à risque modéré et les joueurs pathologiques probables) selon leur score à l’indice canadien du jeu excessif (Ferris et al, 2001). La présence d'évènements de vie a également été évaluée chaque année. Nos analyses révèlent que les joueurs à risque modéré sont très hétérogènes, tant dans leur composition que dans leur évolution. Les joueurs pathologiques restent vulnérables et sont à risque de vivre des problèmes de jeu chroniques au fil du temps. Nos analyses ont également montré que certains évènements de vie spécifiques liés à la sphère professionnelle, financière, sociale et aux habitudes de vie, ainsi que le nombre cumulé d'évènements de vie, sont prospectivement associés à un niveau plus élevé de sévérité des problèmes de jeu un an plus tard. Cette thèse montre ainsi l'importance de tenir compte des spécificités du groupe des joueurs à risque modéré dans les programmes de prévention secondaire et de favoriser la continuité des soins et la prévention des rechutes dans les programmes de traitement. De plus, les circonstances sociales et le stress affectent les trajectoires de jeu et doivent également être pris en compte dans le champ de la prévention secondaire et du traitement.
Moderate risk and problem gamblers in the Province of Quebec represent 1.4% and 0.4% of the population, respectively (Kairouz et al., 2015). Albeit prolific, the research on gamblers’ trajectories has been hampered by several methodological shortcomings leading to heterogeneity in results. Moreover, few have empirically investigated factors that were associated with change. However, it is known that life events or significant changes in people's life have an impact on the development of psychopathology (Brown & Harris, 1989). The purpose of this thesis is to explore the ways in which gamblers evolve over time depending on the severity of their gambling behaviors and harmful consequences, and to examine prospectively associations between life events and problem gambling severity. Using a two-year follow-up prospective design including three measurement waves, 179 gamblers selected from a representative survey divided into the four categories (non-problem, low-risk, moderate-risk, and problem gamblers) of the Problem Gambling Severity Index (Ferris et al., 2001) were examined. Occurrence of life events was also assessed annually. Our analyses reveal that the moderate-risk gamblers are highly heterogeneous, both in their composition and their evolution. Problem gamblers remain vulnerable and are at-risk of experiencing chronic problems over time. Cross-lagged analyses showed that some specific life events related to work, financial, social and lifestyle arenas, as well as the cumulative number of life events, were prospectively associated with an increase in severity of problem gambling 12-months later. Thus, this dissertation shows the significance of addressing sub-group specificities in secondary prevention programs, and the necessity for continuity of cares and relapse prevention in treatment programs. Moreover, social circumstances and stress affect gambling trajectories and need to be taken into account in secondary prevention and treatment.