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Shen, Yi, Sylvia Kairouz, Louise Nadeau, and Chantal Robillard. "Comparing problem gamblers with moderate-risk gamblers in a sample of university students." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 4, no. 2 (June 2015): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.002.
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Butler, Nadia, Zara Quigg, Rebecca Bates, Madeleine Sayle, and Henrietta Ewart. "Gambling with Your Health: Associations Between Gambling Problem Severity and Health Risk Behaviours, Health and Wellbeing." Journal of Gambling Studies 36, no. 2 (November 8, 2019): 527–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-019-09902-8.
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Abstract The current study examined the association between gambling problem severity and health risk behaviours, health and wellbeing. A cross-sectional survey (including representative population and supplementary convenience samples) was conducted with 2303 adult residents of a British Island. Gambling problem severity was assessed using the Problem Gambling Severity Index. The EQ-5D-5L, WEMWBS and AUDIT-C were used to measure general health, mental wellbeing and alcohol use, respectively. Other measures included diet, physical exercise and tobacco use. Differences between gambling severity levels for each measure were analysed using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex and income. Compared to non-problem gamblers, moderate/high severity gamblers had higher odds of a poor diet, low physical exercise and poor general health. Tobacco use was associated with both low and moderate/high severity gambling. Low severity, but not moderate/high severity gambling, was significantly associated with binge and higher risk drinking behaviours. Health risk behaviours tended to cluster, with a graded relationship between gambling problem severity and odds of reporting at least two health risk behaviours. Compared to non-problem gamblers, low severity gamblers were approximately twice as likely and moderate/high severity gamblers were three times as likely, to have low mental wellbeing. Findings suggest associations between gambling problems and a range of health risk behaviours and health issues, and crucially that such issues are not limited to gamblers with the highest severity of problems. Addressing gambling across the whole continuum of risk should be a key public health priority.
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Bastiani, Luca, Maurizio Fea, Roberta Potente, Claudia Luppi, Fabio Lucchini, and Sabrina Molinaro. "National Helpline for Problem Gambling: A Profile of Its Users’ Characteristics." Journal of Addiction 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/659731.
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Gambling has seen a significant increase in Italy in the last 10 years and has rapidly become a public health issue, and for these reasons the first National Helpline for Problem Gambling (GR-Helpline) has been established. The aims of this study are to describe the GR-Helpline users’ characteristics and to compare the prevalence rates of the users with those of moderate-risk/problematic gamblers obtained from the national survey (IPSAD 2010-2011). Statistical analysis was performed on data obtained from the counselling sessions (phone/e-mail/chat) carried out on 5,805 users (57.5% gamblers; 42.5% families/friends). This confirms that the problems related to gambling concern not only the gamblers but also their families and friends. Significant differences were found between gamblers and families/friends involving gender (74% of gamblers were male; 76.9% of families/friends were female), as well as age-classes and geographical area. Female gamblers had a higher mean age (47.3 versus 40.2 years) and preferred nonstrategy-based games. Prevalence rates of GR-Helpline users and of moderate risk/problematic gamblers were correlated (Rho = 0.58;p=0.0113). The results highlight the fact that remote access to counselling can be an effective means of promoting treatment for problem gamblers who do not otherwise appeal directly for services.
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Plotka, Irina, Nina Blumenau, and Zhanna Vinogradova. "RESEARCH OF IMPLICIT ATTITUDES TOWARDS GAMBLING FOR GAMBLERS AND NON-GAMBLERS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 1 (May 26, 2016): 498. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2016vol1.1529.
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The importance of studying attitudes towards gambling has been recently recognized in the field of gambling. Research aim is to examine whether non-gamblers and gamblers exhibit both positive and negative implicit attitudes towards gambling-related stimuli. Research questions: (I) What is the valence of implicit associations with gambling among gamblers and non-gamblers? (II) Are the differences in attitudes towards gambling revealed by explicit and implicit methods among gamblers and non–gamblers? (III) Is there a consistency between results obtained by implicit measures and explicit measures of attitude towards gambling? Methods: Participants - 98, age 18-58, Mdn=34 years. Groups: Social Gamblers – 24, Problem Gamblers – 25, Non-Gamblers – 49. Implicit measures: Modified version of Single-Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT). Explicit measures: “Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS)” and “Gamblers anonymous twenty questions (GA-20)”. Results and Conclusions. (I) Both positive and negative implicit gambling associations were found in each of the groups. (II) Explicit attitudes towards gambling are most pronounced in social gamblers and most not pronounced in non-gamblers. Differences in implicit associations with gambling among the groups were not found. (III) In case of positive implicit associations, a negative correlation between the results of explicit and implicit measurements was found. It is possible that the use of negative implicit associations will contribute to the classification of gamblers with low, moderate and high risk.
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Thomas, Samantha L., Sophie Lewis, Kate Westberg, and Jeffrey L. Derevensky. "What Influences the Beliefs, Behaviours and Consumption Patterns of ‘Moderate Risk’ Gamblers?" International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 11, no. 4 (March 9, 2013): 474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-013-9432-7.
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Vergura, Donata Tania. "Gamblers’ aces in the hole: the effect of erroneous cognitions on dysfunctional gambling." Journal of Social Marketing 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2016): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-08-2015-0061.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether gambler’s cognitive errors affect gambling involvement and addiction. As the popularity of gambling has grown, questions are being raised about its excessive use and factors related to addictive behaviours. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey on 508 gamblers was conducted. Structural equation modelling was used to investigate the relationships among gambling beliefs, gambling involvement and problem gambling. Findings – Among the three sets of erroneous beliefs investigated, luck and superstition were significant predictors of both gambling involvement and the severity of gambling problems (according to the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI)), while the illusion of control showed a negative relationship with the PGSI. Moreover, gambling involvement positively affected the potential risk of disease and mediates the relationship between luck and superstition and PGSI. Research limitations/implications – Because not all cognitive dimensions apparently influence gambling behaviour, future research should extend the analysis to include other variables that may moderate or mediate the causal relationship. Practical implications – The results are useful to marketers in developing social marketing campaigns wishing to discourage gambling. Moreover, factors that influence gambling involvement and addiction may be used as diagnostic tools to correct gamblers behaviour. Originality/value – The paper proposes a deeper exploration of the relationships among beliefs, gambling involvement and dysfunctional gambling and an appropriate scale to capture the entire spectrum of gambler’s beliefs in relation to every form of gambling activity.
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Hing, Nerilee, and Sally Gainsbury. "Risky business: Gambling problems amongst gaming venue employees in Queensland, Australia." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 25 (June 1, 2011): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2011.25.2.
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This study examines gambling and problem gambling among gaming venue staff and provides a quantitative analysis that is directly comparable to the general population. A sample of 511 staff from casinos, hotels, and clubs in Queensland, Australia completed a questionnaire. Results indicate that employees exceed the average for gambling participation, regular gambling, and usual gambling duration for every type of gambling for which comparisons could be made. Problem gambling rates amongst staff were 9.6 times higher than for the Queensland population. Problem and moderate-risk gamblers were typically males who worked around gambling facilities and assisted patrons with gambling. A substantial proportion of problem and moderate-risk gamblers report increasing their gambling since commencing work. These results are of interest, given the importance of understanding how exposure interacts with gambling behaviour, of debates about the nature of this interaction, and of industry-based responsible gambling policies that particularly focus on gaming venue employees.
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Boffo, Marilisa, Ruby Smits, Joshua P. Salmon, Megan E. Cowie, David T. H. A. de Jong, Elske Salemink, Pam Collins, Sherry H. Stewart, and Reinout W. Wiers. "Luck, come here! Automatic approach tendencies toward gambling cues in moderate- to high-risk gamblers." Addiction 113, no. 2 (November 27, 2017): 289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.14071.
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Delfabbro, Paul, Daniel L. King, and Neophytos Georgiou. "Positive play and its relationship with gambling harms and benefits." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9, no. 2 (June 2020): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00041.
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AbstractBackgroundEngagement in responsible or ‘positive play’ strategies is known to be negatively associated with problem gambling, as indexed by measures such as the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI). Less is known about whether positive play is associated with reduced harm or a greater ability to enjoy the recreational benefits of gambling.AimsThis study investigated the relationship between positive play and gambling harm after controlling for PGSI scores and whether positive play moderated the relationship between PGSI scores and harm. It also examined whether positive play was related to perceived benefits associated with gambling.MethodsThe study utilised an online panel sample of 554 respondents who completed a survey that included the PGSI, measures of gambling harm drawn from Browne et al. (2016), and the newly developed Positive Play Scale (Wood et al., 2019). The study involved predominantly monthly gamblers with higher levels of gambling risk: 23% problem gamblers; 36% moderate risk; and 21% low risk gamblers.ResultsThe results indicated that positive play was negatively associated with reduced gambling harm. The behavioural Positive Play subscales relating to pre-commitment and honesty and control explained additional variation in harm after controlling for PGSI scores. Higher levels of positive play also moderated and reduced the relationship between the PGSI and gambling harm. Perceived benefits were, unexpectedly, found to be higher in problem gamblers and negatively related to positive play.ConclusionBehavioural measures of positive play appear to be useful moderating factors in understanding the relationship between problem gambling and harm. Higher-risk gamblers appear to experience both greater costs as well as benefits from gambling, which likely reflects a stronger personal need to engage in the activity.
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Yi, Sunghwan, and Vinay Kanetkar. "Implicit measures of attitudes toward gambling: An exploratory study." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 24 (July 1, 2010): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2010.24.9.
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Gambling researchers have used self-report measures in order to assess gamblers' attitudes toward gambling. Despite their efficiency, self-report measures of attitudes often suffer self-presentation and social desirability bias when they are used to assess socially sensitive or stigmatized issues. This concern has led to the recent development of indirect, non-reactive measures of attitudes in psychology. These implicit measures of attitudes tend to reveal automatic, impulsive mental processes, whereas the self-report measures tap conscious, reflective processes (F. Strack & R. Deutsch, 2004). In this paper, we demonstrate how response latency-based measures can be used to investigate attitudes toward gambling. We report findings of our empirical study, in which evaluative priming (Fazio et al., 1995) and the Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT; Karpinski & Steinman, 1996) were used to assess implicit attitudes toward gambling, and the Single Target IAT was adapted to assess implicit arousal-sedation associations of gambling. With a sample of 102 undergraduate students, we found that latency-based measures of attitudes toward gambling were not significantly correlated with self-report measures. Moderate-to-high-risk gamblers held more positive attitudes toward gambling in the SC-IAT and exhibited more positive and more negative attitudes toward gambling in the evaluative priming task than did low-risk gamblers.
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Rossow, Ingeborg, and Helge Molde. "Chasing the criteria: Comparing SOGS-RA and the Lie/Bet screen to assess prevalence of problem gambling and 'at-risk' gambling among adolescents." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 18 (October 1, 2006): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2006.18.9.
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Most instruments assessing gambling problems are relatively extensive and therefore not suitable for comprehensive youth surveys. An exception is the two-item Lie/Bet questionnaire. This study addresses to what extent two instruments (Lie/Bet and South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised for Adolescents (SOGS-RA)) (1) overlap in classifying problem gambling and at-risk gambling, (2) reflect different underlying dimensions of problem gambling, and (3) differ in distinguishing between young gamblers with respect to intensity and frequency of gambling in gender-specific analyses. Data stemmed from a school survey among teenagers in Norway (net sample = 20,700). The congruence in classification of problem gamblers was moderate. Both instruments discriminated sensibly between youths with high versus medium and low gambling frequency and gambling expenditures, although more so for boys than for girls. Both Lie/Bet items loaded on one 'loss of control' dimension. The results suggest that the Lie/Bet screen may be useful to assess at-risk gambling for both genders in comprehensive youth surveys.
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Gainsbury, Sally M., Daniel L. King, Alex M. T. Russell, Paul Delfabbro, Jeffrey Derevensky, and Nerilee Hing. "Exposure to and engagement with gambling marketing in social media: Reported impacts on moderate-risk and problem gamblers." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 30, no. 2 (March 2016): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/adb0000156.
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Bum, Chul-Ho, Chulhwan Choi, and Kyongmin Lee. "Irrational Beliefs and Social Adaptation of Online Sports Gamblers According to Addiction Level: A Comparative Study." Sustainability 10, no. 11 (November 21, 2018): 4314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10114314.
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences in psychological characteristics (i.e., irrational beliefs) and social adaptation according to a participant’s level of addiction to online sports gambling (i.e., non-problem, low-risk, moderate-risk, and high-risk gamblers). A survey was completed by participants of online sports gambling, aged 19 years or older; 291 completed questionnaires were obtained and analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). As results of this study, according to the level of addiction to online sports gambling, there were significant differences on people’s mental state and social adaptation. Specifically, the more people are attached to a group that is exposed to high gambling addiction risk, the more they tend to become irrational while gambling, adopt an overconfident viewpoint, and overestimate their techniques. Moreover, as addiction to online sports gambling worsens, adaptation problems begin to appear in their work and family lives. This study demonstrated that people who are addicted to online sports gambling tend to find difficulties in thinking reasonably and logically and struggle to lead normal lives. By raising awareness on online sports gambling addiction, this study could suggest a way out of the difficulty.
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Gainsbury, Sally M., Alex Russell, Nerilee Hing, Robert Wood, and Alex Blaszczynski. "The impact of internet gambling on gambling problems: A comparison of moderate-risk and problem Internet and non-Internet gamblers." Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 27, no. 4 (December 2013): 1092–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0031475.
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Moreau, Axelle, Émeline Chauchard, Serge Sévigny, and Isabelle Giroux. "Tilt in Online Poker: Loss of Control and Gambling Disorder." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 5013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145013.
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Online poker is a form of gambling where an element of skill may influence the outcome of the game. ‘Tilt’ in poker describes an episode during which the player can no longer control their game by rational decisions. It leads to a loss of control over the game, a loss of emotional regulation, higher cognitive distortion, and a loss of money. This phenomenon, experienced by most players, could be the gateway to excessive gambling. The aim of this study was to assess the links between the frequency of tilt episodes, cognitive distortion, anxiety, depression, sensation seeking and excessive online poker gambling. Our sample is composed of 291 online poker players, with a mean age of 33.8 years (SD = 10.6). Participants completed an online self-assessment questionnaire, measuring the frequency of tilt episodes, cognitive distortion, anxiety, depression and impulsivity. The findings indicated that the frequency of tilt episodes and cognitive distortion were the only significant predictors of excessive online gambling (respectively, r = 0.49 and r = 0.20). Tilt frequency and cognitive distortion were strongly correlated (GRCS, r = 0.60), moderate to low correlations were found for tilt and anxiety (HADS, r = 0.40), and positive and negative urgency (UPPS, r = 0.27). To date, tilt has seldom been studied, and could improve our understanding of online poker gamblers. It could be a new means of identifying at risk gamblers, and thus facilitating preventive measures specifically adapted to this population.
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Håkansson, Anders, and Carolina Widinghoff. "Changes of Gambling Patterns during COVID-19 in Sweden, and Potential for Preventive Policy Changes. A Second Look Nine Months into the Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (February 27, 2021): 2342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052342.
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Gambling has been suggested as one of the potential mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. In earlier self-report studies, increased gambling has been reported by a limited proportion of respondents characterized with a high degree of problem gambling. The present study, carried out with the same methodology and in the same geographical setting, around seven months later in the pandemic, aimed to repeat and to extend the understanding of potential gambling changes in the population during COVID-19. An anonymous sample of web panel members was assessed, altogether 2029 individuals (52% women, 10% moderate-risk or problem gamblers). Results indicated that 6% reported increased gambling, and 4% reported decreased gambling during the pandemic. Having increased gambling was associated with more severe gambling problems (OR 2.78, 95% confidence interval 2.27–3.40), increased alcohol consumption (OR 2.92, 1.71–4.98), and psychological distress (OR 3.38, 1.83–6.23). In the group reporting increased gambling during COVID-19, moderate-risk/problem gambling was very common (62%). Recent governmental policy interventions in the area were known to a minority (30%) of respondents, but awareness of the regulations was markedly more common in individuals with at least moderate-risk gambling (56%) and in self-excluders (78%). Reporting of any perceived influence from policy changes was low (3%), and divided between those reporting an increasing and decreasing effect, respectively. Increased gambling may be a consequence of COVID-19-related changes in everyday lives of individuals with problematic gambling patterns. Thus, a vulnerable group demonstrates higher rates of gambling migration and psychosocial problems, and may require particular attention in screening and treatment contexts, and further scientific evaluations.
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Samuelsson, Eva, Peter Wennberg, and Kristina Sundqvist. "Gamblers’ (mis-)interpretations of Problem Gambling Severity Index items: Ambiguities in qualitative accounts from the Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study." Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 36, no. 2 (April 2019): 140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1455072519829407.
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The Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) is a screening instrument frequently used to identify risk and problem gambling. Even though the PGSI has good psychometric properties, it still produces a large proportion of misclassifications. Aims: To explore possible reasons for misclassifications in problem gambling level by analysing previously classified moderate-risk gamblers’ answers to the PGSI items, in relation to their own current and past gambling behaviours. Methods: Semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with 19 participants reporting no negative consequences from gambling. They were asked the PGSI questions within an eight-year time frame (2008 to 2016). Ambiguous answers to PGSI items were subject to content analysis. Results: Several answers to the PGSI items contained ambiguities and misinterpretations, making it difficult to assess to what extent their answers actually indicated any problematic gambling over time. The item about feelings of guilt generated accounts rather reflecting self-recrimination over wasting money or regretting gambling as a meaningless or immoral activity. The item concerning critique involved mild interpretations such as being ridiculed for buying lottery tickets or getting comments for being boring. Similar accounts were given by the participants irrespective of initial endorsement of the items. Other possible reasons for misclassifications were related to recall bias, language difficulties, selective memory, and a tendency to answer one part of the question without taking the whole question into account. Conclusions: Answers to the PGSI can contain a variety of meanings based on the respondents’ subjective interpretations. Reports of lower levels of harm in the population should thus be interpreted with caution. In clinical settings it is important to combine use of screening instruments with interviews, to be able to better understand gamblers’ perceptions of the gambling behaviour and its negative consequences.
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Granero, Roser, Susana Valero-Solis, Fernando Fernández-Aranda, Mónica Gómez-Peña, Laura Moragas, Teresa Mena-Moreno, Amparo del Pino-Gutierrez, et al. "Response trajectories of gambling severity after cognitive behavioral therapy in young-adult pathological gamblers." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9, no. 1 (April 7, 2020): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00008.
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Abstract Background and aims The significant increase in the prevalence of gambling disorder (GD) among young adults in recent years has attracted interest in determining therapeutic efficiency in this sector of the population. The aim of this work was to estimate the response trajectories of gambling severity during the six-month follow-up after a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program in young adult patients and to identify the main variables associated with each trajectory. Methods The sample included n = 192 patients, aged 19–35 years old, seeking treatment for GD. Response trajectories were identified through latent class growth analysis. Results Three trajectories emerged: T1 (n = 118, 61.5%), composed of patients with severe GD at pre-treatment and good evolution to recovery; T2 (n = 62, 32.3%), with patients with moderate-high GD affectation at baseline and good evolution to recovery; and T3 (n = 12, 6.3%), with participants with severe baseline GD severity and poor evolution after CBT (Abbott, 2019). The highest risk of poor therapeutic outcomes was related to lower social index positions, high emotional distress, high scores in harm avoidance and low scores in self-directedness. Discussion and conclusions Differences in the response trajectories at short-term follow-up after CBT reveal heterogeneity in the samples including young and young-adult GD patients. Patients' phenotype at baseline should be considered when developing efficient, person-centered intervention programs, which should comprise strategies aimed at increasing emotional regulation capacities, self-esteem and self-efficacy, with the aim of avoiding relapses in the medium-long term after therapy.
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Håkansson, Anders. "Changes in Gambling Behavior during the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Web Survey Study in Sweden." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 5, 2020): 4013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114013.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically changed everyday life, and policy makers have raised concerns about possible changes in gambling patterns during the pandemic. This study aimed to examine whether self-reported gambling has increased during the pandemic, and to examine potential correlates of such a change. This general population survey study in Sweden collected self-report data from 2016 web survey members (51 percent men, nine percent moderate-risk/problem gamblers). Correlates of increased gambling and increased gambling specifically due to COVID-19-related cancellation of sports were calculated. Four percent reported an overall gambling increase during the pandemic. The proportion of individuals reporting an increase, compared to individuals reporting a decrease, was markedly higher for online casinos (0.62), online horse betting (0.76) and online lotteries (0.73), and lower for sports betting (0.11). Overall, gambling increases were independently associated with gambling problems and increased alcohol consumption. In the sub-group, where there was an increase in specific gambling types in response to cancelled sports betting events, rates of gambling problems were high. In conclusion, only a minority report increased gambling in response to the pandemic, but this group has markedly higher gambling problems and changes in alcohol consumption, and may represent a sub-group with a particularly high vulnerability. This calls for preventive action in people with higher gambling risks in response to the pandemic.
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Murray Boyle, Cailem, Matthew Browne, Matthew Rockloff, and Tracy Flenady. "Opportunity Costs or Not? Validating the Short Gambling Harm Screen against a Set of “Unimpeachable” Negative Impacts." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10030549.
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Assessing the harmful consequences of gambling is an area of active investigation. One measure intended to capture gambling-related harm is the 10-item short gambling harm screen (SGHS). Although good psychometric properties have been reported, it has been suggested that the screen’s less severe probes may not represent genuinely harmful consequences, but rather may reflect rational opportunity costs. Consequently, it has been argued that the screen may lead to overestimation of the extent of gambling-related harm in the population. The current study sought to examine the psychometric performance of three less severe suspect items in the SGHS. Associations between each of these items and a specially constructed scale of relatively severe “unimpeachable” gambling harms were calculated from archival data from 5551 Australian and New Zealand gamblers. All three suspect items, both individually and upon aggregation, predicted greater endorsement of “unimpeachable” harms, and indicated the presence of gambling problems. Moreover, the SGHS as a whole is highly correlated with “unimpeachable” gambling harms. Including suspect items in the SGHS was found to improve predictions of low- and moderate-risk gambling status, but slightly decreased predictions of severe gambling problems. The results are inconsistent with the notion that SGHS harm probes capture either inconsequential consequences or opportunity costs. They confirm prior findings that harm symptomatology is unidimensional, and that the report of multiple more prevalent, but less severe, harms serves as an effective indicator of the spectrum of experienced harm.
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Garcı´a, Jose A. "Rational systems exhibit moderate risk aversion with respect to “gambles” on variable-resolution compression." Optical Engineering 41, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 2216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.1496789.
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Huang, Jiun-Hau, and Richard Boyer. "Epidemiology of Youth Gambling Problems in Canada: A National Prevalence Study." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52, no. 10 (September 1, 2007): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674370705201006.
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Objectives: To describe the epidemiology of gambling problems among youth aged 15 to 24 years in Canada and to examine whether these gambling prevalence patterns differ by sex and (or) by geographic region. Method: We used data from The Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being. Gambling problems were determined according to the Canadian Problem Gambling Index. All prevalence estimates used appropriate sampling weights and bootstrap variance estimation procedures developed by Statistics Canada. Multivariate logistic regression modelling was also employed to supplement the above prevalence comparisons by age, sex, and region. Results: Among Canadian youth aged 15 to 24 years ( n = 5666), 61.35% gambled in the past 12 months and the national prevalence of moderate-risk or problem gambling was 2.22% (3.30% in male respondents and 1.10% in female respondents). Male respondents had significantly higher prevalence of gambling problems than female respondents. Regional prevalence estimates of youth moderate-risk or problem gambling were 1.37% in British Columbia, 2.17% in the Prairie provinces, 2.75% in Ontario, 2.12% in Quebec, and 1.71% in the Atlantic provinces. Conclusions: Youth, particularly young men, are at greater risk for gambling problems than adults. More prevention and research efforts are also needed to address the observed sex differences and interregional variability in the prevalence of gambling problems among youth. The national prevalence estimates from this study provide important baseline data against which future cohorts of Canadians can be monitored and measured.
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Kuchuk, Iryna, Nathaniel Bouganim, Kathy Beusterien, Jessica Grinspan, Lisa Vandermeer, Sasha Mazzarello, Freya Crawly, et al. "Patient perceptions about potential side effects and benefits from chemotherapy agents." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): 6595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6595.
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6595 Background: Little is known about how breast cancer patients (pts) perceive the relative side effects and benefits of different chemotherapy (CT) agents. The objective of this study was to better understand these preferences in pts receiving CT at a Canadian cancer center. Methods: Pts completed a Web survey. Grade I/II (mild to moderate) and III/IV (moderate to severe) descriptions of 9 common CT side effects were assigned preferences by: conjoint and standard gamble (SG). Conjoint involved making trade-offs among different risks of side effects, yielding preferences (utilities) for each side effect. SG involved choosing to stay in a selected side effect state or taking a gamble between full health (probability p) or being dead (1-p). For each side effect, p was varied until the patient was indifferent of the side effect. Pts were also asked to rate how much of detriment in quality of life they would endure for benefits in survival. Results: 102 women participated, mean age 54 + 11, stage 1 (21%), 2 (24%), 3 (38%) and 4 (18%). Among the grade I/II side effects, a 5% reduction in risk of sensory neuropathy, nausea, and motor neuropathy had the highest impact on preferences. Among grade III/IV side effects, motor neuropathy, nausea/vomiting, and mucositis made the most difference. SG preferences for side effects were lowest (i.e. least preferred) for grade III/IV nausea (0.624) followed by diarrhea (0.633), hand-foot syndrome (0.681), and highest for grade I/II sensory neuropathy (0.757), mucositis (0.756), and myalgia (0.750). Agree/disagree items revealed patients are willing to endure quality of life detriments for improvement in survival; this willingness increased as disease stage increased (p=0.01). Conclusions: Relatively small changes in the risks of some CT side effects may have substantial impacts on pt treatment preferences. Nevertheless, pts will endure significant toxicity for a potential gain in survival. The standard gamble utilities from this population may also be used to quality-adjust life expectancy in cost-effectiveness evaluations of breast cancer chemotherapies.
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Wasserman, Joan E., and William K. Hoots. "Development of a Disease-Specific Utility Instrument for Hemophilia." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 2205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.2205.2205.
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Abstract Research has shown that disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments are more responsive than generic instruments to particular disease conditions. However, only a few studies have used disease-specific instruments to measure HRQoL in hemophilia. The goal of this project was to develop a disease-specific utility instrument that measures patient preferences for various hemophilia health states. The visual analog scale (VAS), a ranking method, and the standard gamble (SG), a choice-based method incorporating risk, were used to measure patient preferences. Study participants (n=128) were recruited from the UT/Gulf States Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center and stratified by age: 0 – 18 years and 19 +. Test retest reliability was demonstrated for both VAS and SG instruments, overall within-subject correlation coefficients were 0.91 and 0.79, respectively. Results showed statistically significant differences in responses between pediatric and adult participants when using the SG (p=.045). However, no significant differences were shown between these groups when using the VAS (p=.636). When responses to VAS and SG instruments were compared, statistically significant differences in both pediatric (p<.0001) and adult (p<.0001) groups were observed. Stratification of the study sample into mild, moderate and severe disease categories yielded no statistically significant differences in patient preference values among the three groups for both instruments (VAS (p =0.578 for mild vs. moderate, p =0.590 for mild vs. severe and p= 0.920 for moderate vs. severe and SG (p= 0.578 for mild vs. moderate, p = 0.590 for mild vs. severe and p=0.920 for moderate vs. severe). The utility measures obtained from this study can be applied in economic evaluations and decision models that analyze the cost/utility of alternative hemophilia treatments. Results derived from the SG indicate that age can influence patients’ preferences regarding their state of health. This may have implications for considering treatment options based on the mean age of the population under consideration. Data from this study also demonstrated that persons with varying severity of disease were able to objectively evaluate a wide range of health states for hemophilia. When assessing HRQoL for a rare disease such as hemophilia, it is important to establish that HRQoL measurements can be applied broadly across the population. Although the VAS and SG independently demonstrated reliability and validity, results indicate that the two measures may not be interchangeable.
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Seo, Wonju, Namho Kim, Sang-Kyu Lee, and Sung-Min Park. "Machine learning-based analysis of adolescent gambling factors." Journal of Behavioral Addictions 9, no. 3 (October 12, 2020): 734–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00063.
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AbstractBackground and aimsProblem gambling among adolescents has recently attracted attention because of easy access to gambling in online environments and its serious effects on adolescent lives. We proposed a machine learning-based analysis method for predicting the degree of problem gambling.MethodsOf the 17,520 respondents in the 2018 National Survey on Youth Gambling Problems dataset (collected by the Korea Center on Gambling Problems), 5,045 students who had gambled in the past 3 months were included in this study. The Gambling Problem Severity Scale was used to provide the binary label information. After the random forest-based feature selection method, we trained four models: random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), extra trees (ETs), and ridge regression.ResultsThe online gambling behavior in the past 3 months, experience of winning money or goods, and gambling of personal relationship were three factors exhibiting the high feature importance. All four models demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of >0.7; ET showed the highest AUC (0.755), RF demonstrated the highest accuracy (71.8%), and SVM showed the highest F1 score (0.507) on a testing set.DiscussionThe results indicate that machine learning models can convey meaningful information to support predictions regarding the degree of problem gambling.ConclusionMachine learning models trained using important features showed moderate accuracy in a large-scale Korean adolescent dataset. These findings suggest that the method will help screen adolescents at risk of problem gambling. We believe that expandable machine learning-based approaches will become more powerful as more datasets are collected.
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Kilbridge, Kerry L., Jane C. Weeks, Arthur J. Sober, Frank G. Haluska, Craig L. Slingluff, Michael B. Atkins, Dana E. Sock, John M. Kirkwood, and Robert F. Nease. "Patient Preferences for Adjuvant Interferon Alfa-2b Treatment." Journal of Clinical Oncology 19, no. 3 (February 1, 2001): 812–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2001.19.3.812.
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PURPOSE: Although trials of adjuvant interferon alfa-2b (IFNα-2b) in high-risk melanoma patients suggest improvement in disease-free survival, it is unclear whether treatment offers improvement in overall survival. Widespread use of adjuvant IFNα-2b has been tempered by its significant toxicity. To quantify the trade-offs between IFNα-2b toxicity and survival, we assessed patient utilities for health states associated with IFN therapy. Utilities are measures of preference for a particular health state on a scale of 0 (death) to 1 (perfect health).PATIENTS AND METHODS: We assessed utilities for health states associated with adjuvant IFN among 107 low-risk melanoma patients using the standard gamble technique. Health states described four IFNα-2b toxicity scenarios and the following three posttreatment outcomes: disease-free health and melanoma recurrence (with or without IFNα-2b) leading to cancer death. We also asked patients the improvement in 5-year disease-free survival they would require to tolerate IFN.RESULTS: Utilities for melanoma recurrence with or without IFNα-2b were significantly lower than utilities for all IFNα-2b toxicities but were not significantly different from each other. At least half of the patients were willing to tolerate mild-moderate and severe IFNα-2b toxicity for 4% and 10% improvements, respectively, in 5-year disease-free survival.CONCLUSION: On average, patients rate quality of life with melanoma recurrence much lower than even severe IFNα-2b toxicity. These results suggest that recurrence-free survival is highly valued by patients. The utilities measured in our study can be applied directly to quality-of-life determinations in clinical trials of adjuvant IFNα-2b to measure the net benefit of therapy.
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Latvala, Tiina, Sari Castrén, Hannu Alho, and Anne Salonen. "Compulsory school achievement and gambling among men and women aged 18–29 in Finland." Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46, no. 5 (August 28, 2017): 505–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494817726621.
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Aims: This study aims to explore the associations between final compulsory school grades and gambling and their relation to substance use and perceived mental health among people aged 18–29 in Finland (N = 831). Methods: Cross-sectional random sample data, weighted on the basis of age, gender and region of residence, were collected in 2015. The data were analysed using logistic regression models adjusted for sociodemographic variables, risky alcohol use, daily smoking, and perceived mental health. Results: Weekly gambling and at-risk and problem gambling (ARPG) were more common among men. Weekly gambling was linked to smoking and risky alcohol use among men and smoking among women. Additionally, ARPG was linked to risky alcohol use among men. ARPG was associated with moderate/poor mental health among men and women, but this was not the case with weekly gambling. Among men, low and average final school grades at age 16 were associated with weekly gambling later in life, even when adjusting for other variables. Among women, low and average final school grades were not associated with weekly gambling when adjusting for substance use. Lower final school grades were associated with ARPG among women but not among men when all potential confounders were adjusted for. Conclusions: Adolescents with lower final school grades are more likely to gamble weekly later in life. Lower final school grades are also linked with ARPG among women. It is important therefore for schools to have clear policies on gambling and to implement early prevention programmes.
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Cash, Kyle, Robert Gagel, J. Lynn Palmer, Deborah A. Thomas, Gloria Mattiuzzi, Hagop M. Kantarjian, Susan O'Brien, Mimi Hu, Camilo Jimenez, and Maria E. Cabanillas. "A Randomized, Double Blinded Study of Risedronate Versus Placebo for the Prevention of Bone Loss in Patients Receiving High Dose Corticosteroids for the Treatment of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia and Lymphoblastic Lymphoma." Blood 118, no. 21 (November 18, 2011): 1486. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v118.21.1486.1486.
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Abstract Abstract 1486 Background: Corticosteroid therapy is a well-known cause of osteoporosis. Studies have shown that the use of bisphosphonates such as risedronate can prevent bone loss in patients receiving moderate to high doses of corticosteroids. Patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoblastic lymphoma (ALL/LL) are at high risk of bone loss due to both leukemia and high dose steroids used in chemotherapy regimens. Objectives: The primary objective was to determine whether the use of risedronate decreases the amount of bone loss in adult patients with ALL/LL receiving chemotherapy with high dose corticosteroids when compared to placebo. Methods: Adult patients with newly diagnosed ALL/LL receiving Hyper-CVAD or BFM were randomly assigned to receive either risedronate 35 mg weekly or placebo. Both patients and physicians were blinded to the treatment assignment. Patients in both arms were given vitamin D and calcium. Bone mineral density (BMD) using DEXA scan was measured at baseline and at 6 months. Patients who lost more than 10% BMD when compared to baseline measurements were taken off the study and unblinded. We excluded patients with osteoporosis. Results: 36 patients were randomized to each treatment arm. Median age was 29 years in the risedronate arm and 42 years in the placebo arm (p=0.06). 22 patients had an available 6 month DEXA scan in the risedronate arm and 29 in the placebo arm. Patients on the placebo arm had a greater decrease in BMD at the left hip (mean −0.12) and right hip (mean −0.11) when compared to baseline than patients in the risedronate arm (left hip mean −0.08; right hip mean −0.078) and this was statistically significant (p=0.03 and p=0.04, respectively). There were no significant differences observed in the lumbar spine between the two groups. 11/22 (50%) patients in the risedronate arm were taken off study for significant % decrease in BMD at any site, and 18/29 (62%) patients in the placebo arm (p=0.28). Two patients, 1 in each arm, experienced a vertebral fracture during the first 6 months of chemotherapy. Conclusions: Adult ALL/LL patients receiving high dose corticosteroids with HyperCVAD have profound bone loss and should be monitored for this while receiving chemotherapy. Risedronate significantly reduced bone loss at the hips, but did not have a significant effect at the lumbar spine. Despite treatment with risedronate, 50% of patients had profound bone loss during the first 6 months of chemotherapy, thus a more potent bisphosphonate may be necessary to preserve bone mass, particularly at the lumbar spine. Whether a potent bisphosphonate or an agent such as a monoclonal antibody to RANK ligand will reduce fractures and improve quality of life should be studied in future clinical trials. Disclosures: Hu: Amgen: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Cabanillas:Procter and Gamble: Research Funding.
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Hahmann, Tara Elisa. "Moderate-Risk and Problem Slot Machine Gamblers: A Typology of Gambling-Related Cognitions." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 34 (August 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2016.34.8.
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Cognitive distortions are said to play a key role in the development and maintenance of problem gambling, as well as in its treatment. Toneatto’s (1999, 2002) typology of gambling distortions provides a useful conceptualization of gambling-related cognitions, although game-type specification is absent from his analysis. Toneatto’s categorization was used in the present study to organize the beliefs of 43 slot machine gamblers experiencing either moderate-risk or problem gambling, recruited and interviewed in Toronto, Canada. The typology captured many of the gambling-related cognitions, although specific beliefs held by this sample of slot machine gamblers required revision of the original typology. This study provides unique insight into the cognitive structure of these beliefs, as described by gamblers, and their frequency count, suggesting that game type is an important factor when identifying and describing gambling-specific cognitive distortions. Les distorsions cognitives joueraient un rôle dans l’apparition et le maintien des problèmes de jeu, ainsi que dans leur traitement (Cunningham, Hodgins et Toneatto, 2014; Cunningham, Hodgins, Toneatto et Murphy, 2012; Fortune et Goodie, 2012). La typologie des distorsions cognitives liées au jeu de Toneatto (1999, 2002) est à ce titre un outil utile pour conceptualiser les processus cognitifs des joueurs, bien que l’analyse ne précise pas les types de jeux de hasard en cause (Milosevic et Ledgerwood, 2010). Le présent article cherche à organiser à l’aide des catégories de Toneatto (1999, 2002) les croyances de 43 utilisateurs d’appareils à sous présentant un risque moyen ou problématique, recrutés et interviewés à Toronto (Canada). En conclusion, cette typologie permet de rendre compte de nombreux processus cognitifs liés au jeu, bien que certaines des croyances propres à cet échantillon de joueurs utilisant des appareils à sous aient nécessité une révision des catégories initiales. Fournissant un aperçu unique de la structure cognitive associée à ces croyances, telles qu’elles ont été décrites par les joueurs et selon leur nombre d’occurrences, cette étude donne à penser que le type de jeu de hasard en cause constitue un facteur important pour cerner et décrire les distorsions cognitives rattachées au jeu.
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Hahmann, Tara Elisa. "Moderate-Risk and Problem Slot Machine Gamblers: A Typology of Gambling-Related Cognitions." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 34 (August 1, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.v0i34.3961.
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Cognitive distortions are said to play a key role in the development and maintenance of problem gambling, as well as in its treatment. Toneatto’s (1999, 2002) typology of gambling distortions provides a useful conceptualization of gambling-related cognitions, although game-type specification is absent from his analysis. Toneatto’s categorization was used in the present study to organize the beliefs of 43 slot machine gamblers experiencing either moderate-risk or problem gambling, recruited and interviewed in Toronto, Canada. The typology captured many of the gambling-related cognitions, although specific beliefs held by this sample of slot machine gamblers required revision of the original typology. This study provides unique insight into the cognitive structure of these beliefs, as described by gamblers, and their frequency count, suggesting that game type is an important factor when identifying and describing gambling-specific cognitive distortions. Les distorsions cognitives joueraient un rôle dans l’apparition et le maintien des problèmes de jeu, ainsi que dans leur traitement (Cunningham, Hodgins et Toneatto, 2014; Cunningham, Hodgins, Toneatto et Murphy, 2012; Fortune et Goodie, 2012). La typologie des distorsions cognitives liées au jeu de Toneatto (1999, 2002) est à ce titre un outil utile pour conceptualiser les processus cognitifs des joueurs, bien que l’analyse ne précise pas les types de jeux de hasard en cause (Milosevic et Ledgerwood, 2010). Le présent article cherche à organiser à l’aide des catégories de Toneatto (1999, 2002) les croyances de 43 utilisateurs d’appareils à sous présentant un risque moyen ou problématique, recrutés et interviewés à Toronto (Canada). En conclusion, cette typologie permet de rendre compte de nombreux processus cognitifs liés au jeu, bien que certaines des croyances propres à cet échantillon de joueurs utilisant des appareils à sous aient nécessité une révision des catégories initiales. Fournissant un aperçu unique de la structure cognitive associée à ces croyances, telles qu’elles ont été décrites par les joueurs et selon leur nombre d’occurrences, cette étude donne à penser que le type de jeu de hasard en cause constitue un facteur important pour cerner et décrire les distorsions cognitives rattachées au jeu.
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Håkansson, A., and V. Henzel. "Who chooses to enroll in a new national gambling self-exclusion system? A general population survey in Sweden." Harm Reduction Journal 17, no. 1 (October 21, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00423-x.
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Abstract Background Self-exclusion from gambling is a common method for prevention and harm reduction in hazardous gambling. However, few national self-exclusion programs, involving a large number of gambling operators and activities in a country, have been assessed scientifically. This study aimed to examine characteristics of individuals who chose to enroll in a recently introduced (January, 2019) national self-exclusion system in Sweden. Methods Adults and adolescents (from age 16 and above) were addressed with an online survey sent to members of the web panel of a market survey company (1940 respondents). Psychological distress, previous history of addictive disorders, sociodemographic data, and recent history of gambling patterns and over-indebtedness were recorded. Logistic regression tested associations with self-exclusion, with unadjusted analyses conducted for the sub-group of moderate-risk or problem gamblers. Results Four percent reported having self-excluded using the new national self-exclusion system. In logistic regression, self-exclusion was significantly associated with younger age (OR 0.65 [0.54–0.79] for increasing age groups) and with the highest level of problem gambling (OR 2.84 [1.10–7.37]). In moderate-risk or problem gamblers, in unadjusted analyses, younger age (p < 0.05) and psychological distress (p = 0.02) were associated with self-exclusion. In none- or low-risk gamblers, 3% had self-excluded, which was significantly associated with younger age (p < 0.001) and self-reported over-indebtedness (p < 0.001). Conclusions In a national, multi-venue online and land-based self-exclusion system, aiming to reduce the harm of problem gambling, self-exclusion is expectedly more common in problem gamblers, but also occurs among people without recent gambling problems. Further efforts may be needed in order to increase gambling self-exclusion in problem gamblers, and research in reasons for self-excluding, even in non-problem gamblers, is needed.
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MacLaren, Vance V., Kevin A. Harrigan, and Michael Dixon. "Gambling motives and symptoms of problem gambling in frequent slots players." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 27 (October 1, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2012.27.8.
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Motives for gambling were examined among patrons of slots venues who reported playing electronic gaming machines at least weekly (N=849). According to scores on the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), there were 331 (39.0%) participants at low risk, 330 (38.9%) at moderate risk, and 188 (22.1%) at high risk of Pathological Gambling. Scores on the Coping and Enhancement scales of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ) had independent effects on PGSI scores. Cluster analysis of Coping and Enhancement scores identified Low Emotion Regulation (LER; n=189), Primarily Enhancement (PE; n=338), and Coping and Enhancement (CE; n=322) subtypes. More CE gamblers (80.1%) had PGSI scores that suggested problem or Pathological Gambling than the PE (56.8%) or LE (36.0%) subtypes. Gamblers who frequently play slot machines are at elevated risk of Pathological Gambling if they play slots as a means of self-regulating their negative emotional states.
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"Establishing AN Association between Risk Tolerance and Behavioral Biases among Indian Investors." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 9, no. 2 (December 30, 2019): 1378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b2637.129219.
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Behavioral Finance Literature Has Shown A Mushroom Growth In The Recent Years. Literature Shed Specific Light On How The Concept Evolved And Later Developed To Various Stages Which Helped To Understand Various Market Anomalies And The Psychology Of Individuals Through Behavioral Biases. Behavioral Finance Tries To Explain The Logic Behind Applying Of Heuristics Or Shortcuts By Investors To Take Investment Decisions Which Still Need To Be Extensively Studied. The Study Here Attempts For Identify Presence Of Different Biases In Individual Decision Making And Their Association With The Risk Tolerance Capacity. The Results Indicate That Heuristic Biases (I.E. Representativeness Bias, Overconfidence Bias And Gamblers Fallacy Bias) Are Linked To Moderate To High Risk Tolerant Investors. While Herd Bias And Prospect Biases (Loss Aversion Bias And Mental Accounting Bias) Are Found To Be Linked With Low To Moderate Risk Tolerance Levels Of Investors. Heuristics Are Positively Correlated With Risk Tolerance However; Prospect And Herd Are Found To Be Negatively Correlated With Risk Tolerance.
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Robillard, Chantal, Sylvia Kairouz, and Eva Monson. "Win or Lose: Negotiating meaning of time and money within three gambling settings." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 36 (August 2, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2017.36.8.
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The rational management of expenditures has received much attention in the evaluation of problem gambling, overlooking however the contribution of the sociocultural context in which gambling occurs. This paper examines how moderate-risk and problem gamblers develop specific semantic frames within three settings—private, casino, and online—to structure time and money management to cope with all the contingencies associated with games of chance. Data were drawn from a qualitative component of a large survey of gambling practices conducted in 2008 among a random representative sample of Canadian undergraduate students. Focus groups were held with non-problem/low-risk gamblers (n = 15) and 90-minute semi-structured interviews were conducted with the moderate-risk/problem gamblers (n = 12). Analysis was carried out by applying a theory-driven coding template derived from a syncretic theoretical model combining an adapted version of an ecological model of gambling with game studies approaches. The exploration of three gambling settings demonstrates how each setting structures meaning and management of time and money. Negotiations between players of such structuro-semantic frames are central to maintaining each participant’s ease and engagement with the game. This intersubjectivity needs to be addressed when understanding risk and should be included in future health promotion efforts.La gestion rationnelle des dépenses a suscité beaucoup d’attention dans l’évaluation du jeu problématique, mais on a négligé l’influence du contexte socioculturel dans lequel se pratique le jeu. Cet article examine comment les joueurs à risque modéré et compulsifs développent des trames sémantiques spécifiques dans trois contextes (privé, casino, en ligne) pour organiser la gestion du temps et de l’argent afin de faire face à toutes les contingences associées aux jeux de hasard. Les données ont été tirées d’une composante qualitative d’un grand sondage sur les pratiques de jeu mené en 2008 auprès d’un échantillon représentatif aléatoire d’étudiants canadiens de premier cycle. Des groupes de discussion ont été organisés avec des joueurs sans problème/à faible risque (n = 15) et des entretiens semi-structurés de 90 minutes ont été réalisés avec des joueurs à risque modéré ou compulsifs (n = 12). L’analyse a été réalisée en appliquant un modèle de codage théorique dérivé d’un modèle syncrétique combinant une version adaptée d’un modèle écologique de jeu à des approches d’études de jeu. L’exploration de trois contextes de jeu démontre comment chaque contexte structure le sens et la gestion du temps et de l’argent. Les négociations entre les éléments de ces cadres structuro-sémantiques sont essentielles pour maintenir l’aisance et l’engagement du joueur avec le jeu. Cette intersubjectivité doit être abordée pour la compréhension du risque et incluse dans les futurs efforts de promotion de la santé.
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Robillard, Chantal, Sylvia Kairouz, and Eva Monson. "Win or Lose: Negotiating meaning of time and money within three gambling settings." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 36 (August 2, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.v0i36.3980.
Full textAbstract:
The rational management of expenditures has received much attention in the evaluation of problem gambling, overlooking however the contribution of the sociocultural context in which gambling occurs. This paper examines how moderate-risk and problem gamblers develop specific semantic frames within three settings—private, casino, and online—to structure time and money management to cope with all the contingencies associated with games of chance. Data were drawn from a qualitative component of a large survey of gambling practices conducted in 2008 among a random representative sample of Canadian undergraduate students. Focus groups were held with non-problem/low-risk gamblers (n = 15) and 90-minute semi-structured interviews were conducted with the moderate-risk/problem gamblers (n = 12). Analysis was carried out by applying a theory-driven coding template derived from a syncretic theoretical model combining an adapted version of an ecological model of gambling with game studies approaches. The exploration of three gambling settings demonstrates how each setting structures meaning and management of time and money. Negotiations between players of such structuro-semantic frames are central to maintaining each participant’s ease and engagement with the game. This intersubjectivity needs to be addressed when understanding risk and should be included in future health promotion efforts.La gestion rationnelle des dépenses a suscité beaucoup d’attention dans l’évaluation du jeu problématique, mais on a négligé l’influence du contexte socioculturel dans lequel se pratique le jeu. Cet article examine comment les joueurs à risque modéré et compulsifs développent des trames sémantiques spécifiques dans trois contextes (privé, casino, en ligne) pour organiser la gestion du temps et de l’argent afin de faire face à toutes les contingences associées aux jeux de hasard. Les données ont été tirées d’une composante qualitative d’un grand sondage sur les pratiques de jeu mené en 2008 auprès d’un échantillon représentatif aléatoire d’étudiants canadiens de premier cycle. Des groupes de discussion ont été organisés avec des joueurs sans problème/à faible risque (n = 15) et des entretiens semi-structurés de 90 minutes ont été réalisés avec des joueurs à risque modéré ou compulsifs (n = 12). L’analyse a été réalisée en appliquant un modèle de codage théorique dérivé d’un modèle syncrétique combinant une version adaptée d’un modèle écologique de jeu à des approches d’études de jeu. L’exploration de trois contextes de jeu démontre comment chaque contexte structure le sens et la gestion du temps et de l’argent. Les négociations entre les éléments de ces cadres structuro-sémantiques sont essentielles pour maintenir l’aisance et l’engagement du joueur avec le jeu. Cette intersubjectivité doit être abordée pour la compréhension du risque et incluse dans les futurs efforts de promotion de la santé.
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Bramley, Stephanie, Nicola Dibben, and Richard Rowe. "An Exploratory Study of Gamblers’ Perceptions of Music’s Effects on Gambling Behaviour." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 40 (November 14, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2018.40.5.
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Background music is often present in gambling environments and has been found to influence gamblers’ behaviour. However, little is known about gamblers’ perception of environmental influences, including music, and whether gamblers believe that such influences can impact upon their gambling behaviour. An online questionnaire was administered to 136 gamblers to probe the perceived effects of gambling operator-selected and self-selected music on the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural aspects of gambling. In general, few respondents believed that music influences aspects of gambling participation. However, the analysis indicated that some gamblers, particularly those classified as moderate-risk and problem gamblers, self-select music to accompany gambling, and analysis of free-text responses indicated that this was undertaken to match their musical preferences or out of habit. Some gamblers believed that self-selected music promoted positive moods and supported concentration. Furthermore, some poker players thought that music may serve unique functions such as helping them to mask outward emotions and filling time between games. This study demonstrates that self-selected music is sometimes purposefully used by gamblers to support the cognitive and emotional aspects of gambling. However, as few gamblers believed that music could influence the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural aspects of gambling, this research reveals a disparity between subjective opinions and objective evidence, as gathered in published empirical laboratory experiments. This indicates the need to improve gamblers' awareness of the potential influence of background music on the gambling experience.Résumé Dans les environnements de jeu, il y a souvent une musique de fond, et on a constaté qu’elle influençait le comportement des joueurs. Cependant, on sait peu de choses de la perception qu’ont les joueurs des influences environnementales, notamment la musique, et de leur avis quant aux influences que ces facteurs environnementaux peuvent avoir sur leur comportement de jeu. Un questionnaire en ligne a été soumis à 136 joueurs compulsifs afin de sonder les effets perçus de la musique sélectionnée et choisie par les opérateurs de jeux d’argent, d’une part, et celle choisie par le joueur, d’autre part, sur les aspects cognitifs, émotionnels et comportementaux du jeu. En général, peu de répondants interrogés pensent que la musique influence certains aspects de la participation au jeu. Toutefois, l’analyse a montré que certains joueurs, en particulier ceux classés à risque modéré et à problème, choisissaient eux-mêmes leur musique pour accompagner les jeux de hasard, et l’analyse des réponses en texte libre indiquait que cela était fait pour correspondre à leurs préférences musicales ou par habitude. Certains joueurs étaient d’avis que la musique qu’ils choisissaient eux-mêmes favorisait une humeur positive et la concentration. De plus, certains joueurs de poker étaient d’avis que la musique pouvait potentiellement servir à des fonctions particulières, comme les aider à masquer leurs émotions et à combler le temps entre les parties. Cette étude démontre que les joueurs utilisent parfois délibérément de la musique qu’ils ont eux-mêmes choisie pour soutenir les aspects cognitifs et émotionnels du jeu. Cependant, comme peu de joueurs étaient d’avis que la musique pouvait influencer les aspects cognitifs, émotionnels et comportementaux du jeu, cette recherche révèle une disparité entre les opinions subjectives et les preuves objectives recueillies dans le cadre d’expériences empiriques de laboratoire publiées. Cette étude montre qu’il est nécessaire de sensibiliser davantage les joueurs à l’influence potentielle de la musique de fond sur l’expérience de jeu.
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Emond, Alan, Mark D. Griffiths, and Linda Hollén. "Problem Gambling in Early Adulthood: a Population-Based Study." International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, October 26, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00401-1.
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Abstract The aims of this study were to investigate stability of problem gambling between 20 and 24 years of age, and the antecedents and consequences of problem gambling at age 20 years. Young adult participants in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) completed computer-administered gambling surveys on paper, or online. Responses to the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) were complete for 2624 participants at 20 years, and 1921 participants at 24 years. Responses were categorized into ‘non-problem’ (71–78%), ‘low-risk gambling’ (16–21%), ‘moderate-risk gambling’ (4–5.5%), and ‘problem gambling’ (1–1.5%). The overall frequency of moderate-risk/problem gambling varied little between age 20 and 24 years, and scratch cards, online betting and gambling were the most frequent activities. Problem gamblers at age 20 years had a history of hyperactivity and conduct problems in adolescence, high sensation seeking, and an external locus of control. They were more likely to have mothers who had problems with gambling, reported less parental supervision, and higher social media usage. Moderate-risk/problem gambling at age 20 years was associated with regular cigarette smoking, high levels of illicit drug use, and problematic use of alcohol at age 24 years. A significant minority of young adults (mainly males) showed problem gambling behaviours which appeared to be established by the age of 20 years and were associated with other potentially addictive behaviours.
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Sundqvist, Kristina, and Peter Wennberg. "The Association Between Problem Gambling and Suicidal Ideations and Attempts: A Case Control Study in the General Swedish Population." Journal of Gambling Studies, January 25, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-020-09996-5.
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AbstractThe association between problem gambling and suicidal behaviours is well established in treatment seeking populations, but less explored among sub-clinical problem gamblers in the general population. The aim of this study was to examine the association between problem gambling (including moderate risk gambling) and suicidal ideations/suicide attempts, in the general Swedish population. Another aim was to compare problem gamblers with and without suicide ideation/attempts. A case-control study nested in the Swelogs cohort was used. Both ideations and attempts were about twice as frequent among the cases compared to the controls. After controlling for socio-economic status and life-time mental health problems, suicidal ideation, but not attempts, remained significantly higher among the cases compared to the controls. The largest difference between attempters and non-attempters were on payment defaults and illicit drug abuse, whereas depression yielded the largest difference between ideators and non-ideators. Problem gambling severity (PGSI 8+) resulted in the smallest difference, compared to the other variables, between attempters and non-attempters. Even though no conclusion regarding the casual relationship can be drawn in this type of study, it seems like sub-clinical levels of problem gambling might have an impact on suicidal ideations whereas for suicide attempts to occur, other factors need to be present. In addition to mental health issues, financial difficulties may be such factors.
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Currie, Shawn R., David C. Hodgins, Robert J. Williams, and Kirsten Fiest. "Predicting future harm from gambling over a five-year period in a general population sample: a survival analysis." BMC Psychiatry 21, no. 1 (January 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03016-x.
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Abstract Background There is little longitudinal evidence on the cumulative risk of harm from gambling associated with excess spending and frequency of play. The present study sought to assess the risk of gambling problems over a five-year period in adults who exceed previously derived low-risk gambling limits compared to those who remain within the limits after controlling for other modifiable risk factors. Methods Participants were adults (N = 4212) drawn from two independent Canadian longitudinal cohort studies who reported gambling in the past year and were free of problem gambling at time 1. Multivariate Cox regression was employed to assess the impact over time of gambling above low-risk gambling thresholds (frequency ≥ 8 times per month; expenditure ≥75CAD per month; percent of household income spent on gambling ≥1.7%) on developing moderate harm and problem gambling. Covariates included presence of a DSM5 addiction or mental health disorder at time 1, irrational gambling beliefs, number of stressful life events in past 12 months, number of game types played each year, and playing electronic gaming machines or casino games. Results In both samples, exceeding the low-risk gambling limits at time 1 significantly increased the risk of moderate harm (defined as ≥2 consequences on the Problem Gambling Severity Index [PGSI]) within 5 years after controlling for other modifiable risk factors. Other significant predictors of harm were presence of a mental disorder at time 1, cognitive distortions about gambling, stressful life events, and playing electronic gaming machines or casino games. In one sample, the five-year cumulative survival rate for moderate harm among individuals who stayed below all the low-risk limits was 95% compared to 83% among gamblers who exceeded all limits. Each additional low-risk limit exceeded increased the cumulative probability of harm by 30%. Similar results were found in models when the outcome was problem gambling. Conclusions Level of gambling involvement represents a highly modifiable risk factor for later harm. Staying below empirically derived safe gambling thresholds reduces the risk of harm over time.
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Bush, Rachel, Alex M. T. Russell, Petra K. Staiger, Andrea Waling, and Nicki A. Dowling. "Risk and protective factors for the development of gambling-related harms and problems among Australian sexual minority men." BMC Psychology 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00597-4.
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Abstract Background Sexual minority men (SMM) often experience stressful social environments dominated by stigma and discrimination. SMM are typically more likely than heterosexual men to engage in certain risky behaviours such as problem gambling. This study aimed to compare gambling behaviour among SMM and examine potential risk factors (erroneous gambling cognitions, gambling outcome expectancies, hazardous alcohol use, impulsivity, and psychological distress; as well as perceived stigma and discrimination for the SMM participants) and potential protective factors (resilience, social support, and community connectedness) for problem gambling severity and gambling-related harms among SMM living in Australia. Methods An online survey, with an over-representation of SMM participants and problem, moderate-risk, and low-risk gamblers, was completed by 101 SMM (mean age = 28.5) and 207 heterosexual men (mean age = 26.4). Results SMM were found to have significantly lower levels of problem gambling severity compared with heterosexual men, and report significantly lower gambling participation, frequencies and expenditure on any gambling activity, casino table games, horse racing/greyhound betting, sports betting, and keno. However, in the SMM group, 38.3% were classified in the problem gambling category of the Problem Gambling Severity Index and 27.6% were classified in the moderate-risk gambling category. There were no significant differences between groups in gambling-related harms. Multiple regression analyses revealed that problem gambling severity and related harms were independently predicted by higher levels of impulsivity and erroneous gambling cognitions for both groups. Conclusions Lower frequency of gambling behaviours among SMM and similar risk factors predicting problem gambling severity/harms for both groups suggests that problem gambling is not pronounced among SMM. This study adds new evidence to the gambling literature which can be used as comparative benchmarks for future research.
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Tabri, Nassim, Michael J. A. Wohl, Richard T. Wood, and Kahlil Philander. "Financially Focused Self-Concept is Associated with Etiological and Maintenance Factors of Gambling Disorder Among Non-Problem Gamblers." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 39 (September 27, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2018.39.12.
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We examined associations between financially focused self-concept and known etiological and maintenance factors of problematic gambling in a sample of community-based gamblers (N = 412). Although most participants (95.6%) did not report gambling problems, those high in financial focus were more likely to be impulsive, to be dissatisfied with their financial situation, to believe that they have a poor ability to cope with adversity in their life, and to have erroneous beliefs about gambling. The magnitude of these associations was moderate. The etiological risk and maintenance factors explained unique variance in financially focused self-concept. Thus, the results provide novel insight into the characteristics of financially focused gamblers.RésuméNous avons examiné les associations entre le concept de soi d’un point de vue financier et les facteurs étiologiques et de maintien connus du jeu problématique dans un échantillon de joueurs communautaires (N = 412). Bien que la plupart des participants (95,6%) n’aient pas déclaré avoir de problèmes de jeu, ceux qui accordaient beaucoup d’importance à l’aspect financier étaient plus susceptibles d’être impulsifs, insatisfaits de leur situation financière, croyaient avoir une faible capacité à affronter l’adversité dans leur vie et avaient des croyances erronées sur les jeux d’argent. L’importance de ces associations était modérée. Les facteurs étiologiques de risque et de maintien ont expliqué la seule variance du concept de soi d’un point de vue financier. Ainsi, les résultats fournissent un nouvel aperçu des caractéristiques des joueurs ayant une image axée sur les finances.
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Rawat, Vijay, Nancy Greer, Erika Langham, Matthew Rockloff, and Christine Hanley. "What is the harm? Applying a public health methodology to measure the impact of gambling problems and harm on quality of life." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 36 (August 2, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2017.36.2.
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While the PGSI is indeed an established index of problem-gambling symptoms, it nevertheless does not quantify the degree of harm experienced by individuals at different points on the spectrum of gambling problems. The purpose of the present study was to establish the relationship between the PGSI category and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) decrements using a population health (PH) method. Harms reported by gamblers and affected others across the PGSI spectrums were transformed into 798 vignettes. A general population panel (N=786) and experts who work with gamblers (N=51) rated the impact of these vignette descriptions on quality of life using the Time Trade-Off task, and a Visual Analogue Scale incorporating 27 comparison conditions. Disability weights (DW) were then estimated for different levels of gambling symptoms. A DW of 0.44 was estimated for problem gamblers (PG), suggesting a reduction in the effective enjoyment of life by over 4 years for every 10 years in lifespan. Lower—but non-negligible—DWs of .14 and .29 were determined for low- and moderate-risk gamblers. Gambling is compared with a number of other conditions with respect to HRQoL impact. On average, PG harm appears to be similar to that of a manic episode of bipolar disorder and severe alcohol abuse disorder. We discuss advantages, and methodological challenges, in applying PH methods to measuring the severity of gambling problems in terms of HRQoL.Bien que l'indice du jeu excessif (PGSI) soit en effet un indice établi des symptômes liés aux problèmes de jeu, il ne quantifie pas le niveau de préjudice subi par les personnes situées à différents points sur le spectre des problèmes de jeu. Le but de l'étude a été d’établir la relation entre la catégorie PGSI et les écarts à la baisse en lien avec la qualité de vie liée à la santé (QVLS) en utilisant une méthode de santé de la population. Les torts signalés par les joueurs et les personnes touchées dans le spectre PGSI ont été transformés en 798 vignettes. Un groupe de population en général (N = 786) et des experts qui travaillent avec des joueurs compulsifs (N = 51) ont évalué l’incidence de ces descriptions de vignette sur la qualité de vie à l’aide de la tâche Time Trade-Off (marchandage de temps) et une échelle visuelle analogue intégrant 27 conditions de comparaison. Les poids d’incapacité (DW) ont ensuite été estimés pour différents niveaux de symptômes du jeu. Un DW de 0,44 a été estimé pour les joueurs compulsifs, ce qui laisse supposer une diminution de la jouissance réelle de la vie de plus de 4 ans pour chaque tranche de vie de 10 ans. Les DW inférieurs, mais non négligeables, de 0,14 et 0,29 ont été déterminés pour les joueurs à risque faible et modéré. Le jeu est comparé à un certain nombre d’autres conditions en ce qui concerne l’incidence de la qualité de vie liée à la santé (QVLS). En moyenne, le préjudice causé par un joueur compulsif s'apparente à celui d’un épisode maniaque de trouble bipolaire et d’un trouble sévère d’abus d’alcool. Nous discutons des avantages et des défis méthodologiques, en appliquant des méthodes de santé de la population pour mesurer la gravité des problèmes de jeu en termes de QVLS.
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Browne, Matthew, Vijay Rawat, Nancy Greer, Erika Langham, Matthew Rockloff, and Christine Hanley. "What is the harm? Applying a public health methodology to measure the impact of gambling problems and harm on quality of life." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 36 (August 2, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.v0i36.3978.
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While the PGSI is indeed an established index of problem-gambling symptoms, it nevertheless does not quantify the degree of harm experienced by individuals at different points on the spectrum of gambling problems. The purpose of the present study was to establish the relationship between the PGSI category and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) decrements using a population health (PH) method. Harms reported by gamblers and affected others across the PGSI spectrums were transformed into 798 vignettes. A general population panel (N=786) and experts who work with gamblers (N=51) rated the impact of these vignette descriptions on quality of life using the Time Trade-Off task, and a Visual Analogue Scale incorporating 27 comparison conditions. Disability weights (DW) were then estimated for different levels of gambling symptoms. A DW of 0.44 was estimated for problem gamblers (PG), suggesting a reduction in the effective enjoyment of life by over 4 years for every 10 years in lifespan. Lower—but non-negligible—DWs of .14 and .29 were determined for low- and moderate-risk gamblers. Gambling is compared with a number of other conditions with respect to HRQoL impact. On average, PG harm appears to be similar to that of a manic episode of bipolar disorder and severe alcohol abuse disorder. We discuss advantages, and methodological challenges, in applying PH methods to measuring the severity of gambling problems in terms of HRQoL.Bien que l'indice du jeu excessif (PGSI) soit en effet un indice établi des symptômes liés aux problèmes de jeu, il ne quantifie pas le niveau de préjudice subi par les personnes situées à différents points sur le spectre des problèmes de jeu. Le but de l'étude a été d’établir la relation entre la catégorie PGSI et les écarts à la baisse en lien avec la qualité de vie liée à la santé (QVLS) en utilisant une méthode de santé de la population. Les torts signalés par les joueurs et les personnes touchées dans le spectre PGSI ont été transformés en 798 vignettes. Un groupe de population en général (N = 786) et des experts qui travaillent avec des joueurs compulsifs (N = 51) ont évalué l’incidence de ces descriptions de vignette sur la qualité de vie à l’aide de la tâche Time Trade-Off (marchandage de temps) et une échelle visuelle analogue intégrant 27 conditions de comparaison. Les poids d’incapacité (DW) ont ensuite été estimés pour différents niveaux de symptômes du jeu. Un DW de 0,44 a été estimé pour les joueurs compulsifs, ce qui laisse supposer une diminution de la jouissance réelle de la vie de plus de 4 ans pour chaque tranche de vie de 10 ans. Les DW inférieurs, mais non négligeables, de 0,14 et 0,29 ont été déterminés pour les joueurs à risque faible et modéré. Le jeu est comparé à un certain nombre d’autres conditions en ce qui concerne l’incidence de la qualité de vie liée à la santé (QVLS). En moyenne, le préjudice causé par un joueur compulsif s'apparente à celui d’un épisode maniaque de trouble bipolaire et d’un trouble sévère d’abus d’alcool. Nous discutons des avantages et des défis méthodologiques, en appliquant des méthodes de santé de la population pour mesurer la gravité des problèmes de jeu en termes de QVLS.
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Venuleo, Claudia, Tiziana Marinaci, and Piergiorgio Mossi. "Problem gambling among older people. An Italian study on habits, representations, levels of engagement and psychosocial determinants." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 47 (March 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2021.47.3.
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Gambling participation among older people has grown over the years. Elders constitute a large and fast-growing population in Italy, but little empirical evidence describes gambling patterns among older Italian adults and the problem gambling (PG)’s psychosocial determinants, so a range of questions which are crucial to orient prevention strategies remain unanswered. The present study aims to investigate habits, representations, levels of engagement in gambling among Italian elders and the role of loneliness, social support and well-being in explaining their problem with gambling. A convenience sample of 165 participants (mean age: 66.93; SD = 5.73; women: 43.1%) was involved. Gambling activities, habits, representations and PG rates were examined. A group “at moderate risk/problem gambling” (scoring >7 on PGSI, n = 40) and a control group (scoring 0 on PGSI, n = 40) were selected from the whole sample, balanced on socio-demographic characteristics; a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the two groups on the target psychosocial variables. 11.5% of the sample was found to meet the PGSI criteria for PG; 26.7% for moderate risk; 11.5% for problem gambling; 50.3% were classified as no-problem gamblers. Scratch cards were the main form of gambling among all groups; the chance to make more money and to distract oneself from other problems were the main reasons to gamble. Finally, the group “at moderate risk/problem gambling,” compared to the control group, expressed higher loneliness, as well as lower perceived social support and well-being.RésuméLa pratique des jeux de hasard chez les personnes plus âgées augmente au fil des années. Les aînés représentent un segment important et à croissance rapide de la population en Italie, mais peu de données empiriques décrivent les habitudes de pratique de jeux de hasard des adultes italiens plus âgés et les déterminants psychosociaux du jeu compulsif. Tout un éventail de questions essentielles à l’orientation des stratégies de prévention reste sans réponse. La présente étude se penche sur les habitudes, les représentations et les niveaux de pratique de jeux de hasard chez les aînés italiens, ainsi que le rôle de la solitude, du soutien social et du bien-être pour expliquer leurs problèmes liés au jeu, à l’aide d’un échantillon de commodité de 165 participants (moyenne d’âge : 66,93; écart-type de la population = 5.73; femmes : 43,1 %). La pratique des jeux de hasard, les habitudes, les représentations et le jeu compulsif ont été examinés. Un groupe « à risque moyen/jeu compulsif » (pointage >7 sur l’indice de gravité de jeu compulsif (IGJC), n = 40) et un groupe témoin (pointage de 0 sur l’IGJC, n = 40) ont été choisis parmi l’ensemble de l’échantillon, équilibrés du point de vue des caractéristiques sociodémographiques; une analyse de variance à un critère de classification (ANOVA) a été utilisée pour comparer les deux groupes par rapport aux variables psychosociales cibles. On a constaté que 11,5 % de l’échantillon répondaient aux critères de jeu compulsif de l’IGJC; 26,7 % répondaient aux critères de risque modéré; 11,5 %, aux critères de jeu compulsif; et 50,3 % étaient classés comme des joueurs ne présentant pas de problème. Les cartes à gratter constituaient la forme principale de jeu de hasard dans tous les groupes; les principales raisons de jouer étaient la possibilité de faire plus d’argent et d’oublier d’autres problèmes. Enfin, par rapport au groupe témoin, le groupe « à risque moyen/jeu compulsif » a exprimé un plus grand sentiment de solitude et percevait un moins grand soutien social et un moins grand bien-être.
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Hing, Nerilee, Alex MT Russell, Anna Thomas, and Rebecca Jenkinson. "Hey Big Spender: An Ecological Momentary Assessment of Sports and Race Betting Expenditure by Gambler Characteristics." Journal of Gambling Issues 42 (June 20, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2019.42.3.
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A major obstacle to understanding how expenditure varies amongst people who gamble is the difficulty of obtaining accurate expenditure data from individual gamblers. To overcome the shortcomings of retrospective self-reports, this study used a prospective ecological momentary assessment (EMA) design to capture these data every 24/48 hours. It aimed to examine 1) demographic, psychological, behavioural and contextual characteristics of high-spending sports and race bettors, and 2) the relationship between betting outlay and problem gambling severity. A baseline survey was completed by 320 regular sports bettors and 402 regular race bettors, followed by 15 EMA surveys over three non-consecutive weeks. Higher spending bettors were more likely to: be male, place more of their bets online, have higher disposable incomes, have commenced betting at a younger age, have more accounts with betting operators, and bet when affected by alcohol. The analyses confirmed the strong link between problem gambling severity and financial outlay on betting. Regular sports bettors experiencing gambling problems spent four times more, and those at moderate-risk spent three times more, than their non-problem gambling counterparts. Regular race bettors experiencing gambling problems spent three times more, and those at moderate-risk spent twice as much, as the non-problem gambling race bettors. These results suggest that regulatory and other initiatives that help bettors to limit or reduce their financial outlay on betting should be central to harm minimisation efforts, in order to reduce the growing number of bettors experiencing gambling problems and harm. Résumé Un des principaux obstacles à la compréhension de la variation des dépenses entre les joueurs est la difficulté d’obtenir des données précises sur les dépenses de la part de joueurs individuels. Pour pallier les faiblesses d’auto-évaluations rétrospectives, cette étude visait à utiliser un modèle d’évaluation écologique momentanée (EMA) prospective pour saisir ces données toutes les 24 à 48 heures, afin d’examiner 1) les caractéristiques démographiques, psychologiques, comportementales et contextuelles de gros parieurs de course et de paris sportifs et 2) la relation entre les dépenses de paris et la gravité du jeu problématique. Une enquête initiale a été réalisée auprès de 320 parieurs sportifs et de 402 parieurs de course réguliers, suivie de 15 sondages EMA sur trois semaines non consécutives. Les plus gros parieurs étaient plus susceptibles de: placer davantage de paris en ligne, d’avoir un revenu disponible plus élevé, d’avoir commencé à parier à un plus jeune âge, d’avoir davantage de comptes auprès d’opérateurs de paris et de parier sous l’influence de l’alcool. Les analyses ont confirmé le lien étroit qui existe entre la gravité du jeu problématique et les dépenses financières consacrées aux paris. Les parieurs sportifs réguliers aux prises avec des problèmes de jeu dépensaient quatre fois plus et ceux à risque modéré, trois fois plus, que leurs homologues sans problème de jeu. Les parieurs de course réguliers aux prises avec des problèmes de jeu dépensaient trois fois plus et ceux à risque modéré, deux fois plus, que leurs homologues sans problème de jeu. Ces résultats laissent entrevoir que les initiatives réglementaires et autres initiatives qui aident les parieurs à limiter ou à réduire leurs dépenses en paris devraient être au cœur des efforts de minimisation des préjudices, afin de réduire le nombre croissant de parieurs ayant des problèmes de jeu et de préjudices.
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Monson, Eva, Sylvia Kairouz, Matthew Perks, and Nicole Arsenault. "Are General and Activity-Specific PGSI Scores Consistent?" Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 41 (April 30, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2019.41.3.
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Gambling research has highlighted substantial activity-specific differences in gambling behaviours, but measures of problem gambling remain non-specific. This paper aims to examine the consistency of general versus activity-specific Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) scores among a sample of moderate-risk and problem gamblers in Québec, Canada. Correlations and t tests were conducted to examine associations and differences between general and activity-specific PGSI scores. Results were analyzed by number of activities reported and activity rank for lottery, video lottery terminals (VLTs), and slot machines and suggested that PGSI scores may not accurately reflect problem gambling severity for all specific activities. General and activity-specific PGSI scores were more highly correlated when lottery was the primary activity, whereas for VLTs, scores were highly correlated regardless of number or rank of activities. General PGSI scores were significantly higher than activity-specific scores for lottery, but general and activity-specific scores were not significantly different for VLTs, demonstrating that the PGSI is a better indicator of activity-specific scores for some forms of gambling over others. Researchers conducting population surveys should exercise caution in assigning general PGSI scores to specific activities.RésuméLa recherche sur le jeu a mis en évidence des différences majeures dans les comportements de jeu spécifiques à des activités, mais les mesures du jeu problématique demeurent non spécifiques. L’étude vise à examiner la cohérence entre les scores généraux de l’indice de gravité du jeu problématique (IGJP) et ceux propres à des activités parmi un échantillon de joueurs à risque modéré et de joueurs compulsifs en [province, pays]. Des corrélations et des tests de Student ont été effectués pour examiner les associations et les différences entre les scores IGJP généraux et ceux spécifiques à des activités. Analysés en fonction du nombre d’activités déclarées et du classement des activités de loterie, d’appareils de loterie vidéo (ALV) et de machines à sous, les résultats laissent entendre que les scores IGJP pourraient ne pas refléter avec précision la gravité du jeu pathologique en ce qui concerne des activités particulières. Dans le cas où la loterie était l’activité principale, les scores IGJP généraux et ceux propres à l’activité étaient très fortement corrélés; pour les appareils de loterie vidéo, les scores étaient fortement corrélés, quels que soient le nombre ou le classement des activités. En ce qui concerne la loterie, les scores IGJP généraux étaient largement plus élevés que les scores propres à l’activité, mais ils n’étaient pas très différents dans le cas des ALV, ce qui démontre que l’IGJP est un meilleur indicateur seulement pour certaines formes de jeu. Les chercheurs qui mènent des enquêtes auprès de la population doivent faire preuve de prudence lorsqu’ils attribuent des scores IGJP généraux à des activités spécifiques.
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Bristow, Lindsay A., Tracie O. Afifi, Samantha Salmon, and Laurence Y. Katz. "Risky Gambling Behaviors: Associations with Mental Health and a History of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)." Journal of Gambling Studies, June 23, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-021-10040-3.
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AbstractProblem gambling and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are highly co-morbid and lead to numerous adverse health outcomes. Research demonstrates that greater levels of well-being protect individuals from experiencing ACE-related harms after a history of childhood adversity; however, this relationship has not been examined in the gambling literature. We hypothesized that individuals who experienced ACEs would engage in more problem gambling behaviors. We also hypothesized that individuals who experienced ACEs and reported flourishing mental health would have lower rates of problem gambling than individuals who experienced ACEs but did not report flourishing mental health. We conducted a secondary data analysis of the adult sample in the Well-Being and Experiences (WE) Study. Examining a parent population, parents and caregivers (N = 1000; Mage = 45.2 years; 86.5% female) of adolescents were interviewed on a variety of measures, including their history of ACEs, their gambling behaviors within the past year, and their mental health and well-being. We used multinomial logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between 15 ACEs and gambling type (i.e., non-gambler, non-problem gambler, at-risk/problem gambler). We used interaction terms between each ACE and mental health to examine the moderating role of flourishing mental health and well-being. ACEs were associated with at-risk/problem gambling supporting hypothesis 1. Contrary to hypothesis 2, overall, flourishing mental health did not moderate the relationship between ACEs and gambling severity except for one ACE. In this study, we were able to gain a better understanding of how different ACEs each contribute to varying levels of gambling severity.
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Venuleo, Claudia, Piergiorgio Mossi, and Sara Calogiuri. "Combining Cultural and Individual Dimensions in the Analysis of Hazardous Behaviours: An Explorative Study on the Interplay Between Cultural Models, Impulsivity, and Depression in Hazardous Drinking and Gambling." Journal of Gambling Issues, no. 40 (November 14, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4309/jgi.2018.40.4.
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We aimed in this study to analyse how impulsivity and depression are related to hazardous gambling and drinking, while taking into account the moderating effects of the cultural models that people use to interpret their social environment. Cultural models, impulsivity, depression, hazardous gambling, and drinking were assessed in a convenience sample of 329 subjects recruited in three contexts (university, health services and support settings, venues for gambling and drinking) in South-eastern Italy. Mixed models were used to explore the influence of the different variables separately and the interaction between cultural models and the other predictive variables (impulsivity and depression). The findings show that different cultural models of the social environment are related to different probabilities of hazardous drinking and gambling. Heavy drinkers and gamblers tend to perceive their social world as an extremely anomic environment. In the case of hazardous drinking, this critical view of the social environment is associated with lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance, sensation seeking, and depression. In the case of gambling, this view is associated with sensation seeking and depression. Moreover, the way in which the participants evaluated the social environment was found to moderate the influence of depression in hazardous drinking and of sensation seeking in hazardous gambling. The findings of this exploratory study offer support to the idea that exploring cultural factors and how they combine with other psychological and psychosocial risk factors may promote a better understanding of people’s engagement in hazardous behaviours.RésuméDans cette étude, notre objectif était d’analyser le lien entre impulsivité et dépression, d’une part, et les risques de jeu et la consommation d’alcool, d’autre part, tout en tenant compte des effets modérateurs des modèles culturels que les gens utilisent pour interpréter leur environnement social. Les modèles culturels, l’impulsivité, la dépression, le jeu à risque et la consommation d’alcool ont été évalués sur un échantillon de commodité de 339 sujets recrutés dans trois contextes différents (université, services de santé et structures de soutien, lieux de jeu et de consommation d’alcool), dans le sud de l’Italie. Pour explorer séparément l’influence des différentes variables et l’interaction entre les modèles culturels et les autres variables prédictives (impulsivité et dépression), on a utilisé des modèles mixtes. Les résultats montrent que différents modèles culturels d’environnement social sont liés à différentes probabilités de consommation dangereuse d’alcool et de jeu problématique. Les gros buveurs et les joueurs excessifs ont tendance à percevoir leur monde social comme un environnement extrêmement anomique. Dans le cas de la consommation abusive d’alcool, cette vision critique de l’environnement social est associée à un manque de préméditation, à un manque de persévérance, à la recherche de sensations et à la dépression. Dans le cas de problème de jeu, ce point de vue est associé à la recherche de sensations et à la dépression. De plus, on a démontré que la manière dont les participants évaluaient l’environnement social diminuait l’influence de la dépression liée à une consommation d’alcool abusive et de la recherche de sensations fortes dans le jeu problématique. Les résultats de cette étude exploratoire sous-tendent l’idée voulant que l’exploration de facteurs culturels et la manière dont ils se combinent à d’autres facteurs de risque psychologiques et psychosociaux permettent de mieux comprendre la propension des personnes à adopter des comportements à risque.