Journal articles: 'Modern 19th century'

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Dingwall, Christopher. "19th-Century Modern." West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture 19, no. 1 (2012): 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/665692.

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Babushko, Svitlana, Maiia Halytska, and Nataliia Rekun. "Ukrainian pedagogues of the 19th century: contribution to modern pedagogy." Pedagogical Education:Theory and Practice, no. 30 (June 14, 2021): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-9763.2021-30-85-99.

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The article aims at revealing the contribution of 19th century Ukrainian pedagogues to the development of pedagogy as a science. The most prominent cultural figures of that time and their pedagogical legacy were under the consideration from the following aspects: their social and pedagogical activity; peculiar features of their pedagogical theories; their impact on the development of pedagogical ideas in forthcoming centuries. To achieve it, there were used methods of historiography, identification, analysis and systematization. The choice of the 19th century was determined by its great educational role in the social life which was reflected in its name “Enlightenment”. The lack of native land, national identity, integrity of Ukrainians as a people did not prevent the intellectual elite of the nation to search the ways of cultural unity and revival. The effective tool in it was the introduction of national education into masses of people. In their educational activity they applied the didactic principles: visibility of learning, conscious and active learning, consecutive and systematic learning, firmness of knowledge acquisition, connection with real life, the use of both synthetic and analytical methods of learning and teaching. The research proved that Ukrainian pedagogy was developing according to the major European trends in education, e.g. secularization of education, attention to family education, expanding the content of general education. Yet, there were unique national pedagogical ideas of using the Ukrainian language, a mother tongue, for teaching Ukrainian children; introducing Ukrainian folklore into the educational process; liquidating the class inequality; nursing the child’s soul. Their achievements are still important today. Addressing the origins of Ukrainian pedagogy can assist in achieving the goal of educating and upbringing younger generation who respects their native land and tries to preserve their history. Thus, the argument of the outmost importance in this research is that the current state of modern pedagogy greatly depends on its historical background.

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Rich, Norman M., and David G. Burris. "“Modern” military surgery: 19th Century compared with 20th Century." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 200, no. 3 (2005): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.10.028.

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DEN BOER, PIM. "Homer in Modern Europe." European Review 15, no. 2 (2007): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798707000191.

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Homer is considered the father of poetry in European culture, but the written Greek text of the Iliad and the Odyssey was for ages not available in modern Europe, and knowledge of Greek was almost completely lost. Homer entered European classrooms during the 19th century. The popularity of the Iliad and the Odyssey coincided with the creation of modern educational systems in European empires and nation-states. At the end of the 19th century Homer was considered perfect reading material for the formation of the future elite of the British Empire. In the course of the 20th century teachers and pedagogues became increasingly accustomed to perceive Homer and his society as totally different from our times. All reading of Homer is contemporary reading.

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Canosa, Elyse, Gregory Hodgins, and Gawain Weaver. "Radiocarbon Measurements on Early Photographs: Methods Development for Testing Waxed Paper Negatives." Radiocarbon 55, no. 3 (2013): 1862–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200048773.

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The earliest years of photography were full of experimentation and innovation; many photographers from this era carefully documented their experimental procedures. Consequently, it is possible to reproduce historically accurate photographs and negatives today. One of the oldest forms of photographic technology is the waxed paper negative, popular during the mid-19th century. It consists of a photosensitive sheet of writing paper coated with a layer of wax to render it transparent. Modern waxed paper negatives made using 19th century paper can potentially pass for historically significant 19th century negatives. This poses problems to museums and others interested in studying or collecting authentic 19th century photographic images. We have developed methods for separating the organic components of waxed paper negatives and measuring their radiocarbon content as a means of distinguishing between modern and historic waxed paper negatives. By detecting the presence or lack of bomb carbon in a given negative, this process can act as a tool for authentication. We have mainly focused on the extraction and 14C measurement of the wax component, reasoning that modern photographers might have easy access to 19th century paper, but would less likely use 19th century beeswax.

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Supady, Jerzy. "The beginnings of modern nursing in the 19th century." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 7, no. 2 (2019): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2654.

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The formation of modern nursing is associated with socio–political factors including the wars fought during the second half of the 19th century. The Crimean War resulted in reforms undertaken by Florence Nightingale in nursing care of the sick and the wounded. As a consequence of the military conflict between France and Austria in 1859 the Red Cross organization was founded.

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Hayashi, Makoto. "Four Buddhist Intellectuals in Late 19th Century in Japan." Numen 66, no. 2-3 (2019): 185–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341538.

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AbstractIn recent years, research on modern Buddhism, i.e., Buddhism from the Meiji Restoration (1868) onwards, has been flourishing in Japan. Drawing on existing scholarship, this paper attempts to elucidate the characteristics of the first stage of modern Japanese Buddhism. In the premodern period, Buddhist priests had been the only people able to articulate Buddhism. In the modern period, Buddhist intellectuals with Western academic knowledge re-articulated Buddhism, linking and negotiating between those inside and those outside the Japanese Buddhist world. I will focus on four Buddhist intellectuals and try to understand their involvement in politics, education, and public discourse, their resistance to the expansion of Christianity into the country, and their call for the institutional reform of Buddhism. These activities contributed significantly to the first stage of the development of modern Buddhism.

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Sigtryggsson, Jóhannes B. "Samræmdur úrvalsritháttur fornbóka: – réttritun Jóns Þorkelssonar." Orð og tunga 19 (June 1, 2017): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33112/ordogtunga.19.6.

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Icelandic orthography was in flux at the beginning of the 19th century but scholars like Rasmus Kr. Rask and later Konráð Gíslason and Halldór Kr. Friðriksson put forth orthographical rules, either based on etymological principles or on the modern pronunciation of Icelandic. Aft er fierce debates the former school won in the second part of the 19th century. This article describes the orthography of a 19th-century Icelandic scholar, Jón Þorkelsson (1822–1904). He was the rector of the only college in Iceland, Lærði skólinn (Reykjavik Grammar School) and a respected Nordic scholar and lexicologist. In this paper I investigate Jón Þorkelsson’s spelling in his various writings in the later part of the 19th century, esp. æ/œ, -r/-ur and the simplification in spelling of long consonant before other consonants, and make a case that his spelling was neither based on etymological nor pronunciation principles, but rather on the spelling of the best Old Icelandic manuscripts. This shows how important Icelandic medieval manuscripts were in the standardization of Modern Icelandic spelling in the 19th century.

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Persson, Per-Edvin. "19th century and early 20th century studies on aquatic off-flavours - a historical review." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 11 (1995): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0388.

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A review of the 19th century and early 20th century literature reveals that a largely correct picture of the role of many microalgae as sources of tastes and odours in water supplies had been obtained by the end of the 19th century. Attention was not paid to actinomycetes as an odour source until the end of the 1920s. Scientific studies on the etiology of off-flavours in fish began in 1910, revealing an essentially modern picture from the beginning.

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Garreto, Gairo, João Santos Baptista, Antônia Mota, and Mário Vaz. "Modern Slavery Characterisation through the Analysis of Energy Replenishment." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080299.

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The Brazilian economy was, until the end of the 19th Century, based on slave labour. However, in this first quarter of the 21st Century, the problem persists. These situations tend to be mistaken with “simple” violations of labour laws. This work aims to establish Occupational Health and Safety parameters, focusing on energy needs, to distinguish between the breach of labour legislation and modern rural slavery in the 21st Century in Brazil. In response to this challenge, bibliographical research was carried out on the feeding and energy replenishment conditions of Brazilian slaves in the 19th Century. Obtained data were compared with a sample where 392 cases of neo-slavery in Brazil are described. The energy spent and the energy supplied was calculated to identify the enslaved workers’ general feeding conditions in the two historical periods. The general conditions of food and water supply were analysed. It was possible to identify three comparable parameters: food quality, food quantity, and water supply. It was concluded that there is a parallelism of energy replenishment conditions between Brazilian slaves and neo-slaves of the 19th and 21st centuries, respectively, different from that of free workers. This difference can help authorities identify and punish instances of modern slavery.

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Kasemu, Shermaymayti, Alfiya Sh Yusupova, Elvira N. Denmukhametova, and Firdaus G. Khisamitdinova. "Dialect vocabulary that has enriched bilingual dictionaries." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-B (2020): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-b601p.111-116.

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In the 19th century, broad functional development begins in the field of styles, where there is an even greater stability of linguistic norms, the increase in national characteristics and internal capabilities of the language, as well as the widespread use of various stylistic methods in speech, which they begin to record in dictionaries. The relevance of the study is explained by the interest in the dialectal vocabulary of the Tatar language, as one of the components of the lexical fund of bilingual dictionaries of the 19th century. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of dialect words in the system of Tatar speech of the 19th century, as one of the Turkic languages. In the course of the study, the authors studied the modern works of Russian and foreign authors on linguistics, lexicography; the dialectal material recorded in the Russian-Tatar dictionaries of the 19th century is analyzed; comparisons are made between the dictionary by M. Kashgari and the modern Tatar language. 

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Kasemu, Shermaymayti, Alfiya Sh Yusupova, Elvira N. Denmukhametova, and Firdaus G. Khisamitdinova. "Dialect vocabulary that has enriched bilingual dictionaries." Laplage em Revista 6, Extra-B (2020): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020206extra-b601p.117-122.

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In the 19th century, broad functional development begins in the field of styles, where there is an even greater stability of linguistic norms, the increase in national characteristics and internal capabilities of the language, as well as the widespread use of various stylistic methods in speech, which they begin to record in dictionaries. The relevance of the study is explained by the interest in the dialectal vocabulary of the Tatar language, as one of the components of the lexical fund of bilingual dictionaries of the 19th century. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of dialect words in the system of Tatar speech of the 19th century, as one of the Turkic languages. In the course of the study, the authors studied the modern works of Russian and foreign authors on linguistics, lexicography; the dialectal material recorded in the Russian-Tatar dictionaries of the 19th century is analyzed; comparisons are made between the dictionary by M. Kashgari and the modern Tatar language. 

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Cooper, Chris. "Run, swim, throw, cheat: The future of drugs in sport." Biochemist 34, no. 3 (2012): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio03403034.

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Modern sport as we know it originated in 19th Century England, codifying competition while emphasizing fair play within a strong moral creed, at least as defined by 19th Century upperand upper-middle-class Englishmen1. Its bible is the semi-mythical description of sport at Rugby School described in Tom Brown's Schooldays. This book so inspired the Frenchman Baron Pierre de Coubertin that he founded the modern Olympic Games in 1896. We await the London version in 2012 with anticipation.

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Budiukin, Dmitri A. "BURIAL CHAPELS IN 19TH CENTURY RUSSIA." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Kul'turologiya i iskusstvovedenie, no. 40 (2020): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22220836/40/20.

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Religious burial structures as places of family memory and religious commemorative practices in interfaith families are of great research interest in the modern science, and it makes the topic of the research actual. The aim of the research is to review the phenomenon of building the glasshouse burial chapels and to find regularities connected to it. The research is based upon the study of sources such as descriptions and images of architectural objects, memoirs and journal articles. The research methods of ethnology and anthropology are implied to the material. There are two glasshouse burial chapels known in 19th century Russia – of Princes of Oldenburg in Holy Trinity-St. Sergius monastery near St. Petersburg and of Counts Keller in Sennitsy manor of Moscow province. Both aristocratic families were of Lutheran origins and became interfaith due to conversion of some their members to Orthodoxy. In both cases the construction of the chapels is connected with the burials of young girls. The buildings seemed to cause no contemporaries’ astonishment. The analysis shows that creation of such burial places is unique because of combination of traditional conceptions connecting tree and burial with prestigious burial inside a chapel, enabling to surmount confessional borders and bounds of dynastic status. All the other examples of burials connected with plants closer than the generic presence of plants in cemeteries, are somehow opposed to Christianity.

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Krisciunas, Kevin. "Pulkovo Observatory's Status in 19th Century Positional Astronomy." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 141 (1990): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900086113.

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The most significant basis of the reputation of a scientific organization is the accuracy and influence of its work. From a comparison of values of certain astronomical constants and stellar parallaxes obtained at Pulkovo and elsewhere, the extremely high weight given to the Pulkovo values (e.g. by Newcomb) is further justified in retrospect given the small deviations between Pulkovo values and the “modern” values accepted a century later.

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Kiss-Bálványossy, Eszter. "A járás elemzésének történelme - ókortól a modern korig." Kaleidoscope history 11, no. 23 (2021): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2021.23.303-313.

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Our current knowledge of walking experienced a long way and development. The very first records about gaiter go back to Aristotle, but the major breakthrough succeeded in the 19th century, although only in theoretical analysis of locomotion. The turning point of gait analysis set the automated measurements in the 20th century, followed by using computers and more and more advanced techniques.

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Kulbaka, Jacek. "From the history of disabilities (16th-19th century)." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 38 (October 11, 2019): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.38.2.

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The article presents various circumstances (social, legal, philosophical and scientific) connected with the care, upbringing and education of people with disabilities from the early modern era to the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention was to the history of people with disabilities in the Polish lands. The author tried to recall the activity of leading educational activists, pedagogues and scientists – animators of special education in Poland, Europe and the world. The text also contains information related to the activities of educational and upbringing institutions (institutional, organisational, methodological and other aspects).

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Song, Zihao. "Between the Past and Future. Antwerp Zoo and the 19th Century Belgium." Technium Social Sciences Journal 37 (November 9, 2022): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v37i1.7614.

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Antwerp zoo was established in 1843 under the management of the Zoological Society of Antwerp. As one of the oldest zoos in Belgium and Europe, the establishment, operation and development of Antwerp Zoo are closely related to Belgian society in the 19th century. At the same time, it also reflects the self-awareness of the newly independent Belgians in the face of industrial civilization and exotic nature. This article discusses how the Antwerp Zoo as a public place embodies 19th century Belgian colonial and imperial ideas from perspectives of function, architecture, visitors and animals and the cultural meaning of modern zoos in European continent. Modern European zoos represented by Antwerp zoo are social and educational places dominated by the middle class in the 19th century, and also reflect people’s thought about the relationship between human and nature.

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Ałykow, Krzysztof, and Magdalena Napiórkowska-Ałykow. "Influence of Long-Time Work of 19^th Century Modern-Type Roof Construction on Technical Condition of Vaults of Gothic Church." Key Engineering Materials 817 (August 2019): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.817.605.

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The gothic church (1384) placed near historical Silesian-Saxon border in Lubań/ Poland was rebuild in 19th century, following the conservator’s doctrine their time, for purification the architectonical style. The gothic nave became new neo-gothic vaults and roof with modern wooden-steel carpenter construction. After a 100 years of rebuilding the nave, it was started to be visible damages caused by rheological processes in steel bars of modern roof construction as a cracks in the walls and both vaults, original gothic in presbyteries and 19th century in nave.

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Pawlik, Michael. "Review Essay – The Criminal Judge as Modern Inquisitor." German Law Journal 10, no. 9 (2009): 1274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018137.

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The term “inquisition” has had bad press for a long time. Comparably bad is the reputation of the inquisitorial system, a judicial model that dominated German criminal law enforcement until the beginning of the 19th century. A distinctive feature of inquisitorial proceedings is the eminently strong position of the inquisitor who unifies the functions of an investigator, a prosecutor, and a judge in one and the same person. Although the codes of criminal procedure in the German states – which in 1871 formed the Kaiserreich (German Empire of 1871-1918)– included detailed rules of evidence to prevent arbitrary investigations, at the beginning of the 19th century it was a common opinion that these control mechanisms were practically insufficient and that the inquisitorial system ought to be replaced by a judicial model, which would guarantee more effective protection of the defendant against unjustified conviction.

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Piombino-Mascali, Dario, Rimantas Jankauskas, Justina Kozakaitė, and M. Linda Sutherland. "Paleoimaging of a modern mummy from Lithuania (circa 19th–20th century)." Medicina 53, no. 6 (2017): 410–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2018.01.002.

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Dolynska, Maryana. "THE MIDDLE 19TH CENTURY – EARLY 21ST CENTURY FUNCTIONING OF LVIV’S HORONYMS." City History, Culture, Society, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2016.01.191.

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There are official and traditional names of places upon the territory of the town or the city. They have existed from the ancient times till contemporary days. The official ones have been given by the executive body, and the traditional names are describing the place by nearby locations, buildings or natural objects. Toponyms are divided into different classes and subclasses. Horonyms describe nonlinear structures (territories) and were used to call any places on the town’s area, except for streets or squares. Horonyms do not provide the information about the official administrative division of the contemporary time but were putting traditional names in use.In order to answer the question - how long this class of the city’s names lasted, one has to base on retrospective comparison of the pre-statistical source. The contemporary vocabulary of Lviv’s dialect (“Leksykon lvivskyy povazhno i na zhart”) have fixed 65 horonyms of Lviv’s area, which currentlyare being used by city dwellers. That was the basement of analysis by the retrospective method. This data was compared with such sources: late 19 c.-early 20 c. guidebooks and middle 19 c. maps with their accompaniment notes.The administrative units’ division of Lviv’s territory was applied in this article because during the long 19 century Lviv was a part of Austro-Hungary Empire. That’s why 4 groups of horonyms were excluded: 1. the names of the former city’s villages that are currently preserved as the city’s horonyms because those villages were absorbed into the city only during 20th century. (Today names of those former villages do not reflect the administrative units’ division); 2. village Sygnivka, which was founded only in the 20th years of 19thcentury on the area of the former suburb Halytskie of Lviv’s early modern period; 3. the names of villages, which surrounded town’s area, but were not under the rule of the town hall; 4. all names of objects, which were upon the area of these villages.So after the exclusion, we have 48 names (horonyms). The analysis showed that one name came into being in the late 20th century and eight other ones during its first half. Fifteen horonyms, as well, as their names were founded during the 19th century. So, that leaves us with twenty-four names, which were established during the earlier period and are being used now in the city. We need to continue research on a retrospective comparison of the named recorded in the early modern serial sources.

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Paquet, Gilles, and Jean-Pierre Wallot. "Le système financier bas-canadien au tournant du XIXe siècle." Aspects financiers 59, no. 3 (2009): 456–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/601061ar.

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Abstract This paper examines the evolution of the Canadian financial system from its embryonic form in New France to its modern contours in the first half of the 19th century. It is argued that the financial sub-system as a social technology experienced a mutation at the turn of the 19th century, as the result of unintended consequence of a combination of external, internal, and policy forces.

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Núñez Valdés, Juan, Fernando de Pablos Pons, and Antonio Ramos Carrillo. "Pioneering Black African American Women Chemists and Pharmacists." Foundations 2, no. 3 (2022): 624–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foundations2030043.

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Peckhaus, Volker. "19th Century Logic Between Philosophy and Mathematics." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 5, no. 4 (1999): 433–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/421117.

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AbstractThe history of modern logic is usually written as the history of mathematical or, more general, symbolic logic. As such it was created by mathematicians. Not regarding its anticipations in Scholastic logic and in the rationalistic era, its continuous development began with George Boole's The Mathematical Analysis of Logic of 1847, and it became a mathematical subdiscipline in the early 20th century. This style of presentation cuts off one eminent line of development, the philosophical development of logic, although logic is evidently one of the basic disciplines of philosophy. One needs only to recall some of the standard 19th century definitions of logic as, e.g., the art and science of reasoning (Whateley) or as giving the normative rules of correct reasoning (Herbart).In the paper the relationship between the philosophical and the mathematical development of logic will be discussed. Answers to the following questions will be provided:1. What were the reasons for the philosophers' lack of interest in formal logic?2. What were the reasons for the mathematicians' interest in logic?3. What did “logic reform” mean in the 19th century? Were the systems of mathematical logic initially regarded as contributions to a reform of logic?4. Was mathematical logic regarded as art, as science or as both?

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Mathis, Stéphane, Gwendal Le Masson, and Jean-Michel Vallat. "Early clinicopathologic description of nodoparanodopathy in the 19th century." Neurology 93, no. 18 (2019): 788–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000008399.

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Nodoparanodopathy is a recent concept in the field of peripheral neuropathy, corresponding to peripheral nerve disorders stemming from an autoimmune attack directed and limited to the nodal region. This concept was identified using modern techniques of electrophysiology, immunology, and pathology (including electron microscopy). We present here what we believe to be the earlier well-documented case of nodoparanodopathy in the medical literature, based on an article written by Samuel Gilbert Webber (1838–1926) in 1884.

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Smyk, Grzegorz. "Development of Administrative Sciences in the 19th Century." Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie 15, no. 1 (2022): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32084/tkp.4474.

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The basic conditions for the development of modern administrative sciences arose with the emergence of the constitutional state with its guarantees of respect for the rights of the individual, the functional and organizational division of public authorities and the mechanisms for controlling the legality of the functioning of the state apparatus. The concept of the constitutional state was derived directly from the ideology of the Enlightenment, based on the social contract theory, the doctrine of the law of nature and the theory of the division and control of public authorities. It was implemented at the earliest in revolutionary France, and during the nineteenth century it was embraced by all – except Russia – European countries, which by the end of this century adopted the construct of a constitutional state of law.

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Haq, Ariba Anwaar Ul, and Fatima Sajjad. "AN ANALYSIS OF THE 19TH CENTURY EDUCATIONAL REFORMS OF THE SUBCONTINENT THROUGH THE POSTCOLONIAL LENS." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 04, no. 02 (2022): 421–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v4i2.491.

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The paper has re-examined development in the context of the 19th century India. The 19th century is the era denoted by the establishment of the British Empire, and the decline of the Mughal Empire in the Subcontinent. Moreover, during the 19th century various educational reforms, such as Macaulay Minutes were implemented, for the progression of the Indian Society. However several studies noted that the educational reforms were a colonial tool to maintain the domination of the British colonial regime. And the notions such as developed/civilized English and underdevelopment/uncivilized Subcontinent facilitated the implementation of reforms on one hand and on the other it helped to sustain the British rule. Moreover, during British Raj, large number of Muslim communities showed concerns regarding the modern educational reforms. And since modern education became a prerequisite for development; consequently various surveys and reports showed that Muslims are behind; both economically and intellectually. In addition the study has provided various lessons from the 19th development vision for the post-colonial nations, through the post-colonial ideas of Homi K Bhabh including mimicry, ambivalence and hybridity. Keywords: Mimicry, Ambivalence, Hybridity, Development, Homi. K. Bhabha, Educational Reforms.

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CARSON, SCOTT ALAN, and PAUL E. HODGES. "BLACK AND WHITE BODY MASS INDEX VALUES IN NINETEENTH CENTURY DEVELOPING PHILADELPHIA COUNTY." Journal of Biosocial Science 44, no. 3 (2011): 273–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201100054x.

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SummaryThis paper demonstrates that although modern BMIs in the US have increased, 19th century BMIs in Philadelphia were lower than elsewhere within Pennsylvania, indicating that urbanization and agricultural commercialization were associated with lower BMIs. After controlling for stature, blacks consistently had greater BMI values than mulattos and whites; therefore, there is no evidence of a 19th century mulatto BMI advantage in the industrializing North. Farmers' BMIs were consistently heavier than those of non-farmers.

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Sakai, Naotaka. "Keyboard Span in Old Musical Instruments: Concerning Hand Span and Overuse Problems in Pianists." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 23, no. 4 (2008): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2008.4034.

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The keyboard spans (i.e., octave spans) of old keyboard instruments was compared with those of modern pianos to explore whether the relationship between keyboard span and hand span is a contributory factor in overuse problems among pianists. The distance on the keyboard between the left side of the C4 key and the right side of the C5 key was measured in 120 old keyboard instruments, including 26 harpsichords, 8 clavichords, 7 spinets, 4 virginals, 75 pianofortes, and 20 square pianos, manufactured from 1559 through 1929. The oldest harpsichords and pianoforte showed a keyboard span equal to that of the modern piano. In late 18th and early 19th centuries, the span diminished by 3 to 6 mm on average. In the later 19th century, the keyboard span returned to the 188-mm modern size. Unfortunately, almost all famous piano pieces composed in that 100-year period use a small keyboard, and this fact is compatible with the paradoxical situation that many modern pianists struggle with difficult piano techniques on a modern keyboard, which is broader than the old type that the 18th and 19th-century composers used.

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Demchenko, A. I. "Romanticism (the First Half of the 19th Century). The Pathos of Individualism." IKONI / ICONI, no. 1 (2022): 7–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2022.1.007-038.

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The essence of the series of essays published by the journal is that with the maximum compactness of the presentation it provides a summary of the main phenomena of world artistic culture, covered in general both from the point of view of the overall historical process and in relation to the various forms of art (literature, fine arts, architecture, music, theater and cinema). At the same time, there is a tendency to overcome the customary categorization of national schools and the division into separate forms of art with the genre specification inherent in each of them, which meets the positive trends of globalization and provides a holistic view of artistic phenomena. The following artistic and historical periods are examined in stages: the Ancient World, Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Baroque Era, the Enlightenment, Romanticism, Post-Romanticism, the First Modern Age I, the Second Modern Age, the Third Modern Age, the Post-Modern Age, and as an afterword — “The Golden age of Russian Artistic Culture”.

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Smith, Justin E. H. "Hegel, China, and the 19th Century Europeanization of Philosophy." Journal of Chinese Philosophy 45, no. 1-2 (2018): 18–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15406253-0450102006.

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I clarify Hegel’s role in the Europeanization of philosophy over the course of the 19th century. I begin with an investigation of the way non-Western philosophy was conceptualized in Europe before, and after, I move on to a consideration of the debates about philosophy that emerged in late 19th century China because of European attempts, such as that of Hegel, to circumscribe the geographical and civilizational scope of this discipline. How may we see the emergence of a distinctly modern, generally nationalist, discourse about “Chinese philosophy” within China as a reflection of larger global processes then taking place?

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Turekulova, Zh E., and M. U. Zhumabekov. "History and development trends of Egyptian cities in the 19th century." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Historical sciences. Philosophy. Religion Series 131, no. 2 (2020): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7255-2020-131-2-77-84.

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Egypt has always attracted the attention of researchers as one of the oldest centers of civilization; many historical, geographical, cultural and religious studies have been devoted to its study. Taking into account the fact that the Arab Republic of Egypt occupies a leading position in the modern Arab East, more attention in historical and cultural studies is paid to the problems of the formation of Egypt, the history of its political, socioeconomic, cultural, literary and religious movements of modern and modern times. However, the processes of urbanization in Egypt today are on the periphery of sociocultural research, they are not given due attention. The beginning of the 19th century and the reforms of Muhammad Ali, as well as the construction of the Suez Canal, can be considered a conventional starting point for urbanization. The scientific article shows a direct relationship between the construction of the Suez Canal and the processes of Europeanization of the country launched by Muhammad Ali and his successors. The creation of large European cities, the impetus for the development of which was given by the construction of the Suez Canal, was subjected to a detailed analysis.

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Urbancová, Hana. "Women as Folk Song Collectors in Slovakia. From Romantic Nationalism to the Beginnings of Modern Research." Slovenský národopis / Slovak Ethnology 69, no. 4 (2021): 570–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/se-2021-0034.

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Abstract Collecting activities were an important cultural and social phenomenon in 19th century Europe. Women also participated in these activities, although in many cultures their role and the results of their collecting work have not yet been adequately evaluated. Taking the example of Slovakia, it is possible to highlight the contribution of women in collecting folk songs, while encompassing those features which are specific to the regional circumstances. Women took part in all important collecting projects of the 19th century in Slovakia. Reconstruction of their socio-cultural background highlighted the fact that at the inception of these projects women of the aristocracy and gentry were active collectors. The majority of female collectors came from families of the Slovak intelligentsia, who belonged to the middle class. By the end of the 19th century many such families had become part of the contemporary elite of Slovak society. We focus on two research questions: 1, how did the gender category of the collector condition the record of song material (an aspect of the collection concept); and 2, what contribution did women’s collecting activities make to the study of traditional song culture (an aspect of the collected material). A definition of women’s concept of collecting, with primary orientation on song lyrics, was deduced from the 19th century preference for the national language and the role of Slovak women in its diffusion in private as well as public life, and from analysis of the genre structure of the collected material. The romantic concept of collecting in Slovakia is compared with an early concept of documentation at the beginning of the 20th century which derived from abroad, although some of its elements were beginning to take effect also in domestic collecting activities.

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Ferraz, Márcia H. M., Ana M. Alfonso-Goldfarb, and Silvia I. Waisse. "Modern medical substances since the 19th century: the case-study of Brazil." Revista Estudos do Século XX, no. 12 (2012): 177–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8622_12_10.

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Arzhakova, Larisa. "Российская историческая полонистика XIX века как часть отечественной славистики". Roczniki Humanistyczne 69, № 7 (2021): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rh21697-2.

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This article presents a brief overview of the history of Russian historical Polonistics in the 19th century, which was an integral part of Russian Slavistics, but acted according to other laws which were subject to the dynamics of Russian-Polish relations. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of the formation and development of Russian historical Polonistics, which made it possible to clarify its previously accepted periodisation. This article notes the interdependence between the Polish question and Polonistic studies, which is characteristic of Russia in the 19th century, but only recently reflected in modern historiography. The author of the article suggests considering Russian historical Polonistics as the experience of Russian-Polish dialogue in the context of the long 19th century.

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Caixeta, Leonardo, Jean Newton Lima Costa, Ana Caroline Marques Vilela, and Magno da Nóbrega. "The development of the dementia concept in 19th century." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 72, no. 7 (2014): 564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x20140069.

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The dementia concept has been reformulated through its history and the 19th century was remarkable in the construction of this concept as we understand it today. Like other syndromes, much of the history of the dementia concept comes from the attempt to separate it from other nosological conditions, giving it a unique identity. The fundamental elements for the arising of the dementia modern concept were: a) correlation of the observed syndrome with organic-cerebral lesions; b) understanding of the irreversibility of the dementia evolution; c) its relation with human ageing; and d) the choice of the cognitive dysfunction as a clinical marker of the dementia concept.

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Nikitina, Tatiana. "Missionary descriptions of Mande languages: verbal morphology in 19th century grammars." Faits de Langues 50, no. 2 (2020): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-05002006.

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Abstract In spite of the prominent role of missionary linguists in shaping the field of modern African linguistics, the approaches adopted in their early grammar descriptions remain virtually unstudied, just as the descriptions themselves are largely ignored by modern linguists. This study explores the ways two 19th century missionary grammarians, R. Maxwell MacBrair and John Kemp, approached the task of describing verbal morphology of two languages from the Mande family, Mandinka and Susu. I discuss important differences between their approach and the one that has become prevalent in modern descriptive studies; these differences reflect to a large extent the different interests and goals of missionary and academic linguists. I also use the example of the two early grammars to illustrate the diversity of attitudes and approaches to language description concealed behind the label “missionary linguistics”. Even in the narrow domain of verbal morphology – which is far from prominent in the isolating Mande languages – the two grammarians resort to very different strategies for coping with the otherness of the material they describe. The diversity gives us a glimpse of the early stages of the development of a typology-sensitive descriptive tradition that informed the study of African languages as we presently know it.

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Kharina, Natakia S. "Tobolsk Bishop's house in the 19th century." Historical and social-educational ideas 12, no. 6 (2020): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17748/2075-9908-2020-12-6-72-80.

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The study of various aspects of the Russian Orthodox Church history continues to be significant and relevant in modern science. From the second half of 15th – beginning of 16th centuries, we can speak about the emergence of two issues that will become the major touch points of Church and State. The strengthening of the absolute monarchy in the 18th century leads to the emergence of a new bureaucratic system in the state administration. These changes will inevitably affect the Tobolsk Bishop's house, and the conditions which it was placed in after 1764 led to changes in the principles of its organization and a significant restructuring. Therefore, the research objective is to redesign the process of socio-economic, political and cultural development of the Tobolsk Bishop's house in the 19th century. Various types of sources were used for the study: legislative and regulatory acts, published and archived materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Documents of management and record keeping of the Tobolsk Bishop's house occupy a special place, in particular the materials of the General paperwork management of Church institutions: ordinances, regulations, correspondence materials of local ecclesial authorities, reports of Siberian metropolitans to the Synod, etc. The study approach and methodological tools made it possible to achieve the goal and solve the research problems. The study shows that after the reform of 1764, the Tobolsk Bishop's house lost its former land holdings for a certain period, and like other diocesan departments, it was transferred to the state allowance. Diocese abolition to the episcopate, which deprived the former political influence, certainly had negative features. However, in the 19th century, there can be seen a gradual way out of the situation and the former possessions and property return, which to some extent allows to return to the former position of a large feudal lord of Western Siberia.

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Kang, Sang Gyu. "Concept of Sovereignty and the Korean Modern History of the 19th Century." Review of Korean and Asian Political Thoughts 19, no. 1 (2020): 1–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35161/rkapt.2020.03.19.1.1.

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Yi, Myong-hwa. "The end of the 19th century Byeon-Su's Modern Perception of Agriculture." Society of History Education 73 (February 28, 2020): 289–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.17999/sohe.2020.73.09.

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Kim Hyun-Sook. "Characteristics of Modern Physical Education Discourse in the late 19th Century Korea." Korean Cultural Studies 27, no. ll (2014): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17792/kcs.2014.27..115.

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Fragner, Bert G. "Central Asian aspects of pre‐modern Iranian history (14th to 19th century)." Central Asian Survey 12, no. 4 (1993): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02634939308400832.

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Ravines, P. "Surface Characterization of 19th Century and Modern Daguerreotypes using High-Resolution SEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, S2 (2011): 1786–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927611009809.

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Karić, Enes. "Modern Islamic Views of Martin Luther and Protestantism." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 2 (2022): 7–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2015.2.2.7.

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This paper looks at how prominent Muslim reformers of the 19th and 20th century treated Martin Luther and the Reformation in their books, articles, pamphlets and essays. In most cases, they wrote on them positively and as a model for reforms they thought the Muslim world needed. The author cites their views and opinions to demonstrate that Martin Luther’s image in reformist circles in the traditional lands of Islam was as of a European reformer who drew upon Islamic sources. The paper also discusses the psychological reasons that contributed to the glorification of Luther ʼs personality in books and articles by reformist Islamic and Muslim intellectuals of the 19th and 20th centuries.

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Drozdova, Daria. "The History of Early Modern Philosophy in Russia. The Case of Archimandrite Gabriel." Philosophy. Journal of the Higher School of Economics VI, no. 1 (2022): 151–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/2587-8719-2022-1-151-183.

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This article is the first part of a study analyzing the formation and transformation of the canon of Early modern philosophy in Russian-language philosophical literature. The canon of Early modern philosophy was fixed in European and American textbooks on the history of philosophy at the end of the 19th century. It is based on the standard narrative about two main rival epistemological traditions, i.e. rationalism, represented by Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz, and empiricism, represented by Locke, Berkeley and Hume. However, this account of the history of Early modern philosophy emerged in a confrontation of different historiographical traditions (Kantian, Hegelian, positivist, etc.), each of which offered its own schemes for classifying and ordering the philosophical systems. Signs of this struggle can be found in the emerging 19th century Russian-language literature on the history of philosophy. This article aims to examine and analyze the narrative on Early Modern philosophy in Russian academic literature of the first half of the 19th century in order to identify prominent trends in the formation of the canon of Early Modern philosophy both from the point of view of its main representatives and from the point of view of the narrative. The focus of this paper is the “History of Philosophy” (1839–40) of Archimandrite Gavriil (Voskresensky), which turns out to be a transmitter of the French historiographical tradition of Victor Cousin to the Russian historiography of philosophy.

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Mácêl, Otakar. "Modern Architecture and Modern Furniture." Designing Modern Life, no. 46 (2012): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/46.a.9rk52tg1.

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Modern architecture and Modern furniture originated almost during the same period of time. Modern architects needed furniture compatible with their architecture and because it was not available on the market, architects had to design it themselves. This does not only apply for the period between 1920 and 1940, as other ambitious architectures had tried before to present their buildings as a unit both on the inside and on the outside. For example one can think of projects by Berlage, Gaudí, Mackintosh or Horta or the architectures of Czech Cubism and the Amsterdam School. This phenomenon originated in the 19th century and the furniture designs were usually developed for the architect’s own building designs and later offered to the broader consumer market, sometimes through specialized companies. This is the reason for which an agreement between the architect and the commissioner was needed, something which was not always taken for granted.

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Romeo, George C., and Larissa S. Kyj. "ANSON O. KITTREDGE: EARLY ACCOUNTING PIONEER." Accounting Historians Journal 27, no. 2 (2000): 117–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.27.2.117.

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Leafing through early accounting journals from the last two decades of the 19th century, accounting historians and enthusiasts piece together the history of accountancy in the U.S., yet pay little attention to the editors of these journals who at times almost single-handedly willed their existence, clearing the road for modern accounting journals. Anson O. Kittredge, who was probably the most outstanding and influential editor of the 19th century, was also an author, teacher, CPA examiner, innovator, practitioner, and organizer.

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Murphy, Eileen M. "Human osteoarchaeology in Ireland: past, present and future." Antiquity 76, no. 292 (2002): 512–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00090633.

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IntroductionThe archaeological study of human skeletal remains has been undertaken in Ireland since the mid 19th century. This paper examines the development of human bone studies in Ireland up until the present day, reviews the various approaches which have been adopted, and takes a look at the formal structure of the discipline within an Irish contcxt. The objective is to provide an overview of the study of archaeological human skeletal remains in Ireland from the 19th century through to modern times.

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Colijn, Bram. "The Concept of Religion in Modern China: A Grassroots Perspective." Exchange 47, no. 1 (2018): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1572543x-12341467.

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Abstract Modern Chinese history offers scholars plenty of reasons to abandon the state-imposed neologism of ‘religion’. For its popularization in the late 19th century marked the start of multiple cycles of violence against ‘superstition’, its ideological twin. To the contrary, this article explores how ‘religion’ (zongjiao) is deployed by ordinary people in contemporary Southern Fujian. Through three case studies I demonstrate that ‘religion’ has become part of the ways ordinary people in contemporary Southern Fujian harmonize their conflicting ritual practices and ideas about the world. A more narrow and exclusive deployment of ‘religion’ by scholars, followed by policy makers, may augment the realms of ‘culture’ and ‘superstition’, the latter of which has in particular been subject to coercive action in China. Being aware of the nefarious consequences of deploying ‘religion’ outside the Western world since the 19th century, scholars today have a responsibility to premeditate the outcome of narrowing down the range of practices, architecture, clergy, communities, and objects currently associated with ‘religion’.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Modern 19th century'

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