Academic literature on the topic 'Modern Agriculture. eng'
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Journal articles on the topic "Modern Agriculture. eng"
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Hole, F. "Agricultural sustainability in the semi-arid Near East." Climate of the Past 3, no. 2 (May 11, 2007): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-193-2007.
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Abstract. Agriculture began in the eastern Mediterranean Levantine Corridor about 11000 years ago toward the end of the Younger Dryas when aridity had diminished wild food resources. During the subsequent Climatic Optimum, agricultural villages spread rapidly but subsequent climatic changes on centennial to millennial scales resulted in striking oscillations in settlement, especially in marginal areas. Natural climate change thus alternately enhanced and diminished the agricultural potential of the land. Growing populations and more intensive land us, both for agriculture and livestock, have led to changes in the structure of vegetation, hydrology, and land quality. Over the millennia, political and economic interventions, warfare and incursions by nomadic herding tribes all impacted sustainability of agriculture and the ability of the land to supports its populations. In much of the region today, agricultural land use is not sustainable given existing technology and national priorities. The Near Eastern case is instructive because of the quality of information, the length of the record, and the pace of modern change.
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Hole, F. "Agricultural sustainability in the semi-arid Near East." Climate of the Past Discussions 2, no. 4 (July 21, 2006): 485–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-2-485-2006.
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Abstract. Agriculture began in the eastern Mediterranean Levantine Corridor about 11 000 years ago toward the end of the Younger Dryas when aridity had diminished wild food resources. During the subsequent Climatic Optimum, agricultural villages spread rapidly but subsequent climatic changes on centennial to millennial scales resulted in striking oscillations in settlement, especially in marginal areas. Natural climate change thus alternately enhanced and diminished the agricultural potential of the land. Growing populations and more intensive land use, both for agriculture and livestock, have led to changes in the structure of vegetation, hydrology, and land quality. Over the millennia, political and economic interventions, warfare and incursions by nomadic herding tribes all impacted sustainability of agriculture and the ability of the land to support its populations. In much of the region today, agricultural land use is not sustainable given existing technology and national priorities. The Near Eastern case is instructive because of the quality of information, the length of the record, and the pace of modern change.
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HUNGER, OLGA V., and SANDZHI V. KOTEEV. "THE IDEA OF AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PAST AND THE FUTURE, WITHIN AND BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 226, no. 6 (2020): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2020-226-6-204-222.
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Historical memory is an important foundation in the development of the modern world. The Moscow Society of Agriculture (MOSKh) left behind a rich historical legacy, which left an imprint not only on the development of the agricultural industry in Russia, but, most likely, influenced the formation of agricultural associations abroad. Since the end of 1885, the German Agricultural Society (DLG — DLG) has existed in Germany. Historical facts confirm the similarity of the ideas for the creation of both organizations, and the fact of DLG’s successful activity for almost 135 years suggests that these ideas are relevant to this day.
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Zhao, Yue Ling, Hai Yan Han, Li Ying Cao, and Gui Fen Chen. "The Nutrients Spatial Variability of Black Soil Based on GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 694 (November 2014): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.694.580.
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The precision agriculture (PA) is the end product of the modern high tech's information technology and the agricultural production technology union. The soil nutrients are not only an important component of soil research, but also a critical determinant of its productivity. Some soil nutrients spatial distribution pictures were established based on important factors that affect crops production. The soil nutrient situation was understood by the paper in Jilin province black soil. The results can realized some information opening and sharing and helped some farmer and manager to understand some soil nutrient spatial distribution. They can speed up the development of Jilin province’s precision agriculture.
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Osabohien, Romanus, Oluwatoyin Matthew, Obindah Gershon, Toun Ogunbiyi, and Ebere Nwosu. "Agriculture Development, Employment Generation and Poverty Reduction in West Africa." Open Agriculture Journal 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501913010082.
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Background: The problem of poverty eradication has been limited to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region, which accounts for more than 40% of the world's poor population. The majority of these people are rural farmers who depend solely on agriculture for livelihood. Agriculture in West Africa remains the largest means of employment in which more than 60% of the sub-region’s active labour force is involved. Objective: This study examined the potentials of agriculture to generate employment for the people, thereby reducing the level of poverty in West Africa. Methods: The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) econometric technique was employed in this study for the panel data covering the period of 17 years (2000 to 2016). Results: Results from the study showed that agriculture provides the opportunity for the poor to increase their earnings to escape the poverty trap, whether the poor can seize these agricultural opportunities depends on their human capital development. Conclusion: The study, therefore, concluded that effective policies (e.g. social protection) should be formulated in the agricultural development plans that will prioritize sustainable land and water management, access to markets, and the food security. To achieve this, the use of modern methods should be encouraged through farm incentives to boost agricultural production and increase farmer’s income which is earned through the sale of agricultural commodities, and thus; in the long run, increase the revenue accruing to the government and reduce the rate of poverty.
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Angelakιs, Andreas N., Daniele Zaccaria, Jens Krasilnikoff, Miquel Salgot, Mohamed Bazza, Paolo Roccaro, Blanca Jimenez, et al. "Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia." Water 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051285.
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Many agricultural production areas worldwide are characterized by high variability of water supply conditions, or simply lack of water, creating a dependence on irrigation since Neolithic times. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of irrigation of agricultural lands worldwide, based on bibliographical research focusing on ancient water management techniques and ingenious irrigation practices and their associated land management practices. In ancient Egypt, regular flooding by the Nile River meant that early agriculture probably consisted of planting seeds in soils that had been recently covered and fertilized with floodwater and silt deposits. On the other hand, in arid and semi-arid regions farmers made use of perennial springs and seasonal runoff under circumstances altogether different from the river civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and early dynasties in China. We review irrigation practices in all major irrigation regions through the centuries. Emphasis is given to the Bronze Age civilizations (Minoans, Egyptians, and Indus valley), pre-Columbian, civilizations from the historic times (e.g., Chinese, Hellenic, and Roman), late-Columbians (e.g., Aztecs and Incas) and Byzantines, as well as to Ottomans and Arabs. The implications and impacts of irrigation techniques on modern management of water resources, as well as on irrigated agriculture, are also considered and discussed. Finally, some current major agricultural water management challenges are outlined, concluding that ancient practices could be adapted to cope with present challenges in irrigated agriculture for increasing productivity and sustainability.
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Volkonskaya, Anna, Olga Pashkina, Natalia Galenko, Oleg Kurlikov, and Velta Parsova. "Electronic form of procurement in agricultural enterprises." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700127.
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Today in Russia the main components of digital economy are as follows: electronic trading, public services, export-import activity and constantly developing system of purchasing activity at state enterprises. The system of purchases has to conform to the requirements of modern digital technologies For this purpose at the end of 2018 the President of the Russian Federation proposed to transfer the government and corporate procurement to an electronic form. However, the analysis showed that procurement activities carried out in the form of electronic bidding in agricultural enterprises had a number of problems. These problems are related to the nature of agriculture. For example, seasonality is a key to agricultural performance. In this regard, the system of commercial transactions, including electronic trades, should be as adapted as possible to the peculiarities of agricultural production.
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Yi, Myong-hwa. "The end of the 19th century Byeon-Su's Modern Perception of Agriculture." Society of History Education 73 (February 28, 2020): 289–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.17999/sohe.2020.73.09.
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Czyżewski, Bazyli, Agnieszka Sapa, and Piotr Kułyk. "Human Capital and Eco-Contractual Governance in Small Farms in Poland: Simultaneous Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Variables." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010046.
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Human capital (HC) plays an important role in modern agriculture. The difference in efficiency of assets explains only about a half of the economic performance of agricultural farms, while the other half relies on HC. Although education and training are the main components of HC, it may also be viewed from the perspective of behavioral theories that were taken under consideration in this study. The role of HC in sustainable farming has not been sufficiently explained when it comes to contractual governance (CG). In this study, the meaning of contractual governance was extended and the eco-contractual governance (ECG) concept was proposed, which stands for CG induced by agri-environmental contracts. The main objective of the article is to confirm the latent concepts of HC and ECG and to verify their correlation in view of the standards imposed by the agricultural policy. To achieve this goal, a structural equation model was developed and simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal variables was carried out based on the sample of 674 small farms in Poland. The analysis has confirmed a relatively strong correlation between HC and ECG. It was revealed that training plays a crucial role in this relationship, while economic dependence on agricultural policy weakens the effectiveness of both HC and ECG.
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Czyżewski, Bazyli, Agnieszka Sapa, and Piotr Kułyk. "Human Capital and Eco-Contractual Governance in Small Farms in Poland: Simultaneous Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Variables." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010046.
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Human capital (HC) plays an important role in modern agriculture. The difference in efficiency of assets explains only about a half of the economic performance of agricultural farms, while the other half relies on HC. Although education and training are the main components of HC, it may also be viewed from the perspective of behavioral theories that were taken under consideration in this study. The role of HC in sustainable farming has not been sufficiently explained when it comes to contractual governance (CG). In this study, the meaning of contractual governance was extended and the eco-contractual governance (ECG) concept was proposed, which stands for CG induced by agri-environmental contracts. The main objective of the article is to confirm the latent concepts of HC and ECG and to verify their correlation in view of the standards imposed by the agricultural policy. To achieve this goal, a structural equation model was developed and simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal variables was carried out based on the sample of 674 small farms in Poland. The analysis has confirmed a relatively strong correlation between HC and ECG. It was revealed that training plays a crucial role in this relationship, while economic dependence on agricultural policy weakens the effectiveness of both HC and ECG.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Modern Agriculture. eng"
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Henriques, Amilson Barbosa. "A cultura rotineira e a lavoura racional : proposições na revista Agrícola (são paulo, 1895-1907) /." Assis : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93367.
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Orientador: Paulo Henrique MartinezBanca: Áureo Busetto
Banca: Ely Bergo de Carvalho
Resumo: Esta pesquisa se insere dentro da bibliografia especializada sobre a agricultura no Brasil, especialmente no Estado de São Paulo, a partir da segunda metade do século XIX, início do século XX. Um de seus objetivos é ressaltar as propostas de modificação ou modernização da agricultura em São Paulo dentro deste período, em contraposição, ou substituição aos métodos e técnicas agrícolas considerados tradicionais e efetuados historicamente na agricultura brasileira. É dentro da Revista Agrícola paulista (1895-1907) que essas propostas foram suscitadas por dezenas de pessoas, escritores, agrônomos, grandes fazendeiros, políticos, e outros. As propostas de modificação agrícola giravam em torno de diferentes assuntos, mas sempre interligados, como: diversificação da agricultura, adubação química e natural, cultura intensiva do solo, mão-de-obra, povoamento e colonização, instalação de núcleos coloniais dentro dos moldes da moderna agricultura então desejada, instrução agrícola por meio de campos de experiências e demonstração, ensino agrícola para diferentes graus, a mecanização da lavoura, o que era chamado na época de Moderna Agricultura, em substituição ao que era considerado como agricultura rotineira ou atrasada, praticada deste o início da agricultura no Brasil
Abstract: This research inserts itself into the historical analyses upon agriculture in Brazil, especially in the State of São Paulo, from around late XIX century and beginning of the XX century on. One of its goals is to stand out the agricultural modification proposals in São Paulo during that period, in opposition or substitution for the agricultural methods and techniques considered to be traditional, and historically effectuated in Brazilian agriculture. It was within the publication Revista Agrícola (São Paulo, 1895-1907) that such proposals were raised by dozens of people, publicists, agronomists, major farmers, politicians, among others. The agricultural modification proposals turned around different subjects, but always holding a connection, such as: agriculture diversification, natural or chemical manuring, intensive soil culture, labor, population and colonization, installation of colonial areas attending the desired patterns of modern agriculture by then, agricultural instruction through experience and demonstration fields, agricultural education for different levels, farming mechanization, which was called Modern Agriculture by that time, in substitution for what was considered to be routine and outdated agriculture, practiced since the beginning of agriculture in Brazil
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Bedutti, Anézio Deivid. "Um modelo espaço-temporal aplicado à agricultura de precisão /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/94201.
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Resumo: O controle de plantas daninhas constitui um dos principais desafios no cultivo de área agrícolas. Quando presentes em quantidades descontroladas, estas plantas geram a diminuição na produtividade e ocasionam perdas significativas e indesejáveis. As perdas, aliadas ao alto custo de controle, motivam o desenvolvimento de ferramentas no auxílio a tomada de decisão, como mapas da distribuição de daninhas, visando o manejo localizado de herbicidas. Neste trabalho, considera-se a aplicação de um modelo espaço-temporal para a construção de mapas da distribuição de sementes de plantas daninhas em uma área agrícola de plantação de milho (Zea mays). Foram analisados dados reais, para as espécies Digitaria ciliaris, Euphorbia heterophilla L., Cenchrus echinatus L. e Bidens Pilosa L. e tamb'em dados simulados. O modelo envolve a combinação de estimação por krigagem e o filtro de Kalman.Abstract: The control of weeds is a major challenge in cultivation of agricultural areas. When present in uncontrolled quantities, these plants generate a decrease in productivity and cause significant and undesirable losses. The losses, combined with the high cost of control, motivate the development of tools to aid in taking decision, as maps of distribution of weed, to located handling of herbicides. In this work, was considered the application of a spatial-temporal model for construction of distribution maps of seed weeds in an agricultural area of corn plantation (Zea mays). Were analyzed real data, for the species Digitaria ciliaris, Euphorbia heterophilla L., Cenchrus echinatus L. and Bidens Pilosa L., and also simulated data. The model involves a combination of kriging estimation and Kalman filter.
Orientador: Maurílio Boaventura
Coorientador: Vilma Alves Oliveira
Banca: Geraldo Nunes Silva
Banca: Paulo Estevão Cruvinel
Mestre
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Silva, Ciro Marcos. "Modelo computacional para dimensionamento de tratores, equipamentos e operações agrícolas /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90691.
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Orientador: Angelo CataneoBanca: Kléber Pereira Lanças
Banca: João Eduardo Guarnetti dos Santos
Resumo: O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um modelo computacional (sistema computadorizado), o qual permite o dimensionamento de tratores, equipamentos agrícolas e de operações agrícolas. Foram utilizados dados sobre tratores oferecidos no mercado brasileiro, criando-se um banco de dados contendo informações de marca, modelo, potência de ensaio, peso sem lastro, peso com lastro e tipo de tração, que serão utilizados pelo sistema computadorizado. Para análise dos dias agronomicamente viáveis, foram avaliados dados climatológicos do dia 01/01/1983 até 31/12/1993, totalizando 11 anos de dados para a região do município de Botucatu - SP, tais como: precipitação, velocidade do vento, radiação solar, temperaturas mínimas, máximas e médias, umidade relativa do ar, insolação, e outros, através dos quais obteve-se uma tabela contendo taxas de ocorrências de dias bons, considerando-se cinco tipos diferentes de solo. Esta tabela fornece a base para alguns dos cálculos do sistema, podendo ser gerada por qualquer método estatístico com dados de qualquer região, sendo facilmente integrada ao sistema. Através dos dados dos tipos de solo utilizados e daqueles estimados matematicamente por meio de método de mínimos quadrados, encontrou-se os valores dos coeficientes usados nos cálculos de resistência ao corte unitária e resistência ao corte para cada tipo de equipamento, em cada tipo de solo. Utilizando-se o Microsoft Visual Basic (VB), software de desenvolvimento de programas para ambiente Windows, criou-se um sistema com uma interface visualmente agradável e fácil de se trabalhar.
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Valiati, Melania Inês. "Calibração e validação do modelo RadEst3.0 para estimativa da irradiação solar global em função de medidas de temperaturas do ar máximo e mínima /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103452.
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Orientador: Raimundo Leite CruzBanca: Antonio Evaldo Klar
Banca: Antônio de Pádua Sousa
Banca: Emerson Galvani
Banca: Hildeu Ferreira da Assunção
Resumo: Para a realização desse estudo utilizou-se uma base de dados de 10 anos obtidos junto ao Departamento de Engenharia Rural - Setor de Irrigação e Drenagem da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu-SP, com as seguintes coordenadas geográficas: latitude de 22°51'S; longitude de 48°26'W e altitude 786m na cidade de Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a calibração e estimativa da irradiação solar global diária em Botucatu, SP, utilizando medidas de temperaturas do ar máxima e mínima por meio do programa RadEst3.0. Esse faz a utilização de quatro modelos para tal estimativa que são: Bristow-Campbell (BC); Campbell-Donatelli (CD); Donatelli-Belochi (DB) e Modular DCBB (DCBB). Pelos resultados podemos concluir que: as modificações aplicadas aos modelos de DB e DCBB, contabilizando o efeito sazonal da variação de temperatura, e utilizando uma função trigonométrica específica para regiões tropicais, contribuíram para o alcance dos melhores resultados. Deve-se, no entanto salientar que todos os modelos propostos são adequados para a estimativa da irradiação solar global, e seu uso depende do grau de precisão que se deseja atingir e da disponibilidade de medidas das temperaturas do ar máxima e mínima. Mas, para a obtenção de melhores resultados deve-se realizar a calibração dos modelos para a região em estudo.
Abstract: For the composition of this paper it was used 10 year database from Rural Engineering Department - Irrigation and Draining Sector of Paulista State University's Agronomical Science College, Botucatu-SP campus, with the following geographic coordenates: latitude 22°51'S; longitude 48º26'W and altitude 786m in Botucatu City, São Paulo State. This paper focused the daily global solar irradiation estimate in Botucatu, SP, using air temperature (maximum and minimum) by RadEst3.0 program. This program uses four models for to get these estimates: Bristow-Campbell (BC), Campbell-Donatelli (CD), Donatelli-Belochi (DB) and Modular DCBB (DCBB). By results, it was concluded that the changes applied to the DB and DCBB models, in adition to the effect of the temperature variation, and using a specific trigonometric function to tropical regions, contributed to reach better results. However, it ought to be emphasize that all proposed models are appropriated to the global solar irradiation estimate, and its use depends on the level of precision that has to be reached and the availability of the maximum and minimal air temperatures measures. But, to get best results, the models used to the analised region must be calibrated.
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Lawal, Najib. "Modelling and multivariate data analysis of agricultural systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/modelling-and-multivariate-data-analysis-of-agricultural-systems(f6b86e69-5cff-4ffb-a696-418662ecd694).html.
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The broader research area investigated during this programme was conceived from a goal to contribute towards solving the challenge of food security in the 21st century through the reduction of crop loss and minimisation of fungicide use. This is aimed to be achieved through the introduction of an empirical approach to agricultural disease monitoring. In line with this, the SYIELD project, initiated by a consortium involving University of Manchester and Syngenta, among others, proposed a novel biosensor design that can electrochemically detect viable airborne pathogens by exploiting the biology of plant-pathogen interaction. This approach offers improvement on the inefficient and largely experimental methods currently used. Within this context, this PhD focused on the adoption of multidisciplinary methods to address three key objectives that are central to the success of the SYIELD project: local spore ingress near canopies, the evaluation of a suitable model that can describe spore transport, and multivariate analysis of the potential monitoring network built from these biosensors. The local transport of spores was first investigated by carrying out a field trial experiment at Rothamsted Research UK in order to investigate spore ingress in OSR canopies, generate reliable data for testing the prototype biosensor, and evaluate a trajectory model. During the experiment, spores were air-sampled and quantified using established manual detection methods. Results showed that the manual methods, such as colourimetric detection are more sensitive than the proposed biosensor, suggesting the proxy measurement mechanism used by the biosensor may not be reliable in live deployments where spores are likely to be contaminated by impurities and other inhibitors of oxalic acid production. Spores quantified using the more reliable quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction proved informative and provided novel of data of high experimental value. The dispersal of this data was found to fit a power decay law, a finding that is consistent with experiments in other crops. In the second area investigated, a 3D backward Lagrangian Stochastic model was parameterised and evaluated with the field trial data. The bLS model, parameterised with Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory (MOST) variables showed good agreement with experimental data and compared favourably in terms of performance statistics with a recent application of an LS model in a maize canopy. Results obtained from the model were found to be more accurate above the canopy than below it. This was attributed to a higher error during initialisation of release velocities below the canopy. Overall, the bLS model performed well and demonstrated suitability for adoption in estimating above-canopy spore concentration profiles which can further be used for designing efficient deployment strategies. The final area of focus was the monitoring of a potential biosensor network. A novel framework based on Multivariate Statistical Process Control concepts was proposed and applied to data from a pollution-monitoring network. The main limitation of traditional MSPC in spatial data applications was identified as a lack of spatial awareness by the PCA model when considering correlation breakdowns caused by an incoming erroneous observation. This resulted in misclassification of healthy measurements as erroneous. The proposed Kriging-augmented MSPC approach was able to incorporate this capability and significantly reduce the number of false alarms.
Books on the topic "Modern Agriculture. eng"
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Orlandini, Simone, and Pavol Nejedlik, eds. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Europe. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-207-9.
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COST Action 734 was launched thanks to the coordinated activity of 29 EU countries. The main objective of the Action was the evaluation of impacts from climate change and variability on agriculture for various European areas. Secondary objectives were: collection and review of existing agroclimatic indices and simulation models, to assess hazard impacts on European agricultural areas; to apply climate scenarios for the next few decades; the definition of harmonised criteria to evaluate the impacts of climate change and variability on agriculture; the definition of warning systems guidelines. Based on the result, possible actions (specific recommendations, suggestions, warning systems) were elaborated and proposed to the end-users, depending on their needs.
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European Association of Agricultural Economists. Symposium. EC agricultural policy by the end of the century: Proceedings of the 28th Seminar of the European Association of Agricultural Economists, September 10-12, 1992, Lisbon, Portugal. Kiel: Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk, 1993.
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Mueller, Charles C. Traditional Agriculture and Land Distribution in Brazil. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.14.
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This chapter examines the progression of Brazil’s agriculture since the end of World War II, a period during which a highly concentrated pattern of land distribution remained basically unchanged, despite remarkable changes in agriculture. Three different phases are recognized: a phase of horizontal expansion, up to the early 1970s, in which agriculture remained essentially traditional; a period of substantial but conservative modernization of agriculture, from the early 1970s to the late 1990s; and a phase of consolidation of modernization. It highlights the development of two key elements: a modern segment, usually composed of large farm units; and “traditional agriculture,” constituted mainly of small farms. The chapter discusses their contributions to growing commodity exports and to the supply of food for domestic markets. The chapter concludes by examining events—affecting both the large-scale agriculture and small farm units—that led to the maintenance of the concentrated pattern of land tenure.
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Hannan, Jason, ed. Meatsplaining. Sydney University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30722/sup.9781743327104.
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The animal agriculture industry, like other profit-driven industries, aggressively seeks to shield itself from public scrutiny. To that end, it uses a distinct set of rhetorical strategies to deflect criticism. These tactics are fundamental to modern animal agriculture but have long evaded critical analysis. In this collection, academic and activist contributors investigate the many forms of denialism perpetuated by the animal agriculture industry. What strategies does the industry use to avoid questions about its inhumane treatment of animals and its impact on the environment and public health? What narratives, myths and fantasies does it promote to sustain its image in the public imagination?
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Sumner, Andy. Great Transformations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792369.003.0004.
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In this chapter we revisit this first era of classical developmentalism and industrialization in South East Asia from the late 1960s to the early to mid 1980s. The chapter argues that in keeping with the discussion of Lewis and Kuznets, the outcomes were impressive, and the end of classical developmentalism in South East Asia was due to global forces and the mode of global incorporation. The state was important in managing distributional tensions to address the Kuznetsian upswing of inequality that structural transformation unleashes. Specifically, the focus on agriculture and rural development ensured a social basis—improvements in welfare for the rural masses—that compensated for democracy. Agricultural development also supported industrialization. It is important to note, though, that absence of elite conflict, which facilitated structural transformation and inclusive growth in the region, had a high price in terms of the curtailing of political opposition, and political freedoms.
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Brophy, James M. The End of the Economic Old Order: the Great Transition, 1750–1860. Edited by Helmut Walser Smith. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199237395.013.0008.
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This article focuses on economic history, the old order in German society, and the Great Economic Transition. The industrial ‘take-off’ of the 1840s and 1850s introduced a scale of production that forever changed the material conditions of Germany. The belching smokestacks of factories and locomotives might have tokened swift change, but the foundations for industrial capitalism were long in preparation. This article focuses on this long-term transition toward Germany's modern economy, examining how agriculture and market economies shaped the socioeconomic formations of proto-industrialization, urbanization, and industrialization. No one factor or sector suffices as an interpretive key to explain Germany's transformation. An analysis of the agrarian society, followed by urbanization and industrialization of the German society winds up this article.
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Insuasty Córboba, Sandra del Carmen, and Hyrcania Vanessa López Peñafiel. Metodología para la selección y conservación de semilla de papa de calidad: Cartilla para agricultores. Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (Agrosavia), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.nbook.7404791.
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El proyecto Mejoramiento Tecnológico y Productivo del Sistema Papa en el Departamento de Nariño, a través de su objetivo: “Diseñar un modelo de producción de semilla de papa que fortalezca la asociatividad entre los agricultores y permita proveer continuamente de material de calidad al departamento de Nariño”, buscó incentivar en los pequeños productores, teniendo en cuenta su cultura, el uso de semilla de calidad a través de la utilización de metodologías como la selección positiva para la conservación y el uso propio de semilla de calidad. Esta cartilla recoge los pasos básicos para la aplicación entre agricultores de la metodología de selección positiva y es una guía práctica para conservar y seleccionar semillas propias.
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Lilja, Sven. Climate, History, and Social Change in Sweden and the Baltic Sea Area From About 1700. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.633.
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The growing concern about global warming has turned focus in Sweden and other Baltic countries toward the connection between history and climate. Important steps have been taken in the scientific reconstruction of climatic parables. Historic climate data have been published and analyzed, and various proxy data have been used to reconstruct historic climate curves. The results have revealed an ongoing regional warming from the late 17th to the early 21st century. The development was not continuous, however, but went on in a sequence of warmer and colder phases.Within the fields of history and socially oriented climate research, the industrial revolution has often been seen as a watershed between an older and a younger climate regime. The breakthrough of the industrial society was a major social change with the power to influence climate. Before this turning point, man and society were climate dependent. Weather and short-term climate fluctuations had major impacts on agrarian culture. When the crops failed several years in sequence, starvation and excess mortality followed. As late as 1867–1869, northern Sweden and Finland were struck by starvation due to massive crop failures.Although economic activities in the agricultural sector had climatic effects before the industrial society, when industrialization took off in Sweden in the 1880s it brought an end to the large-scale starvations, but also the start of an economic development that began to affect the atmosphere in a new and broader way. The industrial society, with its population growth and urbanization, created climate effects. Originally, however, the industrial outlets were not seen as problems. In the 18th century, it was thought that agricultural cultivation could improve the climate, and several decades after the industrial take-off there still was no environmental discourse in the Swedish debate. On the contrary, many leading debaters and politicians saw the tall chimneys, cars, and airplanes as hopeful signs in the sky. It was not until the late 1960s that the international environmental discourse reached Sweden. The modern climate debate started to make its imprints as late as the 1990s.During the last two decades, the Swedish temperature curve has unambiguously turned upwards. Thus, parallel to the international debate, the climate issue has entered the political agenda in Sweden and the other Nordic countries. The latest development has created a broad political consensus in favor of ambitious climate goals, and the people have gradually started to adapt their consumption and lifestyles to the new prerequisites.Although historic climate research in Sweden has had a remarkable expansion in the last decades, it still leans too much on its climate change leg. The clear connection between the climate fluctuations during the last 300 years and the major social changes that took place in these centuries needs to be further studied.
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Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp. Climate Change Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.635.
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Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.
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Frew, Anthony. Air pollution. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0341.
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Any public debate about air pollution starts with the premise that air pollution cannot be good for you, so we should have less of it. However, it is much more difficult to determine how much is dangerous, and even more difficult to decide how much we are willing to pay for improvements in measured air pollution. Recent UK estimates suggest that fine particulate pollution causes about 6500 deaths per year, although it is not clear how many years of life are lost as a result. Some deaths may just be brought forward by a few days or weeks, while others may be truly premature. Globally, household pollution from cooking fuels may cause up to two million premature deaths per year in the developing world. The hazards of black smoke air pollution have been known since antiquity. The first descriptions of deaths caused by air pollution are those recorded after the eruption of Vesuvius in ad 79. In modern times, the infamous smogs of the early twentieth century in Belgium and London were clearly shown to trigger deaths in people with chronic bronchitis and heart disease. In mechanistic terms, black smoke and sulphur dioxide generated from industrial processes and domestic coal burning cause airway inflammation, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, and consequent heart failure. Epidemiological analysis has confirmed that the deaths included both those who were likely to have died soon anyway and those who might well have survived for months or years if the pollution event had not occurred. Clean air legislation has dramatically reduced the levels of these traditional pollutants in the West, although these pollutants are still important in China, and smoke from solid cooking fuel continues to take a heavy toll amongst women in less developed parts of the world. New forms of air pollution have emerged, principally due to the increase in motor vehicle traffic since the 1950s. The combination of fine particulates and ground-level ozone causes ‘summer smogs’ which intensify over cities during summer periods of high barometric pressure. In Los Angeles and Mexico City, ozone concentrations commonly reach levels which are associated with adverse respiratory effects in normal and asthmatic subjects. Ozone directly affects the airways, causing reduced inspiratory capacity. This effect is more marked in patients with asthma and is clinically important, since epidemiological studies have found linear associations between ozone concentrations and admission rates for asthma and related respiratory diseases. Ozone induces an acute neutrophilic inflammatory response in both human and animal airways, together with release of chemokines (e.g. interleukin 8 and growth-related oncogene-alpha). Nitrogen oxides have less direct effect on human airways, but they increase the response to allergen challenge in patients with atopic asthma. Nitrogen oxide exposure also increases the risk of becoming ill after exposure to influenza. Alveolar macrophages are less able to inactivate influenza viruses and this leads to an increased probability of infection after experimental exposure to influenza. In the last two decades, major concerns have been raised about the effects of fine particulates. An association between fine particulate levels and cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and morbidity was first reported in 1993 and has since been confirmed in several other countries. Globally, about 90% of airborne particles are formed naturally, from sea spray, dust storms, volcanoes, and burning grass and forests. Human activity accounts for about 10% of aerosols (in terms of mass). This comes from transport, power stations, and various industrial processes. Diesel exhaust is the principal source of fine particulate pollution in Europe, while sea spray is the principal source in California, and agricultural activity is a major contributor in inland areas of the US. Dust storms are important sources in the Sahara, the Middle East, and parts of China. The mechanism of adverse health effects remains unclear but, unlike the case for ozone and nitrogen oxides, there is no safe threshold for the health effects of particulates. Since the 1990s, tax measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have led to a rapid rise in the proportion of new cars with diesel engines. In the UK, this rose from 4% in 1990 to one-third of new cars in 2004 while, in France, over half of new vehicles have diesel engines. Diesel exhaust particles may increase the risk of sensitization to airborne allergens and cause airways inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Extensive epidemiological work has confirmed that there is an association between increased exposure to environmental fine particulates and death from cardiovascular causes. Various mechanisms have been proposed: cardiac rhythm disturbance seems the most likely at present. It has also been proposed that high numbers of ultrafine particles may cause alveolar inflammation which then exacerbates preexisting cardiac and pulmonary disease. In support of this hypothesis, the metal content of ultrafine particles induces oxidative stress when alveolar macrophages are exposed to particles in vitro. While this is a plausible mechanism, in epidemiological studies it is difficult to separate the effects of ultrafine particles from those of other traffic-related pollutants.
Book chapters on the topic "Modern Agriculture. eng"
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Akpo, Essegbemon, Chris O. Ojiewo, Issoufou Kapran, Lucky O. Omoigui, Agathe Diama, and Rajeev K. Varshney. "General Context of Smallholder Farmers’ Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties and Innovation Platform Perspectives." In Enhancing Smallholder Farmers' Access to Seed of Improved Legume Varieties Through Multi-stakeholder Platforms, 1–7. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8014-7_1.
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AbstractThe high percentage of farmers (80–90%), including the pro-poor in remote areas, who have no access to recently released and high-yielding varieties proves the failure of various seed delivery models implemented so far. The ideal model to grow a crop commodity business to reach farmers in developing countries with seed of improved legume crop varieties has been a hard topic for development organizations. Past studies have shown that the full and balanced integration of multiple stakeholders’ knowledge and contexts into the process of agricultural technology development increases the uptake and ownership among end users.
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Brando, Sabrina, and Elizabeth S. Herrelko. "Wild Animals in the City: Considering and Connecting with Animals in Zoos and Aquariums." In The International Library of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Ethics, 341–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63523-7_19.
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AbstractConnecting people with nature is a powerful concept that opens doors for relationship building and conservation messaging. The roles of wild animals in the city (e.g., in zoos and aquariums) and how we interact with them—and vice versa—must evolve along with our theoretical discussions and animal management practices in order to advance the field. While taking into consideration the long history of animals in captivity, where we are today, and were we should go in the future, this chapter reviews animal welfare and its ethical frameworks, human-animal interactions and its effect on both animals and people, wildness in zoos and how we perceive different states of origin, compassionate education programs and their efforts to instil empathy and empower people to become agents of change, and the power of modern technology in providing real connections with artificial means. In this ever-changing world, living responsibly together has never been more important.
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Södergård, Caj, Tomas Mildorf, Arne J. Berre, Aphrodite Tsalgatidou, and Karel Charvát. "Big Data Technologies in DataBio." In Big Data in Bioeconomy, 3–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71069-9_1.
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AbstractIn this introductory chapter, we present the technological background needed for understanding the work in DataBio. We start with basic concepts of Big Data including the main characteristics volume, velocity and variety. Thereafter, we discuss data pipelines and the Big Data Value (BDV) Reference Model that is referred to repeatedly in the book. The layered reference model ranges from data acquisition from sensors up to visualization and user interaction. We then discuss the differences between open and closed data. These differences are important for farmers, foresters and fishermen to understand, when they are considering sharing their professional data. Data sharing is significantly easier, if the data management conforms to the FAIR principles. We end the chapter by describing our DataBio platform that is a software development platform. It is an environment in which a piece of software is developed and improved in an iterative process providing a toolset for services in agriculture, forestry and fishery. The DataBio assets are gathered on the DataBio Hub that links to content both on the DataBio website and to Docker software repositories on clouds.
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Machado, Cristian Rivera, and Hiroshan Hettiarachchi. "Composting as a Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategy: Lessons Learned from Cajicá, Colombia." In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 17–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_2.
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AbstractMunicipal solid waste (MSW) generated in developing countries usually contains a high percentage of organic material. When not properly managed, organic waste is known for creating many environmental issues. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soil and water contamination, and air pollution are a few examples. On the other hand, proper and sustainable management of organic waste can not only bring economic gains but also reduce the waste volume that is sent for final disposal. Composting is one such recovery method, in which the end product – compost – eventually helps the agricultural industry, and other sectors, making the process an excellent example of nexus thinking in integrated management of environmental resources. The aim of this chapter is to discuss how Cajicá, a small city in Colombia, approached this issue in a methodical way to eventually became one of the leading organic waste composting examples in the whole world, as recognised by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2017. Cajicá launched a source separation and composting initiative called Green Containers Program (GCP) in 2008, based on a successful pilot project conducted in 2005. The organic waste separated at source collected from households, commercial entities, schools, and universities are brought to a privately operated composting plant chosen by the city to produce compost. The compost plant sells compost to the agricultural sector. The participants in the GCP could also receive a bag of compost every 2 months as a token of appreciation. The Cajicá case presents us with many lessons of good practice, not only in the sustainable management of waste but also in stakeholder engagement. It specifically shows how stakeholders should be brought together for long-lasting collaboration and the benefits to society. Finding the correct business model for the project, efforts made in educating the future generation, and technology adaptation to local conditions are also seen as positive experiences that others can learn from in the case of Cajicá’s GCP. Some of the concerns and potential threats observed include the high dependency GCP has on two institutions: the programme financially depends completely on the municipality, and the composting operation depends completely on one private facility. GCP will benefit from having contingency plans to reduce the risk of having these high dependencies.
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von Weizsäcker, Carl Christian, and Hagen M. Krämer. "Land." In Saving and Investment in the Twenty-First Century, 105–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75031-2_5.
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AbstractPrivate wealth is comprised in part of capitalized future land rents. The Golden Rule of Accumulation is preserved even if we introduce land into our meta-model. Urban land is far more valuable than agricultural land. The risk tied to land leads to a reduction in its value in the form of a “risk premium” α > 0. Land rents can be taxed without any possibility of the tax being passed on to tenants and without loss of efficiency. If the tax is offset by a reduction in income tax, their taxation can even give rise to efficiency gains and positive distributive effects. The possibility of government intervention in the residential rental market represents a further risk for landowners. The sensitivity of the value of land to changes in the interest rate and hence the risk premium α rise with falling interest rates. In light of these many different risks, land as investment can only to a limited extent be a substitute for government bonds and hence for increasing private wealth by way of public debt. We calculate the value of land as asset category in the OECD plus China region. To this end, we primarily rely on data from statistical offices that provide figures for land in their national balance sheets. Our calculations show that the value of land in the countries of the OECD plus China region is about twice annual consumption in the region.
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Rosenzweig, Cynthia, and Daniel Hillel. "Analysis of El Niño Effects: Methods and Models." In Climate Variability and the Global Harvest. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195137637.003.0010.
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Knowledge of climate impacts is necessarily embedded in multifaceted, multiscaled contexts. The many facets include physical, ecological, and biological factors—as well as social, political, and economic ones—interacting on a spectrum of scales ranging from the individual to the household, the community, the region, the nation, and the world. Such complexities encompass natural as well as cultural aspects. Therefore, assessing the role of climate requires a comprehensive, integrated approach. Various methods and models have been proposed or developed to aid understanding of the relationships between agriculture and climate variability (and more specifically, ENSO) in regions around the world. Relevant methods include socioeconomic research techniques such as interviews and surveys; statistical analyses of climate and agronomic data; spatial analysis of remote-sensing observations; climate-scenario development with global and regional climate models and weather generators; and cropmodel simulations. Here we describe conceptual models that guide regional analysis, a framework of methods for regional studies, and examples of research in several agricultural regions that experience varying degrees of ENSO effects. Conceptual models are important because they can guide research and application projects and help physical, biological, and social scientists work together effectively within a common context. Equally important is the role of conceptual models in promoting effective interactions between researchers and agricultural practitioners. An early conceptual model for enhancing the usefulness of seasonal climate forecasts has been called the “end-to-end” approach (figure 5.1a). This model consists of a linear unidirectional trajectory in which El Niño events precipitate climate phenomena that, in turn, induce agronomic responses, with ensuing economic consequences. In disciplinary terms, the end-to-end trajectory begins with the physical sciences, proceeds to agronomy, and then to social science—primarily economics. The end-to-end model quickly evolved into an “end-to-multiple-ends” approach (figure 5.1b) because social science consists of many disciplines besides economics. Outcomes and insights regarding the use of seasonal climate forecasts differ, depending on whether the disciplines of economics, anthropology, political science, or sociology are involved. However, a weakness of these conceptual models is the absence of agricultural practitioners (e.g., farmers, planners, input providers, and insurers) in the research process.
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Gürsoy, Songül. "Soil Compaction Due to Increased Machinery Intensity in Agricultural Production: Its Main Causes, Effects and Management." In Technology in Agriculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98564.
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In modern agriculture, most of the field operations from sowing to harvesting are done mechanically by using heavy agriculture machines. However, the loads from these heavy machines may induce stresses exceeding soil strength causing soil compaction. Nowadays, soil compaction is considered as a serious form of soil degradation, which may have serious economics and environmental consequences in world agriculture because of its effects on soil structure, plant growth and environmental events. Vehicle load, inflation pressure, number of passes, stress on the soil, and soil properties (e.g. soil water content, soil texture, soil strength, soil bulk density) play an important role on soil compaction. This chapter reviews the works related to soil compaction in agricultural areas. Also, it discusses the nature and causes of soil compaction, the effects of the compaction on soil properties, environment and plant growth, and the possible solutions suggested in the literature.
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Mishra, Satya Ranjan. "Commercial and Legal Sustainability of Contract Farming in Gujarat." In Sustainable Development and India, 134–58. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474622.003.0009.
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The chapter discusses that there is a strong need to formalize agriculture and make farmers a beneficiary of the end market opportunities. Contract farming attempts to bring in possibilities of organizing the agricultural sector by carving commercial, financial, and technological partnerships with farmers in the commodity value chain. Contract farming has been introduced in the Indian states following the enactment of the model APMC Act of 2005.The success of contract farming with commercial exuberance and regulatory safeguards will help realize the dream of the Millennium Development Goals of reducing the world poverty by half. This chapter attempts to find the success and sustainability of formal agriculture over informal agriculture through empirically evident parameters and it critically examines the present regulatory framework’s efficacy to safeguard the interest of the most prominent actor in the commodity value chain—the farmer.
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Randall, Nicola P., and Barbara Smith. "The Biological Impacts of Globalization of Agriculture." In The Biology of Agroecosystems, 108–25. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.003.0007.
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While pre-modern agriculture tended to use local resources, modern (often intensive) agriculture uses resources from a much wider area—even global in some cases. This chapter discusses the role of agriculture as a driver of global environmental change, together with issues and opportunities associated with the globalization of agriculture. The topics explored include the introduction and spread of invasive and pest species; reductions in genetic diversity; changes in the type of commodities demanded locally and globally; and loss of traditional crops. The implications of these changes for wider ecosystems are explored. The potential for some of these global drivers to act synergistically with each other and with other drivers (e.g. climate change) to impact on biological systems is also explored.
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Tell, Joakim, Maya Hoveskog, Pia Ulvenblad, Per-Ola Ulvenblad, Henrik Barth, and Jenny Ståhl. "Business Model Innovation in the Agri-Food Sector." In Disruptive Technology, 2107–21. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9273-0.ch098.
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The purpose of this article is to deepen our understanding of what we know about business model innovation in the agri-food sector, both from a theoretical as well as a practical perspective. The methodological approach used in the paper is built on interviews, focus groups and observations of agricultural entrepreneurs and agricultural advisors in the agriculture sector and a review of over 500 peer-reviewed research papers for the period 1990-2014. The findings of the study indicate that entrepreneurs within the agri-food sector ought to shift focus from only a producer perspective to also include an entrepreneurial perspective, e.g. to focus on business model innovation. Based on this knowledge the authors present implications for research and practice. The research field is young and broad, but developing, and in need of stronger theoretical foundations. This article is based on a combination of a systematic literature review of a new emerging field as well as empirical in-depth interviews, focus groups and observations.
Conference papers on the topic "Modern Agriculture. eng"
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Fedotova, O. B. "Some discourses on usage safety of the modern technologies of egg packing." In SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT EFFICIENCY AND QUALITY PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. VNIIPP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/978-5-9909889-2-7-2019-1-1-284-286.
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Pugin, K. G., and U. A. Piramatov. "IMPROVEMENT OF MODERN METHODS FOR DIAGNOSTING A HYDRAULIC DRIVE OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.563-564.
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The article discusses existing trends in the development of diagnostic methods. A description of diagnostic methods is provided. The problem of preventing complete diagnosis is considered. Negative consequences of diagnosing a hydraulic drive without taking into account dead-end branches are given.
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Suray, P. F., V. I. Fisinin, I. I. Kochish, and I. N. Nickonov. "Egg shell quality in modern poultry breeding: the molecular mechanisms of internal notch formation and its lowering ways." In SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT EFFICIENCY AND QUALITY PRODUCTION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. VNIIPP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30975/978-5-9909889-2-7-2019-1-1-262-272.
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Gharib, Mohamed, Tala Katbeh, G. Benjamin Cieslinski, and Brady Creel. "An Integrated Engineering Agriculture STEM Program." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23584.
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Abstract Pre-college project-based learning programs are essential means to increase the students’ interest toward STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) disciplines and careers. Engineering-based projects have shown significant impact on the students’ interests. Therefore, developing countries are investing strategically in their emphasis to attract students to careers in STEM fields, specifically engineering and medicine. That resulted in a steady expansion of their educational pipeline in STEM; and while that emphasis remains, there is a new and urgent need for expertise in agriculture, environmental science, life sciences and sustainability to support the agriculture industry, which is working to secure independent sources of food for their population. New interventions must be devised to stimulate broader interest in STEM fields while also increasing students’ academic readiness for advanced studies in those areas. To target the requirement of increasing people’s competencies in STEM fields, various programs have been created and designed to inspire and broaden students’ inquisitiveness toward STEM. This paper presents an integrated science-engineering program, called Qatar Invents, designed to support and enhance students’ learning of science concepts while also increasing students’ understanding of global challenges in food and water security. This goes with close connection to the desire to increase in the domestic production of agricultural resources in developing countries in recent years. Qatar Invents would engage students into learning and applying fundamental engineering skills onto relatable real-world issues: namely, in the design of hydroponics systems. Qatar Invents challenges students to develop critical thinking and problem solving skills in solving modern problems through the use of the engineering design process. With hands-on challenges, modeling, and communication training, students are motivated to tackle problems related to food security where they create hydroponics projects. Qatar Invents’ learning objectives included: teamwork, using proper toolbox skills, understanding what is engineering, the process of brainstorming, creating successful innovative designs, building prototypes, and developing presentation skills. Throughout this program, the participants were equipped with hands-on knowledge and critical thinking skills that helped them achieve their objectives. Utilizing the engineering design process, the students worked in small teams to brainstorm ideas and create inventions. The topics covered during the program included the importance of an engineering notebook and documentation, principals of engineering graphics, basics of agricultural science, foundations of hydroponics, the brainstorming practice, generating a decision matrix, proof of concept, and pitching ideas. At the end of the program, the students came up with novel solutions to serious problems wherein unique hydroponics projects were produced and presented to a panel of experts. This program attempts to build bridges between developing countries’ STEM education pipeline and the new demand of talent in the agriculture sector. All pertinent details including the preparation, instructional materials, prototyping materials, and case studies are presented in this paper.
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Kremensas, Arūnas, Agnė Kairytė Kairytė, Saulius Vaitkus, Sigitas Vėjelis, Giedrius Balčiūnas, Anna Strąkowska, and Sylwia Członka. "Mechanical performance of biodegradable hemp shivs and corn starch-based biocomposite boards." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.132.
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For the production of traditional building materials, excavated natural resources are used. The production process of such materials requires high-energy demands, wherefore, high amounts of CO2 gases, which have a great impact on climate change, are emitted. Only a small part of such materials is effectively recycled and reused. Generally, they are transported to landfills, which rapidly expand and may pollute the soil, groundwater and air. Currently, a great attention is paid to the production of novel building materials. The aim is to use as less excavated materials as possible and replace them by natural renewable resources. Therefore, the recycling and utilisation at the end of life cycle of such materials would be easier and generation of waste would reduce. This way, the efforts of switching to circular economy are being put. One of the approaches – wider application of vegetable-based raw materials (cultivated and uncultivated agricultural plants). The usage of fibre hemp shives (HS) as an aggregate and corn stach (CS) as a binding material allows development of biocomposite boards (WPCs) which could contribute to the solution of the before mentioned problems. Bio-sourced materials combined with a polymer matrix offer an interesting alternative to traditional building materials. To contribute to their wider acceptance and application, an investigation into the use of wood-polymer composite boards is presented. In this study, biocomposite boards for the building industry are reported. WPCa are fabricated using a dry incorporation method of corn starch and HS treatment with water at 100 °C. The amount of CS and the size of the HS fraction are evaluated by means of compressive, bending and tensile strength, as well as microstructure. The results show that the rational amount of CS, independently on HS fraction, is 10 wt.%. The obtained WPCs have compressive stress at 10% of deformation in the range of (2.4–3.0) MPa, bending of (4.4–6.3) MPa and tensile strength of (0.23– 0.45) MPa. Additionally, the microstructural analysis shows that 10 wt.% of CS forms a sufficient amount of contact zones that strengthen the final product. The obtained average density (~319–408 kg/m3) indicate that, according to European normative document EN 316, WPCs can be classified as softboards and used as self-bearing structural material for building industry. Based on the requirements, WPCs can be applied in dry and humid conditions for the internal and external uses without loading (EN 622-4, section 4.2) or as load-bearing boards in dry and humid conditions for instantaneous or short-term load duration (EN 622-4, section 4.3).
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Dalzhonak, Andrei, and Aliaksandr Bakatovich. "Wall blocks based on the aggregates from plant wastes." In The 13th international scientific conference “Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques”. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mbmst.2019.037.
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The article considers the possibility of using agricultural waste in the development of new building materials in the form of wall blocks. When selecting the compositions, the ideal fractions and ratios of straw to flax were determined, providing the forming of the densest frame of coarse and fine aggregates. Cement and lime were used as a binder. The effect of humidity on the durability and thermal conductivity of straw wall blocks and straw flax boon blocks were investigated. The conditions for the possible occurrence of mold on the block surface of aggregates were studied. According to the results of full-scale tests, the obtained dependencies of the temperature distribution during the coldest period of the winter season were analyzed and the high insulating ability of wall blocks was confirmed. The dependencies of the distribution of humidity over the thickness of the wall blocks after the end of the winter season testing operations were revealed. As a result of the research, a solution for the rational use of plant waste building wall blocks was proposed. The blocks can be applied to the construction of load-bearing and nonload-bearing walls in one-story buildings and multi-story frame construction when filling exterior wall openings.
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Zvaigzne, Anete, Andra Blumberga, and Saulius Vasarevičius. "APPLICATION OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS MODEL ON AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE." In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2016.33.
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Agricultural land comprises an important share of the total terrestrial land. Therefore it plays a crucial role in the health of the so-called foundation of all types of ecosystem services – biodiversity. This research aims at providing a tool for evaluating the state of biodiversity in an agricultural landscape by using different agri-environmental indicators. A system dynamics model is built that encloses agricultural land use parameters, agricultural land use intensity, landscape fragmentation patterns, crop diversity and other aspects that have an important effect on biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. This research is an attempt to use information available for public to assess the degree to which agricultural landscape may benefit from landscape greening activities, changes in crop management activities etc. At the end of this research landscape biodiversity of an intensive farming region in Latvia (Bauska district) will be evaluated.
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Campbell, Zenaida, and Nelly Meléndez. "EL TÉCNICO AGROPECUARIO GENERALISTA INA: UN MODELO CURRICULAR INNOVADOR BASADO EN UN PROCESO SISTEMÁTICO DE CONSTRUCCIÓN COLECTIVA." In V Congreso de Investigación Desarrollo en Innovación de la Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. Universidad Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47300/978-9962-5599-8-6-16.
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El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar los elementos fundamentales del currículo del técnico agropecuario generalista del Instituto Nacional de Agricultura (INA) formulado desde una metodología de aportes técnicos complementados con participación social. La formación de técnicos agropecuarios en Panamá es pertinente y relevante por cuanto en la actualidad, se requiere de apoyo experto y de escenarios didácticos modernos que permitan el desarrollo de capacidades y cambio paradigmáticos, que solo puede levantarse sobre una clara plataforma curricular y con egresados, cuyas capacidades reviertan los mitos existentes. El trabajo investigativo, producto de una construcción colectiva utilizó como referentes la teoría y metodología curricular de Diaz Barriga Díaz, Lule, Pacheco, Saad, y Rojas-Drummond (2008) y de Vargas (2008). Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo y descriptivo, con un modelo basado en proyectos formativos y con enfoque en competencias. Se realizaron entrevistas, talleres focales, con fundamento en una revisión documental de materiales relacionados con el objeto de estudio. Se concluyó con una síntesis del perfil ocupacional del técnico agropecuario generalista lo cual fue determinante para generar los elementos del modelo curricular de este profesional.
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Da Silva, Leon Tenório, and Fabio Augusto Faria. "Combinando Feature squeezing e Lottery Tickets para Detecção de Exemplos Adversariais." In Conference on Graphics, Patterns and Images. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sibgrapi.est.2020.13013.
Full textAbstract:
As redes neurais estão cada vez mais sendo utilizadas em diversas aplicações reais em diferentes domínios de conhecimento (e.g., medicina, agricultura e segurança). Entretanto, pequenas variações nos dados de entrada podem causar comportamentos totalmente inesperados do modelo aprendido. Uma técnica chamada feature squeezing tem objetivo de identificar quando imagens de teste podem causar esse fenômeno, combinada com uma estratégia de aprendizagem chamada lottery tickets mostra ser uma boa solução para tornar um modelo mais robusto aos ataques adversariais e com baixo consumo computacional.
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Wu, Zhiqiang, Shuzhong Wang, Jun Zhao, Lin Chen, and Haiyu Meng. "Investigation on Thermal and Kinetic Characteristics During Co-Pyrolysis of Coal and Lignocellulosic Agricultural Residue." In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32162.
Full textAbstract:
Co-utilization of coal and lignocellulosic biomass has the potential to reduce greenhouse gases emission from energy production. As a fundamental step of typically thermochemical co-utilization (e.g., co-combustion, co-gasification), co-pyrolysis of coal and lignocellulosic biomass has remarkable effect on the conversation of the further step. Thermal behavior and kinetic analysis are prerequisite for predicting co-pyrolysis performance and modeling co-gasification and co-combustion processes. In this paper, co-pyrolysis behavior of a Chinese bituminous coal blended with lignocellulosic agricultural residue (wheat straw collected from north of China) and model compound (cellulose) were explored via thermogravimetric analyzer. Bituminous coal and lignocellulosic agricultural residue were heated from ambient temperature to 900 °C under different heating rates (10, 20, 40 °C·min−1) with various mass mixing ratios (coal/lignocellulosic agricultural residue ratios of 100, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75 and 0). Activation energy were calculate via iso-conversional method (eg. Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Starink methods). The results indicated that pyrolysis rate of coal was accelerated by wheat straw under all mixing conditions. Cellulose promoted the pyrolysis rate of coal under equal or lesser than 50% mass ratio. Some signs about positive or passive synergistic effect were found in char yield. Char yields were lower than that calculated from individual samples for bituminous coal and wheat straw. With the increasing of cellulose mass ratio, the positive synergies on char yields were reduced, resulting in passive synergistic effect especially under higher coal/cellulose mass ratio (25/75). Nonlinearity performance was observed from the distribution of activation energy.
Reports on the topic "Modern Agriculture. eng"
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Salazar, Lina, Ana Claudia Palacios, Michael Selvaraj, and Frank Montenegro. Using Satellite Images to Measure Crop Productivity: Long-Term Impact Assessment of a Randomized Technology Adoption Program in the Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003604.
Full textAbstract:
This study combines three rounds of surveys with remote sensing to measure long-term impacts of a randomized irrigation program in the Dominican Republic. Specifically, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellite images are used to measure the causal effects of the program on agricultural productivity, measured through vegetation indices (NDVI and OSAVI). To this end, 377 plots were analyzed (129 treated and 248 controls) for the period from 2011 to 2019. Following a Differencein-Differences (DD) and Event study methodology, the results confirmed that program beneficiaries have higher vegetation indices, and therefore experienced a higher productivity throughout the post-treatment period. Also, there is some evidence of spillover effects to neighboring farmers. Furthermore, the Event Study model shows that productivity impacts are obtained in the third year after the adoption takes place. These findings suggest that adoption of irrigation technologies can be a long and complex process that requires time to generate productivity impacts. In a more general sense, this study reveals the great potential that exists in combining field data with remote sensing information to assess long-term impacts of agricultural programs on agricultural productivity.
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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.
Full textAbstract:
This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.