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1
Hole, F. "Agricultural sustainability in the semi-arid Near East." Climate of the Past 3, no. 2 (May 11, 2007): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-193-2007.
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Abstract. Agriculture began in the eastern Mediterranean Levantine Corridor about 11000 years ago toward the end of the Younger Dryas when aridity had diminished wild food resources. During the subsequent Climatic Optimum, agricultural villages spread rapidly but subsequent climatic changes on centennial to millennial scales resulted in striking oscillations in settlement, especially in marginal areas. Natural climate change thus alternately enhanced and diminished the agricultural potential of the land. Growing populations and more intensive land us, both for agriculture and livestock, have led to changes in the structure of vegetation, hydrology, and land quality. Over the millennia, political and economic interventions, warfare and incursions by nomadic herding tribes all impacted sustainability of agriculture and the ability of the land to supports its populations. In much of the region today, agricultural land use is not sustainable given existing technology and national priorities. The Near Eastern case is instructive because of the quality of information, the length of the record, and the pace of modern change.
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Hole, F. "Agricultural sustainability in the semi-arid Near East." Climate of the Past Discussions 2, no. 4 (July 21, 2006): 485–518. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-2-485-2006.
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Abstract. Agriculture began in the eastern Mediterranean Levantine Corridor about 11 000 years ago toward the end of the Younger Dryas when aridity had diminished wild food resources. During the subsequent Climatic Optimum, agricultural villages spread rapidly but subsequent climatic changes on centennial to millennial scales resulted in striking oscillations in settlement, especially in marginal areas. Natural climate change thus alternately enhanced and diminished the agricultural potential of the land. Growing populations and more intensive land use, both for agriculture and livestock, have led to changes in the structure of vegetation, hydrology, and land quality. Over the millennia, political and economic interventions, warfare and incursions by nomadic herding tribes all impacted sustainability of agriculture and the ability of the land to support its populations. In much of the region today, agricultural land use is not sustainable given existing technology and national priorities. The Near Eastern case is instructive because of the quality of information, the length of the record, and the pace of modern change.
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HUNGER, OLGA V., and SANDZHI V. KOTEEV. "THE IDEA OF AN AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PAST AND THE FUTURE, WITHIN AND BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS." Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 226, no. 6 (2020): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2020-226-6-204-222.
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Historical memory is an important foundation in the development of the modern world. The Moscow Society of Agriculture (MOSKh) left behind a rich historical legacy, which left an imprint not only on the development of the agricultural industry in Russia, but, most likely, influenced the formation of agricultural associations abroad. Since the end of 1885, the German Agricultural Society (DLG — DLG) has existed in Germany. Historical facts confirm the similarity of the ideas for the creation of both organizations, and the fact of DLG’s successful activity for almost 135 years suggests that these ideas are relevant to this day.
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Zhao, Yue Ling, Hai Yan Han, Li Ying Cao, and Gui Fen Chen. "The Nutrients Spatial Variability of Black Soil Based on GIS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 694 (November 2014): 580–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.694.580.
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The precision agriculture (PA) is the end product of the modern high tech's information technology and the agricultural production technology union. The soil nutrients are not only an important component of soil research, but also a critical determinant of its productivity. Some soil nutrients spatial distribution pictures were established based on important factors that affect crops production. The soil nutrient situation was understood by the paper in Jilin province black soil. The results can realized some information opening and sharing and helped some farmer and manager to understand some soil nutrient spatial distribution. They can speed up the development of Jilin province’s precision agriculture.
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Osabohien, Romanus, Oluwatoyin Matthew, Obindah Gershon, Toun Ogunbiyi, and Ebere Nwosu. "Agriculture Development, Employment Generation and Poverty Reduction in West Africa." Open Agriculture Journal 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501913010082.
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Background: The problem of poverty eradication has been limited to the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) region, which accounts for more than 40% of the world's poor population. The majority of these people are rural farmers who depend solely on agriculture for livelihood. Agriculture in West Africa remains the largest means of employment in which more than 60% of the sub-region’s active labour force is involved. Objective: This study examined the potentials of agriculture to generate employment for the people, thereby reducing the level of poverty in West Africa. Methods: The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) econometric technique was employed in this study for the panel data covering the period of 17 years (2000 to 2016). Results: Results from the study showed that agriculture provides the opportunity for the poor to increase their earnings to escape the poverty trap, whether the poor can seize these agricultural opportunities depends on their human capital development. Conclusion: The study, therefore, concluded that effective policies (e.g. social protection) should be formulated in the agricultural development plans that will prioritize sustainable land and water management, access to markets, and the food security. To achieve this, the use of modern methods should be encouraged through farm incentives to boost agricultural production and increase farmer’s income which is earned through the sale of agricultural commodities, and thus; in the long run, increase the revenue accruing to the government and reduce the rate of poverty.
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Angelakιs, Andreas N., Daniele Zaccaria, Jens Krasilnikoff, Miquel Salgot, Mohamed Bazza, Paolo Roccaro, Blanca Jimenez, et al. "Irrigation of World Agricultural Lands: Evolution through the Millennia." Water 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051285.
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Many agricultural production areas worldwide are characterized by high variability of water supply conditions, or simply lack of water, creating a dependence on irrigation since Neolithic times. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evolution of irrigation of agricultural lands worldwide, based on bibliographical research focusing on ancient water management techniques and ingenious irrigation practices and their associated land management practices. In ancient Egypt, regular flooding by the Nile River meant that early agriculture probably consisted of planting seeds in soils that had been recently covered and fertilized with floodwater and silt deposits. On the other hand, in arid and semi-arid regions farmers made use of perennial springs and seasonal runoff under circumstances altogether different from the river civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and early dynasties in China. We review irrigation practices in all major irrigation regions through the centuries. Emphasis is given to the Bronze Age civilizations (Minoans, Egyptians, and Indus valley), pre-Columbian, civilizations from the historic times (e.g., Chinese, Hellenic, and Roman), late-Columbians (e.g., Aztecs and Incas) and Byzantines, as well as to Ottomans and Arabs. The implications and impacts of irrigation techniques on modern management of water resources, as well as on irrigated agriculture, are also considered and discussed. Finally, some current major agricultural water management challenges are outlined, concluding that ancient practices could be adapted to cope with present challenges in irrigated agriculture for increasing productivity and sustainability.
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Volkonskaya, Anna, Olga Pashkina, Natalia Galenko, Oleg Kurlikov, and Velta Parsova. "Electronic form of procurement in agricultural enterprises." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700127.
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Today in Russia the main components of digital economy are as follows: electronic trading, public services, export-import activity and constantly developing system of purchasing activity at state enterprises. The system of purchases has to conform to the requirements of modern digital technologies For this purpose at the end of 2018 the President of the Russian Federation proposed to transfer the government and corporate procurement to an electronic form. However, the analysis showed that procurement activities carried out in the form of electronic bidding in agricultural enterprises had a number of problems. These problems are related to the nature of agriculture. For example, seasonality is a key to agricultural performance. In this regard, the system of commercial transactions, including electronic trades, should be as adapted as possible to the peculiarities of agricultural production.
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Yi, Myong-hwa. "The end of the 19th century Byeon-Su's Modern Perception of Agriculture." Society of History Education 73 (February 28, 2020): 289–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.17999/sohe.2020.73.09.
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Czyżewski, Bazyli, Agnieszka Sapa, and Piotr Kułyk. "Human Capital and Eco-Contractual Governance in Small Farms in Poland: Simultaneous Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Variables." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010046.
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Human capital (HC) plays an important role in modern agriculture. The difference in efficiency of assets explains only about a half of the economic performance of agricultural farms, while the other half relies on HC. Although education and training are the main components of HC, it may also be viewed from the perspective of behavioral theories that were taken under consideration in this study. The role of HC in sustainable farming has not been sufficiently explained when it comes to contractual governance (CG). In this study, the meaning of contractual governance was extended and the eco-contractual governance (ECG) concept was proposed, which stands for CG induced by agri-environmental contracts. The main objective of the article is to confirm the latent concepts of HC and ECG and to verify their correlation in view of the standards imposed by the agricultural policy. To achieve this goal, a structural equation model was developed and simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal variables was carried out based on the sample of 674 small farms in Poland. The analysis has confirmed a relatively strong correlation between HC and ECG. It was revealed that training plays a crucial role in this relationship, while economic dependence on agricultural policy weakens the effectiveness of both HC and ECG.
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Czyżewski, Bazyli, Agnieszka Sapa, and Piotr Kułyk. "Human Capital and Eco-Contractual Governance in Small Farms in Poland: Simultaneous Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Variables." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010046.
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Human capital (HC) plays an important role in modern agriculture. The difference in efficiency of assets explains only about a half of the economic performance of agricultural farms, while the other half relies on HC. Although education and training are the main components of HC, it may also be viewed from the perspective of behavioral theories that were taken under consideration in this study. The role of HC in sustainable farming has not been sufficiently explained when it comes to contractual governance (CG). In this study, the meaning of contractual governance was extended and the eco-contractual governance (ECG) concept was proposed, which stands for CG induced by agri-environmental contracts. The main objective of the article is to confirm the latent concepts of HC and ECG and to verify their correlation in view of the standards imposed by the agricultural policy. To achieve this goal, a structural equation model was developed and simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal variables was carried out based on the sample of 674 small farms in Poland. The analysis has confirmed a relatively strong correlation between HC and ECG. It was revealed that training plays a crucial role in this relationship, while economic dependence on agricultural policy weakens the effectiveness of both HC and ECG.
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Subaeva, Asiya, and Fayaz Avhadiev. "TRAINING OF PERSONNEL FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, no. 2 (August 5, 2021): 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-133-137.
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In connection with the introduction of digital technologies, many companies plan to hire new employees with digital competencies, or retrain existing employees in the workplace, or outsource some functions to external contractors, thereby reducing the number of employees who do not have the required competencies. Based on the analysis of the different approaches of the existing educational standards for the four enlarged groups of specialties and areas of training that determine the agricultural profile of agricultural universities, it can be concluded that in many educational standards of higher education institutions there are no competencies for the formation of digital literacy among students (master’s and master’s degrees) in the rest it is only the initial stage of digital literacy. In this regard, the development and implementation of a model for the transformation of agricultural personnel into digital agriculture, based on the principle of continuity, network interaction, social responsibility of business and education, is becoming the most relevant.
To solve this problem, to form a modern system of training personnel for agriculture in the digital economy, a model of the cluster-network platform “Advanced training and training of personnel in the conditions of digital transformation of agriculture” has been designed, which will allow adapting the educational potential of programs to specific requirements and the formation of digital competencies; to form an effective system of end-to-end and continuous acquisition of new competencies in the digital economy by bringing together representatives of science, government and business into a single digital space. Thus, this project will allow participants to complement each other to increase the intensity of activities at the digital stage of agribusiness transformation, and industry educational institutions to become centers of regional development
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Fountas, Spyros, Nikos Mylonas, Ioannis Malounas, Efthymios Rodias, Christoph Hellmann Santos, and Erik Pekkeriet. "Agricultural Robotics for Field Operations." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 7, 2020): 2672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092672.
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Modern agriculture is related to a revolution that occurred in a large group of technologies (e.g., informatics, sensors, navigation) within the last decades. In crop production systems, there are field operations that are quite labour-intensive either due to their complexity or because of the fact that they are connected to sensitive plants/edible product interaction, or because of the repetitiveness they require throughout a crop production cycle. These are the key factors for the development of agricultural robots. In this paper, a systematic review of the literature has been conducted on research and commercial agricultural robotics used in crop field operations. This study underlined that the most explored robotic systems were related to harvesting and weeding, while the less studied were the disease detection and seeding robots. The optimization and further development of agricultural robotics are vital, and should be evolved by producing faster processing algorithms, better communication between the robotic platforms and the implements, and advanced sensing systems.
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Davcev, Zivko. "IMPACT OF THE NORM ON THE EXPLOITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA." Applied Researches in Technics, Technologies and Education 16, no. 2 (2018): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/artte.2018.02.002.
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The paper describes the results obtained from the questionnaires of four groups of tractor drivers by age structure related to the relationship during the exploitation of tractors and agricultural machinery. However, remarks and their opinions were taken with recommendations which should and how to change in the modern way in the exploitation of agricultural mechanization. With a special aspect of handling, maintenance, seen from the expertise and age structure of the tractor drivers themselves. An important segment occupies the set norm and the personal income of the tractor drivers themselves. It is a trend in introducing a new technique in agriculture, with modern, more productive. Which requires changing the norms, but it also requires changing the monthly income of the tractor drivers themselves. This is a very interesting factor that directly affects the storage and maintenance of agricultural machinery. It also depends on the appearance of defects as well as the total costs of servicing and repairs. That is why we took up the analysis of this issue, because one thing is related to each other and at the end of the year an analysis is made of the total costs that always appear in the exploitation as planned and unplanned and always arise as a result of less or greater concern of the immediate handlers. The problem is very interesting and from the aspect of education, which category of tractor drivers with different education is easier to handle, what kind of receipts are received and the attitude of the man to the machine. It is also interesting and contemporary issues, because in practice we are introducing more modern machines with abundant electronics and computerization that have already received very good trainings. Basically, if production technology changes due to modern agricultural machinery, then there is a necessity in changing the set norms and personal income.
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Boulet, Anne-Karine, Carlos Alarcão, António Ferreira, and Rudi Hessel. "Conciliating Traditional Green Manure Technique and Modern Precision Agriculture." Proceedings 30, no. 1 (May 21, 2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019030070.
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Currently the productivity of some European cropping systems is maintained artificially by increasing production factors like mineral fertilizers or pesticides in order to mask the loss of productivity resulting from soil quality degradation. Green manures are known as a good alternative to the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides. They are an important source of nitrogen and reduce significantly weed invasion. Nevertheless, the literature providing a precise quantification of total nutrients available for plants after incorporation of leguminous species cultivated in Portugal is scarce. This lake of knowledge’s makes farmers worried about hypothetic productivity loss, making them to use excessive complementary amounts of mineral fertilizer. Providing farmers with tools to calculated accurately the reduction of mineral fertilizer will increase their gain and avoid environmental pollution by nutrients lixiviation. Under the scope the international H2020 SoilCare project, a study was conducted during the winter and spring of 2018–2019 at Baixo Mondego valley in Central Portugal, where the main land use is the monoculture of irrigated corn. The nutrient uptake was determined for 5 species of legumes: pre-inoculated Pea (Pisum sativum L.); Yellow Lupin (Lupinus luteus), Red Clover (Trifolium pratense); Balansa Clover (Trifolium michelianum); Arrowleaf Clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) and a control (natural vegetation). For each treatment, we determined total dry matter yield for leguminous and weeds, macronutrients uptake (N and P Total, K, Na, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients uptake (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn). Combining soil analyses, theoretical main crop needs in nutrients (short cycle grain maize) and mineralization rates, we calculated the precise amendment needed to obtain the expected yield of maize in what concerns the macronutrient. The production of total dry matter (leguminous and weeds) was very similar for the 5 treatments e.g., about 7 ton/ha. Nevertheless, considering leguminous production, the higher dry matter yields was obtain for the Arrowleaf Clover and the lower for the Red Clover respectively 5.5 and 3.5 ton/ha. The Macronutrient content (N,P,K) of the leguminous ranged between 22.9 and 28.0 g/kg for N, 2.4 and 3.1 g/kg for P and 12.1 and 31.5 g/kg for K. The Yellow Lupin presented the higher values of N, the clovers the higher values of P and K. The total quantity of macronutrients incorporated in the soil was in average 152 kg/ha for N, 20 kg/ha for P and 170 kg/ha for K with the higher quantities for Arrowleaf Clover. We considered a mineralization coefficient of 0.5 for N and 0.6 for P during the first year and a nutrient extraction of 280 kg/ha of N, 50 kg/ha of P and 245 kg/ha of K, for a production yield of 12 t/ha of corn grain. After correction of plant needs following the soil analyses results, we determinate an optimized fertilization rate of 180-40-0, were the green manure supplies about 35%, 25% and 100% of the NPK extraction of the grain maize.
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Grahovac, Mila, Dusanka Indjic, Sanja Lazic, and Slavica Vukovic. "Biofungicides and their applicability in modern agricultural practice." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 24, no. 4 (2009): 245–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0904245g.
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Agricultural production in developed countries undergoes various changes, some of which take place at consumers' request, while others are of ethical importance. This is especially true of plant protection. A global demand for reducing the use of chemical pesticides, which are regarded as harmful to the consumer, induce the development of new, less harmful and sustainable strategies of plant protection. Many chemical pesticides have been excluded from further use (e.g. organochlorine insecticides, methyl bromide) due to their potential risk to human health, the environment and non-target organisms, or development of resistance of harmful organisms to those substances. A need for developing alternative protection systems in the future is beyond doubt and they should be implemented either as an addition or a substitute for conventional pesticides. Well-considered use of biological products in combination with other protection measures would meet the requirements for producing sanitary and health-safe agricultural products, and food in general. In the paper, we discuss the modes of action, formulation types and applicability of different biological fungicides, and list them individually with their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the production and application risks associated with biological products.
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Weible, Daniela, Inken Christoph-Schulz, Petra Salamon, and Katrin Zander. "Citizens’ perception of modern pig production in Germany: a mixed-method research approach." British Food Journal 118, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 2014–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-12-2015-0458.
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Purpose – The wide divergence of the people’s expectations and agricultural reality results in conflicts between the agricultural sector and the general public. Contemporary animal husbandry systems are being increasingly critically addressed by media; however, there is no information about peoples’ perceptions and attitudes concentrating precisely on specific animal husbandry systems. The purpose of this paper is to explore citizens’ perceptions, expectations and main points of criticism in regard to intensive pig production in Germany, and to identify and describe distinct population groups reflecting different attitudes. Design/methodology/approach – A mixed method approach combining qualitative focus groups with a quantitative online survey has been employed. Focus groups capture a wide variety of opinions and concerns in an exploratory manner. Based on these findings, the quantitative survey (n=1,500 citizens) allowed the identification and characterisation of population groups with identical attitudes regarding pig husbandry. Findings – Qualitative research uncovered a huge range of criticism on pig husbandry, e.g. lack of space, frequency and prophylactic use of medications as well as a lack of care. A relationship was seen between the lack of space, widespread use of medications and behavioural disorders. Consumer preferences for buying cheap meat were believed to be part of the problem since this behaviour fosters the development of larger farms. Quantitative research confirmed the generally critical perception and identified three population groups. Only one third of the population was really concerned about animal husbandry. Younger people and people with better knowledge of agriculture were stronger opponents of intensive pig husbandry. Practical implications – Results indicate that increasing people’s knowledge may have an adverse effect on their acceptance of modern farming systems. More communication and better information strategies will probably not improve societal acceptance by itself. Instead, agricultural production systems need to be improved to meet better consumers’ expectations whereas communicating these improvements to consumers and the general public in a well-targeted manner will be required as well. Originality/value – When considering options for enhancing public acceptance of modern animal husbandry, a combination of different strategies by different stakeholders is needed. The agricultural sector should improve its communication with the general public and rethink its production practices against the background of public expectations. The government and its agencies urgently need to improve monitoring of the compliance of actual production practices with existing laws and to enforce them. Additionally, adjustments of current regulations of animal husbandry in light of public expectations should be considered.
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Shi, Hong, and Bing Su. "Molecular Adaptation of Modern Human Populations." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2011 (December 30, 2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/484769.
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Modern humans have gone through varied processes of genetic adaptations when their ancestors left Africa about 100,000 years ago. The environmental stresses and the social transitions (e.g., emergence of the Neolithic culture) have been acting as the major selective forces reshaping the genetic make-up of human populations. Genetic adaptations have occurred in many aspects of human life, including the adaptation to cold climate and high-altitude hypoxia, the improved ability of defending infectious diseases, and the polished strategy of utilizing new diet with the advent of agriculture. At the same time, the adaptations once developed during evolution may sometimes generate deleterious effects (e.g., susceptibility to diseases) when facing new environmental and social changes. The molecular (especially the genome-wide screening of genetic variations) studies in recent years have detected many genetic variants that show signals of Darwinian positive selection in modern human populations, which will not only provide a better understanding of human evolutionary history, but also help dissecting the genetic basis of human complex diseases.
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Fried, Tal, Lior Weissbrod, Yotam Tepper, and Guy Bar-Oz. "A glimpse of an ancient agricultural ecosystem based on remains of micromammals in the Byzantine Negev Desert." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 1 (January 2018): 171528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171528.
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It is widely believed that Byzantine agriculture in the Negev Desert (fourth to seventh century Common Era; CE), with widespread construction of terraces and dams, altered local landscapes. However, no direct evidence in archaeological sites yet exists to test this assumption. We uncovered large amounts of small mammalian remains (rodents and insectivores) within agricultural installations built near fields, providing a new line of evidence for reconstructing anthropogenic impact on local habitats. Abandonment layers furnished high abundances of remains, whereas much smaller numbers were retrieved from the period of human use of the structures. Digestion marks are present in low frequencies (20% of long bones and teeth), with a light degree of impact, which indicate the role of owls (e.g. Tyto alba ) as the principal means of accumulation. The most common taxa—gerbils ( Gerbillus spp.) and jirds ( Meriones spp.)—occur in nearly equal frequencies, which do not correspond with any modern Negev communities, where gerbils predominate in sandy low-precipitation environments and jirds in loessial, higher-precipitation ones. Although low-level climate change cannot be ruled out, the results suggest that Byzantine agriculture allowed jirds to colonize sandy anthropogenic habitats with other gerbilids and commensal mice and rats.
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Захарова, Галина, and Galina Zakharova. "STRATEGIC VECTORS OF DEVELOPMENT THE AGRARIAN SECTOR OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 14, no. 2 (July 29, 2019): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d3e1732366a74.99146672.
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Over the past century, the directions of agricultural development have radically changed. In the first half of the twentieth century, the main problem was the fight against hunger, providing the population with bread. Interruptions in the supply of bread in 1917 caused riots and led to the February Revolution in Russia. In the early 20s, in order to fight hunger, a new economic policy was introduced, which gave the peasants the opportunity to restore agriculture. At the end of the 1920s, collectivization, started with the aim of increasing agricultural production to meet the country’s growing urban population and the raw materials needs of industry, turned into a new hunger, the elimination of which was the most important task of collective farms. After World War II, in 1946, there was hunger again, and the post-war restoration of agriculture was aimed at overcoming it. The ambitious program for the development of virgin lands in the 1950s was also primarily aimed at achieving a sustainable bread supply for the population. Crop failure in 1963-1964 once again put the country on the brink of hunger. The problem was solved by importing grain from other countries. In the 1990s, the problem of food supply arose again. This was due not to a shortage of food, but to the low incomes of a large part of the Russian population. The dynamically changing macroeconomic conditions make their own adjustments to the prioritization of directions for the development of agriculture in Russia. In the agricultural sector, a number of documents have been developed that reflect the promising directions for the development of the industry [1, 2]. The implementation of the goals and objectives of the long-term development of the agrarian sector of the Russian economy will be largely determined by both the macroeconomic situation in the country and the significant improvement in climate in international cooperation. The article discusses the key vectors of development of the agricultural sector in modern conditions. An economic assessment of the state of implementation of these areas is given, their positive and negative sides are noted.
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Rodríguez-Soto, Lina Marcela, Arley Bejarano Martínez, and Iván Darío Arellano-Ramírez. "DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MOBILE APPLICATION FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY IN GREENHOUSE CROPS." INMATEH Agricultural Engineering 59, no. 3 (December 20, 2019): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-59-18.
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The tendency in recent years to improve worldwide agricultural production has opened the door to innovative research techniques to prevent diseases, pests, and negative consequences due to climate variations in crops. This study aims to develop an acquisition system using the embedded BeagleBone Black and the DHT 22 sensor, which allow measuring the physical parameters of temperature and relative humidity; these were registered in a database that was created in MySQL. The system was implemented within a greenhouse crop; additionally, a mobile application was developed, written in Kotlin language, to facilitate monitoring the physical parameters of temperature and relative humidity remotely, so that farmers can collect valuable information about their crops wherever they are. This development was carried out using a client-server structure, making use of free software and hardware, which makes for a low-cost, easily-implemented system for farmers. The monitoring system worked as expected, and the information obtained was reliable. The results show that the implementation is useful in greenhouse agriculture and that, through digital innovation, effective agricultural practices can be improved which could increase production and decrease costs, making use of modern technologies.
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Naz, Lubna. "Paul Roberts (ed). The End of Food. New York: Mariner Books Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Bosten. 2009. xv+330 pages. (Price not given)." Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 183–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v50i2pp.183-185.
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The modern food economy has evolved over time. The calorie dense food (meat) has taken the place of plants and a technologically driven agriculture system has replaced the traditional food system. Several factors such as industrial revolution, opening of trade, end of communism, female market participation and technological change have contributed in shaping the rules of modern food production system. The endless efforts of the scientists geared towards discoveries has led to a green revolution in the field of agriculture and have done enough to untrue the earlier predictions of mass famine by Thomas Malthus. However, all such man made progress has not done much to resolve challenges of food security, food economy liberalisation and food safety being faced by every country today. This book presents well researched answers to questions raised at every forum on global food security such as; how did the primitive food system evolve into its present shape, what has motivated less spending on food, what has promoted the idea of convenience food in retail business, what has led to technology driven revolution in agriculture output, what radical steps are needed to escape from evils of hunger and malnutrition in the present world, what provokes food producers in developed countries to rule out unfettered functioning of food trade, and finally what turns around the progress that has ever been made in agriculture.
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Gridina, Tatyana, and Ulyana Aleksandrova. "Studying specific features of growing aquatic animals together with plants and bacterial strains in aquaponic unit." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2020-1-96-102.
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The article touches upon the acute problems of eco-agriculture and decreasing quantity and quality of food products in large cities. The solution to the main problem of agriculture at present – namely, increasing the yield of biological products - should be obtained through the use of new technologies and modern methods of growing fish and agricultural products. Joint cultivation of different types of fish, agricultural plants and bacterial strains in a modular installation opens up enormous opportunities to make the production more efficient, to reduce the time for growing plants, and to obtain safe products. In cultivation process the waste products of farmed fish become the fertilizers for growing crops by the hydroponic method. The data on growing tilapia and strawberries in the aquaponic unit with addition of a bacterial strain are presented. In the course of the experiment there was analyzed the physiological state of tilapia: indicators of weight gain, fatness ratio. Joint cultivation of fish and plants in the unit leads to accumulating high concentrations of nitrogen compounds in plants, which not only gives the product unpleasant taste, but can also result in health problems of the end user. The accumulation of nitrates in plants reduces the diversity of farmed agricultural products. There was carried out an experiment on using bacterial isolate (bacterial strain) to reduce the proportion of nitrates in the system and accelerate the development of plants. Adding a bacterial strain to the plant reduced the level of nitrates. Besides, possessing the economically useful properties (stimulation of plant growth and development), the bacterial strain inhibited the development of pathogens. The practical value is the opportunity to get safe and environmentally friendly fish and vegetable products in a shorter time.
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Rahman, Taiabur, Shifat Ara, and Niaz Ahmed Khan. "Agro-information Service and Information-seeking Behaviour of Small-scale Farmers in Rural Bangladesh." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 30, no. 1-2 (December 2020): 175–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120977259.
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Agriculture is the mainstay of Bangladesh’s economy, accounting for 15.89% of its GDP and 45.1% of its labour employment. Efficiency of economic activities in agriculture crucially depends on the flow of information relating to farming decisions, as well as on demand for such information by farmers. This study examines the information needs and information-seeking behaviour of small-scale farmers in rural Bangladesh. Opinions and feedback of farmers were collected through mini–focus group discussions (MFGD) and in-depth interviews (IDI) in seven districts across Bangladesh. The study finds that many farmers lack awareness of where and how to obtain agro-information. The priority areas on which farmers typically seek information include seeds, fertilisers, agriculture credit, irrigation, disease and pest management. The information-seeking behaviour of the farmers depends on two variables: the nature of the crisis and the reliability of the information available. Farmers rely on personal experience and informal networks when the nature of crisis is familiar or non-critical; they rely on multiple external sources when the nature of crisis is critical and personal knowledge proves inadequate. The use of information and communications technology (ICT) (such as Union Digital Centers and Agricultural Helplines) in this regard is minimal, and the potential of utilisation of the office of agriculture extension remains untapped. The major constraints faced by the farmers in seeking information using modern ICT include farmers’ prevailing norms and perceptions (e.g., resistance to change and adoption of new technology), relatively high costs of and low awareness regarding agro-information, poor infrastructure to be able to support ICT services, spatial inconvenience, in terms of location and availability of ICT facilities, and low literacy among the farmers.
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Subedi, Arjun, Achyut Luitel, Manisha Baskota, and Tri Dev Acharya. "IoT Based Monitoring System for White Button Mushroom Farming." Proceedings 42, no. 1 (November 14, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-6-06545.
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In Nepal, most of the farmers depend upon traditional agricultural practices. Adapting modern agricultural technology plays an important role in improving overall efficiency as well as the productivity of their yields. In modern agriculture, the Internet of Things (IoT) connects farmers to their farm via sensors so that they can easily monitor the real-time conditions of their farm from anywhere. The White Button Mushroom is a widely cultivated crop among Nepalese farmers. Although being the most consumed and cultivated crop, it is still overshadowed by the traditional cultivation approach, which is resulting in low productivity, high manpower efficiency, and more effort and cost. This work aims to develop a monitoring system to monitor the environmental conditions of a mushroom farm. It enables a user to monitor crucial factors such as temperature, humidity, moisture, and light intensity on a mushroom farm through the end devices. White Button Mushroom requires an optimum temperature ranging from 22 to 25 °C and humidity from 70% to 90%. Sensors are placed at fixed locations and spots of the farm. Then, the sensors measure the status of parameters, which are transmitted to the remote monitoring station via a low power Node MCU (micro-controller unit). Thus, obtained data are stored in a cloud platform. The codes for the controller are written in the Arduino programming language, debugged, compiled, and burnt into the microcontroller using the Arduino integrated development environment. The result shows successful monitoring of environmental conditions accessing the Internet from anywhere. It minimizes human efforts and automates production, which could be beneficial to Nepalese farmers.
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Johnson, Kimberley S. "Racial Orders, Congress, and the Agricultural Welfare State, 1865–1940." Studies in American Political Development 25, no. 2 (September 21, 2011): 143–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898588x11000095.
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One of the key questions posed by analysts of modern, twentieth-century agricultural politics is, “How and when did agrarian democracy end and the dominance of agribusiness interests begin?” In this article I argue that the roots of this transformation lie in the origins of the agricultural welfare state and the overlapping of its birth with distinct eras in America's racial orders—those moments in time when political players mobilized coalitions and institutions around racial issues such as slavery, Reconstruction, or the segregated state of the Jim Crow order. As a result of these historical overlaps, the agricultural welfare state was shaped in surprising and not-well-understood ways by America's racial orders. In order to trace these two intertwining aspects of racial governance and agricultural welfare state development, I provide a reinterpretation of the development of the agricultural welfare state from its Civil War origins to its New Deal transformation. I show that, from 1865 to 1964, the confluence of racial orders, partisan alignments, and congressional orders created an agricultural welfare state in which African Americans were variously included and excluded in a pattern of “two-tier” citizenship. The broader racial governance aims of the Jim Crow order also had a significant role in shaping the development of the organizational ethos and administrative structures and practices within the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The practice of “two-tier” agricultural citizenship, which initially affected only African American and other minority farmers, was gradually extended to reflect the divide between large commercial farmers and the rural poor (including small farmers). The results from this analysis strengthen our understanding of how the American welfare state has been shaped—in particular, the ways in which racial governance and racial orders are deeply embedded in the American state building process.
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Gocheva, Margarita, Velika Kuneva, and Georgi Gochev. "The Internet of Things in Agriculture - the advantages and opportunities." Agricultural Sciences 13, no. 30 (September 20, 2021): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22620/agrisci.2021.30.008.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) has become increasingly popular in the recent decade. The Internet of Things helps people live and work smarter, as well as gain complete control over their lives. The concept of the IoT went widely into practice in different fields – Infrastructure, Production, Healthcare, Banks, Smart cities, Insurance, Media, Retail, Connected homes / Smart buildings, Agriculture, and many more. Modern agriculture can show its potential and importance by using these innovative technologies. The measuring devices, ensuring the transformation of data for the external environment into machine-readable data, at the same time filling the computing environment with significant information are very important. A wide range of measuring devices is used, from elementary sensors (e.g. temperature, pressure, illumination), consumption meters (e.g. smart meters) to complex integrated measuring systems. Satellites, drones, wireless sensor networks, analytical farming devices systems, farm management systems, big data applied to the farm are very useful and applicable in smart farming. The Internet of Things is a huge opportunity for farmers to monitor their crops and increase productivity, to monitor their livestock, to manage all the processes in their work and to take decisions at the right time. The article analyzes issues related to the modern IoT methods and their usage in general and in the area of agriculture. The main goal is to analyze the current state of IoT and its potential in areas of rural development and agriculture in the Republic of Bulgaria.
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Nardi, Marco. "The role of the seed sector in Italy for a modern and competitive agriculture." Italian Journal of Agronomy 11, no. 2 (June 14, 2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2016.761.
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The high number of seed companies that are active on the Italian market provides our agriculture with the most appropriate varieties. Italy is particularly suited for growing seed crops: thanks to its favourable environmental conditions and also to the high level of professional skills of companies and farmers, Italy plays a leading role in the multiplication and export of vegetables, rice and sugarbeet seeds. In many cases, seeds grown in Italy are exported for conditioning and then re-imported for distribution to the end users. In 2014 the annual turnover for seed sales in Italy was approximately EUR 680-700 million, at wholesale level and excluding the incidence of chemical seed treatment. The difference between the value of seed imports and exports has been negative in the last few years of an average amount of approximately EUR 100 million. At the moment there are about 300 seed companies trading on the Italian market (220 for agricultural plant species and 80 for vegetable species). Seed multiplication is also a great income opportunity for farmers: every year approximately 15,000 Italian farmers devote around 220,000 ha to grow seed crops. The use of high quality seed today represents not only a simple means to start a new cultivation, with a healthy, well identified and traced product, but an efficient way to transfer plant breeding results to farmers, in order to cope with the need of innovation and sustainability. Through the purchase and planting of certified seeds farmers support and strengthen variety research and innovation.
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Manyam*, Harish Reddy, E. B. V. Sri Ram, Lasya Kalidindi, Y. M. S. Mangesh, and A. Neeraj. "Agro Defence: Engineering for Agriculture." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 10 (August 30, 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.i9383.08101021.
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Today’s world is unimaginable without technology, which plays a key role in all fields of society. We see numerous technological developments in all kinds of fields like automobiles, communication, Artificial Intelligence, etc. So, we have come up with something which can help the agricultural sector. The main aim of this application is to create an interface between farmers and farm produce consumers and it connects farmers across India with the end buyers eliminating the middlemen. To help the farmers, the buyers can pre-book for a crop so that farmers don’t need to take a loan. Without added expense to promote and distribute products farmers can earn better prices for their products and Seasonal crops like mango, rabi, peas, barley, etc. may drive to large market potential like paddy, wheat, etc. will regulate sales in local areas too. The farmers can achieve huge market potential through the transport of these seasonal crops. Mainly this application works throughout the process i.e., pre-processing, processing and post-processing of the crop and interfacing farmers with technological aid to address the labor shortage, product knowledge on chemical inputs and market linkages. This is how we imagined modern technological advancements in the development of the most underrated yet the most important sector i.e. Agriculture. This way the farmers can not only make additional income but also can live with contentment.
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Lorenzo, Francesco Di, Giovanni Dinelli, Ilaria Marotti, and Grazia Trebbi. "Systemic Agro-Homeopathy: A New Approach to Agriculture." OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine 06, no. 03 (May 11, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/obm.icm.2103020.
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Modern agriculture must meet the changing needs of society both in terms of food quality and with regards to the environmental issues related to primary production (e.g., biodiversity, habitats, the quality of water and air, and climate change). In this context, win-win solutions at the farm level are required, with more sustainable food production, as well as, a reduction in air, water, and soil pollution, and loss of biodiversity and natural resources. To address these issues, a new emerging discipline called “systemic agro-homeopathy” is currently being developed. This approach considers plants and their interactions with the environment as a unified agroecosystem, called the “holon” and it is based on the use of substances at ultrahigh dilutions that are safe for farmers and have no ecological side effects. This report describes the principles and the application of this approach.
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Haapala, Hannu. "User-Centred Design and Multi-Actor Approach in Agricultural Innovations – Case: Combi Drill Design." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 13, no. 2 (April 28, 2019): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2018-13-2-15-19.
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Abstract.The author has shown that modern technologies do not always meet the expectations of farmers, and this may adversely affect the pace of innovation. It has been confirmed that the developers of agricultural equipment do not clearly understand the context of the use of products and identified the need to use a multi-factor approach: therefore, partners possessing specific knowledge in different areas should join efforts in project activities at all stages of innovation. (Research purpose) To prove that a user-centered design and a multi-factor approach in the development of agricultural machinery increase their efficiency and accelerate the introduction of innovations. (Materials and methods) It is shown that Finnish research and development projects of agricultural machinery design involve numerous participants and end users. For example, the seven-metre-wide combi drill ‘Junkkari W700’ was designed by the Finnish manufacturer Junkkari Oy in close cooperation with end-users and researchers. As a result of the innovation process several benefits have been realized. The drill is easy to operate and service. The users appreciate the straight-forward construction and moderate cost of the drill as compared to competing pneumatic drills. The need for hydraulics is minimized and the row spacing and coulter design has been optimized so that economical tractors with moderate drawbar power can be used. The ISOBUS-based control electronics was designed to be fitted either in the existing tractor or, if ISOBUS is missing, with an optional cable-set and terminal. That enables the users to easily integrate the drill in existing machine chains, having either modern or older tractors, without extra tractor investments. Much attention was put on quality, e.g. individual feeders for every coulter give accurate dosage of seed and fertilizer. The prototyping together with end-users and researchers enabled Junkkari to speed up the innovation process. (Results and discussion) Several benefits proved to have been realized. First of all, the drill is easy to operate and service. The users appreciate the straight-forward construction and moderate cost of the drill as compared to competing pneumatic drills. The need for hydraulics is minimized and the row spacing and coulter design has been optimized so that economical tractors with moderate drawbar power can be used. The ISOBUS-based control electronics as well as an optional cable-set and terminal were designed to be fitted either in the existing tractor. That enables the users to easily integrate the drill in existing machine types, having either modern or older tractors, without extra tractor investments. The design quality was approved, e.g. individual feeders for every coulter give accurate metering of seeds and fertilizers. (Conclusions) The author proves that user-centered design and multi-factor approach methodologies have benefits both for the users and manufacturers. Swift innovation process saves resources and minimizes the need for excess iterations in the innovation process.
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Moreno-Martínez, Ernesto. "Perspectivas de la investigación en fitopatología." Botanical Sciences, no. 55 (April 25, 2017): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.1453.
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Approximately only 30 cultivated plants provide the world supply of calories and proteins constituting more than 90% of the human diet. One of the strongest trends toward preserving global natural resources, which has the potential to reverse the current world food crisis involves the concept of sustainable agriculture. This concept allows for better use and protection of natural resources and more efficient management of materials for food production (e.g., fertilizers, pesticides, etc) toward the production of food in regions which are currently deficient with a minimum compromise of the environment. Plant diseases have always created a problem for food production worldwide. In the past fifteen years, a variety of plant diseases have threatened crops of great economic importance in México and in other Latin American countries. Research performed in Mexico has been responsible for greaty alleviating some of the compromise to agricultural production caused by these plant diseases. In the case of wheat, the stem rust was finally brought under control by the brilliant research achievements of Dr. Norman E. Borlaug and his team of Mexican scientists, who in 1970, received the Nobel Prize for World Peace. The agricultural research of this century has yielded enormous advances in plant breeding, in the use of soil and water, in the development of agricultural machinery for growing as well as harvesting crops. Now, however, the focus must be toward a more prudent use of chemicals in the name of global environmental integrity. The achievements of modern biotechnology through the use of special techniques such as tissue culture and genetic engineering contribute to an optimistic vision of world food production for the future of mankind. Two of the most important challenges for our country in the field of agricultural biotechnology are the upbringing of highly qualified human resources and the formation of research groups in touch with the problems that affect agricultural production.
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Picuno, Caterina, Zoe Godosi, Kerstin Kuchta, and Pietro Picuno. "Agrochemical plastic packaging waste decontamination for recycling: Pilot tests in Italy." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 50, no. 2 (June 25, 2019): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2019.958.
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Agriculture, one of the main economic pillars in Europe, plays a growing important role towards the environmental sustainability of the extra-urban land, in which the agricultural activities may proactively contribute to control and regulate the whole ecological conditions. Modern agriculture currently needs big quantities of agrochemicals, which are necessary for the growth and protection of crops and animals. These agrochemicals are commercially distributed to consumers in many types of containers. The most widely used packaging solutions usually employ plastic materials (e.g., containers for liquid pesticide; sacks for granular fertiliser; etc.). These materials, after the use of the agrochemical, need to be decontaminated, before being entrained in a recycling process, in the framework of a circular economy. In the present paper the main results coming from a EU-funded international project are reported, with specific reference to a pilot station that was realised in Italy with the aim to implement and test a codified system for the decontamination of these plastic containers for agrochemicals. The experimental tests were supported by relevant laboratory analysis, which have confirmed that the triple-rinsing decontamination procedure - traditionally employed by farmers for washing and decontaminating these containers - may be effective only under some well-defined conditions. Triple rinsing by farmers has indeed led to an only partial decontamination of the plastic containers, if farmers did not follow an appropriate triple-rinsing protocol, or did not triple-rinse the containers immediately after their emptying.
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Filip, Martin, Tomas Zoubek, Roman Bumbalek, Pavel Cerny, Carlos E. Batista, Pavel Olsan, Petr Bartos, et al. "Advanced Computational Methods for Agriculture Machinery Movement Optimization with Applications in Sugarcane Production." Agriculture 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2020): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100434.
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This paper considers the evolution of processes applied in agriculture for field operations developed from non-organized handmade activities into very specialized and organized production processes. A set of new approaches based on the application of metaheuristic optimization methods and smart automatization known as Agriculture 4.0 has enabled a rapid increase in in-field operations’ productivity and offered unprecedented economic benefits. The aim of this paper is to review modern approaches to agriculture machinery movement optimization with applications in sugarcane production. Approaches based on algorithms for the division of spatial configuration, route planning or path planning, as well as approaches using cost parameters, e.g., energy, fuel and time consumption, are presented. The combination of algorithmic and economic methodologies including evaluation of the savings and investments and their cost/benefit relation is discussed.
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Zaytsev, S. Yu, and N. V. Bogolyubova. "Pig breeding development and analysis of the modern pork market in Russia." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 7 (2021): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202107007.
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Pig breeding is one of the key areas for the development of livestock meat production both in Russia and in the world. According to forecasts of various agro-industrial companies and information and analytical agencies, by the end of 2020, pork production was predicted to grow similar to that in 2019, which was 5,1% (or more than 192,6 thousand tons, in slaughter weight, compared to 2018). This would represent more than a third of the total meat production in Russia, which was estimated at 11,04–11,22 million tons (as compared to 10,9 million tons in 2019). According to preliminary data from the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation (dated February 4, 2021), pork production increased "at 8.9% by 2019, which in live weight is +446 thousand tons", while the total meat production in Russia in 2020 reached 15,6 million tons, an increase of 3,1% (+472 thousand tons) more than in 2019. These indicators significantly exceed the forecasts indicated above, which is associated with the implementation of investment projects (primarily with state participation) in this direction and "expansion of export opportunities for Russian suppliers" in 2020. Despite the sanctions, coronavirus and other global challenges to the Russian economy, pork has been the "main driver" for the growth of meat production in Russia in recent years. Now our country is on the 4th line in the ranking according to the pig numbers (46.5 million heads in 2019) after China, the European Union and the United States of America. Agricultural enterprises in Russia account for 83,4% of pigs, 14,6% – on personal subsidiary plots, 2,0% – on farms. According to experts, the long-term development trend is an increase in the number of pigs in 5 years by 27,7%, in 10 years – by 36,1%, and the annual increase in pork production is planned at about 5%. Thus, in recent years, pork production has determined a positive trend in all domestic livestock farming in terms of the volume and quality of meat produced in Russia.
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Koutsos, Thomas, and Georgios Menexes. "Economic, Agronomic, and Environmental Benefits From the Adoption of Precision Agriculture Technologies." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 10, no. 1 (January 2019): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2019010103.
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Precision agriculture (PA) as an integrated information- and production-based farming system is designed to delivery high-end technology solutions to increase farm production efficiency and profitability while minimizing environmental impacts on the ecosystems and the environment. PA technologies are technology innovations that incorporate recent advances in modern agriculture providing evidence for lower production costs, increased farming efficiency and reduced impacts. However, the adoption of the precision agriculture technologies has encountered difficulties such as additional application or management costs and investment on new equipment and trained employees. Some of these PA technologies were proven efficient, providing tangible benefits with lower costs and as a result they quickly gained scientific interest. To investigate further the economic, agronomic, and environmental benefits from the adoption of PA technologies a systematic review was conducted, based on the systematic search and evaluation of related eligible articles.
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Iost Filho, Fernando H., Wieke B. Heldens, Zhaodan Kong, and Elvira S. de Lange. "Drones: Innovative Technology for Use in Precision Pest Management." Journal of Economic Entomology 113, no. 1 (December 7, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz268.
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Abstract Arthropod pest outbreaks are unpredictable and not uniformly distributed within fields. Early outbreak detection and treatment application are inherent to effective pest management, allowing management decisions to be implemented before pests are well-established and crop losses accrue. Pest monitoring is time-consuming and may be hampered by lack of reliable or cost-effective sampling techniques. Thus, we argue that an important research challenge associated with enhanced sustainability of pest management in modern agriculture is developing and promoting improved crop monitoring procedures. Biotic stress, such as herbivory by arthropod pests, elicits physiological defense responses in plants, leading to changes in leaf reflectance. Advanced imaging technologies can detect such changes, and can, therefore, be used as noninvasive crop monitoring methods. Furthermore, novel methods of treatment precision application are required. Both sensing and actuation technologies can be mounted on equipment moving through fields (e.g., irrigation equipment), on (un)manned driving vehicles, and on small drones. In this review, we focus specifically on use of small unmanned aerial robots, or small drones, in agricultural systems. Acquired and processed canopy reflectance data obtained with sensing drones could potentially be transmitted as a digital map to guide a second type of drone, actuation drones, to deliver solutions to the identified pest hotspots, such as precision releases of natural enemies and/or precision-sprays of pesticides. We emphasize how sustainable pest management in 21st-century agriculture will depend heavily on novel technologies, and how this trend will lead to a growing need for multi-disciplinary research collaborations between agronomists, ecologists, software programmers, and engineers.
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Virsaladze, Naira, and Malvina Kipiani. "PANDEMIC, GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS AND FOOD SECURITY OF THE COUNTRY." Economic Profile 16, no. 1(21) (July 16, 2021): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52244/ep.2021.21.01.
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Agriculture is an important and organic part of the national economy of any country. Its role is great in ensuring the country's food security, improving the balance of payments and strengthening state independence. The state and proportions of development of other sectors of the national economy depend on the level and speed of development of agricultural production. This connection is reflected in both technical-technological and industrial-economic connections. At the same time, this connection is bilateral, with the increase of agricultural production, the structure and quality of food of the population improves, the volume of imported food decreases, which has a positive impact on reducing the balance of payments deficit and increasing the degree of independence of the country. Due to the important role of agriculture, the field received a lot of attention in the first years of the restoration of independence, which is confirmed by the agrarian policy developed and implemented during that period, whose primary task was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. In connection with the important role of agriculture in the first years of the restoration of independence of the region, much attention was paid, which is confirmed by the agricultural policy developed and implemented during this period, the main task of which was to ensure the country's food security and strengthen food independence. At the same time, it was a great challenge for a country with a devastated economy, followed by significant reforms in agriculture, restructuring of the sector and the creation of an appropriate legal framework, the integration of state regulation of the market economy and self-regulatory mechanisms. However, under the influence of a number of external and internal factors, it was not possible to fully implement the developed agrarian policy. Agriculture is still characterized by low productivity and, consequently, by a small share in the sectoral structure of the national economy. The country has serious problems in supplying and providing vital agricultural products such as wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, meat and poultry. The global pandemic and the resulting global economic crisis have put the issue of solving the country’s food security problem on the agenda. To this end, the revitalization of rural areas, social stability and balancing the level of migration from rural to urban areas should be a priority. Establishing food security is a complex task and is primarily the responsibility of the government. There is no universal mechanism for solving the global food security problem in the world today. This problem must be solved at the national level, as food security is considered to be a level of national food production that allows the principle of self-sufficiency of the population and state reserves with food to be implemented in accordance with scientifically substantiated norms. The current severe economic crisis in the country has further intensified the social background and demanded the strengthening of the stimulating and organizing function of the state. The issue of state regulation of the agricultural sector should be considered in close connection with the development of entrepreneurship and self-regulation of production at the micro level, and priority should be given to measures that maximize the adaptation of producers to market economic conditions, increase production efficiency and competitiveness, which will ultimately contribute to the saturation of the market with domestic products and state food security. It should also be noted that recent years and even more so the pandemic process, have once again confirmed the notions of omnipotence on the market mechanism. The market does not have a magic wand that will solve all the problems by itself and regulate the existing problems. The myth of the role of the "invisible hand" and the crisis itself is a thing of the past. The modern world community supports the social orientation of the economy, therefore "realizing the dangerous nature of social polarization", which can not be solved by bypassing state regulation and mechanisms.
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Feizabadi, Yaser, and Effat Masomi Gorji. "Analysis of effective factors on agricultural water management in Iran." Journal of Water and Land Development 38, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2018-0040.
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AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse the factors affecting agricultural water management in Iran based on irrigation experts’ point of view using factor analysis approach. The results indicated that conservation of modern irrigation equipment, promoting farmers’ knowledge, creating a watercourse (surface water collection), imposing a ban on digging new wells and educating the effectiveness of pressurized irrigation system were all known as the most important factors affecting agricultural water management. Moreover, factor analysis results showed that five factors influencing agricultural water management (institutional and legislative, educational and promotional, economic, technical and farming system) explained 64.29% of the total variance. At the end, some policy suggestions were provided in order to improve agricultural water management in Iran.
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Özbek, Nadir. "Tax Farming in the Nineteenth-Century Ottoman Empire: Institutional Backwardness or the Emergence of Modern Public Finance?" Journal of Interdisciplinary History 49, no. 2 (August 2018): 219–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01267.
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Although tax farming—the delegation of tax collection to private individuals for profit—was common in most European countries prior to the nineteenth century, this privatized form essentially disappeared from Europe with the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. In the Ottoman Empire of the nineteenth century, however, tax farming remained an important instrument for extracting revenue from customs transactions, domestic and international trade, and agricultural production. The Ottoman case is unique not only for retaining this mechanism within a larger revenue collection system, even beyond the end of the century, but also for deploying it to collect the tithe, a direct tax on agricultural production. This fiscal system, which made perfect sense within the Ottoman context, was hardly archaic and primitive when considered within a broader framework.
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Raza, Ali, Ali Razzaq, Sundas Mehmood, Xiling Zou, Xuekun Zhang, Yan Lv, and Jinsong Xu. "Impact of Climate Change on Crops Adaptation and Strategies to Tackle Its Outcome: A Review." Plants 8, no. 2 (January 30, 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8020034.
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Agriculture and climate change are internally correlated with each other in various aspects, as climate change is the main cause of biotic and abiotic stresses, which have adverse effects on the agriculture of a region. The land and its agriculture are being affected by climate changes in different ways, e.g., variations in annual rainfall, average temperature, heat waves, modifications in weeds, pests or microbes, global change of atmospheric CO2 or ozone level, and fluctuations in sea level. The threat of varying global climate has greatly driven the attention of scientists, as these variations are imparting negative impact on global crop production and compromising food security worldwide. According to some predicted reports, agriculture is considered the most endangered activity adversely affected by climate changes. To date, food security and ecosystem resilience are the most concerning subjects worldwide. Climate-smart agriculture is the only way to lower the negative impact of climate variations on crop adaptation, before it might affect global crop production drastically. In this review paper, we summarize the causes of climate change, stresses produced due to climate change, impacts on crops, modern breeding technologies, and biotechnological strategies to cope with climate change, in order to develop climate resilient crops. Revolutions in genetic engineering techniques can also aid in overcoming food security issues against extreme environmental conditions, by producing transgenic plants.
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Geneste, Jean-Michel, Bruno David, Hugues Plisson, Jean-Jacques Delannoy, and Fiona Petchey. "The Origins of Ground-edge Axes: New Findings from Nawarla Gabarnmang, Arnhem Land (Australia) and Global Implications for the Evolution of Fully Modern Humans." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22, no. 1 (February 2012): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774312000017.
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The grinding of stone to make sharp cutting edges did not evolve with the emergence of biologically modern humans in Africa, but late in the Pleistocene at the completion or nearcompletion of the Out-of-Africa 2 migration. Here we discuss the earliest securely-dated fragment of ground-edge axe from Australia, dated at 35,500 cal. bp, an age slightly older or comparable to the earliest ages for edge-grinding from the Pacific Ocean's western seaboard. In this region ground-edge axes did not evolve with the emergence of agriculture, nor for the clearance of forests, but, rather, as socially mediated technology, part of the development of symbolic storage that is the hallmark of the evolution of cognitively modern humans at the geographical end, during, or following, Out-of-Africa 2.
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Komaniak, R. "The state of production and marketing of agrarian products by agricultural enterprises of Lviv region." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 92 (May 11, 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-e9205.
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In this publication the research of activity of one of the important components of the subjects of agrarian, namely: functioning of agricultural enterprises, was conducted. These organizational and economic structures in the agrarian sector of the economy have fallen in the early stages of the implementation of agrarian reforms in Ukraine (at the end of the 20th century). This is the result of unwarranted transformations in agriculture. In modern conditions, and they began in the early 21st century, there are dynamic processes of the revival of large-scale agricultural production, based on which agricultural enterprises. It is these organizational and economic structures of the Lviv region that underlies the preparation and writing of this article. The presentation of the research results was conducted in a certain logical publication. The introduction substantiates the relevance of the chosen topic of studying its significance for the further development of agrarian production, it is indicated in the selection of research activities of agricultural enterprises of Lviv region during 2000–2017. The specific effects of the research are reflected in the numerical indicators in tabular forms. Thus, in particular, shows the volumes of production for the above-mentioned years and its share in its total volumes in the Lviv region. The above information gives grounds to assert that the agricultural enterprises of Lviv region dynamically increase the absolute indicators of gross production of agrarian products in general and in sectoral terms in particular. The publication presents data on the level of use of agricultural land by investigated subjects of economic activity. There are also positive changes and indicators of production of agrarian products per 100 hectares of agricultural land are much higher than in the farms of the population, which in the Lviv region is the dominant form of management. The volumes of sales of agricultural products by agricultural enterprises are presented in the natural indices for its main types, which also have a strong tendency to increase, with the exception of some types of livestock products. The publication also presents the dynamics of changes in prices for the represented types of crop and livestock products, and at the same time we note that in order to establish certain patterns of their changes, it is necessary to carry out separate studies on the functioning of the price mechanism in the agrarian sector of the economy. Conclusions are derived from the results of the study and are specific. Their implementation should ensure the growth of production and implementation of agricultural products by agricultural enterprises of Lviv region in such quantities that would ensure the domination of these organizational and economic structures in the agrarian sector of the economy.
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Godlewska, Katarzyna, Anita Biesiada, Izabela Michalak, and Paweł Pacyga. "The Effect of Botanical Extracts Obtained through Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on White Head Cabbage (Brassica Oleracea L. Var. Capitata L.) Seedlings Grown under Controlled Conditions." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 2, 2020): 1871. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051871.
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This research presents the possibility of using innovative botanical extracts as biostimulants of plant growth to improve plant nutritional value, growth, and development. It is important to increase agricultural production but this process should be carried out in a sustainable way, without causing risks for both the environment and consumers. For this reason, we have focused on the use of 14 natural raw materials and ultrasound assisted extraction for the production of biostimulants. Results proved that higher plants can be used to obtain valuable products for the application in modern horticulture and agriculture. For instance, extract based on Urtica dioica L. showed the highest biostimulatory properties: in the group sprayed with 0.1% extract cabbage seedlings were longer by 31%, while with 1.0% extract of Polygonum aviculare L. roots were longer by 72% than in the control group treated with water. Extracts based on Equisetum arvense L. (0.5%) and Urtica dioica L. (leaf) (0.1%) increased the fresh weight of sprouts by 113% and 112%, respectively. The highest root weight was observed in groups treated with Equisetum arvense L. (0.5%), Polygonum aviculare L. (0.5%), and Urtica dioica L. (leaf) (2.5%)—heavier by 207%, 206%, and 205%, respectively. Most of biostimulants increased the content of pigments involved in photosynthesis (e.g. 156% more chlorophyll for 0.1% Hypericum perforatum L. extract), decreased the content of polyphenols (e.g. 47% less for 2.5% Trifolium pretense extract), and showed a varied impact on antioxidant activity. There is an increasing interest in botanical extracts due to their high content of biologically active compounds and wide variety of application possibilities.
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Cesco, Stefano, Youry Pii, Luigimaria Borruso, Guido Orzes, Paolo Lugli, Fabrizio Mazzetto, Giulio Genova, et al. "A Smart and Sustainable Future for Viticulture Is Rooted in Soil: How to Face Cu Toxicity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11030907.
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In recent decades, agriculture has faced the fundamental challenge of needing to increase food production and quality in order to meet the requirements of a growing global population. Similarly, viticulture has also been undergoing change. Several countries are reducing their vineyard areas, and several others are increasing them. In addition, viticulture is moving towards higher altitudes and latitudes due to climate change. Furthermore, global warming is also exacerbating the incidence of fungal diseases in vineyards, forcing farmers to apply agrochemicals to preserve production yields and quality. The repeated application of copper (Cu)-based fungicides in conventional and organic farming has caused a stepwise accumulation of Cu in vineyard soils, posing environmental and toxicological threats. High Cu concentrations in soils can have multiple impacts on agricultural systems. In fact, it can (i) alter the chemical-physical properties of soils, thus compromising their fertility; (ii) induce toxicity phenomena in plants, producing detrimental effects on growth and productivity; and (iii) affect the microbial biodiversity of soils, thereby influencing some microbial-driven soil processes. However, several indirect (e.g., management of rhizosphere processes through intercropping and/or fertilization strategies) and direct (e.g., exploitation of vine resistant genotypes) strategies have been proposed to restrain Cu accumulation in soils. Furthermore, the application of precision and smart viticulture paradigms and their related technologies could allow a timely, localized and balanced distribution of agrochemicals to achieve the required goals. The present review highlights the necessity of applying multidisciplinary approaches to meet the requisites of sustainability demanded of modern viticulture.
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Sharma, Poonam, and Anita Sharma. "CONCEPT OF DUSHI VISHA (CUMULATIVE TOXICITY) IN MODERN ERA: A CRITICAL REVIEW." International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Pharmacy 12, no. 1 (March 2, 2021): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7897/2277-4343.120122.
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In present era, thousands of harmful toxins are accumulated in environment are taken by human beings in different forms. These harmful toxins cause cumulative toxicity in human being which results in symptoms that can be seen slowly after their long- term use. These harmful toxins may be of Sthavara Visha/plant origin (e.g. Fruits and vegetables contaminated with pesticides, ripening agents, infections, heavy metal toxicity in plants, Maida, Pollen grains, dust, Latex from plants) Jangama Visha/ animal origin (e.g. Animal dander, adulteration in milk and milk products, Sea food containing heavy metals such as Hg, PCBs) Kritrim Visha (e.g. Toxic ingredients in cosmetics, Food preservatives, Food Flavouring agents, Synthetic Colour Additives, Environmental Pollution, Agricultural poisons, Medications like aspirin etc.). This Cumulative toxicity is similar to Dushi Visha as described in Ayurveda. A poison, which is having fewer properties, which means less than ten classical properties that a poison should contain, or either the poison which is having lesser potency of all the ten properties, attains a latent stage in the body is called as Dushi Visha (latent poison). The aim and objectives of this study is to study the concept of Dushi Visha in modern era and its toxic effects on human body.
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Devos, Isabelle, Torsten Wiedemann, Ruben Demey, Sven Vrielinck, Thijs Lambrecht, Philippe De Maeyer, Elien Ranson, Michiel Van den Berghe, Glenn Plettinck, and Anne Winter. "STREAM (Spatiotemporal Research Infrastructure for Early Modern Brabant and Flanders): Sources, Data and Methods." International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing 12, no. 2 (October 2018): 102–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ijhac.2018.0217.
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This article presents the technical characteristics of the Belgian STREAM-project (2015–2019). The goal of STREAM is to facilitate and innovate historical research into local and regional processes through the development of a spatiotemporal infrastructure for early modern Brabant and Flanders, two of the most urbanized and developed areas of pre-industrial Europe. To this end, STREAM systematically collects a range of key data from a diversity of historical sources to provide a geographically comprehensive and long-run quantitative and spatial account of early modern society at the local level (parishes, villages, towns) regarding territory, transport, demography, agriculture, industry and trade, related to the development of a tailored historical geographical information system (GIS) based on the well-known Ferraris map (1770–1778). This article discusses the possibilities and pitfalls of the data collection and the construction of a spatial infrastructure for the pre-statistical era.
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Islam, MR, MA Baten, SMA Hossain, SM Afroz, and K. Naher. "Factors affecting plant biodiversity in the homesteads of rural areas under process of modernization in Bangladesh." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 8, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v8i1.38228.
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A study was carried out at selected villages in Gazipur district of Bangladesh during 2008- 2009 to assess the changes in biodiversity of rural homesteads with modernization and factors affecting the biodiversity. Three villages were selected purposively considering their degree of modernization e.g. traditional, semi-modern and modern village and biodiversity at 40 randomly selected homesteads from each of the three villages were studied. Shannon- Wiener diversity index (H) value for traditional village (1.652) was statistically similar to semi-modern village (1.373) but significantly higher (t = 2.47*) than that of modern village (1.029). It indicates that plant biodiversity is decreasing significantly with modernization and/or urbanization. For assessing factors affecting biodiversity in the homesteads, a total of 26 factors were considered of them 15 factors had significant relationship with biodiversity. Factors like, family size, establishment of homestead, agricultural knowledge, nutritional knowledge, primary health care knowledge, environmental awareness, innovativeness, homestead area, income from homestead, savings, access to credit, disturbance of theft and predators, and utilization of modern agro-technologies had significant positive relationship; while ‘fragmentation of homestead’ and ‘sanitation’ had significantly negative relationship with homestead biodiversity. Linear multiple regression analysis showed that eight factors such as, agricultural knowledge, nutritional knowledge, environmental awareness, homestead area, income from homestead, innovativeness, homestead fragmentation and sanitation had significant contribution to homestead biodiversity. These eight significant factors explained 75.2 percent (adjusted R2 = 0.752) of the total variation in the homestead biodiversity. However, stepwise regression analysis revealed that ‘homestead area’ had the largest possible contribution (55.7%) to variation in the homestead biodiversity, followed in descending order by agricultural knowledge (9.5%), income from homestead (5.0%), environmental awareness (2.9%), sanitation (2.3%), nutritional knowledge (1.6%), innovativeness (1.0%) and fragmentation of the homestead (1.0%).Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 8 (1): 44-54, June, 2018
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Wang, Xiaolei, Apurbo Sarkar, Hongyu Wang, and Fuhong Zhang. "Does Participation in Agricultural Value Chain Activities Influence Smallholder Fruit Grower Production Performance? A Cross-Sectional Study of Apple Farmers in Shandong, China." Horticulturae 7, no. 6 (June 15, 2021): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060153.
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The value chain comprises several factors and activities useful for strengthening production and distribution by connecting producers with suppliers, intermediaries, and marketplaces and collaboratively creating added value for products or goods. However, the values of agricultural products mostly depend on various factors and actors, which should be linked together for fostering added values. Thus, there may be strong ground for facilitating a smooth transition of the agricultural value chain (AVC) within the prospects of emerging countries. It could be a key means of promoting a profound connection between smallholder farmers and modern agriculture facilities. It could be especially crucial for the highly perishable and high-value product such as fruits. The main aims of the study are to evaluate the factors influencing smallholder apple farmers’ participation in the agricultural value chain and determine whether participation in AVC improves farmers’ production performance. The empirical setup of the study was chosen based on survey data of apple growers in Shandong, China. The propensity score matching (PSM) and inverse probability weighted regression adjustment (IPWRA) models were employed to craft the study’s outcomes. The main conclusions are as follows. (1) Fruit farmers’ gender, total household expenditure, housing value, planting scale, planting years, degree of specialization, days of family labour input, and total days of employment have significant effects on their participation in AVC activities. (2) Fruit farmers’ usage of improved fertilizers and organization participation supports a higher yield and net income per acre. (3) Participating in two kinds of AVC can significantly improve the yield per acre and net income per acre compared with only using one type of AVC (improved fertilizer). Policy makers should improve the existing policy by eliminating institutional barriers and enhancing human factors for farmers to participate in high-value chain activities. Governments should extend technical support, and enhance training facilities, and comprehensively promote the AVC among smallholder farmers. Finally, farmers’ organizations (e.g., cooperatives and credit organizations) should come forward to help facilitate the effectiveness of AVC.
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Miczyńśka-Kowalska, Maria. "Social and economic development of the Lublin voivodeship." University Economic Bulletin, no. 41 (March 30, 2019): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-41-126-136.
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Relevance of research topic. Development is determined by consecutive social and structural formations that describe economic systems of particular societies, religion, features of the social structure, demographic factors, discoveries, inventions, culture diffusions, social movements. In the 21st century, the global economy has been subject to changes. Currently, greater attention is drawn to knowledge, modern technologies and innovations. Development consists of many factors, e.g. geographical location, natural resources, financial capital, human capital, use of modern technologies, government policy. The Lublin Voivodeship is one of the poorest developing regions of Poland. Subject of research. This paper is about the social and economic development of the Lublin Voivodeship. Purpose. Theoretical and practical analysis of theoretical and practical dimensions of the social and economic development based on the example of Lublin Voivodeship. Methods. Analysis of statistical data correlated with an analysis of literature sources. Study results. So far the Lublin Voivodeship has been mainly an agricultural region. The lack of well-developed industrialisation and land fragmentation are conditioned by the situation from before ages. The Lublin region is also relatively poorly developed with regard to infrastructure. Migrations from the region also pose a threat. Its great potential in the form of academic facilities and tourism constitutes its advantage. Application of results. Research of economic and social development problems, regional studies, educational process. Conclusions according to the article. Long-term development of the Lublin region should be based on its identified advantages. As data show, they include agricultural production, well-educated employees and tourist assets of the region. The 2014-2020 Strategy for the Lublin Voivodeship Development establishes four strategic directions of activities: strengthening of the region's urban development; restructuring of agriculture and development of rural areas; selective increase in the potential of knowledge, technological advancement, regional entrepreneurship; functional, both spatial and social (cultural) integration of the region. A part of solutions introducing changes should be initiated at the local, self-governmental level. Activities aimed at the development of subregional towns, connected with transfer of some services from Lublin, which already has the good development potential, are important. Use of support at the regional level and use of the EU funds under implemented programmes are necessary.
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Petrović, Dragan, Vjekoslav Tadić, Vera Cerović, and Rade Radojević. "Symbolic representation of hydraulic aggregates and systems." Poljoprivredna tehnika 46, no. 2 (2021): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/poljteh2102076p.
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Efficient transmission of energy from arbitrary types of primary sources and/or energy converters towaward appropriate control units and/or consumers can be a more or less complex process. In analogue to other existing branches of modern technology, energy transfer in agricultural machinery needs to be carried out very carefully, applying optimized technical solutions in each specified case. This factcts, (among many other problems) implies energy transmission that is technically, technologically, economically and environmentally aligned with the often difficult to predict dynamic needs of system components and the end user, with acceptable losses -at least in a wide range of possible environments defined by various possible conditions. This paper is the first upgrade of the series dedicated to the symbolic graphic representation of hydraulic system components according to valid technical standards. In this sense, the text presents and functionally describes only some of the much larger set of typical examples of hydraulic energy transmission and associated control functions in modern agricultural technology.