Journal articles on the topic 'Modern fortification'

The relevance of modern means of fortification and creation of new principles of spatial and urban planning solutions for special structures of defense, law enforcement and penitentiary systems, and border protection are investigated. It was researched that the presence of artificial intelligence, modern means of computer equipment and communications enables withdrawing human resources from the area of direct military clashes, and thus, the fortification will not have to protect a person on the battlefield anymore. Scientific and technological progress offers the latest firing systems with automatic target recognition and destruction. Thus, field fortification would enter the fundamentally new features that are not related to a person's protection from the means of destruction. Techniques for camouflage practicing, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices would also become fundamentally new. The techniques for disguising, ensuring suddenness and the effectiveness of the use of defensive structures and devices will also become fundamentally new. As it was mentioned in the article, nowadays, terrible future that was described by numerous futurists and anti-utopians is here already. The global information networks, hybrid warfare, encroachments not on the burnt desert but on the thinking of the population of countries being subjected to aggression. It is precisely clear that the peace agreements reached as a result of the Second World War have been grossly trampled over by the imperial claims of the Russian Federation. Thus, there is an urgent need for scientific research that will provide the further development of the fortification as a complete field of the military engineering. The article points put that such investigations are likely to be carried out, but they are not advertised, as it should be in military affairs. The current state of affairs in Ukraine is really alarming. We are in a state of permanent armed conflict with an enemy who is stronger than us, practically protecting the world from the aggressive imperial encroachments of the Putin regime. It is a challenge for us: how to build defense, including fortifications. Meanwhile, there is only a loud embarrassment with so-called "Yatseniuk's wall".

The article examines the evolution of the castle fortifications, which for each region and historical period had their own characteristic features and their relationship with the planning structure of small towns in Podillya. The features of the formation of fortification systems, which influenced the architectural and planning structure of the cities of Podillya at the turn of the XVI-XVII centuries, are revealed. The castle`s fortification and fortification system of the cities of Berezhany, Zhovkva, Brody, Stanislav, Zbarazh, Medzhybozh and others are considered. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of changes in the fortification system of cities of the structural-typological level and the use of the modern bastion system, which supplanted the fortifications of the medieval type. The influence of these changes on the intensity of development of small cities in Podillya in the period of the XVI-XVII centuries is analyzed. Attention is focused on the formative influence of the fortifications of castle structures on the architectural and planning structure of cities, which was often decisive at the last stage of the formation of castles and their fortification. The process of uniting the castle and the city is considered, which went through different stages of re-planning: from placing the castle separately, through the interaction of fortification and up to the stage of obtaining a general outline of the city fortifications. The role of castle fortifications in the system of fortifications of the small cities of Podillya is determined. The influence of the development of fortifications of castles and their merger with the defense structure of the city on the urban planning process of the cities of Podillya of XVI-XVII centuries is investigated. The formation of castle fortifications in the historical, architectural, town-planning aspects and their influence on the architectural and planning structure of the small cities of Podillya and significance of this influence for understanding the future development of small historical cities of Podillya are considered.

Scholarship traditionally emphasises the destructive nature of wars on landscapes, with the impact of military activities on forests referred to most frequently. Modern weapons and, consequently, modern warfare have undoubtedly had a tremendous impact on landscapes. The American Civil War, the two World Wars and the Viet Nam War all fundamentally changed the landscape of the areas where they were fought. Two distinct problems regarding the impact of pre-modern warfare on forests are discussed in contemporary literature; the deliberate destruction of forests — that is scorched earth tactics — and the different war-related industries. The article approaches the second problem using the example of the western part of the Carpathian Basin in the early modern period. The area in question was affected by a period of war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Empire (including the Kingdom of Hungary) that lasted approximately one and a half centuries. During this period (ca. 1540−1690), the Ottomans gradually expanded their power to part of this area. In order to secure the hinterlands on both sides, major fortification works began in the middle of the sixteenth century. According to the scholarship, this had a devastating impact on the forest resources in the area as most of the fortifications were built of wood. The article offers a methodology to study the impact of fortification works on forest resources, which, with some limitations, can be applied to other case study areas as well. The timber requirement of an individual earth and wood fortification can be estimated relatively easily, and by gathering a database on the fortifications in a certain area, drawn from existing scholarly opinion, the most important new sphere of timber consumption can be understood with at least a rough approximation. In this article, I will argue that the Habsburgs’ measures to protect the forests in the Kingdom was most probably not a sign of resource scarcity but in fact shows the beginning of conscious forest management.

Changes in the Early Modern military technologies have fundamentally affected the transformation in urban space: fortifications, planning, lifestyle of the inhabitants. At the same time, the development of new defence fortresses and the modernization of the old ones, the providing it by garrisons and artillery have become important elements of state policy. All these innovations were part of the «military revolution» in Europe. Its features in this had the important place in Eastern European states among them and the Cossack Hetmanate.The theatre of military operations on which the main enemy for a long time were the Tatars had led to the fact that most fortifications were wood-earthen.However, the development of firearms gradually forced to abandon brick and wooden fortifications of the frontal type. They were supplemented with elements of Western European fortification (bastions and ravelins), which increased the firepower of the fortress and its defensive capacity.At the same time, the Hetmanate did not have sufficient resources for largescale reconstructions of fortresses and the maintenance of permanent garrisons in them. The combination of these factors led to the fact that in the XVIII century fortification building in the Cossack Hetmanate passed into the hands of Russia and began to be used in the interests of the Empire.

Defensive structures are the integral part of any fortified settlement. Their study requires significant labor costs, so usually the earthen constructions haven’t received enough attention from the predecessors. Basivka hill-fort is definitely the key settlement of the Scythian Age in the Sula River basin. Its total area is approximately 170 ha. The central, residential part is located on three well-fortified capes. Not all fortification areas were created simultaneously but had developed dynamically in time and space. Successful usage of natural topographic features at this settlement is combined with the basics of defense tactics. Modern agricultural activity and dwelling construction led to significant damage,and in some places to the destruction of earthen structures of Basivka hill-fort. This is especially true of the Great Outer Rampart which is well-preserved only in the eastern part. The complexity of the modern terrain and the significant forest cover were the determining factors that hindered the preparation of the most accurate topographic plan of this site. The paper presents a new plan of central fortifications but it also needs to be revised which is a matter of the future. A separate issue of the work is devoted to the placement of ancient entrances, which, like the fortification in general, could change over time and move from the main to the role of secondary ones. The paper highlights the results of excavations of the Great Basivka Rampart which were conducted in 2020—2021. It is ascertained that the defensive structures cover the cultural layer of the settlement. In general, valuable information was obtained regarding the development of fortifications in the Ukrainian Forest-Steppe of Dnieper Left-Bank area in the Scythian Age.

The history of the development of military science shows that defense objects of long-term fortification need not only skill from the creators, but also a long time and significant financial costs for construction. Economic efficiency is usually not considered here, the expediency of such construction is strictly determined by an increase in the level of the country's defense capability. With the change or improvement of the types of offensive weapons, it became necessary to reconstruct the defensive objects of long-term fortification or even dismantle them and build modern fortifications in their place. With the beginning of the Russian-Ukrainian war of 2022, the occupants invaded the territory of Ukraine in certain directions. That is, it can be clearly indicated that the seizure of Ukrainian territory by the aggressor took place using the existing anthropogenic framework, which includes international and national main and local roads, railway lines of communication. Experience shows that the country must have a system of fortified areas, defense positions, centers of resistance and strongholds, equipped with long-term fortifications and barriers, which must be built along the state border. At the same time, it is advisable to supplement the existing system of long-term fortification with the construction of dual-use engineering facilities (civilian and military) and the use of objects of natural or natural-anthropogenic origin, which improve the efficiency and environmental performance of such expensive structures. Dual-use facilities should be able to quickly turn them into a defense facility. Land areas of natural origin (forest and wetlands) should also serve as defensive barriers. In the southern and eastern regions of Ukraine, it is advisable to use agro-recreational and agricultural production areas (rice plantations, plantations with fast-growing trees, etc.), which will be a significant addition to the main system of long-term fortification. This approach will increase the indicators of efficiency and environmental friendliness in the overall structure of defense facilities in Ukraine.

Aim. To analyze the scientific and technical literature and identify ways to create a new generation of mass-consumption food products enriched with vital nutrients. Discussion. The main malnutrition of the Russian population is the excess of caloric intake over an indicator of the level of energy consumption. One of the ways to solve this problem is the production of functional food products or enriched functional products. The essence of this is that only those micronutrients that are really in short supply should be used in the fortification of products. These should be products of mass consumption, and especially those that undergo refining, which results in the loss of micronutrients. The use of raw materials and ingredients only of natural (animal, vegetable, mineral) origin, allows you to create active complexes that qualitatively change the physiological properties of the product, and can affect many product characteristics and processes such as physico-chemical, structural-mechanical and organoleptic characteristics of the product, the processes of color formation, fermentation, oxidation, storage capacity. However, sometimes a strong passion for enriching the product with useful macro- and micronutrients affects the taste characteristics. Conclusion. When developing recipes and technologies for new-generation products, it is necessary that the enrichment of the product with important and necessary elements does not worsen the organoleptic characteristics. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure the safety of products without compromising consumer properties. The diet should contain all the necessary nutrients (nutrients) for a person in sufficient quantities and balanced with each other in the most favorable proportions.

Dating back to the late 5th century BC, Euryalos Castle, located near the modern town of Syracuse and connected to the ancient Dionysian walls, is the most important example of a Greek fortress in the Western world. Thanks to European funding, the Superintendence of Syracuse has developed a multimedia project for a digital enhancement of the site and a traditional museological project for the setting up of a little Antiquarium for archaeological objects, only recently opened. After a brief introduction on the history of Euryalos Castle, aim of this paper is to explain the multimedia project concept, its goals such as to make live this monument according to a modern digital storytelling, both in situ and via a storytelling application on izi.TRAVEL platform, and to find out if and what kind of impact this project had in allowing visitors to grasp the real evolution of the archaeological ruins and landscape and their history.

Modern heritage protection goes beyond the mere protection of individual buildings and objects. Modern technologies and techniques of field data capture and visual (3D) presentations are increasingly penetrating this field and are becoming more and more essential and necessary for archives, cadastres, and users and visitors of museums, exhibitions, collections, and archaeological parks. In the area between Kotlje and Ravne na Koroškem, Slovenia, in 1476–1477, 9 to 10 anti-Turkish fortifications, called Turške Šance, reportedly were erected. The remains were left to decay slowly. This paper highlights the possibility of applying interdisciplinary data capture and 3D visualization techniques that are used in the fields of civil engineering and architecture for digital reconstruction of the anti-Turkish fortification as a case study in order to present them in the most contemporary way and emphasize them on a local, regional, national, and international level. Unfortunately, similar remains elsewhere in Europe are primarily ignored (with some notable exceptions). The digital reconstruction of anti-Turkish watchtowers therefore represented an extended reconstruction to revive that part of the historical heritage of Slovenia using the proposed techniques.

The fortifications of Athens have been a recurrent theme of archaeological investigation. In the past two centuries, parts of the walls have been located during rescue interventions at numerous sites in the urban fabric. At present, the visibility of the entire monument remains rather low as the traces of the walls are hidden beneath the modern city, marginalized within larger archaeological sites or preserved entirely by record. Despite the high level of scholarly work devoted to synthesize the available material, the volume of information accumulated over the years requires a novel approach that would systematize different types of evidence using digital media. In this respect, we attempt to revisit the city walls of Athens through the use of geospatial technologies. We target the informed development of an efficient GIS platform to record, store, integrate, explore and eventually disseminate resources on the Athenian fortifications. Our research employs published and archival sources (e.g. excavation drawings) in combination with historical maps (e.g. early cadastral maps, first maps of modern Athens) and complementary historical evidence (e.g. writings, illustrations, photography) to locate, document and integrate in space and time available data on lost and surviving fortification remains.

The Late Scythian hill-forts are placed on the floodplain terraces and high banks of the Dnieper and its creeks. Usually the Late Scythians chose the part of steep bank above the river surrounded by gullies for the erecting of fortress. According the topography and layout of fortification two types of them can be classified: the cape hill-forts and riverside ones. The same types are correct for the Late Scythians of Crimea. The cape type hill-forts are Chervony Mayak, Mykolayivka-Kozatske, Lvove, Poniativka, Velyka Lepetykha and Kairy. The riverside type hill-forts are Havrylivka, Hannivka, Sablukivka, Konsulivka, Staroshvedske (Zmiivka), Znamyanka, Zolota Balka, Tiahynka and Liubymivka. The first descriptions and topographic plans were made in the late 18th—19th centuries. The some parts of ramparts and moats were excavated during the first half of the 20th century. The period of massive archaeological excavations during fifties — sixties of the 20th century were associated with Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant building. The defensive structures of the Late Scythians consisted of the system of ramparts and moats. The fortified walls sometimes with towers erected on the ridge of rampart. Behind them the settlements were located. On the several Late Scythian hill-forts these parts have got additional line of fortifications. The most complex fortification system had three lines of defense. The defensive structures on the twelve Late Scythian hill-forts such as Zolota Balka, Havrylivka, Hannivka, Konsulivka, Chervony Mayak, Mykolayivka-Kozatske, Lvove, Tiahynka, Poniativka, Znamyanka, Kairy and Liubymivka were studied. Velyka Lepetykha, Hornostayivka and Berislav hill-forts were destroyed or covered by modern buildings. The defensive structures of Late Scythians, according to the artifacts, have appeared not early than second half of the 1st century BC, or at the turn of era. The analysis of excavations of the Olbio chora shows same elements of fortification at the first centuries AD: moats, ramparts, walls and towers. But the architecture and building features of the Late Scythian fortification are peculiar, and specific only for this culture. The creation of two parallel defensive lines, stone filling in the internal space of towers, multiple thickening of walls indicate not a Hellenistic origin of builders. Only general ideas and typical elements of fortification are the same in Olbio and in the Late Scythians hill-forts. The technical realization of these ideals shows the local origin of the Late Scythian fortification.

During the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, dozens of temporary ground fortifications were built on the territory of the lower Prydniprovya region to provide communication with the Ukrainian line of Russian troops operating in the lower reaches of the Dnipro and the Crimea. The same is true for the left bank of the cataracted part of the Dnipro river flow, along which the Dnipro army passed to the Crimea during the campaign of 1736, which resulted in the formation of Russian military outposts on this territory. These fortifications are still poorly explored both in terms of historiography and archaeology. Many of them are still not localized on the modern geographical map. Furthermore, the conditions of their topographic placement and features of the engineering configuration are not clarified. The current situation concerning this issue makes a comprehensive study on the events of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, and especially its initial stage impossible. In particular, it is impossible to reconstruct the path used by the Dnipro Army during the Crimean campaign of 1736 without localization of field fortifications, as well as to study such important aspects as the organization of its supply and the establishment of courier communication with the Ukrainian line. The purpose of the article is to analyze the published written sources concerning the processes related to the construction and operation of the fortification of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739, located on the territory of the Dnipro Nadporozhzhya, near the Vorona river, as well as to determine the location of this fortification using the cartographic material and historiographical descriptions and to clarify the peculiarities of its engineering configuration. Research methods: systemic structural, chronological, geographical, comparative, descriptive. Core results: the article shows the reasons for the construction and functioning of the sconce built on the right bank of the Vorona River, the left tributary of the Dnipro river. The chronological framework for the existence of this fortification is specified; its role in the events of the Crimean campaign of 1736 is determined, and the composition and number of the garrison located in it are clarified. Through the use of cartographic material of the first half of the 18th century and the end of the 19th – first half of the 20th century, the location is determined and the conditions of topographic placement of the remains of the studied fortification before the construction of the Dnipro Hydroelectric Station Dam in the early 1930s are clarified. The features of fortification of this temporary field entrenchment are defined. The practical significance of the materials obtained in this research lies in the possibility of their further use in writing scientific articles and generalizing works on the history of Ukraine and Eastern Europe in the first half of the 18th century. Scientific novelty: issues related to the emergence and functioning of the fortification near the Vorona river at the initial stage of the Russo-Turkish War of 1735–1739 are considered for the first time in historiography. The location is determined and the features of the engineering configuration of this defensive structure are clarified. Furthermore, three manuscript plans of the late 19th – first half of the 20th century, revealed in the funds of Dmytro Yavornytsky National Historical Museum of Dnipro, are introduced into scientific circulation. Type of article: research.

The article considers such a historical and fortification phenomenon as church defense complexes. Their existence dates back to the late MiddleAges and Early Modern Times. This type of fortified structures was spread on the territory of such modern countries as the Republic of Poland, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Belarus, and Romania. Ukraine is no exception. The question of the existence of church defense complexes or defense churches was considered by Ukrainian historiography during the 20th century exclusively on the territory of the Western Ukrainian and part of the Right Bank of Ukraine. However, the question arises whether such complexes existed on the Left Bank of Ukraine including Chernihiv region? The problem with the allocating of this type of fortifications in Chernihiv region is problematic due to the fact that they were wooden. Today there are almost no traces of them left on the earth's surface. These complexes can be studied only by a small number of written sources, as well as archaeological remains. Therefore, by the beginning of the 21st century they did not come in a view of researchers. A brief review of the above issues in this article allowed us to make some conclusions. The article gives an example of 7 complexes that could be classified as defensive. These are primarily churches in such settlements as Stolne, Loknyste, Veresoch, Kladkivka, Pechi, Olenivka and Saltykova Divytsia. In general, these were architectural ensembles consisting of a wooden fence or a stockade, the church sometimes with the bell tower. The bell tower also simultaneously served as an observation and signal point, defensive tower. Such defensive churches were not stationary fortresses. They served as temporary fortifications in case of sudden Tatar attacks. Тhe military and political situation in the Left Bank of Ukraine stabilized at the beginning of the 18th century. Due to that fact church defensive functions gradually disappear with its fortification elements.

This article describes identified sections of an early 18th century ditch at Fort Umrevinsky in the Upper Ob Basin. Such protective structures mark a certain stage in the evolution of military engineering in the era of Peter the Great (1694–1725) in southwestern Siberia. The design of the earliest parts of the preserved ditches allows us to address the influence of European fortification on Early Modern Russian defensive architecture. Several factors affecting the depth and profile of early 18th century ditches at Umrevinsky are discussed. They include seasonality of specialized trenching tools and the adoption and transformation of European fortification principles by 17th and early 18th Russian military engineers. At Umrevinsky, apart from the specific profile of the ditch, specialized tools were revealed, similar to those mentioned in documents on 18th century fortification. Also, specific features of the preserved parts of the ditch mirror the utmost irregularity in adoption of de Vauban’s fortification principles of the Tsardom of Muscovy, including Siberia. Our finds at Fort Umrevinsky supplement the scarce descriptions of Siberian forts in Russian documents.

The article examines in detail the aspects of preservation, restoration, and revitalization of historical and architectural heritage sites on the example of the functioning of the «Kyiv Fortress» National Historical and Architectural Museum. All aspects of the activity of the «Kyiv Fortress» National Historical and Architectural Museum on the maintenance and use of the territories and buildings of the museum in the past, from the time of the Kyiv Fortress to the present day are considered. In particular, the main directions of the museum's work are covered: The historical role of the Kyiv Fortress as one of the city-forming factors; Defensive use of the complex during its existence and in our time; The modern role of the complex as a cultural and educational institution; Modern role of the complex as a tourist and recreational facility; Research activities in the field of fortification. This article is a program publication that precedes the publication of a series of articles on scientific analysis of methods and techniques for the restoration of individual structural elements of stone and earth fortifications. Subsequent publications will also consider in detail the design features of the creation, restoration, and maintenance of territories and buildings of the «Kyiv Fortress» National Historical and Architectural Museum. There is also a series of local lore publications on architectural and fortification monuments of Kyiv and Kyiv region - territories and buildings of Kyiv fortified district, unfinished transport tunnels under the Dnieper (so-called Stalin tunnels), Cold War megalithic structures such as «Duga» radar station, etc.

The task of improvement of the calculation methodology for covering constructions of the covered field fortifications against shell-hole, penetration, ricochet and high-explosive action is solved to ensure the survivability of troops in a modern armed conflict. An analysis of the 2014-2018 anti-terrorist operation and the ongoing Joint Forces operation proves that artillery, mortar and aircraft high-destructive munitions are currently the main means of firing the enemy. Under such conditions, the survival of our troops directly depends on their effective shelter in covered field fortifications. An important element of the arrangement of such fortifications is the calculation of the structures of their covering against penetration, shell-holing, ricocheting and high-explosive action, which are performed to determine the structure of the covering, its material and thickness. The novelty of the improved technique, unlike the existing ones, is that the calculations of the covering structures take into account the shape of the warhead of artillery, mortar and aircraft ammunition, the angle of encounter and the final speed of these munitions at the moment of their impact on the covered fortification and the pliability of the covering material. Here are given the examples of calculation for the closed field fortifications structures against penetration of the warhead into the covering material, cases of punching the covering material enclosed with brittle material, ricochet of the warhead from the covering and destruction of the covering as a result of high explosive action. The obtained results will be used to calculate the protective structures of long-term fortifications for command and control centres and field hospitals.

The article opens a series of thematic publications, which should outline the current state of preservation and destruction of historically important objects of cultural heritage - fortifications. Based on field studies of fortresses and available digital materials, the author derives a cause-and-effect algorithm for the destruction of 11 selected research objects. The description of the state of preservation includes a general description of the territory and objects of fortification, the identified losses. The article opens a cycle of thematic publications, which should outline the current state of preservation and destruction of historically important objects of cultural heritage - fortifications. On the basis of field studies of fortresses and available digital materials, the author derived a cause-and-effect algorithm for the destruction of 11 selected research objects. The description of the state of preservation includes a general description of the territory and objects of fortification, discovered losses. Annual monitoring of the state of preservation of fortifications is not a component of the reports of local and regional departments for the protection of monuments of immovable cultural heritage of Ukraine, the territory and objects of which are subordinate to the state. Brief information is found in the annual reports of archaeological expeditions, which describe the available remains of material substrates and found items of cultural layers (Collection, 1947-2022). In tourist and excursion reviews, which appear as author's articles and video tours (Butrov, 2021), we are often told which objects we can visit, brief popular information and historical figures. The authors do not deepen their publicly available reviews to the level of cause-and-effect relationships of the destruction, being guided by the general impression of visiting the sites of monuments of fortification art. Since the middle of the 20th century, interest in the fortresses of southern Ukraine (modern Odesa, Mykolaiv, and Kherson regions) has been traced in the publications of individual researchers of the Odessa Society of History and Antiquities ((Ivanyuk, 2011). Their works aim to specify, clarify historical events, deepen knowledge in fortification order the territory, introduce new historiographical sources into scientific circulation (Bertier-Delagarde, 1900) (Bertier-Delagarde, 1888) (Stamati, 1850). Only a limited number of researchers record the current state of fortresses, in particular, when creating security documentation or historical-architectural reference plans. The most relevant today are the descriptions of the terrain of the fortresses by historians and archaeologists Viktor Sapozhnikov, Andrii Krasnozhon, Iryna Stankevich (Karashevych), Oleksandr Stepanchenko, architect Viktor Vecherskyi. Currently, there are almost no detailed descriptions and studies of the material component of the architectural details of the buildings and the territory of the monuments, which mostly limits the introduction and use of modern materials during restoration and restoration. The method of work consists in a field survey, carried out under the condition of the possibility of architectural measurements and a mathematical calculation of the volume of losses of objects over the last hundred years. The starting model of the calculation is a three-dimensional model of the researched fortress created on the basis of archival drawings and images, which in general spatial parameters corresponds to the architectural dimensions. Part of the fortresses, in particular Ochakiv, Kinbourn and Kiliya, are currently completely lost objects, it is impossible to carry out architectural measurements of the remains, therefore three-dimensional models of fortress reconstructions are used in relative volumes, not actual ones. Two main groups of destruction factors were identified: anthropogenic and natural. Anthropogenic include: 1.1. Violation of the boundaries of the monument. which are defined in the IAOP, unauthorized or system land development; 1.2. Extraction of land, sand and arrangement of landfills for household waste. Mechanical destruction of earth lines of fortifications; 1.3. Use of landmark stones as building material by local residents; 1.4. Unregistered archaeological searches - black archaeologists; 1.5. General vandalism; 1.6. Fortification measures were carried out in an unprofessional manner; 1.7. Military operations. Currently, there is an important issue of entering the territories of fortification objects - fortresses, castles, fort posts - objects of fortification art of the south of Ukraine into the list of historical monuments of local importance, because in this way it is possible to achieve their rightful protection and conservation. Entering areas into protected zones, assigning a protected number and recognizing historical value becomes the reason for bringing the local population to criminal responsibility in case of conscious and unconscious destruction, littering, conducting illegal economic activities. The minimization of anthropogenic impact on the territory and the surviving material remains of objects of fortification art should become the basis for the implementation of monument protection measures. Natural factors include: 2.1. Weathering of earth and stone, falling of bricks or collapse of wall fragments; 2.2. Irrigation and wetting of the grounds of the attraction; 2.3. Brick wetting and biodamage The influence of climatic factors is almost impossible to stop, because they do not depend on the activities of the local population, and to minimize them - yes. Each project of monument protection measures or conservation project must include measures for amortization of climatic changes, take into account forecasts and calculation of possible risks of using materials and technical equipment on the territory of monuments of fortification art. Modern materials and mixtures of polymeric substances can protect limestone surfaces from intense insolation and erosion. Monitoring of the state of preservation should go from visual and quantitative (use of photo reports and measurements, installation of dynamic beacons) to digital - use soundings and calendar checks of the molecular composition of stone and plaster to check and clarify the factors of destruction, develop a program for mitigating climate impacts. Carrying out drainage works, draining or watering the necessary areas to ensure the equalization of microclimatic indicators, to prevent landslides or wind erosion. The study of microdendrology and stone biodamage of fortresses in southern Ukraine is rather limited or inaccessible to specialists in architecture and monument preservation. Currently, it is not known which algae, mosses and plants deteriorate the structure of the stone or contribute to its preservation. Exudation on the surface and inside the stone or brick manifests itself differently in different regions. Only the next molecular studies of the materials from which the monuments were built will provide a greater range of possibilities in the use of ancient fortification technologies or the introduction and invention of new restoration materials. The most dangerous are the illegal economic activities of the local population, the absence of warning signs, lack of information about fines and criminal liability, and monitoring of violations should be on the eve of significant restoration works. The community that will use the monument must be aware of the challenges and risks caused by careless treatment of the object of protection, in this case a monument of fortification art. Conducting joint seminars and training camps for children and teenagers with scientists will expand their awareness of the value of fortresses and adjacent territories, and will avoid vandalism and systematic littering of the territory based on the principle of "common open use". In the future, the wishes and demands of the community can be taken into account in the project of restoration and adaptation of monuments to the modern needs and functions of the community itself, thus we will get rid of the physical and cultural isolation of the monument and the user. In general, the fortification areas are filled unevenly, there is fragmentary preservation of individual structures or territories of the defensive field. The complete preservation of the fortification environment, in which all the constituent parts were present, was not found. The Akkerman fortress (47.5%) is classified as an incomplete integral state of preservation, and the Kherson, Izmail, and Perekop fortresses are classified as average (40%). These fortresses include the outer lines of defense lines, walls, gates and planning parcelling, fragments of the defensive field, and fortification inspection fronts. These fortresses are well located within the city center and are a popular place for recreation and public events. They require regulation of visiting regimes, discovery and emphasis of architectural and spatial qualities, improvement of the quality of exposition of the historical landscape. The Perekop Fortress requires separate preservation and exhibition measures, the development of which is currently problematic. The fragmentarily preserved fortresses (Kinburn and Kiliya) do not have significant spatial elements of fortification, are lost and built over, but their historical and cultural significance for modern Ukraine is important, the reproduction or exhibition of these objects is of state importance. Unfortunately, the lost fortresses (Tatar-Bunar, Yeni-Duniya, Ochakiv, Kuchuk Hasan Pasha, Khadzhibey) do not have resources for architectural or landscape reproduction, their territory is completely built-up and degraded, they are in the state of an archaeological monument. Risks of further loss of historical-architectural and spatial qualities were identified for all the examined fortresses. The integrity of the historical landscapes of fortresses directly depends on the economic activity of local residents. Due to agriculture, the Ajider fortress may lose part of the defensive moat and be built up by private sector economic structures. Active clogging of fortress grounds leads to loss of interest in visiting, general aesthetic properties of panoramas. The littering and remoteness of the earthen lines of Izmail's fortifications, bordering with the fences of industrial territories creates a depressing impression, a sense of danger. Also, active earthworks can destroy the geometry of the profile of the earthen bastions of the fortress. The lost fortresses (Tatar-Bunar, Yeni-Duniya, Ochakiv, Kuchuk Hasan Pasha, Hadjibey, Kiliya, Kinburn) were subjected to a complex of destructive factors for a long time. The Yeni-Duniya fortress, which was dismantled for the purpose of building a new fort post and setting up a gun bridgehead, was completely destroyed in one moment. The Hadjibey fortress was destroyed in order to arrange a park and a recreation and festival area. The territory of the Kuchuk Hasan Pasha fort was rebuilt recently, so it is impossible to determine the extent and factors of the structure's destruction, stating only that it was a deliberate reconstruction. Tatar-bunar fortress, one of the examples of gradual natural and anthropogenic destruction, part of its bricks were used for construction of surrounding buildings, the rest – has undergone natural erosion. It is known that some of the large white brick blocks of Fort Kinbourn were used by the locals as building material, and then the estuary and the wind completely buried any remains of the mighty fortress in the sand.

In modern-day Athens the fortification walls, built both in ancient times and subsequent periods, are not currently noticeable to the casual observer, despite having defined for long periods the city’s life. In fact, the majority of modern Athenians and visitors do not know of their existence since their remains are inconspicuous as a result of aggressive modern building schemes. While these remains are not materially magnificent, they are so historically as a mirror of the city’s fate.

The concept of an “outpost garrison” is hardly to be found in medieval written sources or among the terms used by medieval historians and archaeologists, but the title – borrowed from a novel by Jenő Rejtő – is not a mere catchphrase but conveys a substantial message, as we will see in this paper. Since their discovery half a century ago, the medieval artefacts, mainly weapons, of the Karácsonkő Castle have not received sufficient attention in Hungarian archaeological research. They are alien to the context, as the fortification is located on the Moldavian side of the Eastern Carpathians, beyond the historical borders of the Kingdom of Hungary, which have become fixed by the early modern and modern period. The main topics of my analysis are the relationship of the fortification with the contemporary Hungarian castle organisation, the evaluation of its role in border defence and politics, and its destruction.

This article summarizes the results of many years of paleosol researches of the Bilsk Hillfort of the Scythian time. The existence of the Scythian culture correlates with the final stage of the Subboreal chronointerval of the Holocene. The modern soil cover of the territory of the archeological site is represented by the following types of soil: common chernozems, leached chernozems, dark-grey podsolised soils, typical chernozems and podsolised chernozems. During the investigations of the buried soils under various archeological sites, it was found that the soils during the Scythian time were similar to modern ones, but they indicate more rainfall at the territory. In the north of the Bilsk Hillfort were the podsolised chernozems and dark-grey podsolised soils where the forest probably grew. The territories of the Eastern and Western fortifications, as well as the central and southern parts of the Main Bilsk fortification were open areas similar to modern steppes. Thus, the obtained results allowed to create a map of the soil cover of the Scythian time within the Bilsk Hillfort. This map correlates with the locality structure of that time and illustrates the validity of the used method. The geoarchaeological approach can be used during the researches of other sites, both Scythian time and other periods.

Healthy food has been a lifestyle trend in modern society since the last decades. Vegetable noodles as an alternative healthy food are often consumers’ choices considering that noodles are a favourite food today. This study aims to get more insight into the effect of spinach extract (SE) fortification on noodle dough toward antioxidant status, nutrition facts, and the sensory of wet spinach noodles (WSN) produced. The dough of wet noodle samples was treated by 4 different concentrations of SE fortification of 0, 0.4, 4.0, and 40 mg/mL in which for each treatment was quintuple. Results showed SE fortification had a significant effect on antioxidant status, some nutrient composition (protein, sugar, cholesterol, energy amount, iron, magnesium, and vitamin C), and sensory characteristics of the wet noodle. WSN with rich in antioxidants, low calories, and favoured by panellists was obtained at the optimum concentration of 4 mg/mL. Thus, SE was potential as food fortificant for developing WSN as a promising functional food product in the future.

The Large and Small Towers at the beginning of St Anthony’s Canal in Šibenik, on today’s capes Burnji Turan and Južni Turan, are part of the city’s medieval fortification system along with the castrum of St Michael and the bulwark, but they have remained largely neglected in scholarly literature. The towers remained part of Šibenik’s fortification system during the early modern period, until the construction of the fortress of St Nicholas and the eventual demolition of the two towers at the beginning of the War of Cyprus in 1570. Although they were built at a distance of nearly one kilometer from the bulwark, they were the earliest defensive belt of Šibenik from the sea. Between the towers, at a distance of about 140 meters, there was a chain that most likely consisted of interconnected wooden beams that allowed it to float. It is difficult to say with certainty when the Venetian authorities ordered the towers to be torn down, but apparently at least one of them was demolished during the so-called Third Venetian- Ottoman War (1537-1540), when the Venetian possessions in Dalmatia were seriously threatened by the powerful Ottoman fleet. The towers definitely ceased to be part of the fortification system at the beginning of the War of Cyprus in 1570.

The article analyzes the research and design documentation "Historical and architectural basic plan of the city of Lviv" (2020) in terms of identification and protection of fortifications. The analysis of the documentation revealed little attention of the authors to the study and coverage of the stages of development of the fortification lines of Lviv from the XIII to the XIX century. This approach has led to the debatable identification of many objects by their historical, urban and architectural value, inaccurate dating, lack of proposals for their protection. In particular, the assessment of a complex of fortifications, the so-called "F. Hetkant's defensive line" from 1635. The authors of the documentation did not analyze the stages of development and assess the time-varying urban structure of the quarters, even in the city center. The development of buildings in the areas of the former suburbs was also not covered in detail. But these are areas that have been filled with very important facilities and functions in the past. The nature of the development of the quarters took different forms depending on the time of the site. The sites themselves developed abruptly along with the movement of the lines of urban fortifications further from the city center. The construction of a new, more modern line of fortifications and its advancement made it possible to intensify construction in areas that were previously outside the fortified territory. Lviv has gone through six such major stages of urban transformation associated with the development and modernization of fortifications from the thirteenth to the nineteenth century. This relationship between the development of fortification systems and the architectural-spatial and planning structure is the key to understanding the urban history of the city. Without a detailed reconstruction of the phases of construction of fortifications, it is impossible to properly navigate the nature of changes in the architectural-compositional and planning structure of the city. For example, after the removal of fortifications far beyond the central district of the city, began active changes and intensification of housing and public buildings in areas of former suburbs, where previously dominated by large monastic complexes and palaces of wealthy burghers. The quarters here began to change the character of their urban structure, evolving from the shape of a quarter with a palace and a garden-park in the suburbs (there were dozens of them in Lviv in the suburbs) to a densely built-up quarter during the XVIII-XIX centuries. However, today in the slums of such neighborhoods with their careful study can be found hidden relics of the original history of the city. The web of neighborhoods laced with dense lace around the city center also has encoded individual pages of unique urban history. The historical and architectural reference plan of the city is a scientific documentation that should reveal all the specific features of different urban planning formations - including the emergence and development of fortification lines, changes in hydrography, changes in street planning, changes of the nature of each quarter. According to the provisions of the State Building Norms for the development of historical and architectural reference plans (2012) should be performed scientific study, analysis and classification of immovable cultural heritage of the city by type (archeology, history, monumental art, architecture, urban planning, landscaping art, natural landscape, science and technology). This study and analysis should end with the definition of the stages of formation of each complex. Characteristic features and values of all objects of cultural heritage by types should be revealed for each city site. Fortifications were a particularly important element in the development of the city structure in the past. Their complexes had the greatest impact on the planning structure of the city. Fortifications often dictated the development of the city in one direction or another. Therefore, the theoretical reconstruction of the stages of development of urban defense systems is an important task for the historical and architectural reference plan. Our research was implemented in the framework of the research topic of the Department of Architecture and Restoration of the National University "Lviv Polytechnic" "Regeneration of historic architectural and urban complexes" (№ state registration 0116U004110).

Micronutrient has received greater attention in crop production because the widespread deficiency of micronutrient is coming forward gradually. The key reasons for such deficiency are an intensification of cropping system, adoption of high yielding cultivars of crops and modern irrigation facilities. The greater use of high analysis chemical fertilizers instead of organic sources of plant nutrients (farmyard manure, composts etc.) is also another contributing factor to this problem. This modern technology of crop production causes a serious depletion of different micronutrients reserve in soil resulting in their severe deficiency in many countries. Potato is the widely cultivated vegetable crops throughout India. In potato cultivation, the application of some micro-nutrients (zinc/Zn, boron/B etc.) causes significant increase in foliage at the initial stage of crop growth, while the translocation of assimilates become higher in later stages, ultimately leads to higher yield. Zinc plays a very important role in increasing the production as well as the quality of potato tubers. Zinc loading in potato through foliar as well as soil-applied Zn increases Zn concentration in potato tuber up to 3-4 times which is quite higher than most of the commonly known crops. Zn fertilization has been found to increase ascorbic acid content, but it reduces the tyrosine and total phenol content in tubers, and thereby improves the processing quality. Finally, Zn-fortified potato can be a potential option for mitigating wide spread Zn-driven malnutrition in the Asian countries.

The article examines the issues of structural and functional features of ground shafts as a component of defensive structures of the city of Kyiv IX – XIII centuries. Based on a detailed analysis of the scientific literature on the problem and the available written sources, materials of archaeological research, scientific and hypothetical reconstruction of urban defensive fortifications of the Slavs of a certain time, as well as the experience of reproduction of the fortifications of medieval Europe in the territory of modern Ukraine, Poland and Denmark, it is suggested to own the evolution of the earthen fortifications of.The author denies the widespread idea about the widespread development in the Ancient Rus in the ninth and thirteenth centuries defence structures, which were a complex timber structure that consisted of a reinforced earth shaft and wooden fortifications of various kinds above it. It is argued that the division of earth shaft structures into "complex" (tree-reinforced) and "simple" (non-reinforced) types are erroneous. According to the author, the reinforcement of earth shafts at the beginning of their erection was never performed. It has been concluded that, first, virtually all earthen shafts and their wooden structures, which functioned for a long time, were not preserved in their original form; second, the fortification builders of that time did not have the proper education to design and construct such structures. In the course of construction, they were guided by their own experience and circumstances; therefore, "complex shaft type structures" are not the product of a single design; they are the result of multiple repairs and remodelling of initially low timber fortifications; thirdly, the complexity of the fortifications was influenced solely by the duration of the active functioning of the monument.The article is accompanied by numerous illustrative material, including the author's reconstructions of the evolution of tree-walled defensive walls and methods of their strengthening at various stages of construction.

Owing to the concept of modern life and health, traditional baked foods are seeking transition. In this study, sweet corn residue (SCR) was used to replace wheat flour in cakes. We conducted sensory evaluation and texture analysis to assess sample quality. Also, we simulated digestion in vitro, and determined the content of total sugar and dietary fiber. The content of vitamin E and carotenoids were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and the content of folate was determined by a microbiological method. With the increase of SCR, the content of dietary fiber, folate, vitamin E, and carotenoids significantly increased, and the digestive characteristics improved simultaneously. Based on the above evaluations, SCRC2 (sweet corn residue cake with 60% substitution) had similar sensory quality to the control (pure wheat flour cake) and had the characteristics of slow digestibility and high micronutrients.

As a critical infrastructure, the modern electrical network is faced with various types of threats, such as accidental natural disaster attacks and deliberate artificial attacks, thus the power system fortification has attracted great concerns in the community of academic, industry, and military. Nevertheless, the attacker is commonly assumed to be capable of accessing all information in the literature (e.g., network configuration and defensive plan are explicitly provided to the attacker), which might always be the truth since the grid data access permission is usually restricted. In this paper, the information asymmetry between defender and attacker is investigated, leading to an optimal deception strategy problem for power system fortification. Both the proposed deception and traditional protection strategies are formulated as a tri-level mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem and solved via two-stage robust optimization (RO) framework and the column-and-constraint generation (CCG) algorithm. Comprehensive case studies on the 6-bus system and IEEE 57-bus system are implemented to reveal the difference between these two strategies and identify the significance of information deception. Numerical results indicate that deception strategy is superior to protection strategy. In addition, detailed discussions on the performance evaluation and convergence analysis are presented as well.

В 2016 г. в Псковском кремле проведены археологические раскопки, в результате которых получены новые данных о современном состоянии фундаментов фортификационных сооружений, уточнены границы некоторых раскопов прошлых лет и габариты реставрационных траншей 1950-1960-х гг. Кроме того, получена новая информация по истории крепостного строительства, продолжено исследование древнейших культурных напластований Крома с учетом современных методических требований. Важнейшими открытиями можно считать фиксацию участка первоначальных стен города (XI в.) и культурных отложений на краю площадки городища, сформировавшихся до постройки укреплений; выявление жилища с многослойными глинобитными полами и признаками неоднократного (многолетнего) переустройства очажных конструкций. The archaeological excavations carried out in the Pskov Kremlin in 2016 resulted in obtaining the new data about current state of the fortification foundationS. The boundaries of some previous excavations and the restoration trenches' dimensions of the 1950s and 1960s years were also clarified. New information on the history of fortress construction was obtained, and the studies of the oldest cultural layers of Chrome were continued in accordance with modern methodological requirementS. The most important discoveries include fixation of the original city walls section (11 century) and cultural deposits on the edge of the settlement site, formed before the construction of fortifications; identification of housing with multi-layered adobe floors and traces of repeated (multi-year) reconstruction of hearth structures.

This article is devoted to results of field investigations at the fortress of ‘Godlik’ conducted by the Loo archaeological expedition of the Ural State University in 1992–1996. This fortress is part of the system of mediaeval defensive installations situated on the north-eastern coast of the Black Sea and is located near the modern urban settle- ment of Lazarevskoye in the city of Sochi. The fortress is a site highly complicated for investigations presenting the ruins of an old fortification where the cultural layer in the court of the fort is practically annihilated.

Introduction. The territory of Karachay-Cherkessia since ancient times was a densely populated region. Life was especially intense in the era of the Early Middle Ages. In the period from the 8th to the 10th centuries the territory of modern Karachaevo-Cherkessia was in the sphere of interests of a powerful state association – the Khazar Khaganate. To protect their northern borders from the onslaught of the Arab caliphate and to protect the caravan routes in the upper reaches of the river Kuban, Khaganate built Humara fortress – one of the largest fortresses in Eastern Europe. Methods and materials. Based on materials from the excavations of the 70s – 80s of the 20th century (E.P. Alekseeva, Kh.K. Bidzhiev), as well as new materials obtained during the research of recent years (2007–2018) (U.Yu. Kochkarov), we can say that the main population of the site was a military garrison consisting mainly of the Alano-Bulgarians. The Bulgarian population dissolved after the dissolution of the Khaganate in the local environment. The fortresses is a 25 hectare area protected by a strong (4–7 m wide and 10 m high) wall of well-hewn stone blocks that has been preserved in the form of earthen ramparts that keep the remains of walls and battle towers under them. In the process of the work at Humara settlement, a high-precision three-dimensional computer model of the surface of the settlement was created by photogrammetric processing of the results of low-altitude aerial photography of the territory of the monument carried out by an unmanned aerial vehicle over an area of about 50 hectares. Analysis and Results. During the computer processing of aerial photography materials carried out automatically in the software of Agisoft Photoscan Pro, a cloud of high-density points (about 0.8 billion units) was obtained, which characterizes, with a high degree of accuracy, the microrelief of the surface of the settlement. The computer model of the microrelief of the Humara settlement does not only allow to realize three-dimensional visualization of the monument in various views and perspectives, but is also a productive analytical tool that makes it possible to reveal the characteristic features of the layout and spatial organization of the settlement hidden in its microrelief.

Статья представляет первую специальную публикацию, посвященную археологическому комплексу Красный Октябрь 1 в Прикубанье. Разновременный памятник (рубеж VI-V вв. до н. э. - Новое время) имеет площадь около 70 га, частично перекрыт современной застройкой. Сохранилось центральное укрепление городища с высокими валами и рвами, а также вторая укрепленная площадка к западу от нее, возможно, относящиеся уже к XVIII - началу XIX в. Точное время возникновения фортификации на памятнике пока неизвестно. Раскопками обнаружены следы гончарного производственного комплекса первой половины I в. н. э., где изготавливали грузила и другие мелкие предметы. Среди находок - бронзовая статуэтка Зевса/Юпитера провинциально-римской работы, сероглиняный светильник в виде маски Силена, разнообразные курильницы. This paper is the first special publication on the Krasnyy Oktyabr site in the Kuban region. This archaeological ensemble has been created and used in different time periods (turn of the 5th century BC - Modern Time), its area which is partially overlain by modern housing is around 70 ha. The survived structures of the ensemble include the central reinforced part of the settlement with high ramparts and ditches and the second reinforced area west of the central fortification, possibly, dating to the 18th - early 19th centuries. The exact dating of the fortification at the site is not yet known. The excavations discovered traces of a pottery production center dating to the first half of the 1st= century AD where sinkers and other smaller items were produced. The finds include a bronze figurine of Zeus/Jupiter from a Roman province, a gray clay oil lamp in the form of a Silenus mask and various incense-burners.

Abstract. The city of Cadiz, located in a peninsula, was initially defended by its only land access through a wall of land extended from coast to coast across the isthmus; this access was erected at the beginning of the 16th century. After being devastated by an Anglo-Dutch attack in 1596 (where they had access by this flank), Felipe II decided to rebuild the city and this defensive element. Furthermore, after the Spanish War of Succession, Puerta Tierra [Land Gate] experienced a considerable metamorphosis that would complete its integration in the first quarter of the 18th century, becoming now a complete defensive system that would protect one of the most important squares of the Kingdom of Spain. In this sense, this work can be considered one of the most representative examples of the application of military treatises based on the ideas developed by the French marshal Vauban and applied by the Spanish engineer Ignacio Sala. This research focuses on the defensive elements whose works, which were developed between approximately 1730 and 1760, involved large earthworks and an intensive use of the oyster stones, resulting in the final configuration of the work. The analysis developed below is based on the plans prepared by the Spanish engineers involved in this construction.

<p>1624年荷蘭東印度公司於南台灣的大員（現今台南安平）設立貿易據點，並在當地沙丘上構築熱蘭遮堡。經過多年擴建，該堡壘發展成一座大型軍事要塞，具有上層主堡、下層主堡、沙土基座、外堡等四個部位，堡內則有各類建物，包括長官公署、士兵營舍、公司人員住所、奴隸住所、倉庫、彈藥庫、監獄、教堂等等。在台灣荷治時期（1624-1662），熱蘭遮堡不僅扮演軍事防禦之角色，亦具有行政治理與貨物儲存之作用。熱蘭遮堡無疑是17世紀荷蘭東印度公司在東亞地區規模最大的軍事建築，也是荷治福爾摩沙最具重要意義的多功能建物。基於上述重要性，本論文將以兩個主要部分，分別探討兩個與熱蘭遮堡建築有關的重要主題。 第一個部分探討熱蘭遮堡的建築營造歷程。本文根據歷史文獻與歷史圖像的梳理與比對，提出熱蘭遮堡營造歷程的五個重要階段，並檢視各階段的歷史背景，包括公司在福爾摩沙的經營與發展、巴達維亞總督與台灣長官對於防禦工事的態度、以及福爾摩沙或大員所面臨的各類敵人與天災之威脅。在各階段的歷史背景下，將探討熱蘭遮堡的工程項目、參與人員、材料來源、以及構造與形式之特徵。根據討論成果，本文亦製作「荷治時期熱蘭遮堡各階段工程綜覽圖」，以呈現五個階段的營造重點、關鍵工程所涉年代、以及歷任長官與堡壘營造的關係。 第二個部分探討熱蘭遮堡建築與早期現代歐洲堡壘設計思維之關聯。本文將檢視義大利文藝復興對於歐洲早期現代防禦工事設計的發展，以及荷蘭於八十年戰爭（1568-1648）期間出現的「舊荷蘭系統」防禦工事設計。接著根據荷蘭本土及荷蘭東印度公司亞洲據點的堡壘案例，釐清舊荷蘭系統的幾個重要原則。最後再與歷史圖像所呈熱蘭遮堡建築特徵進行比較，以分析其與歐洲/荷蘭早期現代堡壘設計思維之關聯。根據分析成果，本文確認熱蘭遮堡相當程度反映了歐洲及荷蘭早期現代的堡壘設計思維，特別是堡壘的稜堡形式。然而，本文也發現某些熱蘭遮堡特徵無法以歐洲/荷蘭早期現代的堡壘設計思維進行解釋，而可能源自其他理由或動機，這些仍值得未來後續研究進一步探討。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>In 1624, Dutch East India Company (VOC) set up a trading post in Taiowan in southern Taiwan (now Anping, Tainan) and there built Fort Zeelandia on a hill. After years of expansion, this fort was developed into a large-scale fortress which comprises four parts &ndash; the upper main fort, the lower main fort, the earth foundation and the outer fort. Inside Fort Zeelandia, there were a variety of buildings including a governor&rsquo;s house, houses of company staffs, barracks of soldiers, houses of slaves, warehouses, arsenals, prisons, a church, etc. In the Dutch rule period of Taiwan (1624-1662), Fort Zeelandia did not only play a role in military defense but also had the functions of administrative governance and cargo storage. Undoubtedly, Fort Zeelandia was the largiest military building complex of the Dutch VOC in the 17th-century East Asia and the most prominent and significant multi-purpose building in Dutch Formosa. On account of the significance as mentioned above, this paper consists of two main parts, and each part aims to explore one important theme related to the architecture of Fort Zeelandia. The first part discusses the construction process of Fort Zeelandia. By means of the analysis and comparison of a variety of historical texts and images, this paper in the first place divides the construction process of this fort into five main stages and then reviews the historical background of each stage, such as the management and development of the Dutch VOC in Formosa, the respective attitudes of Governor-Generals in Batavia and Governors in Formosa toward the defense of Taiowan, and the various enemies and natural disasters that threatened Formosa or Taiowan. Under the historical background of each stage, an in-depth discussion of the construction works, the personnel involved in the construction works, the sources of building materials, and the constructional and formal characteristics of Fort Zeelandia will be conducted. On basis of the above discussion, this paper presents a chart as the overview of the construction process of Fort Zeelandia, which shows the important projects in the five main stages, the years when the significant projects were carried out, and the relationship between the governors&rsquo; terms and the construction process of this fort. The second part analyzes the relationship between the architecture of Fort Zeelandia and the early modern ideas of European fortification design. This paper first reviews how Italian Renaissance influenced the progress of the European fortification design in the early modern period and then introduces the fortification design of the so-called &lsquo;Old-Netherlands System&rsquo; developed during the Eighty Years&rsquo;s War (1568-1648). Moreover, according to several examples of fortification design in the Netherlands and the Asian posts of the Dutch VOC, the obvious principles of the Old-Netherlands System will be clarified. Finally, by means of the comparison between these principles and the formal craracteristics of Fort Zeelandia shown in the historical images, this paper will further analyze the relationship between the early modern ideas of European/Dutch fortification design and the architecture of Fort Zeelandia. On the basis of the above analysis, this paper confirms that the architecture of Fort Zeelandia to a great degree reflects the early modern ideas of European and Dutch forfification design. However, this paper also points out some formal characteristics of Fort Zeelandia which can hardly be explained by the modern ideas of European or Dutch forfification design. These formal characteristics are probably the results of other reasons or motives which are worth further discussion in the follow-up research.</p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

In modern conditions, the need for vital nutrients, in particular, micronutrients, varies depending on age, season, physical activity. The modern diet of ordinary natural products cannot provide a sufficient level of consumption of micronutrients, which play an important role in various metabolic processes of the body. Such an element may be selenium. Seasona l manifestations of selenium deficiency in the body of schoolchildren aged 13–14 in the Leninogorsk district of the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) are associated with insufficient intake of trace elements from the environment, in particular selenium, contribute to metabolic disorders. For this purpose, a seasonal analysis of biomaterials (hair) taken from adolescents (n = 84, 50 % of them boys) aged 13–14 years [median (Me) — 13.5 years] was carried out among schoolchildren for the quantitative content of selenium. Anthropometric studies were carried out, the body composition of the examined schoolchildren was assessed, the frequency of the lack of selenium content among adolescents. The studies revealed concentrations of selenium in the hair of adolescents below the reference values: in boys in 35 % of cases, in girls — in 43 %. This fact correlates with body mass index, fat mass, active cell mass, with musculoskeletal mass, with the basic metabolism. When assessing the actual nutrition among adolescents, a lack of selenium in the diet was revealed in 55 % of boys and 64 % of girls. To correct selenium deficiency in the diet, a seasonal fortification of the school menu is proposed — fortification of food products with selenium and iodine at the same time, since these trace elements are functionally closely interrelated, the creation of accessible laboratory control for the quantitative content of selenium and iodine in local food products.

Caricin Grad, Justiniana Prima, urban planning, fortification, settlement, aerial photography, geophysical surveys, LiDAR, photogrammetry, excavations, GIS. Thanks to the application of modern non-destructive sensing and detection methods, in recent years a series of new data on urban planning in Caricin Grad was obtained. For the most part, the current research programme studies the Upper Town?s northern plateau, wooded until recently and hence the only previously unexplored unit of the city. In the course of this programme, the classical research method - the excavations started in 2009 - is for the first time combined with the systematic application of airborne and terrestrial sensing and detection techniques. The analysis of historic aerial photographs and topographic plans proved to be very useful as well. Along with them, LiDAR-derived DTMs, photogrammetric DEMs, different geophysical and orthophotographic plans are stored in the GIS database for Caricin Grad and the Leskovac Basin. In this way almost 80 percent of the plateau area was defined, and the obtained plan is hypothetical only to a small extent, which particularly refers to the unexcavated northern rampart of the Upper Town. Each source provided relevant information for the reconstruction of both the rampart and the settlement, which points to the value of a holistic approach to documentation from various dates. The first source to be studied were archival aerial photographs of Caricin Grad from 1938 and 1947 (Figs. 1, 2.1). The latter one was originally processed by Aleksandar Deroko and Svetozar Radojci}, who drew the plan of the town after it, labelling the unexplored Upper Town?s northern plateau as ?a probable habitation area?. The route of the northern rampart was aslo rather precisely determined by the authors (Fig. 2.2). Recently, these photographs were rectified and georeferenced in the GIS. The 1938 shot reveals the position of some towers as well, and it is also indicative of the way of construction of certain buildings. From the spatial layout of whitish zones, originating from mortar scattered along the slope, it can be deduced which buildings were constructed in opus mixtum - the horreum and the so-called Building with Pillars east of it. Traces of mortar can be observed along the route of the rampart too. These archival images are particularly important because they record the topography of the site before it was filled with heaps of earth from the excavations. The topographic mappings of this area were conducted in 1981 and 2006 (Fig. 3). The first plan was drawn after an airborne stereophotogrammetric survey of Caricin Grad, and in 2006, after the wood was cut down, this whole area was surveyed with the total station, with a density of nine points per square meter. This survey also resulted in a 3D terrain model (Fig. 3.2) indicating the layout of the buildings, which was to be proved by geophysical surveys and archaeological excavations. In the course of the Serbian-French reaearch programme, in 2007 geomagnetic surveys were carried out by Alain Kermorvan of the University of Tours. Thanks to the application of this method the remains of collapsed stone structures could be observed, and in 2015, in cooperation with the Roman-Germanic Central Museum, Mainz, and the Ludwig Boltzmann Institute from Vienna, the middle and eastern parts of the plateau were scanned with GPR (Fig. 4.2). Precise plans of the buildings were obtained in the areas in which LiDAR scanning and photogrammetric and geomagnetic surveys failed to produce clear images. Within the framework of the ArchaeoLandscapes Europe project, in 2011 we managed to organise an airborne LiDAR survey of the wider area of Caricin Grad. With its density of some 20 points per square meter, this scanning proved to be crucial for our comprehension of the town. The standard DTM provided numerous important data, especially its version calculated in the focal statistics function of the ArcGIS software package (Fig. 5. 1-2). These models show not only the route of the Upper Town?s northern rampart, the position of its towers and the layout of the buildings, but also the line of the Outer Town?s western rampart. Visible only in the DTM, this entirely new aspect of the Caricin Grad fortification has been attested by the excavations. Highly important plans of the town, and of the northern plateau of the Upper Town in particular, were obtained by UAV photogrammetric surveys. The first drone survey was conducted in 2014 within the scope of the same project. It resulted in a cloud with up to 1,600 points per square meter (Fig. 6.1-2). Unlike the LiDAR technology, photogrammetry cannot penetrate vegetation; therefore the preliminary clearing of the ground proved to be a most important step. After the 2015 campaign was finished, the excavation area in the Upper Town was documented again in the same manner. Regular photogrammetric surveys make possible the control of the works and reliable visual monitoring of the progress of exploration (Fig. 9). After the wood was cut down in 2006 and enormous heaps of earth from twentieth-century excavations and restoration works were carefully removed by machinery in 2008 and 2010, without disturbing the original layers of debris, wide excavations could begin. At first only the humus layer was removed from fifteen-meter squares, which was followed by technical drawing. In 2009 and 2010 we did not explore the debris or the cultural layers (Fig. 7.1-2). The additional two squares were opened and documented in the same fashion in 2011, when previously recorded buildings 11 and 15C were explored in detail, together with the part of the corridor between them where a bread oven was found. These buildings were oriented south-north, cascading along the mild slope towards the northern rampart of the Upper Town. Fragments of pithoi and carbonised fruits were found in the buildings, allowing for an economic interpretation. Judging by coinfinds, the buildings ended in fire after the year 602. Some of the buildings on the northern plateau were oriented differently, following the route of the northern rampart of the Acropolis in the east-west direction. In 2012 building 18 was excavated, leaning on the rampart. Rectangular in plan and some 12 by 7.5 meters large, it had a storey and a 7 by 5.5 meters spacious paved atrium in the west. Parallel to building 18 is building 20, the only one on the northern plateau constructed in opus mixtum. The two buildings are separated by a four-meter-wide street, running from east to west. This street, corridor 4, was partly cut in the rock. In some sections it had a substructure of fragmented debris. Building 20 has been carefully excavated for several years now. After the initial documenting, the surface layer of debris was removed, but not the collapsed structures with characteristic construction details; to the east of the building a collapsed wall was uncovered, containing as many as eight successive rows of stone and brick. Beneath these layers are the occupation ones, so far investigated only to a small extent. Building 20 is rectangular in plan, covering 25 by 12.5 meters. In its central axis there is a row of masonry pillars, dividing the building into two naves. On its western side there was a vestibule with a pair of doors matching the main entrances to the building. In the back of the vestibule, between these entrances and in axis with the pillars, there was a staircase. Adetailed analysis of these features led us to conclude that building 20 was a horreum, the first such edifice to be discovered in Caricin Grad. Taking into account the details of its ground plan, pillars, parts of collapsed walls and especially arches, it will be possible to reconstruct the original form of the horreum. Judging by the existing estimate, although somewhat rough, it was 13.5 meters high. It could be observed that in its later phases the horreum was partitioned into several rooms, and some of its entrances were walled up. In the vestibule only these later occupation phases were documented, as the original brick pavement was removed from its northern part. This was followed by a significant accumulation of cultural layers, which were sealed by the debris stratum. South of the horreum there is a spacious courtyard connected with the western street of the Upper Town. The Upper Town?s northern rampart has never been graphically reconstructed, despite the fact that Aleksandar Deroko and Svetozar Radojci} published its accurate (although schematic) ground plan as early as 1950 (Fig. 2.2). This part of the town has gradually been left out of the research focus, mainly due to the vegetation growth. Upon employing all the methods described above, however, it is possible to undertake such an effort. The ideal reconstruction suggested here includes the rampart route, the disposition and the form of the towers, and the possible locations of the posterns. The line of the rampart can be traced following the trenches left by the locals dismantling the walls. Only the section of the northwestern rampart in front of the western postern of the Acropolis cannot be presented, being still covered by massive earth deposits. On the other hand, the recently discovered western rampart of the Outer Town can be traced to its full length in the LiDAR-derived DTM. Its form can be easily reconstructed on the basis of the results of the 2012 excavations and the section of the same rampart uncovered east of the main fortifications in 1955-56 (Fig. 8). Having studied the microtopography of the terrain, we were able to determine the position of a number of towers. They were clearly indicated by bumps, regularly distributed along the northern and northeastern sections of the rampart. The position of the tower below the Acropolis? western postern could be easily determined as well, unlike the position of the tower opposite to the horseshoe-shaped one of the Acropolis fortification. Yet, it is hard to imagine that a hundred-meter-long section of the rampart was left unprotected. The rectangular shape of the towers is suggested because almost all the towers of the town?s outer fortification were constructed in that way. On the other hand, at present we cannot exclude the possibility that some towers were different, horseshoe-shaped in plan, like the ones on the Acropolis rampart. The disposition of the towers along the northeastern rampart of the Upper Town, in the area where the northern street presumably met the fortification, is not clear. This part of the site still lies under massive heaps of earth, and even the 1938 and 1947 aerial photographs are not indicative enough in this regard. However, the tower(s) might have been erected there, not only because the eighty-meter-long stretch of the rampart would be left without protection in an opposite scenario, but because it is likely that the northern street ended in a gate, or at least a postern. It is already known that some of the posterns on the Caric in Grad fortifications were defended by towers. The average distance between the towers of the town?s main fortification extends from 20 meters on the southern to 40 meters on the western rampart of the Lower Town; in our reconstruction the average interval on the Upper Town?s northern rampart is 44 meters. Another argument is that this gate might have connected the Upper and the Outer Towns. The position of the second postern is determined thanks to a depression in the terrain following the axis of another communication route in the Upper Town, leading from corridor 4 and running towards the north along the rows of buildings. Finally, the 3.8 meter width of the rampart in the section adjoining the northern tower of the Upper Town?s eastern gate may only indicate a staircase, the last reconstructed fortification element. On the plateau stretching between the northern ramparts of the Acropolis and the Upper Town fortifications a settlement developed with its radially distributed rows of buildings cascading down the slope. In the eastern part of the plateau there is the horreum, adjoined from the east by another building - the storage called Building with Pillars. Larger than the other buildings and constructed in opus mixtum, the two buildings follow the route of the Upper Town?s northern street, all of which indicates that they belong to the initial construction phase. One should not exclude the possibility that this part of the town was originally conceived as an economic district with storages and similar edifices. By all appearances, the original concept was soon abandoned. Already at the time of Justinian a settlement of numerous smaller buildings was created. With their walls of stone and wattle and daub, the buildings were roofed with tiles. Yet one should underscore that this construction phase, although less sophisticated than the first one, was accomplished according to a previously prepared plan; the spread of the buildings speaks to that effect. Shortly afterwards, if not at the same time, buildings were erected along the outer face of the Acropolis rampart - a clear indication of abandoning urban planning (Fig. 9). Public space was turned into private, in spite of the legal proscriptions of that time. During the last phase of the town?s life the buildings described, whether public or private, were partitioned into small rooms, often with fireplaces and with some of their entrances walled up. Just like the edifices constructed in opus mixtum, some of the more modest buildings from the second construction phase were used to store food - namely buildings 11 and 15C. The plan of this part of the site points to an organised settlement, most probably inhabited by persons servicing a significant clergy and administration. On the other hand, except for some houses - such as building 18 - small buildings along the Acropolis fortification, facing the main street, corridor 4, might have served as shops and workshops. Traces of furnaces, slag and bone working were also encountered in this area. The parallel application of classical research methods and modern techniques of sensing and detection enabled the reconstruction of the northern rampart and the urban matrix of the Upper Town?s northern plateau. Until recently among the least known parts of the town, this unit can now be regarded as one of the best defined. This is important not only for our understanding of Caricin Grad (Justiniana Prima), but also for the study of Early Byzantine urban planning in general.

Its longitudinal mass stretches along the curve of the plot, and moving forward from the surrounding construction, it closes the set of free-standing buildings with two marked wings. Like a retaining wall or fortification: it resists the clutter of the hillside. It was as if gravity had attracted him to the bay of the plot — and with it the loose-textured block. —The composition of the longitudinal wing and a bastion-like element bisects the volume of the building. With the proportions of the latter - and especially with the curved corner formation - it subtly refers to the design world of modern villas, condominiums and family houses in Budapest.

This paper aims to present the results of archaeological works carried out within the framework of a post-excavation project, “Per lineam munitionum”, between 2005–2016 around the fortification system of the Roman legionary fortress and the late Roman and early Byzantine town of Novae. The research concentrated generally on completing and recording old trenches as well as recording remains of the original building substance, stratigraphy and other archaeological remains using modern technologies and precise geodetic equipment. The archaeological data and stratigraphical observations were compared with the numismatic findings in an effort to improve the final interpretation and the reconstruction of the main construction phases.

62 archeological sites officially registered on the territory of Kyiv, 23 of which are of national, others — of local value. Half of these objects are architectural monuments or individual buildings (brick-burning furnaces, wooden water pipes, etc.). These sites are mostly located in the central historic part of the city. More common types of archaeological sites — hillforts, settlements, burial grounds. At the beginning of the XXIth century 76 sites of these types were known in the territory of Kyiv, of which only a few are with protected status now. Since 2011, the author has conducted archaeological surveys in the city. Their purpose is to inspect the places of known archaeological sites and search for new ones. During this time, 78 sites were inspected, of which 61 were discovered for the first time. Among these open sites 27 dated to the Xth—XVIIIth centuries or contain finds of this time. 13 sites existed in epoch of Old Rus’ (Xth—XIIIth centuries). Accordingly, today 72 sites of this period, 4 settlements, 38 settlements, 10 burial mounds and 4 ground cemetery, 8 monasteries, 7 caves and 1 fortification rempart are registered in Kyiv. Pottery of the second half of the XIIIth—XVIIth centuries was found at 10 sites. Magority of settlements dated to the early modern time — they were villages and farms around Kyiv. Their study allows us to find out in detail the extensive system of settlement at the Kyiv outskirts in this period and the active economic use of the latter. A fortification rempart which has a length of 2.9 km was also inspected on the southern outskirts of the city. Its height is generally 0.2—0.5 m, width — up to 10 m. This fortification is believed to have been emerged at the turn of the Xth—XIth centuries in order to protect Kyiv from the attacks of nomads. The discovery and study of new archaeological sites of the Middle Ages and early modern times allows us to explore the peculiarities of the emergence and development of settlement structures around one of the largest urban centers of Central and Eastern Europe, increases the number of sources on the historical urbanism of Kyiv, contributes to the memorial component of the socio-cultural development of the capital Of Ukraine.

Ориентированность современных потребителей на выбор изделий с оптимальным нутриентным составом приводит к необходимости расширения рынка пищевой продукции, разработанной на основе принципов здорового питания: со сниженным содержанием добавленного сахара, жира и соли, наличием функциональных ингредиентов, минимальным перечнем рецептурных компонентов. В настоящее время перекусы составляют около одной трети ежедневного потребления энергии и, как правило, состоят из высококалорийных продуктов питания, в том числе мучных кондитерских изделий. В качестве одной из перспективных стратегий оптимизации качества промышленно выпускаемых продуктов питания во всем мире признано совершенствование их рецептурного состава. На основании анализа различных групп печенья установлено, что наиболее критичным составом обладают группы сахарного, сдобного и овсяного печенья, содержание в них добавленного сахара может достигать 28,5 %, 39,0 %, 40,0 % соответственно. Сдобное и сахарное печенье дополнительно содержат в своем составе высокий процент жира: 21,5-33 %. В работе предложен новый подход, направленный на создание мучных кондитерских изделий с заданными критериями качества, технологичности, функциональности и безопасности. Выделены пять основных областей комплексной фортификации и определен комплекс действий для эффективного развития каждой из них. Комплексная фортификация мучных кондитерских изделий является актуальным направлением исследований и эффективным инструментом разработки изделий нового поколения. The focus of modern consumers on the choice of products with an optimal nutritional composition leads to the need to expand the market for food products developed on the basis of the principles of healthy nutrition: with a reduced content of added sugar, fat and salt, with the presence of functional ingredients, and a minimum list of recipe components. Snacks currently account for about one-third of daily energy intake and typically consist of high-calorie foods, including flour confectionery. Improvement of their recipe composition is recognized as one of the promising strategies for optimizing the quality of industrially produced food products all over the world. Based on the analysis of various groups of biscuits, it was determined that the groups of sugar, butter and oatmeal biscuit have the most critical composition, the content of added sugar in them can reach 28.5 %, 39.0 %, 40.0 %, respectively. Butter and sugar biscuits additionally contain a high percentage of fat up to 21.5-33 %. The paper proposes a new approach aimed on creating flour confectionery products with specified criteria of quality, manufacturability, functionality and safety. Five main areas of complex fortification are identified and a set of actions for the effective development of each of them is determined. Comprehensive fortification of flour confectionery products is an actual area of research and an effective tool for the development of new generation products.

This paper discusses the development of digital intellectual and technological geographies showing spatial distributions of information and proposes to combine these with network representations of actors and documents relevant for the history knowledge exchange in Early Modern Europe. The amount of technical and fortification drawings that were copied throughout Europe and the New World and the different nature of networks in which they were exchanged raises the question whether they belonged to the Republic of Letters, as some authors claim. We argue that instead of trying to explain knowledge exchange in Early Modern Europe by focusing on The Republic of Letters as one entity consisting of scholars , it might be more useful to reconstruct the spatial distribution of actors and of (non-)textual documents in virtual networks of knowledge. Inspired by the term “deep maps” coined by David Bodenhamer, we will introduce the concept of “deep networks” and explore the requirements for their future development. Hereto, we focus on the representation of historical evidence and of uncertainties in analyses of intellectual and technological letters and drawings and hybrid combinations of these.

AbstractThe physiognomy of the combined operations recorded essential changes at the beginning of the 21st century, due to the impact of the scientific and technical revolution in the military field, materialized in the production of new generation’s weapons with particularly destructive characteristics (Vladu & Popa, 2016). The emergence of new advanced capabilities for conducting air operations, as well as the use of military robots and intelligent ammunitions in joint operations led to the implementation of the “lightning success” concept by the forces of modern armies. In this respect, we consider that a particularly important role in achieving “lightning success”, by the forces of the modern armies, is played by the main characteristics of adversary general protection system, particularly by the weaknesses of the fortification system which have not been able to provide optimal conditions for protection for the command and control systems, fighting and supporting forces, as well as for public administration authorities and the civilian population.

The article considers the creation of a fortification line of defense of the Russian state during the 15th-16th centuries as a process of formation of a specific settlement system. It puts forward the hypothesis that the formation of a linear defensive-residential structure consisting of residential and defense constructions united by roads into a single structure of interconnected formations for various functions was purposeful. It is noted that one of the insufficiently studied pages of the Russian history of town-planning to this day remains "Watchline" not as object of fortification, but as an object of town-planning art. On the basis of the study of the works of D. Bagaley, F. Laskovsky, I.D. Belyaeva, A.I. Yakovlev and other researchers, including modern researchers, article concludes that the settlement of the XIV-XVI century's period originally had a planned character. That was, in fact, a complex system of resettlement created, based on a fundamentally new urban development technique for the development of territories. The article substantiates the legitimacy of using the concept of "Settlement System" as applied to the period of the XV-XVII centuries - the period of the state formation. It was the emergence of statehood that allowed the creation of a management system and the structure of such town-planning structures as the Zasechnye lines.

The following article presents the issue of the fortification of Riga and associated plans of the suburbs in the 17th and 18th centuries (plans of Johann van Rodenburg and Rudolf Friedrich Härbel), as well as the projects of the transformation of the former fortification zones in the 19th century. Additionally, the paper covers the question of an unknown plan of Riga from 1843. In 1812, as a result of an intentional arson during the Russian campaign, the suburbs were completely destroyed. This prompted Filippo Paulucci to create a new plan that, among others, carefully delineated the transformation of the glacis into a wide esplanade. In 1856, after the Crimean War, a decision was made to de-fortify the city. In November 1857, in a very solemn manner, the process of Riga’s defortification began. Torch -bearing citizens participated in marches across the city, taking part in concerts and collective singing; during all these festivities, the city was brightly illuminated. This event was an amalgamation of solemn state celebrations and a folk, carnival-like fiesta. Celebrations connected with the process of Riga’s defortification belong to a small group of defortifications in European cities celebrated so uproariously. In early 1857, the architect Johann Daniel Felsko created a remarkably interesting plan developing the former fortification grounds, as well as a new idea of the spatial development of the city. Felsko used the modern division into functional zones: the trading-communication zone (port, depots, railway station, and ‘gostiny dvor’ (‘merchant yard’) and the stately-park zone (palaces, elegant revenue houses, public buildings), which, at that time, was still a great rarity. The conception utilized in Riga definitely overtook the ideas for the Vienna Ring Road (the second half of 1857). In my opinion, Felsko’s idea shares the most similarities with the former fortification zones in Frankfurt am Main, which were reclaimed in 1806. However, his plan was never faithfully realized. Out of numerous projects concerning the esplanade and promenade on the grounds of the former glacis, in the second half of the 19th century, there emerged one of the most interesting and beautiful European promenade complexes. Some of the first public buildings were the Riga-Daugavpils Railway Station and the theatre; later, school buildings, the Riga Technical University, and numerous palaces and houses were erected there. In the early 20th century, Riga was the third biggest and industrially developed city east of the Oder, reaching the population of over 470,000 citizens in 1913, following Warsaw and Wrocław. Its spatial development ideas, created in the 19th century, were then fully implemented.

The most important target indicators of food security in Russia are rational norms of food consumption and norms of physiological demand for energy and nutrients on average per person. An analysis of actual consumption shows that the diet of Russians is unbalanced and there is a deterioration in the quality of the diet in a number of positions, especially noticeable negative changes occurred after 2014 as a result of the introduction of the food embargo, the devaluation of the ruble and the subsequent decline in household incomes and effective demand for food. Unbalanced diet is one of the main reasons for the increasing prevalence in Russia of overweight and obesity, anemia, iodine and other micronutrients deficiency, diabetes, high prevalence of high blood pressure. In this regard, it is necessary to take policy measures in the area of nutrition, in particular, improving the system of assessing the quality of nutrition of population, to implement mandatory salt iodization, and fortification of bread with vitamins and minerals, implement a program of domestic food aid, including in the area of school meals and, in particular, the implementation the "school milk" programs, aimed at ensuring all children of preschool and school age free milk in accordance with the recommendations for healthy nutrition in educational institutions, as well as measures to inform the population and promote education in the field of healthy nutrition. In modern conditions of the pandemic and overcoming its consequences, the relevance and importance of food aid, which should mitigate the deterioration of the economic situation and the decrease in incomes, are increasing. In addition, recent events show that healthy nutrition is a significant factor in the resistance of the COVID-19 pandemic, from which humanity does not yet have vaccines and specific medicines.

The defensive architecture of Siberia in the 17th-18th centuries is one of the important sections of the Russian architectural heritage, significant for the history of regional architecture during the period when Siberia and, in particular, Eastern Siberia, became part of Russia. The purpose of the study is to preliminarily and proportionally find the traces, images of the architectural appearance of the Irkutsk wooden Kremlin in the silhouette of the historical core of the city. The study uses the methods of planning analysis, analogs, an integrated approach with control points-markers, spatial units of information about the lost object. The authors studied graphic and text documents that give a general idea of the perimeter of the fortress and internal buildings, as well as historical sources about the Irkutsk Kremlin, from which the parameters of fortifications and amenities were taken and correlated with analogs. The main results were the identification of the location of the Irkutsk wooden Kremlin on a modern map of the city and a preliminary graphic and model reconstruction of the architectural appearance of the fortification. The historical and architectural fact of the uniqueness of the place of the lost object is also highlighted. Thus, the authors reveal the importance of the Kremlin as one of the main architectural and urban planning components of space organization in Irkutsk in the 17th-18th centuries. The results of this study can be used to organize archaeological research, restoration activities, etc. Based on the research carried out, further studies are planned using updated and new data.

Konstitutyvinė moderniojo filosofavimo savastis – epistemologinis svarstymas. Pažinimo teorija, o ne aksiologinė ir ontologinė žiūra, čia pašaukta pagrįsti tinkamą filosofinės problematikos visetą. Todėl episteminės filosofinio diskurso pretenzijos privalo būti artikuliuojamos metafilosofinės refleksijos horizontene tik nuosekliai redukuojant bet kokius sprendžiamus klausimus į filosofinio tyrimo sui generis euristinį potencialą, bet ir įtvirtinant tokio potencialo būtinumą, patikimumą ir nelygstamumą. Taip metafilosofinė filosofinio moderno savigrinda išvirsta episteminio ir epistemologinio ego principio tapatumoimperatyvu: žinojimas teįmanomas tik kaip save patį reglamentuojantis ir įteisinantis savo paties neatšaukiamą įsisteigimą aktas. Iš čia ir refleksyviosios epistemologijos primatas, ir eo ipso solipsizmo išvangos implikatyvas, verčiantis tokią neatsiejamą epistemologinio ir episteminio ego sąjungą agneologiniu svarstymu par excellance: modernioji pažinimo teorija išvirsta pirmapradės nežinojimo duoties, jo būdų ir jo sąlyginės įveikos galimybių konceptualinio tyrimo sistematika. Solipsizmo grėsmės genama modernioji epistemologinė metafilosofija ex principio interno tampa ne žinojimo įtvirtinimo, o nežinojimo amelioracijos ieška.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: metafilosofija, modernioji filosofija, epistemologija, agneologija, solipsizmas.Metaphilosophy of Modern Agneological Epistemology: Solipsism ex principio internoMarius Povilas Šaulauskas SummaryEpistemology serves as a crucial constituent of modern philosophy. Theory of knowledge, in contrast to axiological and ontological theorization, provides the ultimate framework underpinning the problematic whole of philosophical inquiry. Therefore, epistemic claims of the philosophical discourse should be articulated in terms of metaphilosophical reflection not only by reducing scrutinized problematics into the heuristic potential of philosophical analysis sui generis, but also by grounding such a potential in terms of its necessity, certainty and uniqueness. Metaphilosophical self-founding of the philosophical modernity dwells on an imperative identification of the epistemic and epistemological ego: knowledge posits itself only by providing its own procedural principals and grounds of justification. Hence the unsurpassable primacy of reflective epistemology, and by the same token the urgent necessity to avoid solipsism transforming the enterprise of modern epistemology into the agneological discourse par excellence. Modern epistemological metaphilosophy, in the wake of solipsism, turns into agneology ex principio interno: epistemologically grounded philosophy unfolds not as a fortification of knowledge and truth, but as the unremitting search after the amelioration of ignorance and falsehood.Key words: metaphilosophy, modern philosophy, epistemology, agneology, solipsism.

The present study examined the references in the works of ancient authors to the ancient city and the Roman fortress Pitiunt, the geological aspects of the formation of the coastline in the Pitsunda Cape area in the first centuries AD and the results of archaeological research of the monument performed from 1952 to 1974. The creation of the 3D reconstruction of the exterior of the Pitiunt fortress during its prosperity in the IV century AD, along with the churches which were the first monuments of religious architecture in northwestern Colchis (northwestern Colchis comprises parts of the territory of modern Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia) was carried out based on the excavation plans and the principles of fortification and temple architecture that were accepted in the late Roman times, paying special attention to the geological paleoreconstructions.

The author establishes the types of relief created for military purposes (beligerative) and analyzes its morphology. The territory of the Yavoriv military training ground in the Lviv region, the largest in Ukraine training complex of various types and kinds of troops, was chosen as an example. The military training ground was established in the 30s of the twentieth century. In the past, Polish infantry, German tank divisions, Soviet troops, and nowadays Ukrainian and international ground and air forces trained here. The area of the landfill is 361.5 km2. It occupies an advantageous position in the terrain, as it is located on an elevated part of the Roztochchya Upland, where the Main European watershed passes. Loose sediments are widespread in the territory, which contribute to the creation of deep and elongated forms of beligerative relief. These are mainly quaternary alluvial sands and detritus of native rocks, aeolian and diluvial loess and sandy loams, alluvial sediments. We consider the beligerative relief as an integral part of the field military fortification. The research was performed on the base of interpretation of large-scale space images, aerial photographs and field studies. The modern beligerative relief observed at the Yavoriv military training ground was classified into positive and negative forms depending on the method of military activity. Positive forms include: 1) hills of command posts for control and surveillance, 2) hills of tank or cannon fortifications, 3) micro-hills of protection against small arms, 4) bunkers (wooden-earth defense points), 5) high-altitude targets and firing positions. Negative forms are as follows: 1) trenches of the defense line and the course of connections; 2) open structures for the protection of personnel: individual trenches, pairs, for several infantry, as well as for shooting lying down, kneeling, standing; 3) trenches for the protection of equipment and heavy artillery weapons; 4) closed structures for personnel protection: dugouts, bunkers, cracks, dugouts; 5) excavations from ruptures of artillery shells. There are more negative forms in the modern military relief. Analysis of space images from different times (1980–1990, 2000–2005, 2015–2019) and modern field observations allowed us to trace the dynamics of beligerative relief forms. The formation of new and most widespread forms occurs in the mid-80 of the twentieth century. At the end of the XX and at the beginning of the XXI century, the existing forms decline, steamrolled by exogenous processes, and new ones do not appear. New forms have been appeared since 2015, but only in small local areas. The place they appear are characterized by a significant anthropogenic transformation of the terrain, the development of exogenous processes, such as soil dispersal, desertification, erosion, oozing. Key words: beligerative (military) relief; Yavoriv military training ground (Ukraine); morphological classification.

The future emperor Galerius was born in a small village in the province of Dacia Ripensis around A.D. 258. His mother's name was Romula. When he was confirmed as a member of the tetrarchy he undertook a building programme in his native village, transforming it into a monumental fortified palace. To honour his mother he gave it a new name,Felix Romuliana. In 311, before this ambitious programme was complete, he died and was buried and deified there.Romulianahas been securely identified through epigraphic evidence with the impressive remains that exist near modern Gamzigrad (NE Serbia). This fortified palace was built in two phases: first came a fortification wall with 16 small rectangular or octagonal towers, dated in the first five years of the 4th c; then inc.305 this defensive system was partly demolished and a new, bigger fortification wall, strengthened by 20 huge, bastion-like towers (16-, 12- or 10-sided) was erected on the outside, encompassing and enlarging the original plan. This wall has been dated to 306-311. Inside the walls were erected two temples with altars, two palace complexes, a bath, a horreum, and auxiliary buildings. On a low ridge of hills east of the fortified palace two large consecration mounds and two mausolea were excavated in 1993. From the finds as well as the overall nature of the buildings at Romuliana, it was determined that this was where Galerius and his mother were buried and deified in the first years of the 4th c.