Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modern Greek language issue'

This thesis is concerned with architecture as a creative process which is distinct with respect to the physical appearance of its end products and the manual operation exclusively proper to the architect, yet it can be contextualised within the wider circle of human making with respect to the mental image to which all artists work - when their interest focuses on an inner world of reality - and to the noetic and imaginative operations proper to all makers. First, it embarks on a theoretical inquiry into the nature of architecture as a creative activity or process whereby man is brought into dwelling commensurate with human nature. The purpose of this inquiry is to illuminate the meaning of architecture and the formal principle that finds expression in its products, the kinship between architecture and poetry, and the pivotal role and function of language in the significant act of architectural creation. This theoretical inquiry establishes the perspective within which the architectural making process is examined in the modern Greek socio-cultural context, the distinct historical milieu of Greece after Independence. Viewing architecture as a human poetic projection, as a realisation of the unity of being with word, vision with language, this examination aims at delineating this long poetic journey that through stages of loss and recollection brought about the embodiment of the inner reality of the Greek world in architectural form, made by the hand of Dimitris Pikionis. The stages of this process are traced and paralleled to those of modern Greek poetry, a contemporaneous art process directed towards making intelligible the same reality, and one with a privileged position in the cultural life of modern Greece. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the making process as a personal creative experience. An account of Pikionis' personal poetic journey is followed by a close reading of his most accomplished work on the Attic hills. This work is viewed as the built product of his self-knowing and world-knowing process, the embodiment of his vision of "the mythical reality of the world", the same vision of the eternal and sacred aspect of visible things that The Axion Esti of Pikionis' contemporary poet, Odysseus Elytis, seeks to evoke. A comparison is ventured between Pikionis' architectural work and The Axion Esti of Elytis, two art-acts which are not simply contemporaneous but also in the same spirit of loyalty - loyalty without servility - to the values and principles of the cultural order in which the two individual creators found themselves embedded and which, for them, conforms to the order of the natural world which they inhabit. Finally, the suggestion is put forward that the architectural act, and the art-act in general, the begetting of a significant form which 'speaks' about and of the created world-order, is essentially a 'world-redeeming' act, an act directed towards a recreation of the world as it was in the beginning.

Developmental Language Impairment (DLI) is a language disorder characterized by difficulties in both language production and comprehension most readily observable on the morphological level. Previous research suggests that DLI subjects are atypical regarding word decomposition and word formation.<br>Given these observations, two questions arise: What is the extent of DLI insensitivity to word-internal structure and to morpheme features? and Is this insensitivity equally evident in inflectional, derivational and compounding processes? Three experiments address these questions: plural formation, nominal compounding and diminutive formation and comprehension.<br>These word formation processes are very productive Greek and are observed from (2;0) onwards in non-impaired children cross-linguistically. Nominal roots (bound) are mapped to other bound morphemes: inflectional affixes for plural formation, derivational affixes and inflectional affixes for diminutive formation, and lexical morphemes and inflectional affixes for compound formation.<br>In this thesis, the performance of Greek DLI subjects was compared to that of non-impaired controls using elicited production and comprehension tasks that probed real and novel word formation. Results show that DLI children are not sensitive to morphological features and have difficulty knowing where root boundaries are. Given the atypical performance of DLI children, the initial hypothesis on the building of an atypical competence appears to be supported.

My dissertation deals with the ethical philosophy of the Greek poet and Nobel Prize winner Odysseus Elytis (1911-1996). Responding to the "ethical turn" in literary scholarship, I scrutinize the notion of ethos and ethics, which permeates Elytis' writing, and its place in Elytis' poetic universe. Revolving around Elytis' "theory of analogies," this topic involves a number of diverse and complex literary dialogs, from Plato and Plotinus to German and Greek Romantics, forming part of an unwavering aesthetical and ethical worldview&mdash;an alternative cultural, spiritual, and political paradigm Elytis sought to establish. I often encountered little-noticed textual connections which show deeper background contacts, such as the permeating role of Platonism in the literary formation of many among these authors, or Elytis' reading of Friedrich Hölderlin which was at times surprisingly compatible with Heidegger's. I also argue that Elytis' reception of ancient philosophers and poets, such as Empedocles or Pindar, was often intrinsically connected with the ethical considerations of his times. The dissertation includes archival material from the Aristotelian University of Thessaloniki and the Gennadius Library in Athens, which confirmed many of my hypotheses about Elytis' intellectual preoccupations.<br>The Classics

The aim of this longitudinal study was to examine the contribution of phonological, morphological and dialect awareness to the prediction of reading and spelling in a Greek bi-dialectal setting. The target group (N=404) consisted of children, aged 6 to 9 years at the start of the project, who learn literacy in Cyprus, where a dialect is spoken in certain contexts but where Standard Modern Greek is also widely used. At present there are few studies with Greek Cypriot children on how phonological, morphological and dialect awareness relates to reading and spelling. Because there are no standardised measures of phonological, morphological and dialect awareness with Greek Cypriot children, measures of these factors were developed during the pilot study and their internal consistency was assessed. With the larger sample the measures were validated by examining their construct validity. The first wave of data collection showed that morphological and dialect awareness make unique contribution to the prediction of reading and spelling in Greek. The second wave of data collection showed that the measures of morphological and dialect awareness predicted performance in reading and spelling eight months later, even partialling out grade level, estimation of verbal intelligence and initial scores in reading and spelling. A model with dialect awareness as a mediator between phonological and morphological awareness and reading and spelling fitted the data better than a model with phonological or morphological awareness as mediators, and hence, phonological awareness and morphological awareness help children to become aware of the differences between their dialect and the standard variety, and dialect awareness in turn facilitates reading and spelling. Cross-lagged correlations showed that the more experience children have with reading and spelling, the more likely they are to develop morphological and dialect awareness. This study makes theoretical, empirical and practical educational contributions. The established mediational model contributes to the theoretical knowledge of the connection between dialect awareness and phonological and morphological awareness and reading and spelling while the longitudinal study contributes to theory the long term relation of morphological and dialect awareness with reading and spelling in Greek. Empirically, the study established the plausibility of a causal link between morphological and dialect awareness and reading and spelling, which must be tested in further research using intervention methods. In practice, this study contributes valid measures for assessing morphological and dialect awareness in the Greek Cypriot setting.

In this dissertation, I investigate a number of interrelated developments affecting the morphosyntax of nouns in Cappadocian Greek. I specifically focus on the development of differential object marking, the loss of grammatical gender distinctions, and the neuterisation of noun inflection. My aim is to provide a diachronic account of the innovations that Cappadocian has undergone in the three domains mentioned above. !ll the innovations examined in this study have the effect of rendering the morphology and syntax of nouns in Cappadocian more like that of neuters. On account of the historical and sociolinguistic circumstances in which Cappadocian developed as well as of the superficial similarity of their outcomes to equivalent structures in Turkish, previous research has overwhelmingly treated the Cappadocian developments as instances of contact-induced change that resulted from the influence of Turkish. In this study, I examine the Cappadocian innovations from a language-internal point of view and in comparison with parallel developments attested in the other Modern Greek dialects of Asia Minor, namely Pontic, Rumeic, Pharasiot and Silliot. My comparative analysis of a wide range of dialect-internal, cross-dialectal and cross-linguistic typological evidence shows that language contact with Turkish can be identified as the main cause of change only in the case of differential object marking. On the other hand, with respect to the origins of the most pervasive innovations in gender and noun inflection, I argue that they go back to the common linguistic ancestor of the modern Asia Minor Greek dialects and do not owe their development to language contact with Turkish. I show in detail that the superficial similarity of these latter innovations’ outcomes to their Turkish equivalents in each case represents the final stage in a long series of typologically plausible, language-internal developments whose early manifestations predate the intensification of Cappadocian–Turkish linguistic and cultural exchange. These findings show that diachronic change in Cappadocian is best understood when examined within a larger Asia Minor Greek context. On the whole, they make a significant contribution to our knowledge of the history of Cappadocian and the Asia Minor Greek dialects as well as to Modern Greek dialectology more generally, and open a fresh round of discussion on the origin and development of other innovations attested in these dialects that are considered by historical linguists and Modern Greek dialectologists to be untypically Greek or contact-induced or both.

This thesis offers a detailed examination of the representation of topos, or homeland, in the poetry of George Seferis from an interdisciplinary perspective. It argues that Seferis’ poetry is a response to loss, and in particular the loss of a homeland in Asia Minor. The argument is divided into two parts. The first, entitled “Crisis and Response,” deals with Seferis’ personal biography and the subject of loss, while the second, “Allegories of Topos,” treats three distinct themes that illustrate and allegorize Seferis’ poetics of topos: dystopia, historical poetics, and the poet’s interpretation of Homer. A concluding chapter examines Seferis’ Cyprus poems and the similarities between Cyprus and Asia Minor. Ultimately, this study sheds new light on one of twentieth century Greece’s most iconic modernist poets by presenting a new, place-based reading that illuminates the relationship between nationalism and personal topography.<p><br>Doctorat en Langues et lettres<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the influence of first language (L1) patterns on the acquisition of Greek as a foreign language (L2) by Spanish/Catalan L1 learners, as well as to determine whether L2 proficiency level and stays in the target- language country have an effect on such influence. More specifically, the current study aims to explore an under-researched crosslinguistic phenomenon which concerns the expression of EXPERIENTIAL STATES. In Spanish and Catalan, EXPERIENTIAL STATES tend to be expressed by means of periphrases composed by the verbs tener/tenir (“to have”), dar/donar (“to give”) or hacer/fer (“to make”) and a noun, whereas in Greek the equivalent experience tends to be expressed with a single verb (experiential verbs) (e.g., tener hambre/ tenir gana vs. πεινάω /pináo/ “to be hungry”, me da vergüenza/ em fa vergonya vs. ντρέπομαι /drépome/ “to feel embarrassed”). Native speakers of different languages tend to describe the same events or thought using different thinking-for-speaking patterns (Berman & Sloman, 1994). These patterns acquired in childhood tend to be resistant to reconstruction in adult Second Language Acquisition (SLA) (Slobin, 1991, 1993, 1996a), and are often transferred by L2 learners (Cadierno, 2004, 2008, 2010; Han & Cadierno, 2010). Following this line of inquiry, the present study aims to examine whether the dissimilarity in the L1-L2 patterns regarding the construal of the EXPERIENTIAL STATE (Langacker, 2008a) will result in cases of crosslinguistic influence (CLI). The present study takes as a point of departure Cognitive Linguistics’ recent application to SLA studies (Cadierno, 2004; Cadierno & Lund, 2004; Robinson & Ellis, 2008a; Tyler, 2012a). It also discusses its hypotheses and findings in light of conceptualization transfer (Jarvis, 2007, 2011) and the thinking-for-speaking hypothesis (Slobin, 1991, 1993, 1996a). The participants (N=114) were Spanish/Catalan L1 learners of Greek in a formal language setting in Spain. They belonged to five different proficiency levels (from A2 to B2.2 according to the Common European Framework of Reference) and had experienced stays in Greece of various durations. Native speakers of Greek (N=30) were also recruited to provide a baseline for comparison. A battery of instruments (including a grammaticality judgment test (GJT), a written description task, an oral description task, a questionnaire and interviews with the teachers of the language schools under analysis) were designed first-hand for the purposes of the study. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed. The results of the analyses demonstrated that there were significant differences in the way Spanish/Catalan learners of Greek and Greek native speakers construed the EXPERIENTIAL STATES under analysis. Even at advanced proficiency levels, traces of L1 influence were still detected, and the divergence with the native speakers was still significant. This finding suggests that the acquisition of these verbs constitutes a problematic area for Spanish/Catalan learners of Greek. L2 proficiency appeared to be important mainly for the low proficiency levels. L1 influence decreased as proficiency increased. Nevertheless, for the higher proficiency levels in the sample, proficiency did not play such a determining role, since significant differences were not found among these levels. Results indicated that the acquisition of experiential verbs progresses linearly up to a certain level and then stabilizes. The study also showed certain task effects, in the sense that CLI was more clearly exhibited in the recognition task (GJT) than in the production tasks. Stays in the target-language country were found to be beneficial for the acquisition of the patterns under analysis. Participants who had spent more time in Greece were more aware of the target forms and showed fewer instances of L1 transfer. However, the impact of stays abroad was more apparent in the case of pattern recognition (as measured in the GJT), than in the case of actual production (as measured in the picture description tasks). This doctoral dissertation concludes by suggesting that explicit instruction of the patterns under analysis (i.e., direct crosslinguistic comparisons in order to sensitize learners’ awareness) and/or the combination of formal instruction “at-home” with stays in the target language country could potentially lead to a better acquisition of the experiential verbs under study.<br>El objetivo del presente estudio es investigar la influencia de patrones de la primera lengua (L1) en la adquisición del griego como lengua extranjera (L2) por hablantes nativos de español y catalán, así como también determinar si tanto el nivel de dominio de la lengua, como las estancias en el país nativo de la misma tienen algún efecto en dicha influencia. Más específicamente, el presente estudio se centra en explorar un fenómeno escasamente investigado sobre la influencia entre lenguas que concierne la expresión del ESTADO EXPERIENCIAL. En español y catalán, ciertos ESTADOS EXPERIENCIALES suelen expresarse por medio de perífrasis verbales mientras que en griego tienden a expresarse con un solo verbo (verbos experienciales). Los hablantes nativos de diferentes idiomas tienden a describir los mismos eventos o pensamientos usando diferentes patrones de “pensar para hablar” (thinking-for- speaking) (Berman & Sloman, 1994). Estos patrones adquiridos durante la infancia tienden a ser reacios a reconstruirse en la adquisición de segundas lenguas en la edad adulta (SLA) (Slobin, 1991, 1993, 1996a), y son frecuentemente transferidos por aprendices de la segunda lengua (Cadierno, 2004, 2008, 2010; Han & Cadierno, 2010). Siguiendo esta línea de investigación, el presente estudio tiene el objetivo de examinar si la disparidad entre los patrones de la primera lengua y la segunda con respecto al constructo del ESTADO EXPERIENCIAL (Langacker, 2008a) da lugar a casos de influencia entre lenguas (Crosslinguistic Influence). El presente estudio toma como punto de partida la aplicación reciente de la lingüística cognitiva a los estudios de adquisición de segundas lenguas (Cadierno, 2004; Cadierno & Lund, 2004; Robinson & Ellis, 2008a; Tyler, 2012a). Asimismo, se analizan las hipótesis y los resultados a la luz de la transferencia de conceptualización (conceptualization transfer) (Jarvis, 2007, 2011) y la hipótesis del “pensar para hablar” (Slobin, 1991, 1993, 1996a). Los participantes (N=114) eran estudiantes de griego con L1 español o catalán en un contexto lingüístico formal en España. Pertenecían a cinco niveles de competencia diferentes (desde el A2 al B2.2 según el Marco de Referencia Europeo de Lenguas) y habían tenido experiencias de estancias en Grecia de diferentes duraciones. También se incluyeron hablantes nativos de griego (N=30) con el fin de proporcionar una base para la comparación. Los instrumentos empleados en esta tesis fueron diseñados de primera mano para cumplir con los objetivos del estudio. Los resultados de los análisis han demostrado que existen diferencias significativas en la manera en que los estudiantes de griego con L1 español/catalan y los hablantes nativos de griego interpretan los ESTADOS EXPERIENCIALES objeto de análisis. Incluso en los niveles avanzados, se detectaron indicios de influencia de la primera lengua, y la divergencia con los hablantes nativos fue muy significativa. Este resultado sugiere que la adquisición de estos verbos constituye un área problemática para los estudiantes de griego con L1 español/catalan. El nivel de dominio del idioma parece ser importante principalmente para los niveles bajos. Los resultados han indicado que la adquisición de los verbos experienciales progresa de una manera lineal hasta un cierto nivel y luego se estabiliza. Se ha descubierto que las estancias en el país de la lengua meta son ventajosas para la adquisición de los patrones objeto de estudio. La presente tesis doctoral concluye sugiriendo que la instrucción explícita de los patrones objeto de estudio (p.ej., las comparaciones directas de influencia entre lenguas) y/o la combinación de instrucción formal “en casa” y estancias en el país de lengua meta podrían conducir de una manera potencial a una mejor adquisición de los verbos experienciales objeto de estudio.

The present thesis examines the way E.M. Forster, Lawrence Durrell, W.H. Auden, Stephen Spender, Joseph Brodsky, and James Merrill appropriated C.P. Cavafy in writings that were disseminated and consumed amongst culturally dominant literary circles, and which eventually determined the Greek-Alexandrian poet’s international reputation. I aim to contribute a new perspective on Cavafy, by evading the text-based tradition of reception studies, and proposing an alternative method of discussing the production of Cavafy's canonical status. Inspired by Pierre Bourdieu's sociological theory, I view literary canonization as involving a variety of factors at play beyond creative achievement: in particular, relationships of 'authorial consecration' whereby writers create and circulate cultural capital through their power to legitimize other artists. The critical and fictional texts I analyse perform readings of Cavafy's poetry alongside imaginative portrayals of the poet's life and personality. I take this complementary relationship - between the image of the poet each author projects and their reading of his work - as a starting point to explore the broader ideas of aesthetics and authorial subjectivity that inform the renderings of Cavafy generated by prominent literary figures. Rather than passive recipients of influence, these figures are considered as active agents in the production of 'Cavafy narratives', appropriating the poet according to their own agendas, while also projecting onto him their own position within the cultural field. Eventually, Cavafy becomes a point of insight into the multiplicity of networks and practices involved in the production of cultural currency; in turn, the study of the construction of Cavafy's authorial identity sheds light on the cumulative processes that have defined the way the poet is read and perceived to the present day. This duality of perspective is essential to a study concerned with the cultural contexts framing the poet's steady rise to international fame throughout the 20th century.

Skillnader i morfologisk komplexitet mellan språk har inte fått mycket fokus i forskningen kring neural bearbetning av morfologisk information. Trots detta har slutsatser dragits gällande böjningsmorfologi argumenterande för en skild bearbetning baserat på regelbundenhet, dvs. dekompositionell och holistisk bearbetning av regelbundna och oregelbundna böjningar respektive. För att tillföra forskningen en större morfologisk komplexitet och för att undersöka relationen mellan det kontinuerliga regelbundenhetspektrat och dikotomin av dekompositionell-holistisk bearbetning, undersökte denna uppsats den neurala bearbetningen av aspektböjning i modern grekiska, ett språk med hög grad av komplex böjningsmorfologi. Den tidiga auditiva ERP-komponenten MMN användes för att undersöka detta genom exploatering av dess påvisade relation till långtidsminnet genom att återspegla högre språkliga processer så som syntaktisk (sMMN) och lexikal (lMMN) bearbetning. Resultaten visade två MMN pikar, en tidigare vid 120-175 ms och en senare vid 240-300 ms, vilka modulerades enligt en sMMN-elicitering för både regelbunden och oregelbunden aspektböjning. Dessa resultat talar för en dekompositionell bearbetning av oregelbunden aspektböjning genom svag suppletion (/vɣázo/ → /vɣálo/) och argumenterades indikera avsaknaden av nödvändig morfologisk regelbundenhet för en möjlig dekompositionell böjningsbearbetning.<br>Differences in morphological complexity between languages have not recieved much attention within the field of neural processing of morphological information. Conclusions have though been drawn regarding inflectional morphology, arguing for different processing of regular and irregular inflections, i.e. decompositional and holistic processing respectively. To provide the research with higher morphological complexity and to investigate the relationship between the continuous regularity spectra and the dichotomy of decompositional-holistic processing, this thesis investigated the neural processing of aspectual inflection in modern Greek, a highly inflected language with complex verbal morphology. The early auditory ERP-component MMN was used to investigate this by exploiting it's shown longterm memory connections, reflecting higher linguisic processes such as syntactic (sMMN) and lexical (lMMN) processing. Results showed two MMN peaks, one earlier at around 120-175 ms and one later at around 240-300 ms. The peaks were modulated according to an sMMN elicitation for both regular and irregular inflections. These results, speaking for a decompositional processing of a irregular verb by weak suppletion (/vɣázo/ → /vɣálo/), were argued to indicate a lack of necessity of morphological regularity for a decompositional processing of inflection.

La thèse étudie les traductions en grec moderne de deux œuvres du mouvement des Lumières françaises. Elle explore les Lumières néohelléniques et appréhende les principaux points de l’idéologie de ce mouvement en relation avec le contexte socioculturel et historique du monde grécophone, afin de présenter les facteurs qui donnent naissance à la « question de la langue » et d’établir les conditions qui influent sur l’art de la traduction et sur la langue utilisés à l’époque. Les relations idéologiques du mouvement des Lumières néohelléniques avec l’œuvre de Montesquieu et de Voltaire et leur réception sont également explorées. Il est question de l’art de la traduction en même temps que de la langue utilisée dans le monde grécophone au XIXe siècle, dans une approche méthodologique originale. L’étude contrastée de la question de la langue avec l’univers idéologique de chaque type d’expression langagière, ainsi que la présentation pragmatologique des œuvres étudiées permettent d’étayer la relation des choix linguistiques avec le contexte socioculturel de leur apparition. L’étude conclut sur la présentation d’un travail à vocation lexicologique où les vocables sont interrogés sous un angle diachronique, et à partir du texte français, les traductions de deux œuvres sont analysées depuis le XIXème siècle jusqu’à l’âge contemporain. L’évolution sémantique des termes recherchés est présentée dans un souci de précision, à partir d’un corpus conséquent, mobilisant des sources primaires et des dictionnaires du XVIIIème au XXIème siècle. Ce travail permet de dégager des conclusions sur la langue, valables pour l’appréhension de l’évolution du vocabulaire néohellénique dans son ensemble<br>The thesis studies the translations into Modern Greek of two works of the French Enlightenment. It examines the ideological hallmarks of the Greek Enlightenment in light of the sociocultural reality of the Greek-speaking world, in order to elucidate the origins of the language controversy as well as the various forces shaping translations and language at that time. It also explores the ideological affinities between Montesquieu, Voltaire and the Greek Enlightenment, as well as the reception of the two writers in Greece. The art of translation is separately analyzed and discussed, as is language as key to a novel methodological approach towards translation in the Greek-speaking world of the 19th century. Throughout the thesis, linguistic matters are addressed against the backdrop of ideological developments. The approach to the individual works is intended to reveal the linguistic choices that were made, how these affected the lexicological development of the language, and the sociocultural context in which this occurred. The thesis concludes with an extensive lexicological analysis of terms found in the corpus, predicated on a comparison of the different translations of the two works in question, from the 19th century to the present. The semantic evolution of the terms studied is traced in detail, using a wide range of literary sources and dictionaries, going back to the 1700s. Based on this historical cultural and lexicological groundwork, a number of conclusions are drawn. In the end, this study of the language and vocabulary reveals certain tendencies and, more generally, sheds new light on the dynamics and advancement of the Modern Greek lexicon as a whole

This thesis offers an approach to the history of mythographical discourse through the figure of Theseus and his appearances in texts from England, Italy and France. Analysing a range of poetic, historical, and allegorical works that feature Theseus alongside their classical and contemporary intertexts, it is a study of the conceptions of Greco-Roman mythology prevalent in European literature from 1300-1600. Focusing on mythology’s pervasive presence as a background to medieval and early modern literary and intellectual culture, it draws attention to the fragmentary, fluid and polymorphous nature of mythology in relation to its use for different purposes in a wide range of texts. The first impact of this study is to draw attention to the distinction between mythology and mythography, as a means of focusing on the full range of interpretative processes associated with the ancient myths in their textual forms. Returning attention to the processes by which writers and readers came to know the Greco-Roman myths, it widens the commonly accepted critical definition of ‘mythography’ to include any writing of or on mythology, while restricting ‘mythology’ to its abstract sense, meaning a traditional collection of tales that exceeds any one text. This distinction allows the analyses of the study’s primary texts to display the full range of interpretative processes and possibilities involved in rewriting mythology, and to outline a spectrum of linked but distinctive mythographical genres that define those possibilities. Breaking down into two parts of three chapters each, the thesis examines Theseus’ appearances across these mythographical genres, first in the period from 1300 to the birth of print, and then from the birth of print up to 1600. Taking as its primary texts works by Giovanni Boccaccio, Geoffrey Chaucer, John Lydgate and William Shakespeare along with their classical intertexts, it situates each of them in regard to their multiple defining contexts. Paying close attention to the European traditions of commentary, translation and response to classical sources, it shows mythographical discourse as a vibrant aspect of medieval and early modern literary culture, equally embedded in classical traditions and contemporary traditions that transcended national and linguistic boundaries.

This thesis aims to engage with the poetry of Scotland and Greek-speaking Cyprus, and examine the relationship between poetry defined as high culture and articulations of national identity in the two places. Scotland and Cyprus share characteristics that make the establishment of a single, coherent national identity with the appearance of permanence challenging, including their relationships with culturally dominant neighbours, competition between local and official languages, and the insecurity of their status as nations. Both Scotland and Cyprus have historically had hybrid identities; in Scotland, British identity is made problematic by England's cultural dominance, while in Cyprus Greek-speakers have a conflicted relationship with Greece. This is made more complex by the fact that Scotland's political union with England may be ending, while Cyprus is divided in half as a result of tensions between Christian and Muslim populations and the unsubtle past involvement of Greece and Turkey in the island's affairs. This thesis aims to locate trends of national identity through the analysis of poetry and its reception in three distinct contexts. Part 1 analyses the evolution of Scottish and Greek-speaking Cypriot 'national character' through the poetry of national poets Robert Burns and Vasilis Michailidis, and the poets Walter Scott and Dimitris Lipertis. Part 2 explores the effects of modernity on the expression of national identities in literature through the lens of the Modernist movement, and how this was adopted and modified in Scotland and Cyprus. This is discussed with reference to three poets, Hugh MacDiarmid, Kostas Montis and Edwin Morgan, and their treatment of the national past and search for a national literary language. Finally, Part 3 analyses deliberate engagements of poets with national identity and issues of national importance, using Seamus Heaney's idea of 'adequate' poetry as a guide. Two functions of poetry are considered: the role it can play in transforming the landscape into the national homeland, and its potential to address communal trauma, and transform it into a unifying experience.

This thesis reports a sociolinguistic study, carried out between 1981 and 1984, of the state of the Modern Greek (MG) language in Australia, as spoken by native-speaking first-generation Greek immigrants in Victoria. Particular emphasis is given to the analysis of those characteristics of the linguistic behaviour of these Greek Australians which can be attributed to the contact with English and to other environmental, social and linguistic influence. (For complete abstract open document)

M.A. (Greek)<br>In the current research our interest lies in the teaching of Modern Greek in South African secondary schools. That is why we initially researched the South African and the Greek educational policies. In the first chapter we explored the social background on which contemporary South African educational policy is founded. In the Post–Apartheid society of this country, schools did not consist of students speaking the same language. As a result, one of the South African educational policy pursuits was the recognition and enhancement of multilingualism. This resulted from the social orientation towards respect of one’s right to be different. Within this framework, teaching Greek in the South African educational system as a second additional language, was established. This fact upgraded the position of the Greek language placing it amongst the South African educational subjects and offering to high school students a powerful motif to learn it, especially the ones of Greek origin. To the teaching of Greek in South Africa special consideration was given by both the Greek communities and the Greek government. This is the reason why we studied the Greek educational policy for the Greeks of the diaspora and why we examined the way in which this policy influences the teaching of the Greek language, in chapter two. Thus, we understood that the basic principles and the values promoted through the legislation of both countries, Greece and South Africa, as far as their teaching policies are concerned, coincide in showing respect to the human being. The right to be different is also a common value in both Greek and South African educational policies. Furthermore, there is no difference of methods to be followed, as far as the teaching of languages is concerned. Later though, analyzing the most recent Greek legislation on the diaspora education, we have noticed changes on the support of educational units. Thus, in fact, while the regulations regarding the support, both in equipment and by sending teacher to the diaspora, are maintained as far as South Africa is concerned, the support from the Greek government to the communities as such for the teaching of Greek became more limited.

M.A.<br>The school constitutes the main institution, to which modernsocieties assign the systematic socialization of each new generation. Indubitably the school handbook constitutes the basic tool in this process, as it is the main means of teaching and its use is more frequent than all the other means. In particular the books that are used for the teaching of the Greek language to Greek children abroad (outside mainland Greece) function, with their content and with their appearance, as ambassadors of Greece abroad. The analysis and evaluation of these books provide important information on the ideology, the cultural identity, the culture and the total experiences of learning by the scholars. Recognizing, therefore, the role, the big value and also the power that school handbooks have, in the molding and the behaviour of young scholars, I truly consider my Post-graduate work, interesting. It has as its subject: "The image of Greece and hellenism as presented in the two main series of manuals for Greek diaspora pupils", both of which are used for the teaching of the Greek language to Greek children abroad". The series "I LEARN GREEK" constitutes a production made possible through the collaboration of the Pedagogical Institute of Greece and the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of North America.It was published in 1993 and it is addressed to scholars aged 6 to 14 years, who are taught the Greek language in various types of schools in the USA. In practice, however, Greek schools worldwide use the series. The series "THINGS AND LETTERS" is a production of the University of Crete. It was first published on an experimental basis in 1999 and is addressed to Greek children of the Diaspora. The purpose of the present postgraduate study was to seek out how Greece and Hellenism are presented in the contents of the above-mentioned series of instruction material. The question that occupied me was whether the particular series of books accomplished, through the teaching of the language, the transfer to young scholars of 571 elements of Geography, Greek history, of Greek culture, Greek tradition, cultural heritage, orthodoxy, daily reality of modern Greece. The final aim was to find the messages that the scholars receive and the picture that forms in their minds of Greece and Hellenism on finishing their schooling and having being taught Greek with either series even if they have never visited Greece. The first part of my work constitutes the theoretical part of my study and is constituted of two chapters. The first chapter is an introductory study whilst the second refers to Greek migration and the Diaspora and later to the Greek speaking education abroad. Reference is made to the aims, the forms, the institutions, and the means of support of Greek education abroad and includes a historical review of the implementation of Greek-speaking education as organized from Greece. In this chapter also mention is made of the Greek School abroad, the teaching personnel, the student population, the role of the parents and local Greek Communities. Special reference is made, naturally, to Greek-speaking education in South Africa. The second part of my work consists of tables and statistical charts totaling, roughly 350 pages. Here there is a record of all references that are contained in the series "I LEARN GREEK" and "THINGS AND LETTERS" that have connection or relation with Greece and Hellenism and are classified in eight (8) broad categories. The categories are: Greece as a holiday destination Religion Cultural identity Hellenism abroad (Outside Greece) Geography Modern Greece

M.A. (Greek)<br>The aim of this dissertation is to examine the stance of the Greek state and the implementation of the educational model in the last 30 years as far as concerns the great issue of education for the Greeks ofthe Diaspora. This research attempts to create the prerequisites for constructing a new institutional platform that will satisfy the substantial future needs of Greek language education abroad through browsing, gathering, recording and critically approaching of the institutional framework that relates to Greek language education abroad and the work of other researchers who have tackled similar issues. In the theoretical part we look into the institutional framework and the institutions that support Greek language education abroad by critically evaluating the educational model and its goals. In the practical part which refers to the institutional decisions, we explore whether the needs and goals of the educational model of Greek education abroad are covered. We examine the potential of upgrading what is provided by the national centre ofeducational services and the funds spent in that matter. More specifically the structure ofthe dissertation is as following: In the first part we explain basic terminology related to the education of Greeks living abroad, which is used throughout the dissertation. The educational institutions - laws (goals, aims and critical approach of the educational policy), as well as the bodies - forms of Greek language education abroad are presented. Furthermore, we critically examine the functions and responsibilities of the Education Offices abroad and study the bilingual private school SAHETI in South Africa. The second part refers to the implementation of the educational model, the produced results and the cost of Greek language education abroad. More specifically, through critically analyzing the statistics and the numerical data of the study, we examine the students of Greek language education abroad, the education staff, the education departments that exist and their operational costs. Moreover, the process of choosing the teachers to be seconded in countries abroad is seen from a critical angle and the demands-qualifications of teachers which are prerequisites to achieve the goals of the educational model are analyzed. We also make suggestions for institutional renewal, upgrading, as well as changing the way in which the teachers and administrative services abroad are monitored. In the closing part we draw conclusions, make suggestions for renewing the national educational model all the while taking into consideration the social, political and educational developments. The overall aim is to upgrade the quality of the educational services provided abroad.

Τα επιφωνήματα αποτελούν τυπικά στοιχεία του προφορικού λόγου, απαντώνται με μεγάλη ποικιλία σε όλες ανεξαιρέτως τις γλώσσες και χρησιμοποιούνται ευρέως στην καθημερινή γλωσσική επικοινωνία. Οι μη φυσικοί ομιλητές δυσκολεύονται στην κατανόηση της σημασίας και χρήσης των επιφωνημάτων και επιφωνηματικών εκφράσεων, εφόσον στηρίζεται κυρίως στην κατανόηση των πραγματολογικών συνθηκών και στην ανάλυση περιστάσεων επικοινωνίας. Η σπουδαιότητα του ρόλου τους σε μια γλώσσα και ο βαθμός δυσκολίας κατανόησης και χρήσης τους από τους μη φυσικούς ομιλητές καθιστά το θέμα της εξέτασης και ανάλυσης των επιφωνημάτων ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέρον. Στην εργασία αυτή ξεκινώ τη μελέτη των επιφωνημάτων με μια ιστορική αναδρομή, αναφερόμενη στην περίοδο απαξίωσης της μελέτης τους από τους γλωσσολόγους και στη συνέχεια στις σύγχρονες μελέτες των επιφωνημάτων. Περιγράφονται έρευνες και μελέτες των επιφωνημάτων από την πλευρά της σημασιολογίας, πραγματολογίας, φωνολογίας, μορφολογίας και σύνταξης. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο της εργασίας γίνεται μια προσπάθεια συγκέντρωσης και καταγραφής παλαιότερων και νεότερων μελετών σχετικά με τον ορισμό, την οριοθέτηση, την κατηγοριοποίηση και την περιγραφή των λειτουργιών των επιφωνημάτων. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζεται και περιγράφεται το πώς πραγματεύονται μελέτες και γραμματικές της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας το θέμα των επιφωνημάτων και καταλήγει σε κάποια συγκεντρωτικά συμπεράσματα σχετικά με: τον ορισμό και τα χαρακτηριστικά των επιφωνημάτων της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας, το θέμα της φωνολογίας – φωνητικής τους, τις συνταγματικές τους σχέσεις με άλλα γλωσσικά στοιχεία, τις λειτουργίες τους. Τέλος, σε πίνακες συγκεντρώνεται και παρουσιάζεται η κατηγοριοποίηση και ταξινόμηση των επιφωνημάτων από μελετητές της νέας ελληνικήςγλώσσας. Η έρευνα της εργασίας αφορά τη συλλογή δεδομένων συχνότητας επιφωνημάτων της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας, τη συλλογή δεδομένων σχετικά με τις λέξεις που τείνουν να συνυπάρχουν με ένα επιφώνημα και τις σημασίες των εξεταζόμενων επιφωνημάτων με βάση το συμφραστικό τους πλαίσιο. Από τη συλλογή των στοιχείων και την ανάλυση και ερμηνεία τους προβαίνω σε κάποια συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τα συχνόχρηστα επιφωνήματα της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας και τις σημασίες τους. Για τη συλλογή των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε η μεθοδολογία των σωμάτων κειμένων για γλωσσολογική έρευνα, όπως περιγράφεται και αναλύεται από τους Biber κ.ά. (1998). Ως σώματα κειμένων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα θεατρικά έργα 18 διαφορετικών συγγραφέων. Η χρησιμότητα της παρούσας εργασίας έγκειται στη δυνατότητα σχεδιασμού υλικού διδασκαλίας των επιφωνημάτων για τους διδασκόμενους την ελληνική ως δεύτερη/ξένη γλώσσα.<br>Interjections are typical elements of spoken language and occur in great variety in any language. They are commonly and constantly used in everyday communication but their role and signification varies widely from language to language and from culture to culture. Therefore, non-native speakers find it difficult to understand the right meaning of interjections and interjectional expressions and to use them correctly; this is mainly due to the fact that their comprehension mostly depends on the correct understanding of their pragmatic function and on the analysis of the relevant communication context. The important role that interjections play in a language, and the degree of difficulty for non-native speakers to correctly understand and use them, makes the research on and the analysis of interjections both useful and interesting. In my work I begin with an historical overview of the research in this field, starting with the period in which interjections were a topic rather neglected by linguists on to the contemporary days. I outline the findings of studies and investigations of interjections in various linguistic sub-fields (semantics, pragmatics, phonology, morphology and syntax). In the first chapter I propose an inventory of older and (especially) more recent studies relating to different aspects of interjections (definition, categorisation and description of their functioning). In the second chapter I show and describe how modern Greek studies and grammars deal with the topic of interjections and I formulate some conclusions relating to the following aspects: definition and characteristics of interjections in contemporary Greek, phonetic/phonological aspects, syntagmatic relation with other aspects of the language, functioning. At the end of the chapter I propose in taxonomy tables a categorization of interjections based on relevant studies of contemporary Greek. The third part of my dissertation is centred on data collection and analysis relating to the following aspects of the interjections: frequency of use, words used in conjunction with interjections and significance of the analysed interjections in their context of use. Based on data collection and analysis I come to some conclusions concerning the most frequently used interjections in modern Greek and their significance. As far as the data collection is concern I adopted the corpus-based approach to the study of language as described and analysed by Biber et al. (1998). Concretely I selected and analysed theatrical works by 18 different contemporary Greek writers. The conclusions I came to will prove useful to design teaching units on interjections tailored to the needs of pupils learning Greek as second or foreign language.

Σκοπός των γλωσσικών μαθημάτων είναι να καταστήσουν τους μαθητές ικανούς να χρησιμοποιούν ορθά τη γλώσσα ως θεμελιώδη κώδικα επικοινωνίας με το περιβάλλον. Τα αναλυτικά προγράμματα των σχολικών μονάδων αποτελούν τον πυρήνα της εκπαιδευτικής διαδικασίας σε όλες τις βαθμίδες εκπαίδευσης σε όλες τις χώρες του κόσμου, γιατί κατά κάποιον τρόπο αποτελούν ένα είδος «πυξίδας» στα χέρια των εκπαιδευτικών που τους κατατοπίζουν αναφορικά με την ύλη και τη μέθοδο διδασκαλίας. Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι η σύγκριση του Προγράμματος Σπουδών για τη γλώσσα στις τρεις τάξεις του Γυμνασίου προς το Γ´ επίπεδο του Αναλυτικού Εξεταστικού Προγράμματος Πιστοποίησης Επάρκειας της Ελληνομάθειας του Κέντρου Ελληνικής Γλώσσας που απευθύνεται σε αλλόγλωσσους μαθητές. Με τη σύγκριση αυτή γίνεται προσπάθεια να εντοπιστούν κενά και παραλείψεις στα δύο Προγράμματα Σπουδών για τη γλώσσα, προκειμένου να συμπληρωθούν και να αποσαφηνιστούν τυχόν ασάφειες.<br>The aim of language classes is to make students capable of using language correctly in order to communicate. Curriculum is the basis of the educational process all over the world. The present study focuses on the comparison between the Greek language curriculum in Greek High Schools and the 3rd level of the curriculum for the examination and the certification of competence of the knowledge of Greek by the Greek Language Centre. The two curricula are intended for students of different backgrounds: those who have Greek as mother tongue, and those who have Greek as second / foreign language. The purpose of the present study is to pinpoint the gaps and the omissions in both language curricula.

(English) This master thesis deals with specific approach to Greek native speakers whilst teaching Czech as foreign language. On the basis of typological comparison of Czech with Modern Greek it seeks similarities and differences between those two languages and draws conclusions for teaching. This paper also concerns with concepts of grammar, teaching methods and presentation of selected grammatical categories from the didactics point of view. The practical part of the thesis proceeds from the research focused on Modern Greek verbal system and suggests that one of the alternatives how to teach the category of aspect to Greek native speakers is using temporal-aspectual markers. The purpose of this thesis is to provide Czech teachers with linguodidactic recommendations facilitating teaching students of Greek origin.

Συγκριτική συντακτική ανάλυση του Παρακειμένου της Νέας Ελληνικής και των κυριοτέρων ρωμανικών και γερμανικών γλωσσών.<br>The present thesis is an analysis concerning the periphrases of the present perfect in Modern Greek, and in the main Romance and Germanic languages, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, English, German and Dutch. It consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, I present the data concerning the formation and the uses of the present perfect in the aforementioned languages. I particularly insist on the fact that in some languages there is auxiliary selection. French, Italian, German and Dutch, on one hand, generally select the auxiliary verb “have” to form the periphrases of the present perfect of transitive verbs, whereas, they select the verb “be” to form the present perfect of unaccusative verbs. Moreover, two of these languages, French and Italian have participle agreement. The participle used in the formations of these periphrases agrees in gender and number with the subject of the phrase if the auxiliary verb “be” is used, whereas, it agrees with the object if the verb “have” is used, but only on condition that the object precedes the participle. This can occur mainly when the object is a pronoun. In the second chapter, I proceed to the syntactic analysis of the data. I look into Kayne’s (1993) analysis on auxiliary selection. Kayne, following Freeze (1992), supports that the syntactic analysis of the possessive “have” should be adopted for the auxiliary “have” as well. He believes that the only difference between the two constructions is the fact that the complement of the auxiliary “have” should be one appropriate for a participle. Moreover, Kayne (1993) supports that the two auxiliary verbs “have” and “be” are basically the same. “Have” is “be” with a locative. In this chapter I also present some additional, more recent views concerning the constructions of the periphrases of the present perfect, the ones of Iatridou (2007) and D’Alessandro (2010). In the third chapter, I look into participle agreement. I suggest that this kind of agreement is related to, and depends on the position of adjectives in each language. In languages like French and Italian the adjective is usually put after the substantive. As a result, participles only agree with the argument they characterize/determine, depending on the construction, if they are in a structural position which is compatible with the position of the adjective. In languages like German and Dutch, adjectives always precede substantives. However, participles never do so when they are part of a periphrasis of the present perfect. German and Dutch never show participle agreement. In Greek, on the other hand, the adjective can either precede or follow the verb. This seems to be the reason why participles in Greek always show agreement. Finally, in English, adjectives and consequently participles never show any kind of agreement due to the fact that they lack clitic morphology. Following Wasow (1977) and his analysis on verbal and adjectival participles, but also Kibort (2005), I support that past participles that show agreement constitute an intermediate participial category between the verbal and the adjectival ones. They seem to be “resultative” participles which act as verbs but bear adjectival features. I propose that it is possible that the function of these participles in the periphrases of the present perfect is either to produce or to reinforce the perfect of result. I conclude that Modern Greek is the only language, among the ones examined, that has unconditional participial agreement, and can produce two different kinds of the present perfect with most verbs, the perfect of experience, on one hand, and the perfect of result, on the other.

Η παρούσα μελέτη επιχειρεί να διερευνήσει αν κοινωνικοί παράγοντες όπως η εκπαίδευση και το επάγγελμα των γονέων, οι φιλοδοξίες και οι προσδοκίες των μαθητών αλλά και οι φιλοδοξίες και οι προσδοκίες των γονέων τους και των σημαντικών άλλων, σχετίζονται με την επίδοση των μαθητών στο μάθημα της νεοελληνικής γλώσσας. Ως θεωρητικό πλαίσιο επιλέχτηκε το μοντέλο του Wisconsin και ως ερευνητικό εργαλείο το ερωτηματολόγιο. Επεξεργαστήκαμε τα δεδομένα χρησιμοποιώντας ποσοτική ανάλυση. Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης έδειξαν ότι υπάρχει ισχυρή συσχέτιση ανάμεσα στη σχολική επίδοση στο μάθημα της νεοελληνικής γλώσσας και τα κοινωνικοψυχολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των μαθητών.<br>This study aims to examine whether social factors such as the education and occupation of parents, the aspirations and expectations of students and the aspirations and expectations of their parents and their significant others, are related with the students’ academic performance at the lesson of greek language. The Wisconsin Model was chosen as theoretical context and the questionnaire was employed as a research tool. We processed our data using quantitative analysis. The study showed that, indeed, there is a strong relationship between the students’ academic performance and their sociopsychological characteristics.

Στην παρούσα έρευνα, επιχειρείται η διερεύνηση των στάσεων μαθητών ΣΤ΄ τάξης Δημοτικού Σχολείου σε δύο νεοελληνικές διαλέκτους, τη διάλεκτο των Κυδωνιών (Αϊβαλί)-Μοσχονησίων και τη διάλεκτο του Πόντου. Ειδικότερα, μελετάται η ύπαρξη εγγραφών, η ανάδυση τάξεων ενδεικτικότητας και η παρουσία μεταπραγματολογικών στερεοτύπων. Παράγοντες όπως ο τόπος καταγωγής και το επάγγελμα των γονέων φαίνεται να επιδρούν στη διαμόρφωση συγκεκριμένων γλωσσικών στάσεων. Ουσιαστικά, τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας μελέτης έδειξαν ότι οι μαθητές που κατοικούν στο χωριό, των οποίων οι γονείς ασκούν επαγγέλματα υψηλότερης αυτονομίας, έχουν θετική στάση απέναντι στις δύο διαλέκτους. Τέλος, μέσα από τη σύνδεση γλωσσικών τύπων με κοινωνικές σημασίες έγινε φανερή η ύπαρξη εγγραφών, δύο τάξεων ενδεικτικότητας και μεταπραγματολογικών στερεοτύπων.<br>This study attempts to investigate 6th grade primary education student attitudes towards two modern greek dialects, dialect of Kydonies (Aivali)-Moschonisi and Pontic dialect. Specifically, I study the existence of enregisterments, the emergence of orders of indexicality and the presence of metapragmatic stereotypes. Factors such as region and profession of students’ parents seem to formulate specific language attitudes. In fact, the results of the present study show that students who live in village, whose parents occupy with professions of higher autonomy, have positive attitude towards both Aivalic and Pontic dialect. Finally, connecting linguistic forms with social meanings indicate the presence of enregisterments, two orders of indexicality as well as metapragmatic stereotypes.

H παρούσα διατριβή ανήκει στο πεδίο της συγκριτικής μορφολογίας. Μελετάται η μορφολογική διαδικασία της σύνθεσης στη Νέα Ελληνική και τη Γερμανική, σε δύο γλώσσες που μοιράζονται πολλά κοινά μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά και στις οποίες το συγκεκριμένο φαινόμενο είναι ιδιαίτερα παραγωγικό. Συγκεκριμένα, τα θέματα που εξετάζονται είναι τα ακόλουθα: α) τα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά των λεγόμενων «πρωτοτυπικών συνθέτων» σε σύγκριση με τις «οριακές περιπτώσεις», όπου και η διαδικασία της παραγωγής εμπλέκεται στο σχηματισμό τους, β) η εμφάνιση συνδετικού στοιχείου και γ) ο σχηματισμός διαφόρων τύπων συνθέτων, όπως για παράδειγμα των εξωκεντρικών και των παρατακτικών συνθέτων. To θεωρητικό πλαίσιο που υιοθετείται είναι αυτό της γενετικής μορφολογίας. Τα κυριότερα συμπεράσματα της διατριβής αφορούν τον καθορισμό των παραμέτρων, βάσει των οποίων μπορούν να ερμηνευθούν οι διαφορές στο σχηματισμό συνθέτων των δύο αυτών γλωσσών. Οι πιο σημαντικοί παράμετροι που εξηγούν τις διαφορές των νεοελληνικών και γερμανικών συνθέτων είναι α) το είδος της μορφολογίας που προτιμά η κάθε γλώσσα, αν δηλαδή βασίζεται στο θέμα ή στη λέξη και β) τα πλούσια ή περιορισμένα ονοματικά κλιτικά παραδείγματα. Μέσω της συγκριτικής ανάλυσης ήρθαν στο φως και νέα συμπεράσματα που αφορούν επιμέρους ζητήματα της διαδικασίας της σύνθεσης των δύο αυτών γλωσσών, όπως για παράδειγμα ο μορφολογικός χαρακτήρας του συνδετικού στοιχείου και το είδος της κεφαλής των εξωκεντρικών συνθέτων της Γερμανικής, καθώς επίσης και τα μορφολογικά χαρακτηριστικά των ονοματικών παρατακτικών συνθέτων της Νέας Ελληνικής.<br>This thesis belongs to the field of contrastive morphology: it examines the morphological process of compounding in Modern Greek and German, two languages which share many common morphological features and in which the specific phenomenon is especially productive. In more detail, the topics examined are the following: a) the structural features of the so called “prototypical compounds” in contrast to the “borderline cases”, where the process of derivation is also involved in their formation, b) the appearance of the linking element and c) the formation of different types of compounds as for example the exocentric and the copulative ones. The theoretical framework adopted is that of generative morphology. The main conclusions of the thesis concern the definition of parameters that can explain the differences in the formation of compounds in these two languages. The most important parameters that determine the basic differences in the formation of Modern Greek and German compounds are a) the stem vs. word-based morphology and b) the rich vs. limited nominal inflectional paradigms. Through this contrastive analysis various new outcomes came into light concerning special issues in the process of compounding of these two languages, as for instance the morphological status of the linking element in German, the type of head that the German exocentric compounds display and the morphological features of the nominal copulative compounds in Modern Greek.

Ce mémoire présente une traduction commentée des Dokimia (Essais) de D. Katartzis (Editions Ermis, Athènes, 1974, pp. 4-73), inédites du vivant de l’auteur. Dans cette œuvre, Katartzis expose aux lecteurs sa théorie à propos de la langue grecque moderne, de l’éducation, de la religion et de la philosophie. Ses projets pédagogiques s’inscrivent à l’intérieur du mouvement des Lumières en Grèce et de leurs principaux représentants, les Phanariotes. Katartzis, qui était un lecteur enthousiaste de l’Encyclopédie et des philosophes français, développe sa théorie à propos de la Nation grecque, des Romaioi et de leur langue grecque moderne, de l’éducation des enfants grecs et valaques, de la nécessité de traduire des livres étrangers dans la langue actuellement parlée et non pas dans la langue des ancêtres et tout cela parce «qu’il voulait en faire bénéficier sa Nation».<br>The work is an annotated translation of D. Katartzis’ Dokimia (Essays) (Editions, Athens: Ermis Editions, 1974, pp. 4-73), unpublished in the author’s lifetime. In this work, he presents to the reader his theory on Modern Greek language, education, religion, and philosophy. His educational projects are inscribed within the framework of the Greek Enlightenment and the principal proponents of the movement, the Phanariotes. Katartzis, who was an enthusiastic follower of the Encyclopédie and the French philosophers, elaborates his theory on the Greek Nation, the Romaioi, and their Modern Greek language, on the education of Greek and Wallachian children, on the need to translate foreign works in the actual, spoken language and not the language of the ancestors, because « he wanted to benefit his Nation ».

Η εργασία έχει ως στόχο να διερευνήσει τον βαθμό και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο η θεατρική αγωγή μπορεί να αποβεί χρήσιμη για τη διδασκαλία της Αρχαίας και της Νέας Ελληνικής Γλώσσας και Γραμματείας στη Δευτεροβάθμια Εκπαίδευση. Με βάση το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο του ‘δράματος στην εκπαίδευση’ ως μεθοδολογίας για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων, η διερευνητική εμπειρική μελέτη που ακολούθησε στηρίχθηκε στην επιλεκτική εφαρμογή θεατρικών τεχνικών και συμβάσεων, λαμβάνοντας ωστόσο υπόψη και τους περιορισμούς της σχολικής πραγματικότητας (έλλειψη εξοικείωσης των μαθητών αλλά και των φιλολόγων με τη θεατρική αγωγή, περιορισμένος διδακτικός χρόνος κλπ.). Η γνωριμία με το αντικείμενο της θεατρικής αγωγής αποτέλεσε βασικό κριτήριο σχεδιασμού της έρευνας, ενώ την ίδια στιγμή γινόταν μέσο για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων. Στη δραματοποίηση κατά τη διδασκαλία συγκεκριμένων διδακτικών ενοτήτων, η οποία έλαβε χώρα σε συνεργασία με τον φιλόλογο του εκάστοτε τμήματος αλλά πάντα με την παρουσία της γράφουσας ως βασικής εμψυχώτριας, συμμετείχαν 1040 μαθητές και 30 φιλόλογοι, από όλες τις τάξεις του Γυμνασίου και του Λυκείου (διαφορετικών τύπων σχολείων) από το Νομό του Ηρακλείου Κρήτης. Στα ερωτηματολόγια, τα οποία δίνονταν ύστερα από τη διεξαγωγή κάθε διδασκαλίας, απάντησαν 768 μαθητές και όλοι οι φιλόλογοι. Τα αποτελέσματα κατηγοριοποιήθηκαν και αναλύθηκαν στατιστικά (για την επαγωγική ανάλυση των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε το κριτήριο x2). Η πλειονότητα των μαθητών και των φιλολόγων διατύπωσε πολύ θετική γνώμη για τη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων μέσα από τις θεατρικές τεχνικές, ενώ απέδωσε την αποτελεσματικότητά της στα εξής: κατανόηση και αφομοίωση του μαθήματος, το οποίο έγινε πιο ευχάριστο, καλλιέργεια επικοινωνίας και συνεργασίας μεταξύ των μαθητών, δημιουργική αλλαγή στη σχέση μαθητή – φιλολόγου, επίδρασή της στην απόδοση των μαθητών, ενεργή και αυτόβουλη συμμετοχή όλων (και δη των ώς τότε χαρακτηριζόμενων ως αδιάφορων ή αδύναμων μαθητών) στο μάθημα, καλλιέργεια δεξιοτήτων και ενδιαφερόντων σε σχέση με το αντικείμενο διδασκαλίας. Τα αποτελέσματα μελετήθηκαν με βάση το φύλο των μαθητών, τη σχολική βαθμίδα, το είδος του σχολείου και το συγκεκριμένο φιλολογικό μάθημα. Η ερμηνεία των αποτελεσμάτων οδηγεί στο συμπέρασμα ότι, εφόσον υπάρχει κατάλληλος σχεδιασμός, η δραματοποιημένη διδασκαλία των φιλολογικών μαθημάτων μπορεί να αποβεί ωφέλιμη για την επίτευξη των ειδικών στόχων των συγκεκριμένων μαθημάτων αλλά και των γενικότερων σκοπών της εκπαίδευσης.<br>This research investigates the level and way with which theatre education can be useful for the teaching of the Ancient and Modern Greek Language and Literature in Secondary Education. Based on the theoretical background of drama in education as a methodology for the teaching of the philological lessons, the exploratory research derived from the selective application of theatre techniques and conventions taking into account both the limitations of the current conditions of Secondary Education (the lack of familiarization of both the students and philologists in theatre’s education, limited didactic time etcetera). The acquaintance with the subject of theatre education constituted basic criteria for the research planning, while at the same time became a medium for the teaching of philological subjects. During the application of dramatization in the teaching of specific didactic units, which took place in collaboration with the philologist of each class but always with the presence of the existing writer as the basic drama teacher, 1040 students and 30 philologists participated, coming from all the six classes of Greek gymnasium and lyceum (varying in school types) from the prefecture of Heraclion-Crete. The questionnaires given after each class were answered by 768 students and all the philologists. The results were categorized and analyzed statistically (for the inductive analysis of data, the criterion used was x2). The majority of students and philologists expressed a positive opinion for the teaching of the philological lessons through theatre techniques, while they attributed its effectiveness on: comprehension, assimilation of the class which became more pleasant, cultivation of communication and collaboration between students, creative change in the relationship between student and philologist and its effect on students output, active and voluntary participation (including the students characterized as “weak”), cultivation of skills and interests in relation to the subject of teaching. The results were studied based on the gender of students, the school level, the school type and the specific philological subject. The interpretation of the results concludes that as long as there is a specific planning, the dramatization of teaching the philological subjects can be effective for the realization of the achievement of specific goals of these subjects and for the general aims of education (paideia).

Η δυνατότητα δανεισμού των διαφόρων λεξικών και ελεύθερων λειτουργικών κατηγοριών είναι ένα ζήτημα που έχει κατά καιρούς απασχολήσει έντονα την διεθνή βιβλιογραφία στον χώρο της επαφής γλωσσών. Με την παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή διατριβή: (α) εξετάζω την δυνατότητα δανεισμού των διαφόρων λεξικών και ελεύθερων λειτουργικών λέξεων, (β) διερευνώ την αξιοπιστία και την καθολικότητα ορισμένων ευρέως διαδεδομένων κλιμάκων δανεισιμότητας, όπως είναι για παράδειγμα οι κλίμακες των Haugen (1950), Muysken (1981), Matras (2007) κ.λπ., (γ) ελέγχω τους παράγοντες οι οποίοι έχει προταθεί ότι επηρεάζουν την διαδικασία, και προτείνω τους παράγοντες εκείνους οι οποίοι την καθορίζουν. Για τον λόγο αυτό, διερευνώ και συγκρίνω τον λεξιλογικό δανεισμό (α) της Γκρίκο από τις Ρομανικές διαλέκτους, (β) της Καππαδοκικής από την Τουρκική, και (γ) της Κρητικής τόσο από τις Ρομανικές διαλέκτους, όσο και από την Τουρκική. Εξετάζω πόσο εύκολο ή δύσκολο είναι για την καθεμιά από τις μελετώμενες λεξικές κατηγορίες να γίνουν αντικείμενο δανεισμού, καθώς και τους παράγοντες που φαίνεται να επιδρούν στην δανεισιμότητα των στοιχείων. Προτείνω μια κοινή κλίμακα δανεισιμότητας, για όλα τα συστήματα που μελέτησα, της μορφής (ονόματα > ρήματα > επίθετα > επιρρήματα), και με αυτό τον τρόπο δείχνω ότι ορισμένες λέξεις είναι ευκολότερα δανείσιμες από άλλες. Τα βασικά ευρήματα της έρευνας αυτής ενισχύουν την άποψη ότι καμία γενίκευση με απόλυτη ισχύ δεν μπορεί να υπάρξει στο χώρο της γλωσσικής επαφής. Η ένταση της επαφής (intensity of contact) (Thomason Kaufman, 1988; Thomason, 2001) φαίνεται να είναι ο καθοριστικός παράγοντας που μπορεί να εξηγήσει την μεγάλη διαφοροποίηση η οποία καταγράφεται μεταξύ του λεξικού και του δομικού δανεισμού. Με τον τρόπο αυτό μπορεί να εξηγηθεί γιατί για παράδειγμα στην Γκρίκο και τα Καππαδοκικά, όπου η διγλωσσία και ο δανεισμός είναι ιδιαίτερα εκτεταμένα, τα ελέυθερα λειτουργικά στοιχεία γίνονται εύκολα αντικείμενο δανεισμού, ενώ αντίθετα στη Κρητική, όπου το επίπεδο της διγλωσσίας είναι εμφανώς μικρότερο, ο δανεισμός των ελεύθερων λειτουργικών στοιχείων είναι εξαιρετικά περιορισμένος. Επιπλέον, η διαφοροποίηση που καταγράφεται ως προς τον δανεισμό των ελεύθερων λειτουργικών στοιχείων μεταξύ της Γκρίκο και της Καππαδοκικής, δείχνει ότι ο δανεισμός δεν εξαρτάται μόνο από εξωγλωσσικούς παράγοντες (π.χ. ένταση της επαφής), αλλά σε μεγάλο βαθμό καθορίζεται από εργολαβικούς παράγοντες όπως είναι η τυπολογική απόσταση (typological distance) και η δομική (α)συμβατότητα (structural (in)compatibility) μεταξύ των σε επαφή συστημάτων. Χαρακτηριστικό παράδειγμα αποτελεί η απουσία δανεισμού προθέσεων στην Καππαδοκική, γεγονός που εμφανώς οφείλεται στην ιδιότητα της Τουρκικής να έχει μόνο μεταθέσεις.<br>A prevailing issue of debate in language contact studies involves the borrowability of various lexical and free grammatical categories. In this MA Thesis (a) I examine the borrowing of different lexical and free functional words, (b) I investigate the reliability of well-known borrowability scales, like those that have been formulated by Haugen (1950), Muysken (1981), Matras (2007), etc, and (c) I examine the factors that determine the borrowing process. For this purpose, I examine data from the Modern Greek Dialects. More specifically, I examine the borrowing of (a) Romance words in Griko, (b) Turkish words in Cappadocian, and (c) both Romance and Turkish words in Cretan. I investigate how easy the borrowing of a particular lexical and free functional word- category can be as well as the language-contact factors affecting the process. I propose a common borrowability scale for the lexical categories (nouns > verbs > adjectives > adverbs) for all of the dialectal varieties that I have studied, and I show that certain words are relatively easy to be borrowed. My main findings show that no absolute generalization can be drawn within the language contact domain. The intensity of contact factor (Thomason & Kaufman, 1988; Thomason, 2001) seems to be the key factor in explaining the split between lexical and structural borrowing. It explains why, for example, both in Griko and Cappadocian, where bilingualism and borrowing is vastly extensive, free-functional-words are borrowed with ease, whereas in Cretan, where the level of bilingualism is obviously less extensive, the borrowing of free-functional-words is extremely restricted. Moreover, the differentiation between the borrowing of free-functional words in Griko versus that in Cappadocian shows that borrowing depends not only on external factors (e.g. the intensity of contact) but also on intralinguistic factors such as the typological distance and the structural (in)compatibility of the systems in contact. A concrete example is the absence of borrowed prepositions in Cappadocian due to Turkish containing only postpositions.

Η παρούσα διατριβή έχει ως σκοπό της, πρώτον, την ανάκτηση συντακτικής πληροφορίας (αναγνώριση συμπληρωμάτων ρημάτων, ανάκτηση πλαισίων υποκατηγοριοποίησης (ΠΥ) ρημάτων, αναγνώριση των ορίων και του είδους των προτάσεων) αυτόματα μέσα από ελληνικά και αγγλικά σώματα κειμένων με την χρήση ποικίλων και καινοτόμων τεχνικών μηχανικής μάθησης και, δεύτερον, την θεωρητική περιγραφή της ελληνικής σύνταξης μέσω τυπικών γλωσσολογικών φορμαλισμών, όπως η γραμματική Ενοποίησης και η γραμματική Φραστικής Δομής Οδηγούμενη από τον Κύριο Όρο. Η διατριβή κινήθηκε πάνω στους εξής καινοτόμους άξονες: 1. Η προεπεξεργασία των σωμάτων κειμένων βασίστηκε σε ελάχιστους γλωσσολογικούς πόρους για να είναι δυνατή η μεταφορά των μεθόδων σε γλώσσες φτωχές σε υποδομή. 2. Η αντιμετώπιση του θορύβου που υπεισέρχεται στα δεδομένα εξ αιτίας της χρήσης ελάχιστων πόρων πραγματοποιείται με Μονόπλευρη Δειγματοληψία. Εντοπίζονται αυτόματα παραδείγματα δεδομένων που δεν προσφέρουν στην μάθηση και αφαιρούνται. Τα τελικά δεδομένα είναι πιο καθαρά και η απόδοση της μάθησης βελτιώνεται πολύ. 3. Αποδεικνύεται η χρησιμότητα της εξαχθείσας πληροφορίας. Η χρησιμότητα των συμπληρωμάτων φαίνεται από την αύξηση της απόδοσης της διαδικασίας ανάκτησης ΠΥ με την χρήση τους. Η χρησιμότητα των εξαγόμενων ΠΥ φαίνεται από την αύξηση της απόδοσης ενός ρηχού συντακτικού αναλυτή με την χρήση τους. 4. Οι μέθοδοι εφαρμόζονται και στα Αγγλικά και στα Ελληνικά για να φανεί η μεταφερσιμότητά τους σε διαφορετικές γλώσσες και για να πραγματοποιηθεί μια ενδιαφέρουσα σχετική σύγκριση ανάμεσα στις δύο γλώσσες. Τα αποτελέσματα είναι πολύ ενθαρρυντικά, συγκρίσιμα με, και σε πολλές περιπτώσεις καλύτερα από, προσεγγίσεις που χρησιμοποιούν εξελιγμένα εργαλεία προεπεξεργασίας.<br>The thesis aims firstly at the acquisition of syntactic information (detection of verb complements, acquisition of verb subcategorization frames (SF), detection of the boundaries and the semantic type of clauses) automatically from Modern Greek and English text corpora with the use of various state-of-the-art and novel machine learning techniques, and, secondly, at the theoretical description of the Greek syntax through formal grammatical theories like Unification Grammar and Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The thesis has been based on the following novel axes: 1. Corpus pre-processing has been limited to the use of minimum linguistic resources to ensure the portability of the presented methodologies to languages that are poorly equipped with resources. 2. Due to the low pre-processing level, a significant amount of noise appears in the data, which is dealt with One-sided Sampling. Examples that do not contribute to the learning process are detected and removed. The final data set is clean and learning performance improves significantly. 3. The importance of the acquired information is proven. The importance of complements is shown by the improvement in the performance of the SF acquisition process after the incorporation of complement information. The importance of the acquired SF lexicon is shown by its incorporation in a shallow syntactic parser and the increase of the performance of the latter. 4. The methods are applied on Modern Greek and on English to show their portability across different languages and to allow for an interesting rough comparison between the two languages. The results are very satisfactory, comparable to, and in some cases better than, approaches utilizing sophisticated resources for pre-processing.

Η παρούσα διατριβή ασχολείται με τη συγκριτική μελέτη λέξεων στην Αγγλική και τη Νέα Ελληνική που περιέχουν δεσμευμένα μορφολογικά στοιχεία, δηλαδή μορφήματα που δεν απαντώνται ανεξάρτητα στο λόγο. Στην Αγγλική οι λέξεις αυτές είναι γνωστές με τον όρο «νεοκλασικά σύνθετα», καθώς τα δεσμευμένα στοιχεία που περιέχουν έχουν αρχαιοελληνική ή λατινική προέλευση. Στη Νέα Ελληνική πρόκειται για μία κατηγορία ρηματικών συνθέτων, που περιέχουν ένα δεσμευμένο θέμα ρηματικής προέλευσης σε τελική θέση. Σημαντικό χαρακτηριστικό των εν λόγω λέξεων είναι ότι ένα μεγάλο ποσοστό αυτών ανήκει σε ειδικά επιστημονικά και τεχνικά λεξιλόγια. Στόχος της μελέτης είναι ο άμεσος συσχετισμός των λέξεων αυτών στις δύο γλώσσες από μορφολογική άποψη, με απώτερο σκοπό τη βέλτιστη υπολογιστική τους επεξεργασία. Για τις ανάγκες της παρούσας συγκροτήθηκαν δύο σώματα δεσμευμένων θεμάτων που εμφανίζονται σε τελική θέση μέσα σε λέξεις της Αγγλικής και της Νέας Ελληνικής, τα οποία αποτέλεσαν τα κύρια γλωσσικά δεδομένα, τόσο για την θεωρητική ανάλυση, όσο και για την υπολογιστική επεξεργασία των υπό εξέταση λέξεων. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τις θεωρητικές απόψεις που έχουν διατυπωθεί, τα δεδομένα που προέκυψαν από την εξέταση των σωμάτων δεσμευμένων στοιχείων, καθώς και την παρουσία των λέξεων με δεσμευμένα στοιχεία κατά τη διάρκεια εξέλιξης της κάθε γλώσσας, πραγματοποιείται η μορφολογική τους ανάλυση, που έχει ως αποτέλεσμα τον άμεσο συσχετισμό τους με την αναγνώριση αντίστοιχων δομών στις εν λόγω λέξεις. Με βάση τα συμπεράσματα της θεωρητικής ανάλυσης επιχειρείται η δημιουργία ενός συστήματος υπολογιστικής μορφολογικής επεξεργασίας των εν λόγω λέξεων, που διέπεται από κοινές αρχές και κοινούς κανόνες για τις δύο γλώσσες, με στόχο την όσο το δυνατόν αποτελεσματικότερη και οικονομικότερη περιγραφή του φαινομένου, για χρήση σε ένα πλήθος εφαρμογών της γλωσσικής επεξεργασίας. Ο φορμαλισμός που χρησιμοποιείται αποτελεί έναν λεξιλογικό μεταγλωττιστή (LEXC) που είναι ιδιαίτερα κατάλληλος για τον ορισμό λεξιλογίων φυσικών γλωσσών και βασίζεται στις μεθόδους πεπερασμένων καταστάσεων.<br>This PhD thesis deals with the comparative study of words containing bound morphological stems in English and Modern Greek (MG) and their computational processing. A great number of these words, also known as neoclassical compounds, belong to technical and scientific terminologies. The linguistic database used for the theoretical analysis and the computational processing proposed in this study, consists of two corpora, especially built for and appended in the current study, containing bound stems as final elements in words of English and MG. According to the theoretical analysis proposed, compounds with bound stems in the two languages share similar structures. The proposed system for the computational processing of these words, based on the the conclusions of the theoretical analysis, makes use of finite state methods, specifically the Xerox Lexical Compiler (LEXC) and offers an efficient way of implementing the phenomenon of neoclassical compounding in modern languages.