Dissertations / Theses: 'Modern Portfolio Theory'

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Raubenheimer, Heidi. "Contributions to modern portfolio theory." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9741.

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Fund managers and investors are confronted with the problem of selecting a single investment portfolio from a large number of possible combinations of available assets. In South Africa the set of possible portfolios has become even larger with the gradual relaxing of the constraints on foreign investment from 1995 to the present day, thereby expanding the investment universe for South African investors. Moreover, portfolio selection in South Africa is being transformed increasingly from being the exclusive domain of high net worth individuals, trustees and their investment managers to being the domain and responsibility of the man on the street. The Unit Trust industry started in South Africa in 1965 and gave the lower net worth individual a vehicle with which to invest in a diverse investment portfolio. This industry has proved very popular and has expanded from only 8 funds in 1980 to 338 funds and 136 billion rands under management in November 2000. Moreover the past two years, 1999 and 2000, has seen a change in the pension fund industry from defined benefit (DB) to defined contribution (DC) pension funds, transferring more of the risk and the responsibility of portfolio selection onto pension fund members. With increasing demand for fund management and investment advice by pension fund members and individual investors alike, the financial services industry in South Africa has also expanded. The consequent competition for assets of all descriptions have led, one hopes, to a more efficient market in equity, fixed income and derivative products. Thus modern portfolio theory has come a long way and will have to go further in meeting the demand to assist investors in their decision making.

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Persson, Jakob, Carl Lejon, and Kristian Kierkegaard. "Practical Application of Modern Portfolio Theory." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Accounting and Finance, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-657.

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There are several authors Markowitz (1991), Elton and Gruber (1997) that discuss the main issues that an investor faces when investing, for example how to allocate resources among the variety of different securities. These issues have led to the discussion of portfolio theories, especially the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), which is developed by Nobel Prize awarded economist Harry Markowitz. This theory is the philosophical opposite of tradi-tional asset picking.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if an investor can apply MPT in order to achieve a higher return than investing in an index portfolio. Combining a strong portfolio that beats the market in the longrun would be the ultimate goal for most investors.

The theories that are used to analyze the problem and the empirical findings provide the essential concepts such as standard deviation, risk and return of the portfolio. Further, diversification, correlation and covariance are used to achieve the optimal risky portfolio. There will be a walk-through of the MPT, with the efficient frontier as the graphical guide to express the optimal risky portfolio.

The methodology constitutes as the frame for the thesis. The quantitative method is used since the data input is gathered from historical data. This thesis is based on existing theories, and the deductive approach aims to use these theories in order to accomplish a valid and accurate analysis. The benchmark that is used to compare the results from the portfolio is the Stockholm stock exchange OMX 30. This index mimics and reflects the market as a whole. The portfolio will be reweighed at a preplanned schedule, each quarter to constantly obtain an optimal risky portfolio.

The finding from this study indicates that the actively managed portfolio outperforms the passive benchmark during the selected timeframe. The outcome someway differs when evaluating the risk adjusted result and becomes less significant. The risk adjusted result does not provide any strong evidence for a greater return than index. Finally, with this finding, the authors can conclude by stating that an actively managed optimal risky portfolio with guidance of the MPT can surpass the OMX 30 within the selected timeframe.

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Hamrin, Erik. "A Heuristic Downside Risk Approach to Real Estate Portfolio Structuring : a Comparison Between Modern Portfolio Theory and Post Modern Portfolio Theory." Thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-89812.

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Portfolio diversification has been a subject frequently addressed since the publications of Markowitz in 1952 and 1959. However, the Modern Portfolio Theory and its mean variance framework have been criticized. The critiques refer to the assumptions that return distributions are normally distributed and the symmetric definition of risk. This paper elaborates on these short comings and applies a heuristic downside risk approach to avoid the pitfalls inherent in the mean variance framework. The result of the downside risk approach is compared and contrasted with the result of the mean variance framework. The return data refers to the real estate sector in Sweden and diversification is reached through property type and geographical location. The result reveals that diversification is reached differently between the two approaches. The downside risk measure applied here frequently diversifies successfully with use of fewer proxies. The efficient portfolios derived also reveals that the downside risk approach would have contributed to a historically higher average total return. This paper outlines a framework for portfolio diversification, the result is empirical and further research is needed in order to grasp the potential of the downside risk measures.

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Jablonský, Petr. "Performance downside risk models of the post-modern portfolio theory." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161865.

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The thesis provides a comparison of different portfolio models and tests their performance on the financial markets. Our analysis particularly focuses on comparison of the classical Markowitz modern portfolio theory and the downside risk models of the post-modern portfolio theory. In addition, we consider some alternative portfolio models ending with total eleven models that we test. If the performance of different portfolio models should be evaluated and compared correctly, we must use a measure that is unbiased to any portfolio theory. We suggest solving this issue via a new approach based on the utility theory and utility functions. We introduce the unbiased method for evaluation of the portfolio model performance using the expected utility efficient frontier. We use the asymmetric behavioural utility function to capture the behaviour of the real market investors. The Markowitz model is the leading market practice. We investigate whether there are any circumstances in which some other models might provide better performance than the Markowitz model. Our research is for three reasons unique. First, it provides a comprehensive comparison of broad classes of different portfolio models. Second, we focus on the developed markets in United States and Germany but also on the local emerging markets in Czech Republic and Poland. These local markets have never been tested in such extent before. Third, the empirical testing is based on the broad data set from 2003 to 2012 which enable us to test how different portfolio model perform in different macroeconomic conditions.

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Ljungberg, Axel, and Anton Högstedt. "Modern Portfolio Theory Combined With Magic Formula : A study on how Modern Portfolio Theory can improve an established investment strategy." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-104540.

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This study examines whether modern portfolio theory can be used to improve the Magic Formula investment strategy. With the assets picked by the investment strategy we modify the portfolios by weighting the portfolios in accordance with modern portfolio theory. Through the process of creating efficient frontiers and weighting the portfolios differently we create two alternative portfolios each year. One portfolio that aimsfor maximum Sharpe ratio and one that aims for minimum variance. These weighted portfolios produce higher risk-adjusted returns consistently during the examined period of 2010-2020. We conclude that the Magic Formula can be improved by using modern portfolio theory.

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Duggal, Rahul, and Tawfiq Shams. "Modern Portfolio Trading with Commodities." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9990.

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There is a big interest for alternative investment strategies than investing in traditional asset classes. Commodities are having a boom dynamic with increasing prices. This thesis is therefore based on applying Modern Portfolio Theory concept to this alternative asset class.

In this paper we manage to create optimal portfolios of commodities for investors with known and unknown risk preferences. When comparing expected returns to actual returns we found that for the investor with the known risk preference almost replicated the return of the markets. The other investor with unknown risk preference also profited but not as efficient as the market portfolio.

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Karlsson, Victor, Rikard Svensson, and Viktor Eklöf. "Contingent Hedging : Applying Financial Portfolio Theory on Product Portfolios." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-18602.

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In an ever-changing global environment, the ability to adapt to the current economic climate is essential for a company to prosper and survive. Numerous previous re- search state that better risk management and low overall risks will lead to a higher firm value. The purpose of this study is to examine if portfolio theory, made for fi- nancial portfolios, can be used to compose product portfolios in order to minimize risk and optimize returns. The term contingent hedge is defined as an optimal portfolio that can be identified today, that in the future will yield a stable stream of returns at a low level of risk. For companies that might engage in costly hedging activities on the futures market, the benefits of creat- ing a contingent hedge are several. These include creating an optimized portfolio that minimizes risk and avoid trading contracts on futures markets that would incur hefty transaction costs and risks. Using quantitative financial models, product portfolio compositions are generated and compared with the returns and risks profile of individual commodities, as well as the actual product portfolio compositions of publicly traded mining companies. Us- ing Modern Portfolio Theory an efficient frontier is generated, yielding two inde- pendent portfolios, the minimum risk portfolio and the tangency portfolio. The Black-Litterman model is also used to generate yet another portfolio using a Bayesian approach. The portfolios are generated by historic time-series data and compared with the actual future development of commodities; the portfolios are then analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the minimum risk portfolio provides a signif- icantly lower risk than the compositions of all mining companies in the study, as well as the risks of individual commodities. This in turn will lead to several benefits for company management and the firm’s shareholders that are discussed throughout the study. However, as for a return-optimizing portfolio, no significant results can be found. Furthermore, the analysis suggests a series of improvements that could potentially yield an even greater result. The recommendation is that mining companies can use the methods discussed throughout this study as a way to generate a costless contin- gent hedge, rather than engage in hedging activities on futures markets.

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Nelson, Marco. "Information technology portfolio management proof of concept modern portfolio theory with KVA and ROI analysis." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5148.

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The basic research question guiding this thesis is: "How can Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) be defensibly applied to DoD Information Technology (IT) portfolio optimization problems?" The research will demonstrate how to derive the appropriate raw performance, volatility data, required to remain consistent with MPT assumptions and methodology. This thesis accomplishes this research objective by establishing a notional IT beta to apply a MPT approach for asset allocation within the Department of Defense (DoD). Data from three previous RFID implementation case studies were used, where the Knowledge Value Added (KVA) methodology was applied to estimate the return on investment (ROI) produced by IT. The KVA methodology is essential for the application of this thesis because it provides the framework for the allocation of surrogate revenue and cost streams into core processes where RFID technology was implemented. The ROI estimates of volatility act as a surrogate for equity price volatility, allowing application of the Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) approach in the nonprofit sector.

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Rocha, Emília Marília de Lima. "Security selection in post-modern portfolio theory : an application to the European stock market." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13094.

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Mestrado em Finanças
Neste trabalho, comparamos as carteiras tangentes e carteiras de risco mínimo obtidas com a teoria moderna da carteira (MPT) e a teoria pós-moderna da carteira (PMPT) com o propósito de analisar as diferenças na seleção de ações. Baseamos o nosso estudo num conjunto de 16 ações do índice EURO STOXX 50 e estimamos os inputs com dados históricos entre 1997 e 2015. Para medir o risco na PMPT, usamos a semivariância em relação a três retornos alvo - 0, a taxa de juro sem risco e a taxa de retorno do mercado bolsista Europeu. Para atestar a robustez dos resultados, replicamos a análise estimando os inputs a partir de modelos de equilíbrio. Observamos que as carteiras da PMPT escolhem ações que exibem uma distribuição de retorno com assimetria positiva e/ou leptocúrtica. Adicionalmente, a composição destas carteiras privilegia ações com baixa semivariância, caracterizada por baixa frequência de retornos inferiores ao retorno alvo e/ou baixo desvio médio.
In this work, we compare tangent portfolios and minimum risk portfolios derived from the modern portfolio theory (MPT) and the post-modern portfolio theory (PMPT) to analyse the differences in stock selection. We base our study on a set of 16 stocks included in the EURO STOXX 50 index and estimate inputs from historical data since 1997 until 2015. To measure risk in PMPT, we use semivariance in relation to three target returns - 0, the risk-free rate and the European stock market return. To attest the results' robustness, we replicate the analysis estimating inputs from equilibrium models. We find that PMPT's portfolios select stocks that display return distributions with positive skewness and/or leptokurtosis. Additionally, these portfolios' composition favors stocks with low semivariance, characterized by low downside frequency and/or average downside deviation.
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Mupambirei, Rodwel. "Dynamic and robust estimation of risk and return in modern portfolio theory." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4913.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-138).
The portfolio selection method developed by Markowitz gives a rational investor a way of evaluating different investment options in a portfolio using the expected return and variance of the returns. Sharpe uses the same optimization approach but estimates the mean and covariance in a regression framework using the index models. Sharpe makes a crucial assumption that the residuals from different assets are uncorrelated and that the beta estimates are constant. When the Sharpe model parameters are estimated using ordinary least squares, the regression assumptions are violated when there is significant autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity in the residuals. Furthermore, the presence of outlying observations in the data leads to unreliable estimates when the ordinary least squares method is used. We find significant correlation in the residuals from different shares and thus we use the Troskie-Hossain model which relaxes this assumption and ultimately produces an efficient frontier that is almost identical to the Markowitz model. The combination of the GARCH and AR models to remove both autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity is used on the single index model and it causes the efficient frontier to shift significantly to the left. Using dynamic estimation through the Kalman filter, it is noticed that the beta coefficients are not constant and that the resulting efficient frontiers significantly outperform the Sharpe model. In order to deal with the problem of outlying observations in the data, we propose using the Minimum Covariance Determinant, (MCD) estimator as a robust version of the Markowitz formulation. Robust alternatives to the ordinary lea.st squares estimator are also investigated and they all cause the efficient frontier to shift to the left. Finally, to solve the problem of collinearity in the multiple index framework, we construct orthogonal indices using principal components regression to estimate the efficient frontier.

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Lagerström, Erik, and Schrab Michael Magne. "An Empirical Study of Modern Portfolio Optimization." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-273597.

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Mean variance optimization has shortcomings making the strategy far from optimal from an investor’s perspective. The purpose of the study is to conduct an empirical investigation as to how modern methods of portfolio optimization address the shortcomings associated with mean variance optimization. Equal risk contribution, the Most diversified portfolioand a modification of the Minimum variance portfolio are considered as alternatives to the mean variance model. Portfolio optimization models introduced are explained in detail and solved using the optimization algorithms Cyclical coordinate descent and Alternating direction method of multipliers. Through implementation and backtesting using a diverse set of indices representing various asset classes, the study shows that the mean variance model suffers from high turnover and sensitivity to input parameters in comparison to the modern alternatives. The sophisticated asset allocation models equal risk contribution and the most diversified portfolio do not rely on expected return as an input parameter, which is seen as an advantage, and are not affected to the same extent by the shortcomings associated with mean variance optimization. The paper concludes by discussing the findings critically and suggesting ideas for further research.
Maximering av avkastning i samband med minimering av varians, på engelska kallat Mean variance optimization, är inte optimalt ur en investerares synpunkt. Syftet med denna uppsats är att genomföra en empirisk studie av hur moderna metoder för portföljallokering adresserar de problem som är förknippade med Mean variance optimization. Mer specifikt undersöks allokeringsstrategierna Equal risk contribution, Most diversified portfolio samt en variant av Minimum variance som ersättare till Mean variance optimization. Allokeringsmetoderna beskrivs detaljerat och löses med optimeringsalgoritmerna Cyclical coordinate descent och Alternating direction method of multipliers. Genom implementering och historisk simulering med ett antal index som representerar olika tillgångsslag visar studien att Mean variance optimization innebär hög portföljomsättning och har en större känslighet för ingångsparametrar i jämförelse med de moderna alternativen. De sofistikerade allokeringsmodellerna Equal risk contribution och Most diversified portfolio bygger inte på ingångsparametern förväntad avkastning, vilket ses som en fördel, och drabbas inte i samma utsträckning av problemen associerade med Mean variance optimization. Studien avslutas med att diskutera resultatet kritiskt och ge förslag på vidare studier som bygger på den teori och det resultat som har presenterats.

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Falk, Johan. "Direct and Indirect Real Estate in a Mixed-asset Portfolio : Is direct or indirect preferable." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102185.

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Studies carried out during the 2000’s have shown that securitized real estate has outperformed the direct real estate market with as much as up to 500 basis points on an annual basis during the 80’s and 90’s. Allocation to real estate among institutional investors has at the same time been at around 5%. Research conducted in the area during this period has suggested an allocation to real estate around 10% - 20% in a mixed-asset portfolio, depending on the specifics of the real estate. Securitized and direct real estate come with different benefits and different problems, such as a better inflation hedge and asset-liability frameworks but worse information transparency for direct real estate, but a higher liquidity, return (including volatility) and information transparency for securitized real estate market. This research shows that during the period 2000-2010 securitized real estate still outperforms direct real estate. The spread during the period is as much as 762 basis points per annum. The highest risk-adjusted return is given to the investor who invests between 21% - 30% depending on the specifics of the real estate. However, noticeable is that risk factors such as illiquidity, lower transparency and geographical could eventually give another perspective on the outcome of the risk-adjusted return.

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Alrebeish, Faisal. "Adaptively improving performance stability of cloud based application using the modern portfolio theory." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6932/.

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The increasing number of Software-as-a-Service(SaaS) services available in the cloud market make them plausible and attractive for building cloud-based applications. However, performance instability is common in the cloud environment due to changes in supply and demand of shared computational infrastructure and resources. Candidate services are vulnerable to such instability. Current service selection and composition approaches do not explicitly address performance fluctuations when building cloud-based applications. This thesis proposes a novel approach to improve performance stability by leveraging on the principles of design diversity and portfolio-based thinking when selecting and composing cloud-based applications. The objective is to minimize the risks that could stem from selecting and composing cloud-based services that are vulnerable to performance instability. In this thesis, we use two scenarios to illustrate the applicability and the effectiveness of the approach. As scalability is of paramount importance for efficient dynamic and adaptive selection and composition, the thesis adapt a systematic method to identify the various scalability dimensions that can affect the working of the approach and consequently evaluate the sensitivity of the approach to the identified dimensions. The thesis concludes with possible directions for future work.

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Pavlic, Theodore P. "Optimal Foraging Theory Revisited." Connect to resource, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1181936683.

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Karlsson, Viktor, and Emil Nygren. "Beating the Swedish Market : A dynamic approach to Value Investing using Modern Portfolio Theory." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för ekonomi och företagande, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-16465.

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Previous research has confirmed the existence of a value premium in a wide array of markets and using this value stock anomaly has yielded superior performance. This thesis investigates if one could take advantage of the existence of a value premium to deploy a dynamic investment strategy on the Swedish stock market (OMXS30) with focus on minimizing risk to achieve higher risk adjusted performance than the stock market index. The investment strategy implemented use Market-to-Book-Value to screen for both entry and exit signals and Modern Portfolio Theory, using the minimum-variance portfolio with short-selling constraints, to allocate assets within the portfolio. The investment strategy is evaluated using the Modigliani-Modigliani Risk Adjusted Performance measure. Conclusions from the thesis are that the strategy does outperform the Swedish stock market index, both in terms of nominal return and risk-adjusted performance. The suboptimal behaviour of investors where they overreact to signals and unconsciously rely on heuristics is used to explain why this is possible. Market-to-Book-Value, using the first quartile as entry signal and third quartile as exit signal, is considered to be a successful key ratio to screen for value stocks.

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Culliname, Kevin Patrick Culliname. "The appication of modern portfolio theory to hedging in the dry bulk shipping markets." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.232914.

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Cullinane, Kevin Patrick Brendan. "The application of modern portfolio theory to hedging in the dry bulk shipping markets." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/786.

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Risk and uncertainty have a vital impact on any business, but are particularly influential in the shipping industry. Although risk and uncertainty constitute the life-blood that courses through the veins of business, decision makers typically , attempt to reduce the risks , to which their decisions are subject. This is because there inevitably exists a level of risk which the decision maker is unwilling to accept. In May 1985 a new method of risk reduction in shipping became available through the introduction of BIFFEX - the Baltic International Freight Futures , Exchange. Participants in shipping can now hedge against their risks in the physical market by, taking a, position on the new futures market. This adds a new dimension to the situation as it existed before the introduction of BIFFEX, when the hedging of market risk was undertaken solely by holding alternative forms of physical contract. Typically, decision makers in shipping have formulated hedging strategies on the basis of ad hoc, inconsistent and subjectively judgemental criteria. This work is concerned with the optimization of the risk reduction process by integrating the different forms of market investment in a portfolio context. ,_ The methodology used is based on Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). This provides a formal structure for the deduction of a subjectively optimal portfolio, in the sense that it yields the 'best' risk/return, trade-off in line with a decision maker's own attitude to risk. Previously, MPT has been applied solely to the determination of optimum portfolios of stocks and shares. The theory is, therefore, refined in accordance with the requirements of shipping. Similarly, the theory has previously only been applied to investors who are 'risk averse'. In this work, it is expanded to include those investors who are 'risk prone' or 'risk neutral'. The objective of the thesis is thus the successful implementation of MPT to allow the deduction of a subjectively optimal portfolio of shipping market investments.

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Garaba, Masimba. "The current role of modern portfolio theory in asset management practice in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002699.

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This research examines the role that modern portfolio theory (MPT) plays in current South Africa asset management practice in comparison to other portfolio management techniques and security evaluation methods. The purpose of asset management is to pool complementary financial market expertise, in order to generate returns in excess of the market return on the investments of the owners of financial resources that are entrusted to the firm, since the owners of financial resources might not be able to make superior investment decisions on their own. The research presents and discusses the literature pertaining to modern portfolio theory, traditional portfolio theory (fundamental and technical analyses), and behavioural finance theory. The implication of the efficient market hypothesis in relation to all the portfolio management theories is also presented and discussed. In line with a positivist paradigm, the survey research methodology, which combines both qualitative and quantitative aspects, was adopted. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire, which was found to be reliable and valid for this research. The questionnaire encompassed the Lickert scale to measure the data. The results of the analysis were interpreted using descriptive statistics. The results of this research suggest that modern portfolio theory does not play a significant role in the management of portfolios and security evaluation in South Africa. South African asset managers regard fundamental analysis as the most significant method of security evaluation in the management of portfolios. Technical analysis and econometric models are regarded as playing a moderate role and complement fundamental analysis whilst behavioural finance models play the least role. This research recommends an integrated portfolio management strategy that incorporates MPT, traditional portfolio theory and behavioural finance models to enhance investor value and protection.

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Xu, Chenghao. "Portfolio Optimization, CAPM & Factor Modeling Project Report." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/243.

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In this Portfolio Optimization Project, we used Markowitz¡¯s modern portfolio theory for portfolio optimization. We selected fifteen stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange and gathered these stocks¡¯ historical data from Yahoo Finance [1]. Then we used Markowitz¡¯s theory to analyze this data in order to obtain the optimal weights of our initial portfolio. To maintain our investment in a current tangency portfolio, we recalculated the optimal weights and rebalanced the positions every week. In the CAPM project, we used the security characteristic line to calculate the stocks¡¯ daily returns. We also computed the risk of each asset, portfolio beta, and portfolio epsilons. In the Factor Modeling project, we computed estimates of each asset¡¯s expected returns and return variances of fifteen stocks for each of our factor models. Also we computed estimates of the covariances among our asset returns. In order to find which model performs best, we compared each portfolio¡¯s actual return with its corresponding estimated portfolio return.

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Dong, Yijun. "Portfolio Optimization, CAPM & Factor Modeling Project Report." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/244.

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In this Portfolio Optimization Project, we used Markowitz¡¯s modern portfolio theory for portfolio optimization. We selected fifteen stocks traded on the New York Stock Exchange and gathered these stocks¡¯ historical data from Yahoo Finance [1]. Then we used Markowitz¡¯s theory to analyze this data in order to obtain the optimal weights of our initial portfolio. To maintain our investment in a current tangency portfolio, we recalculated the optimal weights and rebalanced the positions every week. In the CAPM project, we used the security characteristic line to calculate the stocks¡¯ daily returns. We also computed the risk of each asset, portfolio beta, and portfolio epsilons. In the Factor Modeling project, we computed estimates of each asset¡¯s expected returns and return variances of fifteen stocks for each of our factor models. Also we computed estimates of the covariances among our asset returns. In order to find which model performs best, we compared each portfolio¡¯s actual return with its corresponding estimated portfolio return.

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VanOrden, Marc A. "Applying modern portfolio theory and the capital asset pricing model to DoD's information technology investments." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4795.

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Approved for public release, distribution unlimited
Program Managers (PMs) throughout the Department of Defense (DoD) were directed by the DoD Chief Information Officer to manage information technology (IT) investments as portfolios (to include Mission Areas, Subportfolios, and Components) within the DoD Enterprise. Managing portfolios of capabilities aligns IT with the overall needs of the warfighter, as well as the intelligence and business activities which support the warfighter. This thesis provides the detailed steps that PMs and Program Executive Officers (PEOs) should follow to closely manage their IT portfolios using the concepts described within Harry Markowitz' Modern Portfolio Theory. The first section will provide a demonstration of allocating revenue generated by a fictitious large corporation to the various sub-corporate levels and then applying Knowledge Value Added (KVA) in order to calculate a Return on Investment (ROI). The foundation of KVA analysis is that each subprocess output must be represented in common units of change; a price per unit of output is generated to allocate both cost and revenue at the subprocess level. The final section will apply a similar KVA analysis to the Naval Cryptologic Carry On Program (CCOP) systems to provide a public sector example.

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Lord, Mary E. "How a Learning Orientation, Modern Portfolio Theory and Absorptive Capacity Contribute to University Endowment Performance." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1333676043.

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Pringle, Sammie VanOrden Marc A. "Applying modern portfolio theory and the capital asset pricing model to DoD's information technology investments." Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/March/09Mar%5FPringle.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Information Technololgy Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Housel, Thomas J. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: CAPM, Capital Asset Pricing Model, KVA, Knowledge Value Added, Real Options, ROI, Return on Investment, MPT, Modern Portfolio Theory. Includes bibliographical references (p. 37-39). Also available in print.

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Dang, Zhe. "Financial Mathematics Project." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/262.

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This project describes the underlying principles of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and multi-factor models in detail. It also explores the process of constructing optimal portfolios using Modern Portfolio Theory, as well as estimates the expected return and covariance matrix of assets using the CAPM and multi-factor models. Finally, the project applies these models in real markets to analyze our portfolios and compare their performances.

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Abo, Al Ahad George, and Denis Gerzic. "A Study on the Low Volatility Anomaly in the Swedish Stock Exchange Market : Modern Portfolio Theory." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-145323.

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This study investigates, with a critical approach, if portfolios consisting of high beta stocks yields more than portfolios consisting of low beta stocks in the Swedish stock exchange market. The chosen period is 1999-2016, covering both the DotCom Bubble and the financial crisis of 2008. We also investigate if the Capital Asset Pricing Model is valid by doing a test similar to Fama and Macbeth’s of 1973. Based on earlier studies in the field and our own study we come to the conclusion that high beta stocks does not outperform low beta stocks in the Swedish stock market 1999-2016. We believe that this relationship arises from inefficiencies in the market and irrational investing. By doing this study we observe that, the use of beta as the only risk factor for explaining expected returns on stocks or portfolios is not correct.

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MacDevette, Ciaran. "An Empirical investigation of the value of High and Low price data to Modern Portfolio Theory." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5808.

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It is common practice to use the return series from closing prices in order to estimate the values of variables to be used in Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT). In fact the closing price series is generally what is referred to when price data or a financial time series is mentioned. We know this series to be made up of discrete points recorded as the last traded price on a specific day. But we also know this gives no indication of where the price has moved during the day. It is also widely believed that the price breaking through a certain level can be an indication of future movements. The highs and the lows, regardless of what one may believe they represent exactly, do, together with the closing prices, give a more complete view of the behaviour of a moving price. Yet they are for the most part left unused. It is known that the series of highs and lows are published and are widely available, at least as available as closing prices. The question that needs to be answered is: are the highs and lows valuable enough to warrant their use in MPT, and if so, what would this entail? It will be attempted, through an empirical study, to determine whether or not it is worthwhile to incorporate the highs and lows into the existing framework of MPT, and how this might be accomplished. It must be discovered more clearly whether there is extra information in the highs and lows that is not in the closings. The high and low series must also be used in core procedures like the calculation of the efficient frontier or the determination of actual portfolios in order to see if there is an appreciable difference to just using closings. This should give is an indication of how one might use the highs and lows in MPT if they are indeed deemed valuable.

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Li, Jiang. "Financial Mathematics Project." Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/263.

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This project describes the underlying principles of Modern Portfolio Theory, the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), and multi-factor models in detail, explores the process of constructing optimal portfolios using the Modern Portfolio Theory, estimates the expected return and covariance matrix of assets using CAPM and multi-factor models, and finally, applies these models in real markets to analyze our portfolios and compare their performances.

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Barkino, Iliam, and Öman Marcus Rivera. "Enough is Enough : Sufficient number of securities in an optimal portfolio." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-298462.

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This empirical study has shown that optimal portfolios need approximately 10 securities to diversify away the unsystematic risk. This challenges previous studies of randomly chosen portfolios which states that at least 30 securities are needed. The result of this study sheds light upon the difference in risk diversification between random portfolios and optimal portfolios and is a valuable contribution for investors. The study suggests that a major part of the unsystematic risk in a portfolio can be diversified away with fewer securities by using portfolio optimization. Individual investors especially, who usually have portfolios consisting of few securities, benefit from these results. There are today multiple user-friendly software applications that can perform the computations of portfolio optimization without the user having to know the mathematics behind the program. Microsoft Excel’s solver function is an example of a well-used software for portfolio optimization. In this study however, MATLAB was used to perform all the optimizations. The study was executed on data of 140 stocks on NASDAQ Stockholm during 2000-2014. Multiple optimizations were done with varying input in order to yield a result that only depended on the investigated variable, that is, how many different stocks that are needed in order to diversify away the unsystematic risk in a portfolio.

Osäker på examinatorns namn, tog namnet på den person som skickade mejl om betyg.

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Chaves-Schwinteck, Patricia [Verfasser], Bernd [Akademischer Betreuer] Siebenhühner, and Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Prokop. "The modern portfolio theory applied to wind farm investments / Patricia Chaves-Schwinteck. Betreuer: Bernd Siebenhühner ; Jürgen Prokop." Oldenburg : BIS der Universität Oldenburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1048750280/34.

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Danko, Erik. "Optimalizační modely finančních rizik." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433363.

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This diploma thesis deals with optimization models of financial risks. The first part, which is devoted to the theoretical background, introduces the basic concepts of optimization, modern portfolio theory, fundamental and technical analysis and statistical background. The basic principles of operation of modern portfolio theory are presented. The methods for analysis and selection of assets called Growth at A Reasonable Price and portfolio optimization approach according to Harry Markowitz were used with selected methods. The practical part is focused on the data analysis, selection of assets and design of a portfolio optimization model according to selected conditions with an emphasis on minimizing investment risk. The used models examine the selected data and are solved using the MS Excel add-in Solver version.

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Pettersson, Fabian, and Oskar Ringström. "Portfolio Optimization: An Evaluation of the Downside Risk Framework on the Nordic Equity Markets." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-275688.

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Risk management in portfolio construction is a widely discussed topic and the tradeoff between risk and return is always considered before an investment is made. Modern portfolio theory is a mathematical framework which describes how a rational investor can use diversification to optimize a portfolio, which suggests using variance to measure financial risk. However, since variance is a symmetrical metric, the framework fails to correctly account for the loss aversion preferences most investors exhibit. Therefore, the use of downside risk measures were proposed, which only measures the variance of the portfolio below a certain threshold, usually set to zero or the risk-free rate. This thesis empirically investigates the differences in performance between the two risk measures when used to solve a real world portfolio optimization problem. Backtests using the different measures on all major Nordic equity markets are performed to highlight the dynamics between the frameworks, and when one should be preferred over the other. It is concluded that the optimization frameworks indeed provides a useful tool for investors to construct great performing portfolios. However, even though the downside risk framework is more mathematically rigorous, implementing this risk measure instead of variance seems to be of less importance for the actual results.
Riskhantering för aktieportföljer är mycket centralt och en avvägning mellan risk och avkastning görs alltid innan en investering. Modern Portföljteori är ett matematiskt ramverk som beskriver hur en rationell investerare kan använda diversifiering för att optimera en portfölj. Centralt för detta är att använda portföljens varians för att mäta risk. Dock, eftersom varians är ett symmetriskt mått lyckas inte detta ramverk korrekt ta hänsyn till den förlustaversion som de flesta investerare upplever. Därför har det föreslagits att istället använda olika mått på nedsiderisk (downside risk), som endast tar hänsyn till portföljens varians under en viss avkastningsgräns, oftast satt till noll eller den riskfria räntan. Denna studie undersöker skillnaderna i prestation mellan dessa två riskmått när de används för att lösa ett verkligt portföljoptimeringsproblem. Backtests med riskmåtten har genomförts på de olika nordiska aktiemarknaderna för att visa på likheter och skillnader mellan de olika riskmåtten, samt när det enda är att föredra framför det andra. Slutsatsen är att ramverken ger investerare ett användbart verktyg för att smidigt optimera portföljer. Däremot verkar den faktiska skillnaden mellan de två riskmåtten vara av mindre betydelse för portföljernas prestation. Detta trots att downside risk är mer matematiskt rigoröst.

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Muir, Christopher, and Nathalie Beauprez. "Blah blah high returns. Blah blah no risk. Blah blah blah guaranteed!’ : A study of what financial institutions base their portfolio creation on for customers and the relationship between the different financial institutions in the same line of business for this activity." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1176.

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Why do people invest? People are insecure about their future welfare and aim for future guaranteed cash flows. To give ourselves a more thorough introduction to investments we decided to write our bachelor-thesis within the area of finance. This thesis will combine financial institutions and investments. It is a topic repeatedly discussed in the media and a study carried out in Sweden showed that in 2003, 80% of the population were shareholders.

When trading with stocks and shares there is risk involved that can be defined as the volatility in the cash flow of an investment. A portfolio is a collection of securities that an investor has placed capital in. In order to minimise the risk of the portfolio, the investor can diversify his or her portfolio, which involves investing in different securities in order to minimise risk. Institutional Theory will help us to see how these financial institutions interact with each other and what internal and external factors may influence their behaviour. Institutional investors; such as banks, are seen as large actors on the financial markets as they gain more and more control over the management of equities. It is necessary that intermediaries take care of their customers and inform them thoroughly about the rules of the investment game. With this as a background we felt it would be interesting to investigate the following problem.

On what basis do financial institutions create their customers’ portfolios and is the process the same across the branch as a whole?

In order to find an answer to this question; we have done a qualitative study with an overall positivistic influence. The study is based upon an analysis of the empirical material; collected through interviews with three financial institutions, grounded in theory in order to answer our specific question.

From the information gathered we understood that the first information financial institutions gather is personal information about the investors, which is needed to get a picture and an understanding about their client. We have also learned how important it is to understand risk, as it is the risk that will determine the composition of the portfolio for the investor. We could see with the help of the institutional theory that there is little space for differentiation and can therefore say that the financial institutions work in the same way in the advising of their clients and for the composition of their client’s portfolio.

Our results show that the basis for the creation of portfolios is more or less the same across the branches as a whole. The service given may differ, due to the competence and knowledge level of employees, between institutions but the end product is similar in all aspects.

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Feinstein, Samuel G. "An investigation into reference-day risk-free metrics in the context of modern portfolio theory on the JSE." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31380.

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Modern portfolio theory (MPT), asset pricing models and broader financial modelling are dependent upon the accuracy of input parameters. For example, the accuracy of expected returns, standard deviations and correlations as an input into MPT will result in a more efficient selection of the optimal portfolio. These metrics are exposed to reference-day risk which is the variation in input estimation due to the selection of initial reference-day in calculations. This paper examines whether a change in reference-day, the day on which a metric is calculated, significantly affects estimates of risk-return metrics on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). Thereafter, it applies these findings to the asset allocation problem of constructing a maximum Sharpe portfolio. The objective of this paper is to further prior research through the evaluation of an alternative simulation method and an extension of the range of tested metrics. The advancement of this prior research is achieved through the use of the Cholesky decomposition and a nonparametric bootstrapping procedure to generate reference-day risk-free estimates for average returns, standard deviations, correlations and betas. Furthermore, this paper applies the reference-day risk-free metrics to the construction of optimal multi-asset portfolios in the mean-variance framework. The findings suggest that through the use of a five-year period of monthly returns, the selection of a reference-day materially affects risk-return metrics and the subsequent portfolio characteristics that are based upon these metrics. The performance of portfolios, optimised on each reference day, ranged between 10% during the out-of-sample period. Additionally, using traditional end of month data resulted in underperformance of out-of-sample, overstated average returns, understated standard deviations and lower correlations between asset classes. Based on these findings we propose an alternative bootstrapping method for calculating reference-day risk-free metrics which reduces the effect of reference-day risk. The purpose of this methodology is to use these estimates for portfolio construction, risk management and asset pricing. The results of this paper indicate that reference-day risk makes a material difference in portfolio construction.

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Haviar, Martin. "Optimalizace investičního portfolia pomocí metaheuristiky." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-224904.

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This thesis deals with design and implementation of an investment model, which applies methods of Post-modern portfolio theory. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) metaheuristic was used for portfolio optimization and the parameters were analyzed with several experiments. Johnsons SU distribution was used for estimation of future returns as it proved to be the best of analyzed distributions. The result is software application written in Python, which is tested for stability and performance of model in extreme situations.

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Arbogast, Matthew Stephen. "Leader Behavior Portfolios." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6458.

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Existing leadership theories and applied resources contain bountiful lists of recommended behaviors for leaders to employ, yet an integrated model that produces the most efficient set of leader behaviors does not currently exist. A standard, quantitative method to compare and contrast leader behaviors is needed to siphon utility from each resource, leading to an integrated and diversified set of optimal behaviors for leaders to consider. Leaders have limited time and need a reliable method to make informed behavioral decisions that consistently produce the most positive effects on the desired outcome. Unfortunately, leaders do not have the time to sift through the plethora of literary resources to uncover an optimal list of behavioral options. Leaders need to know what behavior to employ, when to employ it, the expected outcome, and the potential risk. Interestingly, these behavioral variables are also common to investors in the financial arena, where the principles of Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) are often used to decipher the most optimal portfolio from a daunting list of investment options. The primary purpose of this study was to adopt some of the basic principles behind MPT in order to propose a similar quantitative Leader Behavior Portfolio Model, which determines an integrated and optimal set of effective leader behaviors. During this research, the proposed model was populated with archival performance data on over 5,000 cadets at the United States Military Academy. The outputs were then used to construct and administer surveys to 255 ROTC cadets in order to validate the model. The results of the survey response data were consistent with the outputs from the Leader Behavior Portfolio Model, showing strong support for adopting the principles of MPT to create an optimal set of leader behaviors.

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Pettersson, Jerry, and Sally Nilsson. "Portföljrisk i investmentbolag : - En kvantitativ studie om hur svenska investmentbolag hanterat sin portföljrisk i förhållande till utländska investmentbolag." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95815.

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Bakgrund och problemformulering: Investmentbolag är ett bolag vars affärsidé är att äga andra bolag. De har en betydande roll i samhället genom att bidra med kapital och att hjälpa driva etablerade företag framåt. I tidigare forskningssammanhang har andra liknande typer av bolag varit i fokus vilket orsakar ett gap i forskningen kring investmentbolag och riskhantering. Det här blir särskilt intressant att studera då investmentbolag har blivit en allt mer vanlig investering samtidigt som de beskrivs ha liknande riskspridning som en aktiefond. För att få en bredare förståelse om hur det skiljer sig mellan olika bolag och länder jämförs svenska investmentbolag med brittiska samt amerikanska investmentbolag. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att analysera om investmentbolagens portföljer är effektiva. Metod: Utgångspunkten i studien är den moderna portföljvalsteorin som utgår ifrån Markowitz tankar och menar att en effektiv portfölj inte enbart består av en lång rad med aktier. Det är i stället korrelationen mellan tillgångarna som är viktiga att ha i åtanke och den optimala portföljen är den mest effektiva samt har den högsta sharpekvoten. För att besvara studiens syfte jämförs den optimala portföljen men den faktiska portföljen och de bolag som har det minsta avståndet anses vara effektivast i sin riskhantering och vice versa. Resultat: Resultaten visar att det finns förbättringar att göra för de allra flesta investmentbolag och det är ytterst få som håller en portfölj som är lika effektiv som den optimala portföljen. Det finns även skillnader mellan hur de olika investmentbolagen hanterar risker i portföljen och vilka typer av bolag som de investerar i, vilket främst är de brittiska investmentbolagen som främst skiljer sig från mängden.
Background and problematization: An investment company is a firm which business idea is to own other companies. It has a significant role in the society by contributing with capital and help already established companies forward. Within a research context other kind of companies with similar business ideas has been in focus which causes a gap in the research area regarding investment companies and risk management. This is especially interesting to study because investment companies have become a more common investment, meanwhile investment companies are described to have a similar risk diversification as an equity fund. To get a broader understanding on how it differs between different companies and countries a comparison is made between Swedish, British and American investment companies. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze if investment companies manage an efficient portfolio. Method: The main theory of this study is the modern portfolio theory which is based on Markowitz´s ideas of an efficient portfolio that does not only contain a long list of assets but instead consider the correlation between assets. According to this theory the optimal portfolio is the most efficient and has the highest sharperatio. To be able to achieve the purpose of this study the optimal portfolio will be compared to the investment companies’ actual portfolio. The companies with the smallest difference between these portfolios will be considered the most efficient regarding risk management and vice-versa. Conclusion: The results show that there are room for improvements for most investment companies and there are extremely few that holds a portfolio that is as effective as the optimal portfolio. There are also differences between the companies regarding how they manage their portfolio risk and which types of companies they invest in. The British investment companies are those who stands out in this study.

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Kundiger, Kyle. "Optimal investment strategies using multi-property commercial real estate analysis of pre/post housing bubble." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/575.

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This paper analyzes theperformance of five commercial real estate property types (office, retail, industrial, apartment, and hotel) between 2000 and 2012 to determine the U.S. housing crisis'simpact on Real Estate investing. Under the concept of Modern Portfolio Theory, the data was analyzed using investment analysis programs to determine correlation, risk/return characteristics, and trade-offs (Sharpe ratio) as well as the optimal allocation among the individual property types. In light of the results, each property type plays a different role in investment strategies in various economic cycles. Some assets are attractive solely based onpotential return, or risk for return tradeoffs; however, through diversification, other property types play valuable roles in hedging risk on investors' target returns.
B.A. and B.S.
Bachelors
Business Administration
Finance

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Strid, Alexander, and Daniel Liu. "Evaluation of a Portfolio in Dow Jones Industrial Average Optimized by Mean-Variance Analysis." Thesis, KTH, Matematisk statistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-275662.

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This thesis evaluates the mean-variance analysis framework by comparing the performance of an optimized portfolio consisting of stocks from the Dow Jones Industrial Average to the performance of the Dow Jones Industrial Average index itself. The results show that the optimized portfolio performs better than the corresponding index when evaluated on the period between 2015 and 2019. However, the variance of the returns are high and therefore it is difficult to determine if mean-variance analysis performs better than its corresponding index in the general case. Furthermore, it is shown that individual stocks can still influence the movement of an optimized portfolio significantly, even though the model is supposed to diversify firm-specific risk. Thus, the authors recommend modifying the model by restricting the amount that is allowed to be invested in a single stock, if one wishes to apply mean-variance analysis in reality. To be able to draw further conclusions, more practical research within the subject needs to be done.
Denna uppsats utvärderar ramverket ”mean-variance analysis” genom att jämföra prestandan av en optimerad portfölj bestående av aktier från Dow Jones Industrial Average med prestandan av indexet Dow Jones Industrial Average självt. Resultaten visar att att den optimerade portföljen presterar bättre än motsvarande index när de utvärderas på perioden 2015 till 2019. Dock är variansen av avkastningen hög och det är därför svårt att bedöma om mean-variance analysis generellt sett presterar bättre än sitt motsvarande index. Vidare visas det att individuella aktier fortfarande kan påverka den optimerade portföljens rörelser, fastän modellen antas diversifiera företagsspecifik risk. På grund av detta rekommenderar författarna att modifiera modellen genom att begränsa mängden som kan investeras i en individuell aktie, om man önskar att tillämpa mean-variance analysis i verkligheten. För att kunna dra vidare slutsatser så krävs mer praktisk forskning inom området.

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Whiting, Cameron. "Markowitz and Marriage: Finding the Optimal Risky Spouse." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1019.

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This paper examines data for 12,868 individuals from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) from 1979 through 2010 to explore certain financial incentives of marriage. In particular, this paper focuses on identifying the combination of occupations that decreases idiosyncratic income volatility to the greatest extent. For the sake of this paper, marriage is defined as the combination of two separate assets into a single portfolio. With such, I derive the efficient frontier for each occupation and gender. In the process, reward-to-volatility and mean-variance utility maximization techniques are introduced. Ultimately, applying modern portfolio theory to the marriage market allows one to examine the economic incentives of marriage in a way that has not previously been done. On the whole, the analysis confirms previous literature on marriage dynamics, while offering a new framework for analysis.

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Larsson, Karl-Erik. "Review of the Swedish National Pension Plan’s Real Estate Strategies." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-124331.

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Smith, Jacques. "Constructing low cost core-satellite portfolios with multiple risk constraints: practical applications to Robo advising in South Africa using active, passive and smart-beta strategies." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32985.

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Risk and tracking error budgeting was originally adopted by large institutional investors, including pension funds, plan sponsors, foundations, and endowments. More recently, risk and tracking error budgeting have gained popularity among financial advisors, multi-managers, fund of funds managers, high net worth individuals as well as retail investors. These techniques contribute to the portfolio optimisation process by limiting the extent to which a portfolio can deviate from its benchmark with regards to risk and tracking error. This is an ambitious paper that attempts to determine the optimal strategy to practically implement risk and tracking error budgeting as a portfolio optimisation technique in South Africa. This study attempts to bridge the gap between active, passive, and smart-beta investment management styles by introducing a low-cost portfolio construction technique, for core-satellite portfolio management, which contributes to the risk and tracking error budgeting process. Core-satellite portfolios are designed to expose the portfolio to a low-cost primary “core” consisting of passive and enhanced index funds, thus systematic risk “beta”, limiting the tracking error of the portfolio. The secondary “satellite” component is allocated to active and smart-beta managers to exploit expected excess return “alpha”. The primary aim of this research is to construct a rule-based product range of core-satellite portfolios called “replica portfolios”. The product range builds on the foundation of the Association for Savings & Investments South Africa (ASISA) framework. The study identifies three “target portfolios” from ASISA's framework, namely (1) High Risk: SA General Equity, (2) Medium Risk: SA Multi-Asset High Equity and (3) Low Risk: SA Multi-Asset Low Equity. Through this framework, active managers from each category are shortlisted using a Sharpe and Information Ratio filter. A secondary filtering technique, namely Returns Based Style Analysis (RBSA) is used to determine the style, R-squared and alpha-generating ability of active managers versus the passive asset classes and style indices they seek to replicate. Applying Euler's theorem for homogenous functions, we decompose the risk of the coresatellite portfolio into the risk contributed by each of its components. The primary mandate of the core-satellite portfolios in the product range is to allocate risk and tracking error efficiently across several investment management styles and asset classes in order to maximise returns while remaining within the specified risk parameters. iii The results highlighted that active managers, after fees, predominantly failed to outperform their benchmarks and passive building blocks, as identified through RBSA over the sample period (October 2009 – September 2019). However, only a small number of active managers generated superior risk-adjusted returns and were included in the core-satellite range of products. This study recommends to investors that they exploit the “hot-hands effect” by investing in specialised, benchmark agnostic active managers who consistently produce superior risk-adjusted returns. By blending active, passive and smart-beta strategies, investors are exposed to less total risk, less risk per holding and a lower tracking error. The three coresatellite portfolios developed in this study generated absolute and risk-adjusted returns that are more significant than their active and passive counterparts. Fee arbitrage was derived through the range of core-satellite products, resulting in tangible alpha over the sample period. The study encourages investors to use smart-beta strategies alongside active and passive funds since it improves Sharpe and Information ratios while enhancing the original portfolio's characteristics.

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Marks, David B. 1969. "Ivory towers to office towers, Wall Street to Main Street : a study of the relationship between modern portfolio theory and private equity real estate." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/32210.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2001.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-88).
This thesis attempts to relate the principal elements of Modern Portfolio Theory ('MPT') to real estate, recognizing that MPT was built not for real estate, but for stocks and bonds. It is split into two parts; the first part deals with 'the theory' of real estate investing, including a commentary on both why mixed-asset portfolios include real estate components, and how MPT relates to real estate. The second part deals with 'the reality'; the extent (or otherwise) to which different investor types apply MPT to their direct, private equity real estate investment strategies. It attempts to answer this question by a case study approach, focusing on four investor types. These investors were specifically chosen because of the fact that they are, in each case, sophisticated groups who have a knowledge and understanding of the principal elements of MPT. The extent to which they feel that all elements of MPT are relevant to real estate is, ultimately, the question that this paper attempts to answer.
by David B. Marks.
S.M.

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Rörden, Sarah, and Kristofer Wille. "Measuring and handling risk : How different financial institutions face the same problem." Thesis, Mälardalen University, School of Sustainable Development of Society and Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-9951.

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Title: Measuring and handling risk - How different financial institutions face the same problem

Seminar date: 4^th of June, 2010

Level: Bachelor thesis in Business Administration, Basic level 300, 15 ECTS

Authors: Sarah Rörden and Kristofer Wille

Supervisor: Angelina Sundström

Subject terms: Risk variables, Risk measurement, Risk management, Modern Portfolio Theory, Diversification, Beta

Target group: Everyone who has basic knowledge of financial theories and risk principles but lacks the understanding of how they can be used in risk management.

Purpose: To understand the different Swedish financial institutions’ way of handling and reducing risk in portfolio investing using financial theories.

Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework is based on relevant literature about financial theories and risk management, including critical articles.

Method: A multi-case study has been conducted, built upon empirical data collected through semi-structured interviews at three different financial institutions.

Empiricism: The study is based on interviews with Per Lundqvist, private banker at Carnegie Investment Bank AB; Erik Dagne, head of risk management department and Joachim Spetz, head of asset management at Erik Penser Bankaktiebolag; and David Lindström, asset manager at Strand Kapitalförvaltning AB.

Conclusion: There is a practical implementation of the theoretical models chosen for this research. The numbers the financial models generate do not tell one the entire truth about the total risk, therefore the models are used differently at each study object. For a model to hold it has to be transparent, and take each model’s assumptions into account. It all comes down to interpreting the models in an appropriate way.

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Stark, Caroline, and Emelie Nordell. "Diversifying in the Integrated Markets of ASEAN+3 : A Quantitative Study of Stock Market Correlation." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34476.

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There is evidence that globalization, economic assimilation and integration among countries and their financial markets have increased correlation among stock markets and the correlation may in turn impact investors’ allocation of their assets and economic policies. We have conducted a quantitative study with daily stock index quotes for the period January 2000 and December 2009 in order to measure the eventual correlation between the markets of ASEAN+3. This economic integration consists of; Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, China, Japan and South Korea. Our problem formulation is:Are the stock markets of ASEAN+3 correlated?Does the eventual correlation change under turbulent market conditions?In terms of the eventual correlation, discuss: is it possible to diversify an investment portfolio within this area?The purpose of the study is to conduct a research that will provide investors with information about stock market correlation within the chosen market. We have conducted the study with a positivistic view and a deductive approach with some theories as our starting point. The main theories discussed are; market efficiency, risk and return, Modern Portfolio Theory, correlation and international investments. By using the financial datatbase, DataStream, we have been able to collect the necessary data for our study. The data has been processed in the statistical program SPSS by using Pearson correlation.From the empirical findings and our analysis we were able to draw some main conclusions about our study. We found that most of the ASEAN+3 countries were strongly correlated with each other. Japan showed lower correlation with all of the other countries. Based on this we concluded that economic integration seems to increase correlation between stock markets. When looking at the economic downturn in 2007-2009, we found that the correlation between ASEAN+3 became stronger and positive for all of the countries. The results also showed that the correlation varies over time. We concluded that it is, to a small extent, possible to diversify an investment portfolio across these markets.

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Nilsson, Sara, and Jennifer Ramare. "What does it cost to invest with preferences? : What does investors lose/gain on investing in sin-stocks versus SRI investing?" Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för juridik, ekonomi, statistik och politik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-17337.

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This paper analyses the difference in risk-adjusted returns between Sin-stocks and SRI-investing for the period 2001-2021. The analysis was conducted by creating two optimally risky portfolios according to the Modern Portfolio Theory, one comprised of only Sin-stocks and one with only high ESG scoring companies. The Sin-stocks contained stocks from four different sectors, alcohol, gambling, tobacco and weapons while the companies for the SRI-portfolio was chosen from the FTSE4Good index. The regression models were chosen to follow both the CAPM, and the Fama & French three factor model and the regressions were in the end conducted with the GARCH model which showed results that both the SRI-portfolio and the Sin-portfolio had a general excess return over the market. The two portfolios were also compared with the help of Sharpe Ratio and Jensen’s Alpha. The Sharpe ratio as well as the Jensen’s Alpha showed that the Sin-portfolio had the highest risk-adjusted returns. In conclusion, the SRI-portfolio as well as the Sin-portfolio both outperformed the market during the time period 2001-2021 and they were both less volatile than the market.

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Engström, Fredrika, and Sanna Martinsson. "Environmental, Social and Governance-Ratings and Risk in Sweden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172222.

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Sustainability and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) are increasingly important subjects in today's society. To measure a company's Corporate Social Performance (CSP); the ESG-rating has been developed throughout the years. As investors and the public are starting to acknowledge a company's sustainable actions and the importance of these, more and more companies choses to be rated using ESG-rating. As the knowledge around the subject has started to increase, we want to find out if it affects the risk of a company or an investment? Theories relating to the topic, such as stakeholder theory, suggests that satisfying all of a company’s stakeholders creates value for a company. Previous studies in the topic has interpreted this as high ESG-ratings should equal lower risks for the company. Additionally, previous studies in the relationship between sustainability and profitability shows a positive correlation between the two, meaning that companies that incorporate sustainability in general have higher profits. The purpose of this study is to investigate if high ESG-ratings could lead to lower firm’s risk in Sweden. There has been a lot of previous research in the area, but none focusing on Sweden. The majority of the previous studies have concluded that there exists a negative relationship between CSP and a firm’s risk, which indicates that if a company would integrate CSR it could lower the risk. This study will include 145 Swedish companies with 2,610 firm-year observations from the period 2001-12-21 to 2019-12-31. The risk measures used are; Total Risk (Volatility), Systematic Risk (Beta) and Idiosyncratic Risk. As for the ESG-ratings, the data is obtained from ASSET4 from the database Thomson Reuters Eikon as the measure of CSP. Furthermore a multiple regression analysis is performed to statistically investigate the relationship between a company's ESG-rate (and the three pillars Environmental, Social and Governance) and risk. The study concluded that there exists a statistically significant positive relationship between Volatility and Idiosyncratic Risk and the ESG-score for Swedish firms. As for the individual pillars; Environmental (ENV), Social (SOC) and Governance (GOV); the result indicated that there existed a statistically significant positive relationship between Volatility and Idiosyncratic Risk with the two pillars; ENV and GOV, respectively. This suggests that the higher ESG-score, ENV and GOV-scores of Swedish firms the higher Volatility and Idiosyncratic Risk. Neither Volatility or Idiosyncratic risk showed a statistically significant relationship with the social pillar. Consequently we are not able to confirm the relationship between Volatility and Idiosyncratic Risk with the Social pillar. Regarding Beta, the study found no statistically significant relationship with the ESG-score, as well as for the individual pillars; Environmental, Social and Governance. Therefore we are not able to confirm a relationship for Beta and the ESG-score, ENV, SOC and GOV-scores. As a final remark this study concluded the opposite as for previous research and consequently this thesis has contributed with new knowledge within the area of ESG-rating and risk for Swedish companies.

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47

Lindberg, Per. "Långsiktiga samband mellan aktiemarknader : En kointegrationsanalys av den svenska aktiemarknaden och fyra etablerade aktiemarknader." Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Social Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11807.

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I denna magisteruppsats undersöks eventuella långsiktiga samband mellan den svenska aktiemarknaden och aktiemarknaderna i Tyskland, Storbritannien, USA och Japan. Detta sker genom en kointegrationsanalys med Engle-Grangers metod. Undersökningen omfattar åren 1992-2010 och resultaten visar inga tecken på att det skulle existera några långsiktiga samband mellan den svenska aktiemarknaden och någon av de utländska aktiemarknaderna. Resultaten ger därmed indikationer om att den svenska aktiemarknaden tillsammans med de utländska aktiemarknaderna i undersökningen är kollektivt effektiva i åtminstone den svaga formen enligt Fama (1970). Då inga långsiktiga samband existerar bör även portföljdiversifiering mellan den svenska aktiemarknaden och de utländska aktiemarknaderna i undersökningen fungera effektivt på lång sikt.

In this master thesis the Engle-Granger method for cointegration analysis is used to examine long-term relationships between stock markets. The analysis is applied on Swedish stock market together with the stock markets in Germany, United Kingdom, United States and Japan. The result shows no significant signs of any form of long-term relationships between the Swedish and the foreign stock markets for the time period 1992 to 2010. The result therefore indicates that the Swedish stock market together with the foreign stock markets in the study is collectively efficient in at least the weak form according to Fama (1970). The result also indicates that portfolio diversification through investing in the Swedish stock market together with any of the foreign stock markets should be effective in the long run.

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Gleisner, Mattias, and Karoline Edström. "Bitcoin som diversifiering : En kvantitativ studie som undersöker korrelationen mellan bitcoin och finansiella tillgångar." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-137433.

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Pengar har under en lång tid spelat en central roll i människans samhälle och dagens samhälle präglas av allt mer handel. Utifrån detta har nya betalningsmetoder utvecklats. En förändring i konsumentbeteendet har bidragit till att allt fler individer väljer elektroniska betalningstjänster. En relativt ny innovation är kryptovalutan bitcoin som erbjuder betalning mellan köpare och säljare utan inblandning av en tredje part. Ett flertal studier har gjorts med syftet att fastställa om bitcoin är en valuta eller en tillgång, något som visat sig vara svårt. Något som varit tydligare är att bitcoins värdeförändringar inte tycks vara korrelerad med andra investeringsalternativ. I en studie av Brière et al. (2015) drogs slutsatsen att bitcoin är en intressant tillgång för en investerare tack vare bitcoins låga korrelationskoefficient med andra tillgångar. Denna studie grundar sig i de teoretiska utgångspunkterna om Famas (1970) hypotes om den effektiva marknaden, Markowitz (1952) moderna portföljteori och Rogers (2003) teori om spridning av innovationer. Med detta som utgångspunkt är syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur korrelationskoefficienten mellan bitcoin och traditionella investeringstillgångar som aktier, valutor och råvaror ser ut idag samt hur dessa har förändrats över tid. Med hjälp av Famas (1970) teori om effektiva marknader och Rogers (2003) teori om spridning av innovationer kommer en diskussion om huruvida bitcoins egenskaper som investering i den moderna portföljen har förändrats i takt med att bitcoin blivit mer använd, både som betalningsmedel och investeringsalternativ. För att besvara dessa frågor undersöks korrelationskoefficienterna mellan bitcoin och elva andra tillgångar i kombination med en analys av en deskriptiv statistik. Med en undersökningsperiod som sträcker sig från 18 augusti 2011 till 17 mars 2017. Denna period har även delats upp i mindre tidsperioder för att utifrån detta analysera om det skett några förändringar i korrelationen mellan bitcoin och de traditionella tillgångarna i studien. Resultatet visade att bitcoin inte är korrelerad med andra traditionella tillgångar, oavsett vilken tidsperiod som undersöks. Det visade sig att bitcoin i förhållande till andra tillgångar är en riskfylld investering på grund av bland annat en hög volatilitet. Dock kompenseras detta av bitcoins höga årlig avkastning. Av resultatet framgår det även att volatiliteten för bitcoin har minskat med tiden och att kryptovalutan inte är lika riskfylld idag jämfört med tidigare.

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49

Thomä, Jakob. "Optimal diversification and the transition to net zero : a methodological framework for measuring climate goal alignment of investor portfolios." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CNAM1177.

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La thèse vise à développer un cadre pour mesurer l'alignement des portefeuilles financiers avec les objectifs climatiques, prenant comme point de départ à la fois la théorie traditionnelle du portefeuille moderne et les cadres d'analyse des risques financiers, ainsi que la science du climat. Il s'agit de la première tentative d'élaboration de points de repère scientifiques pour le portefeuille financier. Le cadre utilise comme point de départ le concept de «diversification optimale» basé sur la théorie moderne du portefeuille et l'hypothèse de marché efficace. Selon cette théorie, les stratégies optimales impliquent l'achat du «portefeuille de marché». Il postule que cette stratégie ne peut toutefois pas être alignée sur une stratégie de portefeuille alignée avec un scenario 2 ° C. Une telle stratégie de portefeuille basée sur la science peut toutefois avoir un sens pour les institutions financières qui considèrent des objectifs multiples (financiers et non financiers) ou des institutions financières qui pensent que les marchés évaluent mal les risques financiers associés à la transition vers une économie 2°C. Les stratégies associées à 2°C peuvent surperformer le marché. Sous l'hypothèse que la transition vers une économie bas-carbone présente un facteur de risque, pour lequel la thèse fournit une série de preuves théoriques, les stratégies de portefeuille peuvent chercher à acheter le «marché à 2 ° C» en cherchant et gérant une «diversification optimale». Le modèle étend ainsi la logique de la diversification pour réduire le risque, inhérent à la théorie moderne du portefeuille, de la classe d'actifs au niveau sectoriel et technologique. Après le développement du modèle, le modèle a été testé par une série de compagnies d'assurance, de gestionnaires d'actifs et de gestionnaires de portefeuille. Au total, plus de 250 investisseurs institutionnels ont appliqué le modèle au moment de la publication. En outre, le modèle a été testé sur environ 10000 fonds. De plus, deux banques centrales européennes ont appliqué le modèle en interne dans le cadre d'une analyse de scénario à 2 ° C de leurs entités réglementées (fonds de pension et compagnies d'assurance). Dans le cadre d'un sondage auprès de 25 investisseurs, 88% ont déclaré que le cadre était tout aussi pertinent ou plus pertinent que les évaluations climatiques existantes, et 88% ont indiqué qu'ils étaient susceptibles ou très susceptibles d'utiliser la méthodologie pour aller de l'avant
The thesis seeks to develop a framework to measure the alignment of financial portfolios with climate goals, taking as point of departure both traditional modern portfolio theory and financial risk analysis frameworks, as well as climate science. It represents the first attempt to develop science-based benchmarks for financial portfolios. The framework uses as the starting point the concept of ‘optimal diversification’ based on the modern portfolio theory and efficient market hypothesis. Under this theory, optimal strategies involve buying the ‘market portfolio’. It posits that a 2°C aligned, science-based portfolio strategy is not aligned with such a strategy. Such a science-based portfolio strategy, in turn, may make sense for financial institutions that consider multiple objectives (e.g. financial and non-financial) or financial institutions that think markets are mispricing financial risks associated with the transition to a low-carbon economy and that associated low-carbon, or 2°C aligned strategies can outperform the market. Under the assumption that the transition to a low-carbon economy presents a risk factor, for which the thesis provides a range of theoretical evidence, portfolio strategies can seek to buy the ‘2°C market’ by managing ‘optimal diversification’ to the 2°C aligned technology set, in addition to managing sector exposures. The model thus extends the logic of diversification to reduce risk, intrinsic to the modern portfolio theory, from asset class to sector and technology level.Following the development of the model, a range of insurance companies, asset managers, and portfolio managers tested the model. In total, over 250 institutional investors have applied the model to date. In addition, the model has been tested on around 10,000 funds. Moreover, two European central banks have applied the model internally as part of 2°C scenario analysis of their regulated entities (pension funds and insurance companies). As part of a feedback survey with 25 investors, 88% said the framework was equally or more relevant than existing climate assessments, and 88% said they were likely or very likely to use the methodology moving forward

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Hofman, Elena. "Analýza výkonnosti Ruských fondů." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124866.

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This thesis is focused on the analysis of performance of chosen russian mutual funds on the basis of achieved yield and risk. After short introduction to the russian market of mutual funds, the paper deals with a theoretical background underlying the performance indicators. Risk perception and following construction of indicators are discussed in detail from the perspective of modern and post-modern portfolio theory. The indicators are interpreted and appropriateness of their application is assessed. The analytic part is devoted to the application of discussed methods on 10 open-ended equity mutual funds. Based on the result, the funds are compared with each other and with selected market index.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Modern Portfolio Theory'

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