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Journal articles on the topic 'Modern slavery'
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1
Nugraha, Muhamad Tisna. "PERBUDAKAN MODERN (MODERN SLAVERY) (ANALISIS SEJARAH DAN PENDIDIKAN)." At-Turats 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/at-turats.v9i1.308.
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Slavery is a form of employing a person and putting him/her under the control of another. Such control includes restriction, use of physical energy or perhaps even his/her mind without compensation such as a decent wage or other forms of respect. Slavery does not always appear in the form of physical pressure, but it can also be in the psychological form by demanding someone to do something for the interests of another due to power, indebtedness or religious texts.
Traces of slavery in the course of human history, in fact, have been found since ancient times in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Europe or Arabia. It can also be found in the practice of Abrahamic religions such as Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. So it is undeniable that slavery is not a novelty and will always appear in the historical journey of human life with a variety of forms. The Islam religion brought by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), as one of the Abrahamic religions is basically against slavery. It can be seen from the history and from its teachings against the practice of slavery. Islam also strongly advocates respect for the rights of a slave especially for labor. Therefore, all forms and manifestation of slavery, including in the field of education must be resolved immediately.
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Garreto, Gairo, João Santos Baptista, Antônia Mota, and Mário Vaz. "Modern Slavery Characterisation through the Analysis of Energy Replenishment." Social Sciences 10, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080299.
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The Brazilian economy was, until the end of the 19th Century, based on slave labour. However, in this first quarter of the 21st Century, the problem persists. These situations tend to be mistaken with “simple” violations of labour laws. This work aims to establish Occupational Health and Safety parameters, focusing on energy needs, to distinguish between the breach of labour legislation and modern rural slavery in the 21st Century in Brazil. In response to this challenge, bibliographical research was carried out on the feeding and energy replenishment conditions of Brazilian slaves in the 19th Century. Obtained data were compared with a sample where 392 cases of neo-slavery in Brazil are described. The energy spent and the energy supplied was calculated to identify the enslaved workers’ general feeding conditions in the two historical periods. The general conditions of food and water supply were analysed. It was possible to identify three comparable parameters: food quality, food quantity, and water supply. It was concluded that there is a parallelism of energy replenishment conditions between Brazilian slaves and neo-slaves of the 19th and 21st centuries, respectively, different from that of free workers. This difference can help authorities identify and punish instances of modern slavery.
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Sarihasan, Imran, and Domicián Máté. "Modern slavery policies in a conceptual perspective." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 3, no. 4 (September 30, 2018): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2018.4.4.
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Most of the people assume modern slavery end up in 19th century. However, according to the International Labor Organization (ILO), today 40 million people live as a slave. Moreover, modern slavery is the world’s fastest growing crime and has huge number, which never occurred in history before. One of the main limitation of the existing literature on contemporary slavery is that it ignores the history of slavery either entirely or alternatively between past and present. However, this article aims to figure out the role of modern slavery, also recommends some suggestions to governments to solve the problem of it. The aim of this paper is to addressing to the modern slavery policies in a conceptual perspective. In the theoretical framework of modern slavery, rational choice theory, conflict theory and human security theory have been selected to describe the sequence of modern slavery.
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Heinsen, Johan. "Penal Slavery in Early Modern Scandinavia." Journal of Global Slavery 6, no. 3 (October 27, 2021): 343–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2405836x-00603005.
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Abstract In Scandinavia, a penal institution known as “slavery” existed from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. Penal slaves laboured in the creation and maintenance of military infrastructure. They were chained and often stigmatized, sometimes by branding. Their punishment was likened and, on a few occasions, linked to Atlantic slavery. Still, in reality, it was a wholly distinct form of enslavement that produced different experiences of coercion than those of the Atlantic. Such forms of penal slavery sit uneasily in historiographies of punishment but also offers a challenge for the dominant models of global labour history and its attempts to create comparative frameworks for coerced labour. This article argues for the need for contextual approaches to what such coercion meant to both coercers and coerced. Therefore, it offers an analysis of the meaning of early modern penal slavery based on an exceptional set of sources from 1723. In these sources, the status of the punished was negotiated and practiced by guards and slaves themselves. Court appearances by slaves were usually brief—typically revolving around escapes as authorities attempted to identify security breaches. The documents explored in this article are different: They present multiple voices speaking at length, negotiating their very status as voices. From that negotiation and its failures emerge a set of practiced meanings of penal “slavery” in eighteenth-century Copenhagen tied to competing yet intertwined notions of dishonour.
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Peretyatko, Artyom Yu. "Certain Problems of Researches of Caucasus Slavery as Holistic Phenomenon in Modern Russian-Speaking Historiography. Part II." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 68, no. 3 (2023): 759–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.313.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian historiography of slavery in the Caucasus. The author comes to conclusion that the works describing Caucasian slavery in general are rather few, and they began to appear relatively recently (although there are many on private and local subjects of Caucasian slavery). Therefore, there is no unified picture of slavery in the Caucasus, and even assessments of its cruelty can differ dramatically. The second part of the article concerns social practices and periodization of Caucasian slavery. The article reveals that the spread of slavery and slave trade, perceived as a moral norm, formed new social practices, such as upbringing of beautiful girls as slaves, formation of a special institution of intermediaries in the exchange or ransom of captives, etc. Today such practices may seem noble or monstrous, but in reality, they have always been socio-economically justified. As for the periodization of the Caucasian slavery, the author clarified the concept of A. A. Cherkasov, V. G. Ivantsov, M. Shmigel and S. N. Bratanovskii, in accordance with which three periods of development of slavery in the Caucasus are distinguished: “insignificant development” (4th–15th centuries), “flourishing” (16th–18th centuries) and “fading” (19th century). This concept stands out for its objectivity and lack of politicization, but lacks clear criteria for identifying periods. The article shows that Caucasian slaves were a majority in some significant markets (Trebizond, Genoa) already in the 15th century, and prerequisites for the extinction of slavery in the Caucasus in its previous forms began to take shape from the 18th century.
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Antonian, Yurii M., Yelena B. Kurguzkina, and Yevgenia M. Polyanskaya. "MODERN SLAVERY." Bulletin of the Moscow State Regional University (Jurisprudence), no. 1 (2017): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18384/2310-6794-2017-1-50-62.
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Doyle, Rodger. "Modern Slavery." Scientific American 294, no. 1 (January 2006): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0106-30.
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Siller, Nicole. "‘Modern Slavery’." Journal of International Criminal Justice 14, no. 2 (January 22, 2016): 405–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqv075.
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Gold, Stefan, Alexander Trautrims, and Zoe Trodd. "Modern slavery challenges to supply chain management." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 20, no. 5 (August 10, 2015): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-02-2015-0046.
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Purpose – This paper aims to draw attention to the challenges modern slavery poses to supply chain management. Although many international supply chains are (most often unknowingly) connected to slave labour activities, supply chain managers and researchers have so far neglected the issue. This will most likely change as soon as civil society lobbying and new legislation impose increasing litigation and reputational risks on companies operating international supply chains. Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a definition of slavery; explores potentials for knowledge exchange with other disciplines; discusses management tools for detecting slavery, as well as suitable company responses after its detection; and outlines avenues for future research. Findings – Due to a lack of effective indicators, new tools and indicator systems need to be developed that consider the specific social, cultural and geographical context of supply regions. After detection of slavery, multi-stakeholder partnerships, community-centred approaches and supplier development appear to be effective responses. Research limitations/implications – New theory development in supply chain management (SCM) is urgently needed to facilitate the understanding, avoidance and elimination of slavery in supply chains. As a starting point for future research, the challenges of slavery to SCM are conceptualised, focussing on capabilities and specific institutional context. Practical implications – The paper provides a starting point for the development of practices and tools for identifying and removing slave labour from supply chains. Originality/value – Although representing a substantial threat to current supply chain models, slavery has so far not been addressed in SCM research.
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Watts, James W. "The Historical Role of Leviticus 25 in Naturalizing Anti-Black Racism." Religions 12, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12080570.
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Leviticus 25:39–46 describes a two-tier model of slavery that distinguishes Israelites from foreign slaves. It requires that Israelites be indentured only temporarily while foreigners can be enslaved as chattel (permanent property). This model resembles the distinction between White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves in the American colonies. However, the biblical influence on these early modern practices has been obscured by the rarity of citations of Lev. 25:39–46 in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources about slavery. This article reviews the history of slavery from ancient Middle Eastern antiquity through the seventeenth century to show the unique degree to which early modern institutions resembled the biblical model. It then exposes widespread knowledge of Leviticus 25 in early modern political and economic debates. Demonstrating this awareness shows with high probability that colonial cultures presupposed the two-tier model of slavery in Leviticus 25:39–46 to naturalize and justify their different treatment of White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves.
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Ross Hardesty, Jared. "An Ambiguous Institution: Slavery, the State, and the Law in Colonial Massachusetts." Journal of Early American History 3, no. 2-3 (2013): 154–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18770703-00301002.
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This essay examines the impact the state had in shaping slavery in colonial Massachusetts. Like other parts of the early modern English-speaking world, there was no legal precedent for slavery, meaning that positive law had to enforce and define the institution. Even more problematic for Massachusetts, however, the colonial assembly passed few statutes regarding slavery, leaving it to the courts and town selectmen to govern slavery on an ad hoc and informal basis. As opposed to strict slave codes in the Southern colonies, the legally ambiguous status of slavery in Massachusetts allowed slaves to make use of a legal system that granted them the right to a fair trial and full legal recourse. By using the courts, then, African-Americans created an innovative and effective path to freedom by the late colonial period.
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Singh, Sona. "Emily Kenway, The Truth About Modern Slavery." Journal of Human Rights Practice 13, no. 3 (November 1, 2021): 721–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huab058.
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Abstract This essay reviews the book, The Truth About Modern Slavery, by Emily Kenway, which is an account of what actually constitutes modern slavery, a term used to explain a multitude of exploitations such as trafficking, and slave labour. It explores some of the book’s implications for contemporary campaigning and advocacy on this issue.
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Gabbay, Shaul M. "Hereditary Slavery Shackles Mauritania." International Journal of Social Science Studies 9, no. 1 (November 24, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v9i1.5088.
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This paper exposes the scourge of slavery that continues to thrive in the country of Mauritania in modern times. Though the practice is formally abolished and illegal, and the government continues to claim slavery has been eradicated, the truth lies elsewhere. 90,000 dark-skinned slaves, often referred to as Black Moors, continue to live deplorable lives in servitude to their lighter-skinned masters. The Mauritanian government is helping the scourge of slavery endure by denying its existence and providing it cover. Their task is made easier as the face of slavery changes and becomes hidden in the throes of modern commerce, making it more difficult for an outsider to differentiate between a low-income wage earner and a slave. Other situations are painfully identifiable, such as conducting human trafficking for purposes of prostitution. In all situations, women and children make up the vast majority of indentured servants. Due to a forced dearth of educational opportunity, slaves are often illiterate and therefore largely unable to emancipate themselves without outside help. Deeply entrenched belief systems, practices, and governmental and societal structures that exist in Mauritania secure an environment that allows slavery to continue to thrive. In addition to the Mauritanian government, businesses, educational facilities, NGO’s, and members of society at every level must take decisive action to eradicate the practice and change the beliefs that hold it in place. Foreign governments and businesses hold great power in their willingness to engage with Mauritanian leaders. By withholding financial aid and business deals international players have the opportunity to hasten the eradication of slavery in Mauritania This paper examines the depth of the slavery problem and recommends multiple steps for its elimination.
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Peake, Katrina, and Jeff Kenner. "‘Slaves to Fashion’ in Bangladesh and the EU: Promoting decent work?" European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 2 (March 16, 2020): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520911064.
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Workers producing garments in developing countries for European brands are often described as ‘slaves to fashion’. They are denied decent work, a core ILO objective and a UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Instead, they are employed in unsafe factories prone to frequent deadly fires or building collapse, subject to anti-union discrimination and violence. The deprivation of their labour rights and poor working conditions might lead to the conclusion that they are in fact ‘modern slaves’, and thus modern slavery is fuelling the garment supply chain which is, in turn, propelled forwards by the fast fashion demands of European consumers. Modern slavery within supply chains can be tackled by brands and retailers, typically those seen as responsible for such abuse and it can be tackled through trade and development policies by actors such as the European Union (EU). In Bangladesh, the EU is the country’s largest trading partner in garments, and it has considerable leverage to improve labour rights, in doing so tackling modern slavery in the supply chain, utilising trade conditionality. The EU has to date lacked a policy focus on tackling modern slavery in its external relations, but with the adoption of the UN SDG 8 which combines elimination of modern slavery with decent work, there is scope for bringing about longstanding change. This paper argues for more normative interconnections between decent work and modern slavery in both national and EU external relations policies.
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FITZGIBBON, KATHLEEN. "MODERN-DAY SLAVERY?" African Security Review 12, no. 1 (January 2003): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2003.9627573.
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The Lancet. "Modern day slavery." Lancet 369, no. 9564 (March 2007): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60381-x.
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Bonvoisin, Toby. "Tackling modern slavery." Practice Management 28, no. 6 (June 2, 2018): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/prma.2018.28.6.18.
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Machura, Stefan, Fay Short, Victoria Margaret Hill, Catherine Rhian Suddaby, Ffion Elena Goddard, Sophie Elisabeth Jones, Emma Louise Lloyd-Astbury, Luke Richardson, and Chernise Alexandra Rouse. "Recognizing Modern Slavery." Journal of Human Trafficking 5, no. 3 (May 14, 2018): 201–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23322705.2018.1471863.
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JOSIPOVIĆ, Igor, and Marko VUJEVA. "Economic Aspects of Slavery in the Triangular Trade in the Early Modern Period." Gazi Akademik Bakış 14, no. 28 (June 10, 2021): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.19060/gav.948899.
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Slavery has existed since the beginning of human civilisation. However, there was a great upsurge in slavery during the early modern period and the Age of Discovery, when it gained enormous popularity and took new forms. The greatest European powers at the time conquered new territories in Central and North America, developing plans how to exploit them in the most profitable way possible. To unlock the economic potential of these territories, colonial countries started organising a plantation economy by using slave labour. Consequently, colonial countries generated large profits, while the international trade began to flourish. Since there was a labour shortage due to an increased volume of economic activities, colonial countries engaged in the triangular trade, which ensured cheap and large workforce – slaves. As a result, slaves from Africa were brought to plantations in the New World, the most sought-after products, such as sugar, cotton and indigo, came to Europe from colonies, while almost all products that were scarce in colonies were imported from Europe. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to analyse the impact and costs of slave labour and plantation economy on the efficiency of the triangular international trade.
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Landman, Todd, and Bernard W. Silverman. "Globalization and Modern Slavery." Politics and Governance 7, no. 4 (November 25, 2019): 275–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2233.
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This article presents a cross-national comparative analysis of the relationship between different dimensions of globalization and modern slavery. It argues that both the economic and political dimensions of globalization are strongly associated with lower levels of slavery prevalence. Recent estimates suggest there are more than 40 million people in some form of slavery and the United Nations has committed the world to ending this problem by 2030. Some argue that a race to the bottom, and the structure of economic incentives associated with globalization have contributed to the problem of modern slavery. Others argue that increased openness and the diffusion of values, the spread of democratic forms of rule, and the advance of human rights that come with globalization limit modern slavery. This article presents a preliminary empirical analysis of these arguments using data on slavery prevalence across more than 60 countries and various measures of economic and political globalization. The analysis shows that economic measures of globalization and higher levels of democracy are significantly related to lower levels of slavery prevalence, even after controlling for armed conflict and regional differentiation. In order to support these findings, the article examines the international law on slavery, definitions and conceptions of modern slavery, and comparative data on slavery prevalence modeled across indicators of economic and political globalization. It concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the trade-offs between globalization and modern slavery.
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Febriana Fauzi, Niki Alma. "Islam dan Human Trafficking." Muwazah 9, no. 2 (February 5, 2018): 88–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.28918/muwazah.v9i2.1122.
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This article examines the issue of human trafficking at once how did the Prophet effort in countering it in the early period of Islam. Indeed, the term of human trafficking has not arisen yet in the Prophet’s period. However, because the human trafficking was considered as a modern slavery, then the hadith that narrated regarding slavery practices at the time it can be as data of this study. This study concludes the practice of the elements human trafficking have been in the Prophet’s period, even it far away before that. Precisely Prophet Muhammad with Islam eradicates the practice of slavery bit by bit. At least, there are four efforts that the Prophet did exterminate the slavery at the time: First, to elevate the slave’s level for equaling the normal human being and to act good to the slave. Second, to motivate the Companions in order to compete to liberate the slave. Third, to intimidate those who do the practices of human trafficking. Fourth, to make the liberation of slavery as the mechanism to apply the sanction for the infraction of religion teachings (kaffÄrah).
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Walden, Joseph L. "Modern Day Slavery in Your Supply Chain." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 10, no. 9 (October 4, 2023): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.109.15569.
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Modern day slavery is a huge problem in supply chains. Estimates place the number of workers living in slavery conditions between 17-21 million worldwide. This problem is growing rather than shrinking even though countries have laws that prevent slave labor and some countries and states have laws that require reporting on audits of their supply chains. Why do we have this problem and what can we do to fix it? This paper addresses the issue and some recommendations to fix this global problem.
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Lymar, Marharyta. "Thorny Evolution Path of the US Society: Slavery and the Abolitionist Movement." American History & Politics Scientific edition, no. 9 (2020): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2020.09.9.
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The article focuses on studying the evolution of the U.S. society and exploring phenomena of racism and slavery. Given the fact that the modern American society is considered as the field of numerous opportunities for every person, it is worth to track its transformation and to identify the key milestones or turning points of the U.S. history in this regard. The author identifies racism as one of the slavery’s reasons, condemning the both phenomena and exploring the ways of resisting them among Americans in the first years of the United States of America as a new independent and single state. Thus, the following tasks of the research are defined: to determine the concepts of racism and slavery; to find out the origins and background of slavery in the early period of the U.S. establishing; to explore the status of African Americans in the U.S. society as well as dual standards of equality between Americans; to track the evolution of American society’s views on slavery and discrimination; and to observe the consequences of the Abolitionist movement for the further development of the U.S. society. It is stated that the black Africans appeared in the British colonies of North America because of inevitable labor problem, faced by the first settlers, forced to seek cheap or free labor hands. Primary, the Africans were brought to America as indentured staff. In 1640–1641, in Massachusetts, some types of slavery became allowed, and the other states followed such a suit. Slaves were brought from the slave factories established along the west coast of Africa from Cape Verde to the equator. The enslaved Africans did not put up with fate and protested in various ways, supported by the sympathetic Whites (philanthropists, Quakers, pastors, statesmen). Regular uprisings, protests, and strikes, the spread of agitation literature greatly contributed to protection of slaves. Thus, the Abolitionist movement was founded. Thanks to it, the slave owners were resisted, the proper laws were adopted and slavery was eventually abolished. However, the legal abolition did not totally eradicate racism from the subconscious of Americans, which is now echoed.
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Callahan, Allen Dwight. "Paul's Epistle to Philemon: Toward an Alternative Argumentum." Harvard Theological Review 86, no. 4 (October 1993): 357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000030625.
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In 1964, the Elenchus Bibliographicus Biblicus, which until that time had listed together works treating Colossians and Philemon, provided Colossians with its own heading and introduced a new rubric: “Philemon; Slavery in the NT.” So firmly established is the interpretation of the epistle as a “cover letter” addressed to the master of a repentant runaway slave that any discussion of slavery in the New Testament invariably alludes to Paul's Epistle to Philemon; all recent commentators on the epistle include in their treatments at least a brief disquisition or excursus on ancient slavery. Even in his methodologically sophisticated study of the “narrative world” of Philemon, Norman Petersen began his summary of the “story” behind the letter as follows: “Once upon a time there was a runaway slave named Onesimus.…” Furthermore, the epistle is universally construed as a delicate and canny intervention on the part of the apostle Paul into the problematic of Christian relations under the Roman slave regime, despite the concession on the part of modern exegetes that Philemon fails to elucidate Paul's attitudes toward either slaves in particular or the institution of slavery in general.
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Smith, Andrew, and Jennifer Johns. "Historicizing Modern Slavery: Free-Grown Sugar as an Ethics-Driven Market Category in Nineteenth-Century Britain." Journal of Business Ethics 166, no. 2 (October 28, 2019): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04318-1.
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Abstract The modern slavery literature engages with history in an extremely limited fashion. Our paper demonstrates to the utility of historical research to modern slavery researchers by explaining the rise and fall of the ethics-driven market category of “free-grown sugar” in nineteenth-century Britain. In the first decades of the century, the market category of “free-grown sugar” enabled consumers who were opposed to slavery to pay a premium for a more ethical product. After circa 1840, this market category disappeared, even though considerable quantities of slave-grown sugar continued to arrive into the UK. We explain the disappearance of the market category. Our paper contributes to the on-going debates about slavery in management by historicizing and thus problematizing the concept of “slavery”. The paper challenges those modern slavery scholars who argue that lack of consumer knowledge about product provenance is the main barrier to the elimination of slavery from today’s international supply chains. The historical research presented in this paper suggests that consumer indifference, rather than simply ignorance, may be the more fundamental problem. The paper challenges the optimistic historical metanarrative that pervades much of the research on ethical consumption. It highlights the fragility of ethics-driven market categories, offering lessons for researchers and practitioners seeking to tackle modern slavery.
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Garreto, Gairo, J. Santos Baptista, and Antônia Mota. "Occupational Conditions in Brazilian Modern Rural Slave Labour." Safety 7, no. 2 (April 2, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety7020028.
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Work in rural properties in conditions similar to slavery remains a reality in many countries, including Brazil. The Brazilian State characterises contemporary slave labour as a condition of freedom restriction for paying off debt, served by intensive working hours or inadequate working conditions related to Occupational Safety and Health. This study highlights the working conditions in rural slavery in Brazil, based on the Occupational Safety and Health perspective. The study was carried out based on a sample of Inspection Reports of the Governmental Authority to Combat Modern Slavery. A random sample of 42 reports was collected and analysed, describing the working conditions of 392 rural workers characterised as labour analogous to slavery. The analysis strategy was carried out from an Occupational Safety and Health standpoint. Data sets were identified and selected, grouped into five categories: Work routine; General health conditions; Manual machines and tools; Environmental conditions. Widespread exposure of Neo-enslaved workers to stressful working hours was found, in addition to severe Occupational Safety and Health problems. The occurrence of all these characteristics simultaneously was the most observed phenomenon among the sample, which demonstrates that it is possible to identify cases of modern slavery from an Occupational Safety and Health perspective.
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Wahl, Jenny B. "American Slavery and the Path of the Law." Social Science History 20, no. 2 (1996): 281–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021635.
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There is some soul of goodness in things evil,Would men observingly distill it out.— Shakespeare,Henry VFederal and state appellate court reporters for the 15 American slave states and the District of Columbia contain nearly 11,000 cases concerning slaves. In deciding these cases, southern judges formulated doctrines that would later become commonplace in other disputes. In fact, the common law of slavery, whether it concerned the sale, hiring, or accidental injury of a slave, looks far more like modern-day law than like antebellum law. Slave law, in many ways, helped blaze the path of American law generally.
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Ras, Ilse, and Christiana Gregoriou. "The Quest to End Modern Slavery: Metaphors in corporate modern slavery statements." Anti-Trafficking Review, no. 13 (September 26, 2019): 100–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201219137.
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This paper focuses on the modern slavery statements of three major UK high street retailers who are known for their relatively pro-active approach to the debate on corporate responsibility for ethical trading. Drawing on our earlier research in relation to metaphors in British newspaper reporting of modern slavery and human trafficking since 2000, we explore the metaphors that recur across the statements these companies have published in 2016, 2017 and 2018. These statements were published in accordance with the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015, which requires all commercial organisations operating in the UK, with a turnover greater than GBP 36 million, to publish an annual statement outlining the work done to assess and address (the risk of) modern slavery in their supply chains. We find that the metaphors used in these statements generally fail to acknowledge the agency of those workers affected by modern slavery and labour exploitation in a broader sense, the potential complicity of the retailers in sustaining an exploitative industry, and the underlying socio-economic factors that leave workers vulnerable to exploitation. We conclude that more needs to be done to account for the causes of modern slavery so that retailers can prevent rather than react to it.
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Hägerdal, Hans. "The Slaves of Timor: Life and Death on the Fringes of Early Colonial Society." Itinerario 34, no. 2 (July 30, 2010): 19–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115310000331.
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The history of slavery is by no means untouched, and there are now even ambitious global histories of the phenomenon in print. On the other hand, it is clear that much of the literature on this sombre side of human society has concentrated on the Transatlantic slave trade and non-free labour in the Americas. The relative wealth of documents in Western languages has presumably contributed to give the historiography of slavery a Western centre of gravity, coupled with the fact that the early modern Americas were restructured into settlement colonies. This made slavery a motor of socio-economic change in a more pronounced way than in Asian societies. Consequently, it comes as no surprise that the handling of slaves in an Asiatic context has been less thoroughly treated in the extant academic literature. It seems that aspects of Asian slavery have not fit well into the preconceptions of Asianists, or have at least been relegated to the margins of social history.
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Kidd, Joanna, and Jill Manthorpe. "Modern slavery – the adult safeguarding interface." Journal of Adult Protection 19, no. 3 (June 12, 2017): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-09-2016-0021.
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Purpose The inclusion of modern slavery in the Care Act 2014 as a form of abuse means that the subject of modern slavery is now included in the remit of adult safeguarding in England. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the background to the Modern Slavery Act 2015 and its provisions. Design/methodology/approach A policy analysis was undertaken in 2016 drawing on research and commentary related to the interface between modern slavery and adult safeguarding. Findings There is little material as yet focussing on adult safeguarding and modern slavery but the inclusion of modern slavery in this area of practice and organisations will require practitioner responses, organisational collaboration and revisions of data collection and analysis. Newspaper accounts of criminal charges under the Modern Slavery Act 2015 may be important first evidence of the interface potentially between modern slavery and adults at risk of abuse and neglect that are the focus of adult safeguarding concern. Practical implications Information about modern slavery may provide relevant background and contextual detail for adult safeguarding communities, furnishing links and resources for this new area of their work. Originality/value This paper is likely to be of interest to policymakers, researchers and practitioners in examining their new duties under the Care Act 2014 and the Modern Slavery Act 2015, and to wider public and private bodies considering their responsibilities in responses to modern slavery more broadly.
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Därmann, Iris. "Missverhältnisse. Nietzsche und die Sklaverei." Nietzsche-Studien 48, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 49–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nietzstu-2019-0004.
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Abstract Like Hegel, Marx and Engels, Nietzsche has made the Haitian Revolution “unthinkable” (Michel-Rolph Trouillot). He provokes his readers by justifying slavery in the ancient and in the modern world. In order to indicate the problematic dimension of Nietzsche’s cultural legitimation of slavery it is necessary to situate his ideas in the context of the transatlantic slave trade. Furthermore, we need to ask whether his anti-democratic statements regarding the French Revolution could be understood as a “hyper-democratic” commitment to a “coming democracy” (Jacques Derrida) that resists slavery. I raise the question whether Nietzsche, in this context, considers the possibility of overcoming the institution of slavery in modern Europe.
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Phillips, Coretta. "Utilising ‘modern slave’ narratives in social policy research." Critical Social Policy 40, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 30–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018319837217.
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Modern slavery has received somewhat limited attention in social policy. Partially responding to this gap, while acknowledging the contested nature of the term ‘modern slavery’, this article makes the case for the primary and secondary analysis of ‘slave narratives’ which provide experiential and agential accounts by those directly harmed by forced labour, coerced sex work and other forms of exploitation. Analysis of a narrative interview with Sean, a (citizen-)victim of forced labour proved under s.71 of the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, demonstrates the multifaceted nature of labour exploitation and its multiple, severe and long-lasting harms. That the form and structure of Sean’s narrative of forced labour resembles those used in the abolitionist cause against antebellum slavery points to a certain timeless essence to forced labour exploitation. The article concludes with implications for intervention.
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TODD, S. C. "MALE SLAVE SEXUALITY AND THE ABSENCE OF MORAL PANIC IN CLASSICAL ATHENS." Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 56, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 37–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.2013.00057.x.
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Abstract A puzzling feature of slavery in Classical Athenian literature is the lack of attention paid to the sexuality of male slaves or ex-slaves. It is not that they are never depicted as sexual beings, but Athenian writers display much more interest in the sexuality of female than of male slaves, and even where the latter are presented in sexual terms, there is little sense that this might pose a threat to free-born women. To reduce the danger of using sources as proof-texts and ignoring the significance of literary genre, this paper is structured around an analysis of male slave sexuality in Old Comedy, more briefly New Comedy, and Oratory, with comparisons from other texts where appropriate. An extended conclusion explores possible explanations, focusing on differences between classical Athenian and modern US slavery.
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Harwood, William. "Aliens and Monsters: Aristotle’s Hypothetical “Defense” of Natural Slavery." Dialogue and Universalism 32, no. 2 (2022): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202232230.
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This paper examines Aristotle’s discussion of slavery, showing his description of actual slavery to be an indictment and those regarding natural slavery to be a hypothetical investigation of a separate kind. Aristotle not only precludes the inclusion of natural slaves and freepersons in a single natural kind, but also articulates such bizarre requirements for natural slaves that they ultimately cannot exist. While this reading avoids notorious difficulties associated with Aristotle’s discussion of slaves, it replaces them with impossible preconditions for just slavery—so much that one must consider the possibility that Aristotle did not believe there was such a thing as “just” slavery. Was Aristotle’s otherwise acute mind blinded by the prejudices of his time? Or is this the inevitable result of “defending” the indefensible: an ad absurdum that has been ironically misunderstood and anachronistically misapplied to modern race and racism?
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Van Rossum, Matthias. "New Perspectives on Early Modern Dutch Atlantic Slavery and Slave Trade." TSEG - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 19, no. 2 (September 8, 2022): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52024/tseg.12363.
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This Special Issue explores new routes in the economic historical research on the Dutch Atlantic history of slavery and slave trade. Each of its contributions tackles important blind spots that have continued to haunt Dutch economic history despite the recent energetic revival of research and debates on the economic impact of Dutch Atlantic slavery. Together, the articles of this Special Issue challenge our perspectives, questions and methods.
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Bakirci, Kadriye, and Graham Ritchie. "Corporate liability for modern slavery." Journal of Financial Crime 29, no. 2 (October 11, 2021): 576–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-09-2021-0189.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of evolving developments in international, regional and EU law including the UK and Turkish jurisdictions for the liability of corporate businesses for modern forms of exploitative labour practices described as the modern forms of slavery. Design/methodology/approach In the first part, this paper outlines international, regional and EU instruments, UK and Turkish jurisdictions in relation to modern forms of slavery. The second part reviews legal frameworks for corporate liability for modern forms of slavery. Findings Slavery, slavery-like practices or some other exploitative practices are prohibited by numerous international law instruments starting from 1904. Apart from old forms of defined exploitative practices, multiple relevant current exploitative practices, called contemporary or modern forms of slavery exist all over the world. Under various international or regional conventions signatory States have been held responsible for exploitative practices by the international or regional courts or supervisory bodies, yet businesses were largely overlooked as a participating partner in the global movement to eradicate modern forms of slavery. For many years, multi-national businesses have engaged with various voluntary international corporate social responsibility initiatives in response to demands to operate in a socially responsible manner. There is a growing global recognition of the role corporate businesses can and should play in tackling crime and exploitative practices. A number of initiatives at the international and EU level and the introduction of the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, (2010 – effective from 2012), the UK Modern Slavery Act 2015, the French Act on Due Diligence of Corporations and Main Contractors 2017 (loi sur le devoir de vigilance), the Australian Commonwealth Modern Slavery Act 2018, the Dutch Child Labour Due Diligence Act 2019, (which is due to come into effect in mid-2022), reflect this recognition. Originality/value This paper argues that it is important for companies to use available tools, participate in joint initiatives and advocate for binding international and regional instruments and effective national legislation and action – all aimed at ending business involvement in modern forms of slavery.
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Oldham, James. "New Light on Mansfield and Slavery." Journal of British Studies 27, no. 1 (January 1988): 45–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385904.
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Popular history often credits Lord Mansfield with freeing the slaves in England by his decision in the Somerset case. That he did not do so is by now agreed and is a point featured in modern scholarship on slavery. This is the main burden, for example, of F. O. Shyllon's Black Slaves in Britain (1974). How extensively the popular history should be revised has not been settled. Newly discovered sources now permit a reassessment of this question.When the Somerset case arose in 1772, it was brimming with portent. The largest specter was the supposed mercantile dislocation that would follow abolition. Additional questions seemed unavoidable, such as the legality of a contract between a slave and his master, and the implications for other contracts if the slave contract were invalidated. The protracted case was an occasion of high drama in which early abolitionist efforts (especially those of Granville Sharp) were pitted against vested trading interests.Mansfield was caught in the middle. He was genuinely ambivalent about the subject of slavery. He accepted and endorsed the widely assumed mercantile importance of the slave trade, yet he doubted the validity of theoretical justifications of slavery, and he sought to redress instances of individual cruelty to slaves. By drawing on previously unexamined manuscript reports of the Somerset case, Lord Mansfield's trial notes, and newspaper accounts of the Court of King's Bench activity, this article will demonstrate the extreme delicacy of Mansfield's position and will establish more fully than has before been possible the ways in which Mansfield accommodated the various competing interests. In the process, the question of exactly what Mansfield said in his Somerset opinion should be put to rest.
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Paz-Fuchs, Amir. "Badges of Modern Slavery." Modern Law Review 79, no. 5 (September 2016): 757–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2230.12214.
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Bridges, Glenys. "What is modern slavery?" Dental Nursing 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/denn.2019.15.1.17.
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Gregory, Colin. "THE MODERN SLAVERY DEFENCE." Cambridge Law Journal 81, no. 3 (November 2022): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197322000770.
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Gross, Ariela J., and Chantal Thomas. "The New Abolitionism, International Law, and the Memory of Slavery." Law and History Review 35, no. 1 (December 5, 2016): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248016000651.
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Today, millions of migrant workers, some of them caught in debt bondage, some victims of fraud or forced migration, and others simply desperate for a better life elsewhere but instead finding themselves working for below subsistence wages or no pay at all, could be called modern-day slaves. Campaigns to end modern-day slavery have taken many forms. Most visibly, what is sometimes called “the new abolitionism,” constitutes a strand of modern antislavery and antitrafficking movements that draws often on the analogy between these workers’ plight and chattel slavery in the Atlantic world.
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Clarke, Matthew C. "Perpetrator-Centric Strategies for Addressing Modern Slavery." Journal of Human Rights Practice 13, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huab036.
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Abstract When viewed through the lens of social movement theory, recent initiatives aimed at eradicating modern slavery have given insufficient attention to the role of the social movement’s primary target, namely the perpetrators of modern slavery. The existence of this disparity between social movement theory and anti-slavery practice is supported by global survey results from 147 anti-slavery organizations. After arguing for the importance of anti-slavery strategies that attempt to change perpetrator behaviour, this article introduces the concept of perpetrator vulnerability. The article proposes a matrix of perpetrator-centric interventions as the basis for future research and anti-slavery practice, in order to fill the identified disparity.
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Blindell, Luke. "Mandatory CSR Disclosure: An Empirical Analysis of UK Modern Slavery Statements." European Business Law Review 32, Issue 2 (April 1, 2021): 317–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2021012.
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The Modern Slavery Act 2015 requires large firms doing business in the UK to disclose their efforts to prevent modern slavery within their global supply chains. This paper considers the extent to which companies have complied with the Act and provides an insight into engagement with its underlying objectives. This is achieved through a content analysis of the modern slavery statements published by 934 companies in 2016. As the largest systematic review of UK modern slavery reporting, this paper has international implications due to the globalized nature of modern slavery and the sizeable international shareholder base in large UK companies. Transparency, disclosure, non-financial reporting, disclosure-based regulation, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, stakeholder, modern slavery act, modern slavery statement, forced labour
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Jones, Peter, and Daphne Comfort. "Modern Slavery Statements and Leading UK Hotel Companies." ATHENS JOURNAL OF TOURISM 8, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajt.8-3-1.
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Modern slavery is an insidious problem in many sectors of the global economy, and it is widely perceived to be commonplace in the hospitality industry. However modern slavery has received little attention in the academic hospitality literature and this paper looks to explore one of the ways in which leading hotel companies in the UK have publicly addressed the issue by reviewing their modern slavery statements. The paper adopts a simple methodological approach to review, and offer some reflections on, the modern slavery statements of seven of the leading hotel companies within the UK. The findings revealed that six interlinked themes, namely corporate commitment; risk areas; due diligence; awareness and training; audit; and performance measures; illustrated the seven companies’ approach to tackling modern slavery. The authors also suggested that the hotel companies’ approaches to modern slavery were expectational and that there were concerns about the scope of the auditing processes employed by the hotel companies and by the limited public reporting of their attempts to tackle modern slavery as part of their approach to corporate social responsibility. Keywords: modern slavery, modern slavery statements, UK hotel industry, hospitality industry, auditing, corporate social responsibility
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Sellers, Patricia Viseur, and Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum. "Missing in Action." Journal of International Criminal Justice 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 517–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqaa012.
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Abstract The slave trade prohibition is among the first recognized and least prosecuted international crimes. Deftly codified in, inter alia, the 1926 Slavery Convention, the 1956 Supplementary Convention, Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions (AP II), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the norm against the slave trade — the precursor to slavery — stands as a peremptory norm, a crime under customary international law, a humanitarian law prohibition and a non-derogable human right. Acts of the slave trade remain prevalent in armed conflicts, including those committed under the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Shām (ISIS) Caliphate. Despite the slave trade’s continued perpetration and the prohibition’s peremptory status, the crime of the slave trade has fallen into desuetude as an international crime. Precursory conduct to slavery crimes tends to elude legal characterization; therefore, the slave trade fails to be prosecuted and punished as such. Several other factors, including the omission from statutes of modern international judicial mechanisms, may contribute to the slave trade crime’s underutilization. Also, the denomination of human trafficking and sexual slavery as ‘modern slavery’ has lessened its visibility. This article examines potential factual evidence of slave trading and analyses the suggested legal framework that prohibits the slave trade as an international crime. The authors offer that the crime of the slave trade fills an impunity gap, especially in light of recent ISIS-perpetrated harms against the Yazidi in Iraq. Therefore, its revitalization might ensure greater enforcement of one of the oldest core international crimes.
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Peretyatko, Artyom Yu. "Certain Problems of Researches of Slavery in the Caucasus as Holistic Phenomenon in Modern Russian-Speaking Historiography. Part I." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 68, no. 2 (2023): 508–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu02.2023.213.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Russian historiography of slavery in the Caucasus. The author comes to the conclusion that despite a heightened attention to local and individual cases, the works describing Caucasian slavery in general are rather few, and they have appeared relatively. Therefore, there is no unified comprehensive picture of slavery in the Caucasus, and even evaluation of its cruelty can differ dramatically. The first part of the article introduces terminological definition of Caucasian slavery and clarifies the context in which it should be studied. It shows that researchers usually don’t define the very concept of “slavery”, which leads to serious distortions: sometimes only one of the types of Caucasian slavery is termed “slavery”, whereas others are ignored; sometimes various forms of dependence are blended under one definition of “slavery”, etc. The author suggests that the term should be defined in the researches to avoid serious distortions of terminological and conceptual nature. As a context for the study of slavery, the author proposes using the history of the Black Sea slave trade locus. Russian influence in the region became predominant in the 19th century, and the main forms of Caucasian slavery were shaped under social conditions completely atypical of Russia. The very approach to slavery characteristic of the Caucasus was based on Mediterranean Islamic practices and cannot be properly understood outside of them. Finally, only in consideration of the relative mildness of certain forms of Mediterranean slavery can some Caucasian customs, such as selling one’s children into slavery, be understood.
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Baptista, Rodrigo Martins, Mariana Lima Bandeira, and Maria Tereza Saraiva de Souza. "The invisibility of the black population in modern slavery: evidence based on conditions of social vulnerability." Organizações & Sociedade 25, no. 87 (December 2018): 676–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1984-9250877.
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ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to identify the associations between the social conditions of vulnerability and the racial profile of modern slavery. It presents findings from qualitative research developed between 2011 and 2016 on the institutional and organizational mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of modern slavery in Brazil, based on the theoretical framework of Crane (2013), Bales (2004) and Datta and Bales (2013; 2014). From a methodological point of view, this study makes use of socioeconomic, geographic, sociocultural and social vulnerability indicators produced mainly by the reports published by members of the National Pact for the Eradication of Slave Labor Institute (Instituto Pacto Nacional pela Erradicação do Trabalho Escravo - InPACTO) and the public sector. The article’s contribution centers on the incorporation of the variable race and color, indicating its relation to modern slavery, in addition to showing how contemporary slave labor coexists with the economically representative productive chains in Brazil, some of which are members of InPACTO.
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Webb, Philippa, and Rosana Garciandia. "STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR MODERN SLAVERY: UNCOVERING AND BRIDGING THE GAP." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 68, no. 3 (July 2019): 539–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589319000277.
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AbstractInternational law prohibits slavery and slavery-like practices under treaties that have been in force for more than a century. Yet, contemporary forms of slavery are one of the prevailing challenges for the international community, with 40.3 million people in modern slavery on any given day in 2016. The State has been largely overlooked as a perpetrator or accomplice in the global movement to eradicate modern slavery. The hand of the State can however be found in contemporary cases of modern slavery. This article identifies five scenarios of State involvement in modern slavery and aims to uncover and bridge the responsibility gap.
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Rodgers, Nini. "Ireland and the Black Atlantic in the eighteenth century." Irish Historical Studies 32, no. 126 (November 2000): 174–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400014838.
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In the second half of the twentieth century few subjects have excited more extensive historical debate in the western world than black slavery. American investigation has centred upon the actual operation of the institution. An impressively wide range of historical techniques, cliometrics, comparative history, cultural studies, the imagination of the novelist, have all been employed in a vigorous attempt to recover and evaluate the slave past. In Britain, the first great power to abolish the Atlantic trade and emancipate her slaves, the emphasis has been on the development of the anti-slavery movement, described by W. E. H. Lecky in 1869 as ‘a crusade’ to be rated ‘amongst the three or four perfectly virtuous pages comprised in the history of nations’, and therefore an obvious candidate for twentieth-century revision. Any discussion of black slavery in the New World immediately involves the historian in economic matters. Here the nineteenth-century orthodoxy launched by Adam Smith and developed by J. S. Mill and his friend J. E. Cairnes, author of The slave power (1862) and professor of political economy and jurisprudence in Queen’s College, Galway, saw slavery as both morally wrong and economically unsound, an anachronism in the modern world. Since the 1970s this view has been challenged head-on by American historians arguing that, however morally repugnant, slavery was a dynamic system, an engine of economic progress in the U.S.A. Such a thesis inevitably revives some of the arguments used by the nineteenth-century defenders of slavery and has equally inevitably attracted bitter anti-revisionist denunciation.
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Geng, Ruoqi, Hugo K. S. Lam, and Mark Stevenson. "Addressing modern slavery in supply chains: an awareness-motivation-capability perspective." International Journal of Operations & Production Management 42, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 331–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijopm-07-2021-0425.
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PurposeThere is still significant variation in firms' efforts to address modern slavery issues in supply chains despite the importance of this grand challenge. This research adopts the awareness-motivation-capability (AMC) framework to investigate AMC-related factors that help to explain this variation.Design/methodology/approachThe authors hypothesize how AMC-related factors, including media coverage of modern slavery issues, slavery risks in supply chains and corporate sustainability performance, are related to firms' efforts to address modern slavery in supply chains. The proposed hypotheses are tested based on 201 UK firms' modern slavery statements and additional secondary data collected from Factiva, Factset Revere, The Global Slavery Index, Worldscope and Sustainalytics.FindingsConsistent with the AMC perspective, the test results show that firms put more effort into addressing supply chain modern slavery issues when there is greater media coverage of these issues, when firms source from countries with higher slavery risks, and when firms have better corporate sustainability performance. Additional analysis further suggests that firms' financial performance is not related to their efforts to address modern slavery issues.Originality/valueThis is the first study adopting the AMC framework to investigate firms' efforts to address modern slavery in supply chains. This investigation provides important implications for researchers studying firm behaviors related to modern slavery issues and for policymakers designing policies that enable firms to address these issues, in view of their awareness, motivation and capability.