Journal articles: 'Modernisation of agriculture'

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Kurz, Peter. "Between Smallholder Traditions and “Ecological Modernisation” – Agricultural Transformation, Landscape Change and the Cap in Austria 1995–2015." European Countryside 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 158–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2018-0010.

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AbstractThe paper explores transformations in agriculture during the period 1995–2015 and shows their impact on rural landscapes in the case of Austria. When Austria joined the European Union in 1995, this meant a minor gash in agricultural politics, from broad support of smallholder agriculture to a programme of modernisation and rationalisation. Austrian politicians defined this shift as a process of “ecological modernisation” (Fischler et al. 1994), incorporating agri-environmental schemes as instruments and modifying existing programmes of direct payments. The survey forms the groundwork for a discussion on landscape effects of the CAP as an “ecological” modernisation programme and possible impact of the CAP-reform 2020.

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Halder, Soumik, and Sayani Mukhopadhyay. "Transitional Phase in Agriculture Towards Modernisation: A Perspective on Paddy Cultivation." Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development 29, no. 2 (December 2019): 210–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1018529120912129.

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The contribution of agriculture in GDP of India is dramatically reduced though a large number of people are associated with this occupation. To increase the GDP contribution of agriculture and to raise the income of farmers, the use of modern machineries is an utmost necessity. The aim of this study is to identify the status of mechanisation of agriculture at Rampurhat: I block in Birbhum district to assess the impact of modern machineries on farming and livelihood status of farmers and agricultural labourers. To reduce the cost of agricultural production, farmers resort to farm mechanisation without changing the overall cultivation practice in this area. This region is in a transitional stage of modernisation of agriculture. This research also investigates and discusses the problems associated with the prospects of mechanisation of agriculture in this area.

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Léonard, Éric. "Modernisation libérale et faillite d'une agriculture familiale." Études rurales, no. 205 (June 1, 2020): 140–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesrurales.22371.

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Adamowicz, Mieczysław. "Nauki rolnicze a wielofunkcyjny i zrównoważony rozwój rolnictwa." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 53 (September 25, 2004): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2004.53.11.

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The aim of the paper is discussing the multifunctionality of agriculture and its links with sustainable development as well as the role of agricultural sciences in implementation of those ideas. The industrialization and modernisation of agriculture and their limitations were presented on the ground of general description of development rules. The idea of multifunctionality and its forms, multifunctional dimension of agricultural farms, multifunctional strategies and their effects were analysed. Proposals for the role of agricultural sciences in multifunctional and sustainable development of agriculture in Poland were suggested.

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Cavalcante, Leandro Vieira. "A modernização da produção brasileira de coco e a racionalidade do capital." Ateliê Geográfico 11, no. 3 (May 30, 2018): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ag.v11i3.41071.

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ResumoEste artigo analisa o processo de modernização da produção brasileira de coco. O cultivo desse fruto vem sendo significativamente modificado nestas últimas décadas, quando se observa a passagem de um modelo de produção baseado no extrativismo para um modelo inserido em um contexto representado pelo advento da agricultura científica. Isso significa que a produção do fruto deixou de depender quase que exclusivamente de condicionantes naturais e passou a depender sobremaneira de insumos e implementos difundidos com a modernização agrícola, responsáveis por modificar as formas pelas quais o coco vinha sendo produzido até então, dotando-o de uma racionalidade anteriormente não observada.Palavras-chave: Produção de coco; Modernização da agricultura; Reestruturação produtiva da agricultura. AbstractThis article studies the process of modernization of Brazilian coconut production. The production of this fruit has been modified significantly in the last decades. In other words, the production model based on extraction has become into a scientific agriculture model. Thus, the fruit production is no longer dependent on natural factors and came to greatly depend on inputs and implements utilized with agricultural modernization, responsible for modifying the ways in which the coconut had been produced so far, giving it a rationality not previously observed.Keywords: Coconut production; Agricultural modernization; Productive restructuring of agriculture. Résumé Cet article analyse le processus de modernisation de la production brésilienne de la noix de coco. La culture de ce fruit a été modifiée de façon significative tout au long des dernières décennies, lorsque l'on observe le passage d'un modèle de production basé sur l'extractivisme vers un modèle inséré dans un contexte représenté par l'agriculture scientifique. Cela signifie que la production de ce fruit ne dépend presque plus de conditions naturelles et est venue à dépendre grandement sur les intrants et outils apparus après la modernisation agricole, responsables des changements considérables de la manière dont la noix de coco avait été produite jusqu´à nos jours. Mots-clés: Production de la noix de coco; Modernisation de l'agriculture; Restructuration productive de l'agriculture.

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Barlösius, Eva, and Claudia Neu. "Failure as a Precondition for Success - the Transformation of East German Agriculture Revisited." Eastern European Countryside 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 37–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10130-009-0003-7.

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Failure as a Precondition for Success - the Transformation of East German Agriculture RevisitedThis paper asks why the transformation of the East German agricultural sector did not occur as politically intended: decollectivisation and a change to small family farms did not take place. In order to answer this question the two dominant sociological concepts of transformation, transfer of institutions and delayed modernisation, are first considered. Afterwards the theoretical and methodological approaches and results of socio-agricultural studies are presented. Based on the interpretation of the findings of these studies the main characteristics of the agricultural transformation are identified. The paper ends with the thesis that, as was typical for the German reading of the transformation process was its interpretation within the "order of time". This implied a devaluation and ignorance of whatever was not in line with the concept of modernisation.

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Singh, Bhupinder, and Bawa Singh. "Punjab under the British Rule: Historicising the Local Transformations." Indian Historical Review 46, no. 2 (December 2019): 207–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983619889520.

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This article is a preliminary attempt to map the changes and transformations of Punjab, which had undergone during the British rule. It had remained the model province for benefits of the British colonial rule. Ever since its accession in 1849, Punjab received particular attention in the colonial policies due to its strategic and political importance to the empire. The colonial rule unleashed a slew of transformations in diverse fields including education, agriculture, irrigation, transport and communication and social institutions. This article particularly focusses on the transformations that took place in the modernisation of agriculture, canals colonisation and Punjabisation of the British Indian army during the colonial rule in Punjab. Behind the plotting of modernisations, the study will dig out the imperial designs and motives of the Raj.

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Das, Prashanta Kumar. "Internet of things for the future modernisation of agriculture." International Journal of Autonomic Computing 3, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijac.2018.092547.

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Das, Prashanta Kumar. "Internet of things for the future modernisation of agriculture." International Journal of Autonomic Computing 3, no. 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijac.2018.10013754.

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Diederen, Paul, Hans van Meijl, and Arjan Wolters. "Modernisation in agriculture: what makes a farmer adopt an innovation?" International Journal of Agricultural Resources, Governance and Ecology 2, no. 3/4 (2003): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijarge.2003.003975.

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Jezierska-Thöle, Aleksandra, Jörg Janzen, and Roman Rudnicki. "Agrarian-Economic Structure of Agricultural Holdings in Poland and East Germany: Selected Elements of Comparative Analysis." Quaestiones Geographicae 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2014-0018.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine differences in the development of farms in Poland against the agriculture of East Germany, and to show areas with similar conditions for development. The time range of the research covered the years 2002-2010, i.e. the stage of preparation of Polish agriculture for accession to the European Union, the implementation of pre-accession aid programmes, and the establishment and implementation of the tools of the Common Agricultural Policy. To assess the level of agricultural development, natural, productive and social characteristics were adopted. Spatial variations in the analysed features were based on the variation coefficient (Vz), and the level of agricultural development, on Perkal’s index (Wi). In the analysed period the range of variation and the degree of the spatial dispersion of sub-indices changed, indicating a deepening of the polarisation processes in agriculture. The implementation of CAP intensified the process of specialisation and modernisation in agriculture, an example of which is the increase in the average farm size and in agricultural productivity. On the other hand, agricultural production intensified, as exemplified by a decrease in the minimum value in six of the analysed characteristics, which indicates growing disparities.

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Czyżewski, Andrzej, and Anna Matuszczak. "Modernising the agricultural sector and stabilising the agricultural markets in budgetary expenditures in Poland in the years 1997-2011." Management 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2012): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10286-012-0075-8.

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Abstract Modernising the agricultural sector and stabilising the agricultural markets in budgetary expenditures in Poland in the years 1997-2011 The purpose of the article was to evaluate the budgetary expenditure related to the modernization of the agricultural sector and stabilization of agricultural markets, which are implemented in the framework of the common agricultural policy by two paying agencies. Research related to changes in share of spending on activities of the Agricultural Market Agency (AMA) and the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA) in total budget expenditure in the long run, ie in the years 1996-2011 (16 years) with honors from the period before and after accession to the EU. It shows the relationship between ongoing spending from the national budget for the institutions, and the total budgetary expenditure and the funds allocated to the agricultural sector (agriculture, rural development and agricultural markets), which show that a substantial increase in the role of the paying agencies in the post-accession period.

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Matysiak, Ilona. "Between Passion and Rejection – Attitudes to Farming among Young University Graduates in Rural Areas of Poland." Wieś i Rolnictwo, no. 1 (190) (July 19, 2021): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir012021/04.

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The aim of the article is to analyse the significance of farming and agriculture in the lives of young rural university graduates in Poland. Their educational and professional choices are discussed. How many of them graduated from agricultural higher education institutions and agricultural disciplines? Do such decisions translate into taking up farming after having completed the studies? What are the reasons that young people with higher education living in rural areas may be or may not be interested in farming? Another objective is to identify the main factors potentially “pulling” them towards agriculture and those “pushing” them out of this sector. The article is based on 92 in-depth interviews with university graduates aged 25–34 and 27 in-depth interviews with competent local informants conducted in ten purposely selected rural municipalities across Poland. The results show that farming and agriculture are more present in young university graduates than their educational and professional choices suggest. However, the interviews reflect the dominance of the modernisation paradigm shaping the perceptions of farmers and agriculture in Poland.

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Kaliński, Kamil, Roman Rudnicki, and Katarzyna Wilczyńska. "AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS AS BENEFICIARIES OF AREA AND OPERATIONAL PAYM ENTS FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION IN POLAND IN THE PERIOD OF 2007-2013." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 2 (June 3, 2019): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2080.

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The aim of the article was to assess the spatial diversity of payments of European Union assistance programmes implemented in the financial period of 2007-2013, which were directed to farms, as well as the assessment of the structure of these funds. It was shown that as much as PLN 121.2 billion – nearly 25.6% of the total – were distributed to the above-mentioned group of beneficiaries. The analysis was based on amounts of the obtained payments, including their division, as proposed by the authors, into area payments (dependent on the current subsidy rates per 1 ha of agricultural acreage) and operational payments (related to the implementation of specific aid measures within the CAP), with a breakdown into four absorption directions by the established groups of endogenous features of agriculture. A number of indicators and the cartogram method were used. The studies have demonstrated that the structure of these funds is dominated by area payments (77%), which are egalitarian, independent from the implementation of specific modernisation projects, applicable to all agricultural holdings and related to the agricultural acreage in good agricultural condition and the area of crops subject to the relevant payment. Besides the analysis of the spatial diversification of the above-mentioned payments by voivodships and counties, the research was guided towards the assessment of the relation between area and operational payments (Polish average 0.30), assuming that the share of the latter – given the impact of the EU funds – plays a decisive role in the modernisation of agriculture.

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15

Hodge, Ian, and Dionisio Ortiz-Miranda. "An Institutional Transactions Approach to Property-Rights Adjustment: An Application to Spanish Agriculture." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 7 (July 2007): 1735–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38278.

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European agriculture is undergoing major institutional changes, which are of great relevance to our understanding of the role of agriculture in rural development. They are also taking place in contexts in which agricultural development seems to be continuing within the traditional modernisation paradigm. This is the case for agriculture in Spain. The authors develop a theoretical scheme based on the concepts of institutional transactions and institutional arrangements which may be relevant across a variety of contexts. This approach is applied through an analysis of Spanish agriculture, concentrating on (a) changes introduced through the regulation of the environmental impacts of agriculture, (b) new schemes for the control of food quality and altered relations in the food-marketing chains, and (c) shifts deriving from changes to the major support mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Spanish agriculture is becoming increasingly embedded in the food-production process, and this is associated with a dissipation of property rights from the production sector. The analysis illustrates the usefulness of the approach, although identification of the specific nature of some institutional transactions remains uncertain. Applications in other countries and at more local levels will facilitate regional and international comparisons of the restructuring processes underway in differing contexts.

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Thebe, Vusilizwe. "THE COMPLEX DYNAMICS OF LAND IN MIGRANT LABOUR SOCIETIES: WHO NEEDS LAND FOR AGRICULTURE?" Journal of Asian Rural Studies 2, no. 2 (July 10, 2018): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v2i2.1404.

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The agricultural modernisation narrative has been a central assumption of rural development since the mid-twentieth century, and more recently, the land reforms currently underway in Southern Africa. The narrative emphasises the viable use of land, defined in this case through agricultural productivity and market oriented production. The main contention of this paper is that such a focus undermines the rural socio-economic structure inherent in certain rural societies, which emerge through negotiations and compromises as societies change. It draws on data from studies in Lesotho and rural Zimbabwe that shows that rural households do not only hold land for agricultural purposes, but would hold onto land for security beyond mere agriculture production. It particularly emphasises the complex relationship between households and land, complex land needs and landholding patterns. As way of conclusion, it cautions against enforcing a peasant path on rural society through agriculture-based interventions.

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Balatchandirane, G. "Not without Blood, Sweat and Tears." China Report 54, no. 2 (April 19, 2018): 194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445518761082.

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The critical role played by agriculture in the modernisation of Japan, well-highlighted in the literature, is held to be a model worthy of emulation by latecomers. What this meant for the poor or the tenant farmer is something that does not get much attention. This article looks at the writings of a poor owner-tenant farmer, Teisuke Shibuya, who maintained a diary in the years 1925–6 in which he had graphically recorded the conditions in agriculture and the kind of life the peasant led. We also utilise a book Shibuya published 60 years after he started maintaining the notes which led to the publication of the diary. Shibuya, who actively struggled to raise peasant consciousness, was articulate and extremely well read, and could hold his own in debate with urban intellectuals. His writings are valuable as they convey the actual life of the peasantry during Japan’s modernisation drive. In Shibuya’s jottings, the emotions and feelings of the peasant who was exploited by the authoritarian state and the landlord system come through, presenting us with a picture that is vastly different from the standard academic writings on the subject, thus cautioning us when we uncritically attempt to learn lessons from the Japanese modernisation experience.

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Zhang, Joy Y. "How to Be Modern? The Social Negotiation of ‘Good Food’ in Contemporary China." Sociology 52, no. 1 (November 7, 2017): 150–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038517737475.

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Developing safe and sustainable food production for its population has been central to China’s ‘Modernisation Project’. Yet recent fieldwork in three Chinese cities suggests that there are two conflicting views on what a ‘modern’ agriculture should look like. For the government, modernisation implies a rational calculation of scale and a mirroring of global trends. But an alternative interpretation of modernity, promoted by civil society, has been gaining ground. For this camp, good food production is then established through a ‘rhizomic’ spread of new practices, which are inspired by world possibilities but are deeply rooted in the local context. Based on 14 interviews and five focus groups, this article investigates the ongoing social negotiation of ‘good food’ in China. It demonstrates how a non-western society responds to the twin processes of modernisation and globalisation and provides insights on the varieties of modernity in the making.

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Pouliquen, Alain. "La modernisation structurelle d'une agriculture privée en économie socialisée : le tournant polonais." Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest 18, no. 3 (1987): 5–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/receo.1987.1319.

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Siedlecka, Agnieszka. "Ocena wsparcia rolnictwa ekologicznego przez instytucje z otoczenia rolnictwa." Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, no. 107 (October 14, 2014): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2014.107.27.

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The purpose of this article is to assess the scale and nature of institutional support in the opinion of farmers engaged in organic farms in the Lublin region (NUTS 2). The following development was established on the basis of surveys conducted on a group of 30 producers of organic food from the Lublin region between the 4th and the 22nd of February 2013. The respondents were asked to assess the level of institutional support offered by the institutions to organic farmers. The highest in the rank were Agricultural Advisory Centres, certification bodies and the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA). On the other hand, Local Action Groups, District Offices, Chambers of Agriculture, ecological associations and clusters were ranked as the least helpful to the organic farmers. The farmers expected to receive both financial and non-financial support (marketing, sales promotion).

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Schwoob, Marie-Hélène. "Towards sustainable agriculture? Local level reliance on economic networks and the consequences for China’s agricultural modernisation pathway." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration 36, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23276665.2014.944690.

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Caldwell, Gary. "Surcapitalisation et idéologie de l'entreprise en agriculture." Acteurs, culture, structure 29, no. 2-3 (April 12, 2005): 349–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/056373ar.

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Au cours des années 70 et au début des années 80, l'agriculture québécoise a connu une période intense de consolidation et de capitalisation. On dégage ici quelques conséquences de ce mouvement (baisse de la productivité du capital agraire et endettement progressif des cultivateurs) ; on en rappelle aussi les fondements idéologiques dans une réduction du mode de vie agricole aux seules valeurs marchandes des entreprises ordinaires, réduction qui se propage avec le courant de modernisation emportant le Québec depuis l'après-guerre. On se demande ensuite si, une fois l'agriculture ramenée au statut d'une industrie parmi d'autres, elle arrive à rencontrer des objectifs sociétaux plus larges, comme l'occupation des terres et le maintien de l'activité sociale de la campagne. On conclut que dans le domaine de l'agriculture, non moins qu'ailleurs, on a assisté à un exercice de déculturation.

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Misiąg, Wojciech, Tomasz Skica, and Jacek Rodzinka. "Financial effectiveness and productivity of the agricultural sector in Poland." Financial Internet Quarterly 16, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 65–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fiqf-2020-0029.

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Abstract Agriculture is neither the largest nor the most effective segment of the Polish economy. However, since its importance goes beyond purely numerical characteristics, it is justified for the State to support it. What is important in this regard, however, is a kind of balance. These measures cannot be a substitute for initiatives to strengthen its financial efficiency and increase its productivity. The key question therefore becomes to what extent agricultural support through financial instruments improves the performance of this sector of the Polish economy and how neutral it remains for it, while burdening public finances. In view of the above, the purpose of this article is to examine the productivity and financial efficiency of agriculture in Poland using the FADN methodology based on agricultural accounting. The structure of the article has been subordinated to the achievement of the intended research objective. The article starts with an introduction to the issues of financial efficiency and productivity in agriculture. Next, there is a presentation of agriculture and its characteristics as a segment of the Polish economy. Further presented and discussed are the data and methodology used in the study and studies on the productivity and financial efficiency of agriculture in Poland. In the final part of the article, the authors seek to analyse the impact of public transfers on market effects and discuss the modernisation of Polish agriculture and improvement of rural infrastructure. In a sense, the whole analysis closes with a summary containing the most important findings of the studies carried out.

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Bajramovic, Sabahudin, Dejan Jankovic, Sladjan Stankovic, Sebastian Moisa, and Cosmin Salasan. "Analysis of Access to Public Support for Agriculture Modernisation from Rural Development Programme." Advanced Research in Life Sciences 1, no. 1 (July 26, 2017): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/arls-2017-0006.

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Abstract The most popular measure of the National Rural Development Programme in Romania for 2007-2013 was the measure 121 addressing the support for modernisation of agriculture While the success at the level of the Programme is measured by the achievement level of the assumed indicators the present analysis is focused on differences between the volumes of proposed, selected, contracted and concluded projects. These differences as observations and findings contribute as learning points to the further use of public support for investments in agriculture by three main categories of users: the administration with the procedural enhancement in programme implementation, the beneficiaries improving their approach and readiness for applications/projects and the consultants in perfecting their tools and work to support and smoothen the resources transfer in the process.

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Nowak, Anna, Anna Kobiałka, and Hanna Klikocka. "Regional Differentiation of the Absorption of Modernization of Agricultular Holdings Under the Funding of the 2007-2013 RDP: Changing Work Efficiency in Agriculture." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2018-0024.

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SummarySubject and purpose of work: The subject of this paper is Measure 121 of the 2007-2013 RDP, called Modernisation of agricultural holdings. The objective of the study was to present the diversification of regional absorption of aid funds used under this measure and to assess the correlation between the scale of the use of these funds and the level of labor productivity in agriculture.Materials and methods: On the basis of the GUS data, the regional differentiation of the absorption of aid funds from the analyzed measure and labor productivity in agriculture were assessed. The relation between these categories was determined based on Pearson’s linear correlation index.Results and conclusions: A strong regional diversification of labor productivity in agriculture and the level of utilization of European Union funds directed at modernization of agricultural holdings was observed. There is a relation between the scale of the utilization of funds under Measure 121 of the RDP and the efficiency of labor factor. It can therefore be assumed that the form of support investigated is a significant stimulus for the increase in the level of work efficiency.

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OGLETHORPE, STUART. "The End of Sharecropping in Central Italy after 1945: The Role of Mechanisation in the Changing Relationship between Peasant Families and Land." Rural History 25, no. 2 (September 4, 2014): 243–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793314000089.

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Abstract:This article focuses on the mechanisation of agriculture in central Italy in the thirty years or so after 1945. This provides a particular way of examining the major changes in the rural landscape in this period, especially the end of the sharecropping system. Land in these regions had for centuries been predominantly farmed under sharecropping contracts, but for political, economic, and demographic reasons this system, which had inhibited modernisation, entered a rapid decline. Whereas labour supply had previously exceeded demand, the reverse became the case, allowing sharecropping families more freedom in how they operated. Mechanisation was not a ‘push’ factor, but as the agricultural labour force contracted it was a necessary response. The article uses individual testimony to illustrate how tenant farmers started to work outside the sharecropping contract, some becoming outside contractors with other farms and supplying tractor hire. The mechanisation of agriculture was slow and uneven, but marked an irreversible change in the relationship between farming families and their land.

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Halamska, Maria. "The Evolution of Family Farms in Poland: Present Time and the Weight of the Past." Eastern European Countryside 22, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eec-2016-0002.

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AbstractThe author provides an analysis of family farming in Poland during the period 1990-2012, with special attention towards the close links of ownership and the operation of the farm by family members. The weight of various factors is given close attention, including the historical context of the farm, current conditions, and future intentions for the farm.The historical context acknowledges and stresses the importance of the late abolition of serfdom made by the partitioning powers, various agricultural reforms during the period 1919-1944, and the period 1948-1989 (when family farming was incorporated into a deficient centrally planned economy). This latter period saw family farms developing specific mechanisms of functioning, which can be seen two decades later. Analysis of the period 1990-2012 is based on data of the Central Statistical Office, the present study, and other published materials. The data series includes individual farms of more than 1 ha, based on family labour.Separated are two sub-periods: the post-communist transformation period from the early 1990s, and the period 2002-2012. The latter almost coincides with the accession to the EU. In the first period, the article outlines the process of creating duality in Polish agriculture. This describes a group of family farms where the household strongly reacted to the market and became larger and modernised (professional – 1/3 of the total) and small, extensive and producing mainly for own consumption (semi-subsistence – 2/3). In the second period, the functioning and transformation of households taking place under the CAP are examined. Modernisation is primarily seen on the professional farm. Specific mechanisms can be seen that provide fairly stable functioning of semisubsistence farms, independent of the market, with non-farm incomes and agricultural social security. These farms resisted collectivisation and stopped and hindered modernisation during the communist period, and this post-communist transformation now requires a doubly controlled modernisation process.

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Ouellet, Fernand. "La modernisation de l'historiographie et l'émergence de l'histoire sociale." Articles 26, no. 1-2 (April 12, 2005): 11–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/056132ar.

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Assumée par un personnel laïcisé et professionnalisé, l'historiographie québécoise des vingt-cinq dernières années a élargi ses perspectives idéologiques, multiplié ses domaines de recherche et contracté de nouvelles alliances avec les autres disciplines. La mutation d'une histoire nationaliste traditionnelle vers une histoire sociale davantage scientifique s'est effectuée en deux directions: développement d'une histoire sociale appuyée sur l'économique et centrée sur le concept de classes ; émergence d'une histoire socioculturelle qui privilégie l'idée de communauté. L'un et l'autre courant entraîne le renouvellement des anciennes questions (infériorité économique des Canadiens français; histoire politique, histoire religieuse, histoire des idées...) en même temps que l'ouverture de nouveaux secteurs (agriculture et féodalité, industrialisation et classe ouvrière ; démographie et géographie historique, histoire urbaine, histoire des sciences, histoire des femmes...). S'appuyant sur une prise de vue quantitative des transformations dans la production, l'article passe en revue, sous ces divers thèmes, le contenu des œuvres.

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Tenzon, Michele. "Land reclamation, farm mechanisation, rural repopulation: the shifting landscape of the Gharb Valley in Morocco, 1912–1956." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196306001.

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This article investigates rural resettlement schemes implemented by the French colonial administration in the light of the relationship between major economic, social and demographic dynamics in the Protectorate of Morocco. It explores the ways in which the French colonisers transformed the rural landscape of the Gharb valley in Morocco’s Rabat region. I depict the spatial configuration of the several stages by which rural colonisation and agricultural modernisation took place in the region, in relation to the patterns of human settlement they produced. The initial spatial configuration of the Gharb, determined by French colonial policies through the official colonisation programme and its orientation toward extensive agriculture, was subverted by the massive introduction of water drainage and irrigation infrastructure. The construction of reservoir dams and the establishment of drainage and irrigation perimeters across the valley induced a concentration of private and public investments that led to rural modernisation in certain, delimited areas. To compensate for a rural exodus that was overcrowding the outskirts of major Moroccan urban centres and for the lack of a local workforce available for employment on colonists’ farms, the French architect and urban planner Michel Écochard and his collaborators at the Service de l’Urbanisme conceived an ambitious programme of rural resettlements in the Gharb valley.

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Santiago-Caballero, Carlos. "TRAPPED BY NATURE: PROVINCIAL GRAIN YIELDS IN SPAIN IN THE MID 18TH CENTURY." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, no. 3 (October 14, 2013): 359–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000165.

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ABSTRACTThis paper estimates original yields for five grains in thirty-three provinces of Spain in the mid-18th century. We observe a strong heterogeneity between the provinces with yields being considerably higher in the north of the country than in the south-east. Although average yields in Spain were below those in other countries of north-western Europe, the provinces in the north achieved yields not far behind the most advanced agricultural regions of the world. The heterogeneity of yields across Spain can be explained by the different climatic conditions in each province. Although all the provinces improved their yields in the long term, the differences between the provinces remained stable until the modernisation of Spanish agriculture around the mid-20th century.

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CLAR, ERNESTO, and VICENTE PINILLA. "Path Dependence and the Modernisation of Agriculture: A Case Study of Aragon, 1955–85." Rural History 22, no. 2 (September 16, 2011): 251–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793311000057.

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AbstractThis paper explains how technological developments and changes in production encouraged and drove the processes of agricultural modernisation that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century, taking the region of Aragon in north eastern Spain as a case study. The main agricultural macro-variables reveal a surge in output, coincident with a far-reaching restructuring of production, in which livestock and animal feeds played a key role. The relative success of this high speed agricultural transformation was largely due to technological progress and the development of Aragon's trade links before 1936. Meanwhile, the earlier development of irrigation schemes, the capitalisation of farms and experimentation with different seed varieties allowed the region to adapt quickly to the new Green Revolution technologies that came to the fore after 1950. At the same time, established trade links allowed a swift transition to livestock and related produce destined for fast developing agro-industrial regions, like Catalonia and Valencia. As in other countries, technological and trade path dependency also explain the polarisation of agricultural development within Aragon itself, and in particular the success of the provinces of Zaragoza and Huesca in contrast to failure and depopulation in Teruel. The experience of Aragon may thus be useful to understand the dynamics of other less developed regions currently in the throes of transformation.

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Daccache, André, Daniela D'Agostino, Nicola Lamaddalena, and Daniel El Chami. "A decision tool for sustainable agricultural policies: the case of water saving scenarios for Apulia Region (Southern Italy)." Water Policy 18, no. 1 (July 13, 2015): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.050.

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The economy of Apulia Region largely depends on agriculture but the scarce water resources are the main factor threatening the sustainable production of this sector. This paper describes a geographical information system (GIS) based water balance tool that integrates maps of crops, climate and soil parameters with various scenarios of cropping pattern and farming practice changes. The aim is to assess the implication of these scenarios on the spatial and volumetric water needs of the region's irrigated agriculture. The total net volumetric irrigation needs, under current land use and full irrigation practices, were estimated on an average year to be 973 million m3. The deficit irrigation practices currently used in Capitanata water districts can save a volume of 302 million m3 if they are extrapolated over the entire region. Based on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), a replacement of 30% of the actual tomato areas in Foggia Province with sunflowers (energy crop) or durum wheat (rainfed crop) has potential water saving of 9 million m3 and 67 million m3, respectively. An additional 103 million m3 of water saving may be obtained through modernisation of the vineyards' growing practices. Findings of this paper could be used to address the agricultural policies towards a sustainable use of the scarce fresh water.

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Turyareeba, P. J. "Renewable energy: its contribution to improved standards of living and modernisation of agriculture in Uganda." Renewable Energy 24, no. 3-4 (November 2001): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-1481(01)00028-3.

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Mbabazi, Peace. "The GENDER RELATIONS AND INTRA-HOUSEHOLD RESOURCE ALLOCATIONS: WOMEN’ S ACCESS TO AGRICULTURE EXTENSION AND ADVISORY SERVICES IN KABLE DISTRICT, UGANDA." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 10 (November 6, 2020): 467–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.710.9144.

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Abstract Gender relations embody and justify unequal power relations in intra-household allocation and livelihood improvement strategies. While women are the main actors in agriculture production in the Kabale’s dominant smallholder farmer households, they are restricted from control and use of the production resources necessary to access Agriculture Extension and Advisory Services. Household and higher level institutional structures are within patriarchal power setting and women have to bargain through explicit and implicit ways to access household resources, each with implications on accessibility to support services needed to improve livelihood. There are however, some few cases of mutual cooperation with positive ramifications on access to extension services as well as on household livelihood outcomes. While this paper recognizes eminent reforms during the era of agriculture modernisation, these have not yet fully achieved power and institutional transformation for the meaningful positioning of women with regard to control and use of resources needed to access extension services at household level.

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Schneider, M. "Austrian agriculture: experience with the CAP and the anticipated effects of the EU’s Eastern enlargement." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 49, No. 2 (February 29, 2012): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5269-agricecon.

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The transition to the CAP and admission to the internal market triggered a shock wave in Austria which caused fundamental changes in the country’s farming and food industries. Behavioural patterns stuck in traditional routines and petrified structures began to break up. The resulting thrust towards modernisation has been a major success of the EU integration.           <br />Eastern enlargement, about to be embarked on by the European Union, will have a greater impact on Austrian agriculture than the country’s accession to the EU ever had. Farmers will have to brace for a loss of market shares and an additional pressure to adjust. The rural regions bordering the accession candidates will be particularly hit and thus require special attention in terms of economic policy measures. Agriculture and rural regions in Eastern Europe will profit from the EU-membership.

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GARRIDO, SAMUEL. "Why Did Most Cooperatives Fail? Spanish Agricultural Cooperation in the Early Twentieth Century." Rural History 18, no. 2 (October 2007): 183–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793307002142.

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AbstractCooperatives began contributing to the modernisation of European agriculture in the late nineteenth century but the rate at which they developed varied according to countries, regions, and crops. In Spain a large number were set up before the 1936−9 Civil War but few actually became consolidated entities. This paper analyses the Spanish case in an attempt to find the keys to the success or failure of cooperation. It focuses especially on the role played by the state and on the attitude shown by the different segments of farmers towards cooperatives.

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Järvelä, Marja, Pekka Jokinen, Suvi Huttunen, and Antti Puupponen. "Local food and reneweable energy as emerging new alternatives of rural sustainability in Finland." European Countryside 1, no. 2 (January 1, 2009): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10091-009-0010-8.

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Local food and reneweable energy as emerging new alternatives of rural sustainability in Finland The rurality of small Northern countries such as Finland has traditionally been based on family farm practices. However, rural sustainability is polarizing between the large-scale industrial agriculture and the more regional and multifunctional small-scale specialisations. This paper addresses small-scale entrepreneurship which aims at enhancing sustainable livelihood and sustainable development on farms. We identify two main lines of pioneering rural entrepreneurship in Finland, local food and renewable energy. Firstly, it is asked what kind of barriers and development targets these new productions are expected to have. Secondly, to what extent do they reflect real transformation as described particularly by the multifunctionality and ecological modernisation thinking? The two empirical case studies were carried out in Central Finland. We find that individual farms begin to identify the importance of mutual networking while establishing new businesses meeting the sustainability criteria. This certainly indicates social transformation. However, we also conclude that farmers in Central Finland seldom go for radical alternative productions imitating strong ecological modernisation.

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Bignal, E. M., and D. I. McCracken. "The nature conservation value of European traditional farming systems." Environmental Reviews 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a00-009.

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The European landscape reflects many centuries of dynamic interaction between people and their natural environments. Indeed, much of the current biological and aesthetic value of the wide variety of "cultural" landscapes has been created and is now maintained by long-established farming systems. Such traditional systems (many of which are pastoral based) are generally well integrated with the environment and involve management practices that do not over-exploit the natural carrying capacity of the land. However, the rapid modernisation of agriculture that occurred after the 1939-1945 war resulted in an intensification of many European farming systems and has had severe negative effects on the environment. This modernisation initially occurred primarily in northwest Europe fuelled by the European Union (EU) Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), but with the expansion of the EU it is continuing and is certain to increase in southern, central, and eastern Europe. The response of the EU to this fundamental imbalance between farming and the environment has included the introduction of compulsory regulations to ensure the implementation of minimum environmental standards in the production processes and the promotion of agri-environment programmes to encourage farmers to undertake positive environmental management on their farmland. The ongoing reforms of the CAP will undoubtedly place greater emphasis on agri-environment programmes and increasingly on the concept of "integrated rural development." There is, however, still a pressing need for detailed information to justify to the EU and world markets why certain types of farming system should be central to future European rural development policies.Key words: biodiversity, wildlife value, farming systems, European policy, agri-environment.

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ASO, MICHITAKE. "Profits or People? Rubber plantations and everyday technology in rural Indochina." Modern Asian Studies 46, no. 1 (November 28, 2011): 19–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x11000552.

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AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between rubber plantations and changes in everyday technologies in rural Indochina. It also explores the effects that improvement projects had on the countryside in which those who were targeted by these programmes lived. Speeches given at the opening of the Bến Cát agricultural school in Thủ Dầu Một province in 1918, for example, show that this school was designed both to train Vietnamese assistants to work on large agricultural exploitations and to improve native agricultural practices. Officials used journals, such as the bilingual French-VietnameseCochinchine Agricole, which appeared between 1927 and 1930, to popularize latex-producing science and techniques. Though their motivations often differed from those of officials, the Vietnamese elite, ranging from those in the anti-colonialDuy Tân Hội(Modernisation Society) to French-trained physicians, scientists, and engineers, also often sought to address the problems of rural southern Vietnam through improvements in everyday agricultural technologies. This paper suggests that plantation agriculture, which structured the everyday meanings of rubber in Vietnam, along with the failures of native improvement, began to weaken the support of the Vietnamese elite for the colonial regime during the 1930s. Uneasy compromises and contradictions meant that neither economic profit nor social improvement alone existed in the rubber-producing industry.

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Zariņa, Anita, and Ivo Vinogradovs. "“Nature caprices are finally defeated!”: reclamation politics and practices in Latvia during the era of modernism." SHS Web of Conferences 63 (2019): 12003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196312003.

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Soviet agro-polders, as ideological and highly technological assemblies, were among the first ones to signify the productivism era in the rural landscape of the Baltic republics and the modernisation of Soviet agriculture there. At the time of autocratic reigning of productivist ideas, polders were a testimony to productivity – the means to disband with the unproductive past and demonstrate the Soviet Union’s scientific and technological supremacy over the traditional ways of managing the wetlands. The establishment of polders took place during two different periods of Soviet agricultural developments. The first phase occurred as part of Khrushchev’s reforms, whereas the second was implemented under Brezhnev’s reclamation programme. Whereas the former was linked to recovery from stagnant Stalinist schemes by improving the conditions of marginal areas and poor collective farms, the latter, in the context of Latvia and the other Baltic Republics, entailed extensive works on what was called the “northern strategy of drainage, liming and so on”. The paper, building on case studies, wider political contexts and local situations, explores the drainage movement and traces the formation of agro-polders, unfolding the practices of the Soviet agricultural ideology in action.

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Mujahid, Nooreen, and Naeem Uz Zafar Naeem Uz Zafar. "Economic Growth-Female Labour Force Participation Nexus: An Empirical Evidence for Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 4II (December 1, 2012): 565–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i4iipp.565-586.

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Economic literature shows significant attention towards the role played by female labour force in the economic development of nations. The structural changes of economies from agriculture to industrial and services sector reduce the female labour force participation in case of developing nations. The activities of female labour force increases in the later stage of economic development due to increase in education and dynamics of economic activity. As the size of the economy expands females have easier and better access of jobs thus are encouraged to become economically active, it leads to increase female participation in the productive activities. The participation of female labour force is desirable for both equity and efficiency reasons. The equity aspect shows that the women’s participation in the labour market ultimately improves their relative economic position, increase the overall economic efficiency by enhancing the development potential of the country. Moreover, the increasing integration of women in the economy helps in reducing gender disparities in education, improving maternal health, increasing sectoral share of female employment in different sectors of the economy, demonstrating the hidden contribution of women as unpaid family worker especially in agriculture sector. According to the modernisation theorists, economic development is positively associated with female labour force participation through change in the occupational structure and increase in educational opportunities along with the household responsibilities. The modernisation process is linked with increased demand for labour, a general social acceptance of women’s education and employment as well as lower fertility [Heckman (1980); Standing (1981); Bauer and Shin (1987)]. A body of theoretical and empirical literature provides evidence that female labour force participation has a positive and strong relationship with economic growth [Tansel (2002) and Fatima and Sultana (2009)].

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Hunt, Abigail. "“My father wasn't really interested in machinery”: new perspectives on the modernisation of agriculture in 20th century Lincolnshire." International Journal of Regional and Local History 11, no. 2 (July 2, 2016): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20514530.2016.1252515.

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Kisiel, Roman, Iwona Pietruszewska, and Andrzej Andrzej. "Influence of Milk Production Limits on the Dairy Sector in the Province of Warmia and Mazury." Olsztyn Economic Journal 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.3363.

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This paper analyses the influence of the implementation of milk quotas on the dairy sector and the situation of milk producers in the province of Warmia and Mazury and describes the changes taking place in the milk market from 2004-2009 in milk production, processing and management. The research material originated from a questionnaire-based survey conducted by the Chair of Economic and Regional Policy of the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in close collaboration with the Agricultural Market Agency (AMA). The survey encompassed 313 milk producers from the province of Warmia and Mazury during the quota year of 2009/2010. The remaining data referenced in the publication originated from materials developed by the AMA, the Agency for Restructuring and Modernisation of Agriculture (ARMA), the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoA) and the Central Statistical Office (GUS). The milk production quota system was intended to prevent excessive supply of raw material on the market and trigger concentration processes in the dairy sector. On the basis of the AMA studies results, it was determined that in the six years following milk production quotas, almost 3,500 producers withdrew from the market. Additionally, an analysis of data made available by the AMA indicates that the volume of milk produced has been constantly increasing (during the years 2004-2010 the volume of wholesale milk sold from a single supplier per year increased by 58.11% in the area of the province of Warmia and Mazury).

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Nazli, Hina. "Joop W. de Wit. Poverty, Policy and Politics in Madras Slums: Dynamics of Survival, Gender, and Leadership. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1996. 305 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 395.00." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 290–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i3pp.290-292.

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The urban bias in economic development, coupled with the modernisation in agriculture and resultant labour displacement, has meant that the growth rates of the urban population have far outstripped the rapidly rising overall population growth rates in developing countries. Employment generation in the urban sectors generally does not keep pace with the growth in urban populations. Lack of access to education and training leads to low skill formation. A growing number of urban people are, therefore, forced to work in the informal sector. Low and uncertain incomes and the lack of suitable housing forces these people to reside in sub-human conditions without basic sanitation and health services. In recent years, the urban slum has become an increasing focus of economic development analyses and policy-making.

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Andreoni, Luca. "Oilseed Cakes in Italy and France: Opportunities and Difficulties of a Market (late 19th and first half of the 20th Century)." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 62, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 129–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2021-0006.

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Abstract This paper addresses the trade and commercialisation of oilseed cakes (residues from the extraction of oils) and press cakes in Italy and France during the last decades of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. It tries to demonstrate that the diffusion of oilseed cakes for livestock, a distinctive sign of the intensification of breeding that involved all of Europe, or as organic fertilisers, took place at the crossroads of multiple dynamics. Trade policy of the states, industrial choices and development paths of the different rural worlds help to explain the variations in timing, spatial scale and methods used. The spread of oilseed cakes confirms that the modernisation of European agriculture happened on different and interrelated fronts.

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Farhangi, Mohsen, Sara Farhangi, Paulien C. H. van de Vlasakker, and Gerrit J. Carsjens. "The Role of Urban Agriculture Technologies in Transformation toward Participatory Local Urban Planning in Rafsanjan." Land 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10080830.

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The agricultural sector in developing countries is one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change and water scarcity. Iran is one Middle Eastern country facing a growing water crisis. Rafsanjan county, located in the province of Kerman, is losing its pistachio orchards to water shortages and climate change. The modernisation of irrigation methods and transfer of water from other regions have been the main strategies taken by the governmental authorities. The lack of success of these strategies has led to the emergence of more participatory approaches in the transformation of the agricultural sector and local urban planning in Rafsanjan. This study analyses the actor network of transformation in the agricultural sector and the rise of high-tech urban agriculture, and aims to understand the role of technologies in supporting citizen participation in local urban planning. The research draws on the concept of Technology-Driven Transitions (TDT). The interactions among social and materials entities and the impact of technological novelties on the re-configuration of their relationships in the transition process were studied. The research comprised an exploratory case study, and data were gathered through observations, document study and in-depth interviews with farmers, planners, researchers, and policy makers in Rafsanjan. The results of the study show that governmental planning organizations and their implementation bodies, such as the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) and the 10-year plan for the development of greenhouses, were the most influential actants in the transition process. Their relationships with the other actants involved, such as the private sector, knowledge institutes and farmers, were re-configured by technological novelties. This re-configuration of relationships has led to strengthened participatory decision making in local urban planning in Rafsanjan.

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Czech, Katarzyna, and Nicholas Imbeah. "CRUDE OIL EXPORT OF GHANA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (November 25, 2019): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5957.

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The aim of the paper is to illustrate the impact of crude oil commercial production and export launch in Ghana on the country’s economy. The study is conducted based on one factor variance analysis and Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference test. Analysis is related to the Dutch disease paradox. Ghana constitutes an eminent and interesting example of a natural resource-rich country, where oil commercial production started late, in 2011. Monetary policy in Ghana seems to be effective in mitigating the effects of the Dutch disease. Research results imply that the Ghanaian Cedi depreciated rather than appreciated since crude oil export’s launch. Moreover, it is shown that the increase in oil export has not had a significant impact on the export of non-fuel goods. Additionally, the study shows that the launch of oil commercial production was associated with a contraction of agricultural value added. The rise in oil export led to a significant decrease of the rural population share in the total population. The agriculture sector, however, provides the main livelihood for many people in Ghana and the revenue generated in the sector plays an important role in the country’s development. The Ghanaian government should be especially concerned about issues related to agricultural modernisation and education in rural communities.

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Krupenko, Krupenko O. V. "Agriculture of left-bank provinces in the end ХІХ – at the beginning of ХХ century: between modernisation and tradition." Literature and Culture of Polissya 92, no. 10i (2018): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31654/2520-6966-2018-10i-92-115-128.

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Stuber, Martin, and Matthias Bürgi. "Agrarische Waldnutzungen in der Schweiz 1800–1950. Nadel- und Laubstreue | Agricultural use of forests in Switzerland 1800–1950. Needles and leaves for litter harvesting." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0397.

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Forest litter harvesting is among the most important agricultural uses of forests. This by-product of the forest was traditionally used in the stables, where it was mixed with dung to produce fertiliser, so the intensity of harvesting was directly linked to the demand for forest litter and the availability of alternative material (e.g., straw, sedge, reed). In the late 19th century, the modernisation of agriculture and the globalization of the grain market caused a shortage of straw in the lowland areas of Switzerland, which led to a sharp increase in demand. In the mountainous regions of Switzerland, forest litter had been equally indispensable, even before 1800, due to the introduction of potatoes and the ensuing decline in crop cultivation. Improved and cheaper means of straw transport put an end to the period of intensive forest litter harvesting, around 1900 in the lowland areas and in the 1960s in mountainous regions. However, the effects on forests as an ecosystem have outlived the actual practice of litter harvesting. Interpreting these effects in the context of nature conservation raises the question of whether a local re-introduction of forest litter harvesting might be desirable. Experiments will help to answer this question.

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Fiorelli, F. A. S., and G. O. Diaz. "ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AS CENTRE OF DAIRY LIVESTOCK AND AGRICULTURE INTEGRATION: BASIS FOR MEDIUM-SCALE CDM PROJECTS DEVELOPMENT." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2007): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v6i2.61681.

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Dairy producers should improve their activity with modern production techniques/technologies to meet the requirements of a stricter consumer market. In this sense, crop and livestock systems integration represents an interesting alternative for using the dairy farm available resources. This paper analyses the use of anaerobic digestion as basis for supplying energy, fertilizers and feed needs of a farming unit, by means of digestion products usage: biogas, which can be used in energy conversion systems to provide the required energy for processing/conservation equipment for milk and other farming products; and effluent, that can be used as a replacement for chemical fertilizers and for aquatic plants/fish feeding. Fossil fuels replacement by biogas can be classified as a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project, and economic resources obtained by carbon credits commercialisation may support the required production modernisation. The paper analyses the anaerobic digestion process, evaluating biogas in medium-scale dairy farms, as well as the quantification of carbon credits generated by introducing proper manure and culture remains management.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Modernisation of agriculture'

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