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1
Dabla, Bashir A. Muslim societies in South West-Asia: Essays on change development and modernization. Srinagar: Published by Jaykay Books for Jay Kay Book Shop, 2011.
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Vahabzadeh, Peyman. A guerrilla odyssey: Modernization, secularism, democracy, and the Fadai period of national liberation in Iran, 1971-1979. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 2010.
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Vahabzadeh, Peyman. A guerrilla odyssey: Modernization, secularism, democracy, and the Fadai period of national liberation in Iran, 1971-1979. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press, 2010.
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Popular religion and modernization in Latin America: A different logic. Maryknoll, N.Y: Orbis Books, 1996.
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Helen, Castle, ed. Modernism and modernization in architecture. Chichester, West Sussex: Academy Editions, 1999.
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Lang, Anouk. Modernist Fiction/Alternative Modernisms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199679775.003.0015.
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This chapter examines the history of modernist fiction in Australia, New Zealand, and Canada within the larger context of geomodernist scholarship. It first considers how modernism relates to modernity and modernization before discussing cultural nationalism and the debate between the ‘native’ and the ‘cosmopolitan’. It then analyses boundary-troubling between realism and modernism, James Joyce's influence on fiction writers, and the works of Indigenous writers that force a reconsideration of modernism. It also explores the publishing infrastructure of modernist fiction production as well as the dialectical move between imitation and subversion as seen in Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian literatures. Finally, it provides additional contexts through which to understand how material conditions such as the availability of publication outlets shape the ways in which literary movements develop and gather momentum.
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Watson, Jay. William Faulkner and the Faces of Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198849742.001.0001.
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William Faulkner has enjoyed a secure reputation as American modernism’s foremost fiction writer, and as a landmark figure in international literary modernism, for well over half a century. Less secure, however, has been any scholarly consensus about what those modernist credentials actually entail. Over recent decades, there have been lively debates in modernist studies over the who, what, where, when, and how of the surprisingly elusive phenomena of modernism and modernity. It is the aim of this book to broaden and deepen an understanding of Faulkner’s oeuvre by following some of the guiding questions and insights of new modernism studies scholarship into understudied aspects of Faulkner’s literary modernism and his cultural modernity. William Faulkner and the Faces of Modernity explores Faulkner’s rural Mississippians as modernizing subjects in their own right rather than mere objects of modernization; traces the new speed gradients, media formations, and intensifications of sensory and affective experience that the twentieth century brought to the cities and countryside of the US South; maps the fault lines in whiteness as a racial modernity under construction and contestation during the Jim Crow period; resituates Faulkner’s fictional Yoknapatawpha County within the transnational countermodernities of the black Atlantic; and follows the author’s imaginative engagement with modern biopolitics through his late work A Fable, a novel Faulkner hoped to make his “magnum o.” By returning to the utterly uncontroversial fact of Faulkner’s modernism with a critical sensibility sharpened by new modernism studies, William Faulkner and the Faces of Modernity aims to spark further reappraisal of a distinguished and quite dazzling body of fiction. Perhaps even make it new.
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Barrett, Lindon. Modernism and the Affects of Racial Blackness. Edited by Justin A. Joyce, Dwight A. Mcbride, and John Carlos Rowe. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038006.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the dispute between two important figures of the Harlem Renaissance: George Schuyler and Langston Hughes. Schuyler's critique of the African American avant-garde in his essay “The Negro-Art Hokum” (1926) and Hughes's response in “The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain” (1926) provide a focus point to understand how African American artists and intellectuals imagined their relationship both to Western modernization and avant-garde cultural modernism. This chapter stands as a separate essay from Barrett's surviving manuscript, as it appears to be intended for a different publication; its inclusion here is meant to supplement discussion from the previous chapters, although Schuyler and Hughes did not tackle the gender and sexuality aspects of Barrett's arguments so far posited in this book.
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Davis, David A. World War I and Southern Modernism. University Press of Mississippi, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496815415.001.0001.
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When the United States entered World War I, parts of the country had developed industries, urban cultures, and democratic political systems, but the South lagged behind, remaining an impoverished, agriculture region. Despite New South boosterism, the culture of the early twentieth-century South was comparatively artistically arid. Yet, southern writers dominated the literary marketplace by the 1920s and 1930s. World War I brought southerners into contact with modernity before the South fully modernized. This shortfall created an inherent tension between the region’s existing agricultural social structure and the processes of modernization, leading to distal modernism, a form of writing that combines elements of modernism to depict non-modern social structures. Critics have struggled to formulate explanations for the eruption of modern southern literature, sometimes called the Southern Renaissance. Pinpointing World War I as the catalyst, this book argues southern modernism was not a self-generating outburst of writing, but a response to the disruptions modernity generated in the region. World War I and Southern Modernism examines dozens of works of literature by writers, including William Faulkner, Ellen Glasgow, and Claude McKay, that depict the South during the war. Topics explored in the book include contact between the North and the South, southerners who served in combat, and the developing southern economy. This book also provides a new lens for this argument, taking a closer look at African Americans in the military and changing gender roles.
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Bluemel, Kristin, and Michael McCluskey, eds. Rural Modernity in Britain. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474420952.001.0001.
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Rural Modernity in Britain argues that the rural areas of twentieth-century Britain were impacted by modernization just as much—if not more—than urban and suburban areas. It shifts the focus for studies of modernity and modernism onto the art, industries, and everyday life of rural people and places. In the early twentieth century, rural areas experienced economic depression, the expansion of transportation and communication networks, the roll out of electricity, the loss of land, and the erosion of local identities. Who celebrated these changes? Who resisted them? Who documented them? The fifteen chapters of Rural Modernity address these questions through investigations into fiction, non-fiction, film, music, and painting, among other genres and media. They focus on men and women writers and artists, with progressive, moderate, or conservative politics, modernist, middlebrow, or proletarian tastes, from Scottish, Welsh, and English regions. Together, the chapters make an interdisciplinary case that the rural means more than just the often-studied countryside of southern England, a retreat from the consequences of modernity; rather, the rural emerges as a source for new versions of the modern, with an active role in the formation and development of British experiences and representations of modernity.
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Hewitt, Seán. J. M. Synge. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862093.001.0001.
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This is a complete study of the works of the Irish playwright, travel writer, and poet J. M. Synge (1871–1909). A key and controversial figure in the Irish Literary Revival, and specifically in the Abbey Theatre, Synge’s career was short but dynamic. Moving from an early Romanticism, through Decadence, and on to a combative, protesting modernism, the development of Synge’s drama was propelled by his contentious relationship with the Irish politics of his time. This book is a full and timely reappraisal of Synge’s works, exploring both the prose and the drama through an in-depth study of Synge’s archive. Rather than looking at Synge’s work in relation to any distinct subject, this study examines Synge’s aesthetic and philosophical values, and charts the challenges posed to them as the impetus behind his reluctant movement into a more modernist mode of writing. Along the way, the book sheds new and often surprising light on Synge’s interests in occultism, pantheism, socialism, Darwinism, modernization, and even his late satirical engagement with eugenics. One of its key innovations is the use of Synge’s diaries, letters, and notebooks to trace his reading and to map the influences buried in his work, calling for them to be read afresh. Not only does this book reconsider each of Synge’s major works, along with many unfinished or archival pieces, it also explores the contested relationship between Revivalism and modernism, modernism and politics, and modernism and Romanticism.
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Menozzi, Daniele. Roman Catholicism. Edited by Joel D. S. Rasmussen, Judith Wolfe, and Johannes Zachhuber. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198718406.013.17.
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The Catholic Church faced a number of issues during the development of modern society from the French Revolution to the beginning of the First World War. After examining the Catholic response to secularization of society, the chapter analyses three currents which played an active role in the first half of the century: supporters of the ancien régime, intransigents, and liberal Catholics. As a consequence of the European revolutions the papacy condemned the modern world and promoted hierocratic medievalism. Pope Leo XIII encouraged a distinction between thesis and hypothesis as entryway to modernity: Catholics could enter the modern world, almost in order to use all it possessed to combat its results. But his successor, Pius X, thought that the modernization of the Church had degenerated into the illegitimate inclusion in it of the pernicious principle of modernity. Modernism became for more than half a century the main enemy of Roman Catholicism.
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Dohoney, Ryan. Saving Abstraction. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948573.001.0001.
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Saving Abstraction takes up the conflicted history of Morton Feldman’s most important collaboration—his work with Dominique and John de Menil on music for the Rothko Chapel in Houston. These collaborators struggled over fundamental questions about the emotional efficacy of artistic practice and its potential translation into religious feeling. At the center of this study is the question of ecumenism—that is, in what terms can religious encounters be staged for fruitful dialog to take place? And how might abstraction (both visual and musical) be useful to achieving it? This was a dilemma for Feldman, whose music sought to produce sublime “abstract experience,” as well as for the de Menils, who envisioned the Rothko Chapel as a space for spiritual intervention into late modernity. Saving Abstraction develops two central concepts: “abstract ecumenism” and “agonistic universalism.” The former characterizes a broad spiritual orientation within postwar musical modernism and experimentalism that aspired to altered states of ego-loss. This emerged as a renewed religious sensibility in late modernist experimentalism. The latter concept describes the particular religious form that Feldman’s music achieves within Rothko Chapel—an ascetic mode of existence that endures hopefully the aporia of postwar modernization’s destructiveness and modernism’s failure to effectively counter it.
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Trencsényi, Balázs, Michal Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, and Maciej Janowski. Liberalism on the Defensive. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737155.003.0002.
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The apparent dominance of liberal-democratic ideas in the 1920s was replaced in the following decade by explicitly anti-liberal and anti-democratic political trends. Nevertheless, liberalism retained some of its intellectual potential: “national liberalism” continued the pre-1918 projects of national emancipation and modernization incorporating also the feminist agenda; “bourgeois liberalism” focused on the defense of the political, social, and economic position of the bourgeoisie; and “economic liberalism” centered on the issue of free markets, while criticizing state involvement. Cultural modernism emerged as an influential intellectual current, and in the 1930s the subculture of “progressivist modernism” also represented liberal values, even though it was ill-disposed toward economic liberalism. The period also saw the reconfiguration of feminism. Lastly, East Central European critiques of totalitarianism developed under the pressure of the proximity of Soviet Russia, fascist Italy, and Nazi Germany. They singled out the dark aspects of the “total state,” dehumanization, and the cult of violence, often in a comparative way.
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Gaztambide, María C. El Techo de la Ballena. University Press of Florida, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400707.001.0001.
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In El Techo de la Ballena, María C. Gaztambi depresents an account of the visual arts production of the Caracas-based collective El Techo de la Ballena (active 1961−69). In spite of evident convergences with other global art tendencies, these radicalized artists from Venezuela anchored their multidisciplinary interventions in a fundamental retrograde stance which, in the author’s view, represented a deliberate inversion of an internationallyaligned modernity hinging on the need for constant evolution and progress in the visual arts. El Techo’s against-the-grain position became the basis for a disorderly project of grief that counteracted the swiftness by which Venezuela fast-tracked its modernization (in the sense of material and technological progress) and consumed international modernism (its cultural production). Against this fragmentary development, El Techo deployed an integrated approach to art-making that included artworks with multiple meanings, alternative exhibition spaces, politicized actions, as well as highly confrontational printed materials. All these elements came together into a single, indivisible body of work merging the visual, the poetic, the performative, and the political. Yet Venezuela’s eroded local environment required an outright unsettling through extreme scatological content and strategies that the balleneros qualified as “a biological art, violently exuded from our bowels…” Theirs was a total output that tested the limits of art to provoke an anesthetized local public under the motto of cambiar la vida, transformar la sociedad(to change life, to transform society).
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Rajner, Mirjam. The Orient in Jewish Artistic Creativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the “Oriental” theme and self-Orientalization among Jewish artists such as Samuel Hirszenberg and Leopold Pilichowski. In postcolonial discourse, the Western imagining of the Orient is often understood as being part of a pejorative and politically charged ideology known as Orientalism. More recently, the art-historical approach has revealed that Orientalist art does not only comprise works that reflect a Western or European construction of the “other,” but also the Oriental response to Western culture and modernization. The chapter considers the “Oriental” works of Maurycy Gottlieb as an expression of an emerging alignment of Jewish artists with modernism and universalism. It also discusses the 1873 World Exhibition in Vienna and Gottlieb’s encounter with the Orient before concluding with the argument that the unexpected, imaginative abandonment and self-fashioning by Jewish artists as non-European “others” might be a Jewish version of European Orientalism, which found expression in the art of Gottlieb.
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Beller, Steven. 5. The perils of modernity. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.003.0005.
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In addition to the ‘irrationalist’ critique of ‘Jewish’ modernity that informed some antisemitism, there was another, ‘rational’ side to antisemitism. ‘The perils of modernity’ considers the irony that the biggest threat to Jews in Central and Eastern Europe was the modernization of society given the form that this modernization took. The influence of racial theory was also closely bound up with the much increased prestige of nationalism in early 20th-century Europe. Once the definition of modernity had shifted to the more ‘organic’ and collectivist model, in which the ‘reactionary rationalism’ of biological thinking—and race—played such a large role, Jewish difference became racially defined, and hence impossible to overcome.
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Sewell, Graham. Management and Modernity. Edited by Adrian Wilkinson, Steven J. Armstrong, and Michael Lounsbury. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198708612.013.23.
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This chapter treats Modernity as a cultural and social project of modernization that involves bringing as many aspects of human existence as possible under the control of rational processes of knowledge and practice. Management is thus at the heart of this project as it is a means to the end of establishing rational order through design, classification, and intervention. The chapter begins by looking at how formal theories of administration have sought to further modernization before going on to how more sociological approaches have dealt with the relationship between management and Modernity. Finally, it proposes an alternative understanding of Weber’s concept of the Iron Cage in order to capture the tension at the heart of Modernity where ever greater rationalization is in conflict with the desire for stability and certainty.
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Fraunhofer, Hedwig. Biopolitics, Materiality and Meaning in Modern European Drama. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474467438.001.0001.
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Mapping the -- not always chronological -- trajectory from representationalist-naturalist theatre (Strindberg, Sartre) to the theatre of the historical avant-garde (Brecht, Artaud), this book puts milestones of modernist theatre in conversation with new materialist, posthumanist philosophy and affect theory. Arguing that existing modernization theories have been unnecessarily one-sided, Biopolitics, Materiality and Meaning in Modern European Drama offers a rewriting of modernity that cuts across binary methodologies – nature and culture, mind and matter, epistemology and ontology, critique and affirmative writing, dramatic and postdramatic theatre. Going beyond the exclusive focus on questions of identity, representation and meaning on the one hand or materiality on the other hand, the book captures the complex material-discursive forces that have shaped modernity and modern theatre. In powerfully prescient readings of modern anxiety, contagion and performance, the volume specifically reworks the biopolitical, immunitarian exclusions that mark Western epistemology leading up to and beyond modernity’s totalitarian crisis point. The book reveals the performativity of theatre in its double sense -- as theatrical production and as the intra-activity of an open and dynamic system of relations between multiple human and more-than-human actants, energies, and affects. In modern theatre, public and private, human and more-than-human, materiality and meaning co-productively collapse in a common life.
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Denemark, Robert A. Fundamentalism and Globalization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.400.
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Fundamentalism typically has a religious connotation that indicates unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs. However, fundamentalism was eventually applied to certain groups—mainly, though not exclusively, in religion—that are characterized by a markedly strict literalism as it is applied to certain scriptures, dogmas, or ideologies, and a strong sense of the importance of maintaining ingroup and outgroup distinctions. This leads to an emphasis on purity and the desire to return to a previous ideal from which advocates believe members have strayed. This tendency results in the rejection of diversity of opinion as applied to these established “fundamentals” and their accepted interpretation within the group. Fundamentalism has developed all over the world along with the extension of globalization. Globalization is an extension of modernization and post-modernization, and both these movements oppose religious conservatism. The globalization of culture involves the creation of a hyper-differentiated field of value, taste, and style opportunities, accessible by each individual without constraint for purposes either of self-expression or consumption. One could see that the antagonism to modernity finds expression in fundamentalism. This is perhaps the indirect contribution of globalization to religion and religious ideology. The fear of modernity motivates religious leaders to revitalize their religion, so that it can effectively combat modernity and post-modernity.
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Hammer, Espen, ed. Kafka's The Trial. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190461454.001.0001.
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The Trial, written from 1914 to 1915 and published in 1925, is a multifaceted, notoriously difficult manifestation of European literary modernism. Written in a relatively abstract language, it tells the story of Josef K., who is accused of a crime he has no recollection of having committed (and whose nature is never revealed to him). The novel has often been interpreted theologically, expressing a form of radical nihilism in a modern world abandoned by God. However, it has just as often been read as a parable of the cold, inhumane rationality of modern bureaucratization. Like many other novels of this turbulent period, it offers a tragic quest-narrative in which the hero’s search for truth and clarity (about himself, his alleged guilt, and the anonymous system he is facing) progressively leads to greater and greater confusion, ending with his execution. In this volume, the contributors deal with a range of issues arising in this work. Theology is central, and related to that are questions of justice, law, ethics, resistance, and subjectivity. All the contributors view the novel as responding to a context of rapid modernization, and questions of metaphysics intersect with the most mundane challenges of everyday life. There is here a fundamental uncertainty, a context of skepticism, that the contributors approach from a variety of angles.
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Teoh, Karen M. Rare Flowers, Modern Girls, Good Citizens. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495619.003.0005.
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Chinese-language girls’ schools in British Malaya and Singapore grew out of the national modernization movement in late Qing and early Republican China, and therefore also contained the contradictions of the “woman question” of that period. These schools were sites of modernization and politicization for overseas Chinese women, introducing non-gender-specific curricula, notions of gender equality, and ideals of national citizenship. Arguably, they may have done more to usher in modernity for girls and women than contemporaneous English schools in Malaya and Singapore, challenging the received wisdom that modernizing change was a Western-driven movement. At the same time, these schools sometimes perpetuated traditional gender role expectations even more energetically than occurred in China, because those beliefs were associated with the cultural heritage that they were supposed to uphold, especially in a Western imperial milieu. Chinese political and social modernization hence became associated with cultural conservatism.
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Em, Henry. Historians and Historical Writing in Modern Korea. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0033.
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This chapter focuses on Korea, describing how after 1945 those who had criticized colonial rule achieved influence, started to build modern academic institutions, and, in the southern state, excluded Marxists from the profession. A positivist style of history, modelled along the lines of modernization theory, dominated the discipline in South Korea for a long time, especially after the suppression of the student revolts in the 1960s. It was only after 1980 that the situation changed. In the wake of rapid economic modernization and concomitant political changes, long-dominant modernization theories were increasingly challenged, and notions of multiple modernities—assuming divergent paths to different manifestations of modernity—were fruitfully applied to research on Korean history. In this context, postcolonial theories and the Korean historical experience of suzerainty under Chinese and Japanese colonialism started to play an important role in conceptualizing multiple modernities, and have recently influenced the writing of history in Korea.
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Bull, Anna Cento. Modern Italy: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198726517.001.0001.
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Modern Italy: A Very Short Introduction addresses the question of what modernity means to Italy and explores the extent to which modernity still represents a shared vision among Italian intellectuals, political leaders, and ordinary people. It covers the history of Italy from the Risorgimento (Resurgence), the movement leading to the Italian Unification in 1861, to the present. Italy’s political system and style of government is considered along with its economic modernization and issues with emigration, internal migration, and immigration. This volume concludes by looking at Italian culture and lifestyle, including modern art and architecture, cinema, literature, gastronomy, fashion, and sport.
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Pollack, Detlef, and Gergely Rosta. Reflections on the Concept of Modernity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801665.003.0002.
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Part I contains theoretical reflections on the two central concepts of the book: modernity and religion. This chapter on the concept of modernity begins by addressing the main reservations that have been expressed concerning the classic approaches to this concept in sociology. After discussing objections to modernization theory, the chapter presents an outline of a theory of modernity that serves as the basis for the argumentation of the entire book. The theory of modernity proposes three theses. First, that modern societies are characterized by principles of functional differentiation. Second, perpendicular to functional differentiation, which takes place horizontally, there is in modern societies also a form of vertical differentiation. Third, modern societies have established in the economy, politics, science, and other areas forums of competition, markets where different suppliers compete for acceptance. They are the driving forces behind the dynamism of modern societies.
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Conrad, Sebastian. Japanese Historical Writing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0032.
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This chapter shows how in Japan, the year 1945 represented a change of a very different kind. Japanese historians now repudiated the ultranationalist historiography of the 1930s and early 1940s, and turned in significant numbers towards Marxism, which rapidly achieved a kind of hegemony. They criticized the master narrative of the post-Meiji past, centered on the Tennō (emperor), and identified it with Fascism as a failed experiment in modernity. In the 1960s, however, this Marxist historiographical dominance was gradually supplanted by a pluralism of competing approaches. Modernization theory, social science methodologies, and ‘history from below’ coexisted, and historians, inspired by the Japanese economic miracle, tried to come to terms with the fact that Japan’s traditions, long perceived as an obstacle to modernization, actually seemed to foster it.
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Moodie, Deonnie. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885267.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the temple and the contours of the most recent modernization projects imposed upon it through the voices of devotees, renovators, temple Brahmins, and beggars at Kālīghāṭ. This material is drawn from ethnographic fieldwork. In this way, I show—rather than tell—what kinds of resonances the temple has for actors of various class backgrounds today and the kinds of modernist idioms the middle classes apply to the temple. I further situate my work in scholarly conversations, including those focused on temples, India’s middle classes, multiple modernities, notions of the “public,” and the study of colonial and contemporary Bengal.
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Moodie, Deonnie. The Making of a Modern Temple and a Hindu City. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190885267.001.0001.
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This book is about what temples do for Hindus in the modern era, particularly those who belong to India’s diverse and evolving middle classes. While many excoriate these sites as emblematic of all that is backward about Hinduism and India, many others work to modernize them so that they might become emblems of a proud heritage and of the nation’s future. I take Kālīghāṭ Temple, a powerful pilgrimage site dedicated to the dark goddess Kālī, in Kolkata (formerly Calcutta) as a case study in the phenomenon by which middle-class Hindus work to modernize temples. At the height of the colonial era in the 1890s, they wrote books and articles attaching this temple to both rationalist and spiritual forms of Hinduism. In the middle decades of the twentieth century, they filed and adjudicated lawsuits to secularize and democratize its management structure. Today, in the wake of India’s economic liberalization, they work to gentrify Kālīghāṭ’s physical spaces. The conceptual, institutional, and physical forms of this religious site are thus facets through which middle-class Hindus produce and publicize their modernity, as well as their cities’ and their nation’s. The use of Kālīghāṭ as a means to modernization is by no means uncontested. The temple plays a very different role in the lives and livelihoods of individuals from across the class spectrum. The future of this and other temples across India thus relies on complex negotiations between actors of multiple class backgrounds who read their various needs onto these sites.
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Gleason, Philip. Contending with Modernity. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195098280.001.0001.
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How did Catholic colleges and universities deal with the modernization of education and the rise of research universities? In this book, Philip Gleason offers the first comprehensive study of Catholic higher education in the twentieth century, tracing the evolution of responses to an increasingly secular educational system. At the beginning of the century, Catholics accepted modernization in the organizational sphere while resisting it ideologically. Convinced of the truth of their religious and intellectual position, the restructured Catholic colleges grew rapidly after World War I, committed to educating for a "Catholic Renaissance." This spirit of militance carried over into the post-World War II era, but new currents were also stirring as Catholics began to look more favorably on modernity in its American form. Meanwhile, their colleges and universities were being transformed by continuing growth and professionalization. By the 1960's, changes in church teaching and cultural upheaval in American society reinforced the internal transformation already under way, creating an "identity crisis" which left Catholic educators uncertain of their purpose. Emphasizing the importance to American culture of the growth of education at all levels, Gleason connects the Catholic story with major national trends and historical events. By situating developments in higher education within the context of American Catholic thought, Contending with Modernity provides the fullest account available of the intellectual development of American Catholicism in the twentieth century.
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Churchill, David. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797845.003.0001.
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The introduction critically interrogates orthodox accounts of crime control and modernization, and outlines the conceptual and methodological basis of an alternative interpretation. In particular, it critiques the state monopolization thesis—the notion that the state assumed full control over the response to crime in the modern era, which it has relinquished only recently, in an age of late modernity. To counter such accounts of crime control and modernity, the introduction advances a multifaceted conceptual framework for understanding the governance of crime, drawing on historical and sociological scholarship on governance and governmentality. Furthermore, it outlines the study’s methodology, which combines qualitative and quantitative analysis of newspaper reports, court depositions, and police records. Finally, it establishes the urban context for the study by synthesizing research on contours of urbanization, social structure, and shifting formations of urban space.
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Dallmayr, Fred. Democracy and Liberation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190670979.003.0004.
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Dussel’s The Invention of the Americas depicted the Spanish Conquest as a constitutive event in the rise of the modern Eurocentric world order, with its autocratic dichotomy between “center” and “periphery.” Dussel does not impugn the trajectory of modernization and democratization as such, but only their use as instruments of foreign domination—what he calls the “myth of modernity.” With Todorov, he laments the lack of relationality, that is, the unwillingness to recognize the qualitative equality of others; to overcome this lack, he advocates a radical paradigm shift to “transmodernity.” As Dussel explains in The Underside of Modernity, overcoming domestic and global autocracy requires both active resistance and the articulation of counter-discourses, such as the “philosophy of liberation.” He perceives modern democracy as a tensional correlation of three factors: people (potentia); political actors (potestas); and shared goal (eudaimonia). His argument is basically directed against the “self-referentially” of political power.
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Beller, Steven. 4. The culture of irrationalism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198724834.003.0004.
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Why has antisemitism been defined as ‘irrational’ hostility to Jews? This cultural approach was a reaction against the rationalist claim that all human experience and endeavour could be reduced to rational, calculable objects and relations. ‘The culture of irrationalism’ looks at the strong link between German cultural ‘irrationalism’, Romanticism, and antisemitism, and how influential people in the arts contributed to this. Even irrational thinkers who opposed antisemitism, such as Friedrich Nietzsche, also contributed in some way to the antisemitic thrust of German irrationalist culture. Jews, as allies of rationalist modernity, became the targets of many of those in Central and Eastern Europe who suffered from the dislocations of economic modernization.
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Luis, Roniger. Escape, Deportation, and Exile. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693961.003.0002.
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This chapter traces how exile became an institutionalized mechanism of exclusion and underscores the paradoxical connection between citizenship and exclusionary modernity in the region. It stresses how these countries experienced policies of massive deterritorialization of citizens to counteract a widened involvement in public arenas and politics, and that the very drive of modernization generated new social forces, which these political systems were unable to include through democratic institutionalization. It discusses the cases of Paraguay, with its cycles of authoritarian rule and political turmoil generating massive exile and expatriation; Argentina and its recurrent waves of territorial displacements; Uruguay and the mass expatriation and exile of its citizens in the authoritarian period; and post-1973 Chile, also with massive exile and global dispersion.
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Regalado, Samuel O. The New Bushido. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037351.003.0002.
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This chapter examines the emergence of baseball within the changing political landscapes in both Japan and the United States, with an emphasis on the former. In particular, it explores baseball's origins in Japan and how it had come to be accepted during the Meiji era—a time when the nation took on new ideological approaches and sought to modernize and engage with the wider world. Baseball had landed in Japan equipped with all of the proper ingredients—patriotism, industrial productivity, and modernization—to support the reform mentality of the Meiji leaders. Moreover, American promoters of baseball tirelessly reminded potential converts of the game's democratic values. And most importantly, here was a Western activity that seemingly posed no threat to Japanese tradition.
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Lloyd, Richard. The Sociology of Country Music. Edited by Travis D. Stimeling. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190248178.013.23.
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How can a sociological approach improve our understanding of country music? This chapter answers this question by focusing on the intersections between country music history and the core sociological theme of modernity. Challenging standard interpretations of country music as folk culture, it shows how the emergence of the popular commercial genre corresponds to the increasing modernization of the American South. The genre’s subsequent growth and evolution tracks central objects of sociological study including industrialization, geographic mobility, race and ethnic relations, the changing social class structure, political realignment in the United States, and (paradoxically) urbanization. Country music is comparatively understudied in the sociology of music despite its rich history and massive popularity; this chapter shows that the genre and the discipline nevertheless mutually illuminate one another in robust and often surprising ways.
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Gollance, Sonia. It Could Lead to Dancing. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503613492.001.0001.
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Dances and balls appear throughout literature as a place for young people to meet, flirt, and form relationships: as any reader of Pride and Prejudice, War and Peace, or Romeo and Juliet can attest, dance scenes provide an opportunity for writers to criticize societal expectations about courtship and partner choice, while simultaneously entertaining their readers. In this book, Sonia Gollance examines Jewish mixed-gender dancing in German and Yiddish literature, arguing that dance provides a powerful lens for understanding Jewish acculturation, secularization, and modernization. Gollance examines the specific literary qualities of dance scenes, such as the parallels between dance figures and plot structures, while also paying close attention to the broader social implications of Jewish engagement with dance during in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While traditional Jewish dance was among men only (or women only), mixed-sex dancing was the very sign of modernity, and thus a charged and complex arena for understanding the limits of acculturation, the dangers of class mixing, and the role of erotic engagement in modernization. Gollance’s book is organized around the spaces in which mixed dancing would take place: the tavern, the ballroom, the wedding, and the dance hall. Gollance also draws connections between the cultural history of social dance and contemporary popular culture, illustrating how mixed-sex dancing continues to function as a flexible metaphor for the concerns of Jewish communities in the face of cultural transitions.
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Gordon, Andrew. Consumption, Consumerism, and Japanese Modernity. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0025.
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The experience of people in Japan offers a rich body of evidence for a comparative and global study of consumption from early modern, through modern times, and to the postmodern period. One finds ample grist for the mill of economic historians seeking to measure the extent and the shifts in consumption of all manner of goods and services. One also finds sources in abundance from the seventeenth century onwards speaking to the politics and culture of regulating, lamenting, and celebrating consumption. Building on early modern foundations, consumption expanded in the era of self-conscious modernization that followed the overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate (1868), with a turn to new goods alongside more widespread use of customary ones. As this happened, attitudes in Japan evolved as part of a global dialogue on consumer life. This article explores consumption, consumerism, modernity, and the post-war ascendance of consumers in Japan.
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Rowe, Mark. Contemporary Buddhism and Death. Edited by Michael Jerryson. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199362387.013.33.
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Funerary Buddhism emerges out of Buddhism’s encounter with modernization, both in Asia and the West from the nineteenth century. It refers to a broad spectrum of textual, material, ritual, sociocultural, and institutional forms connected to the immediate and ongoing care of the dead. It implicates everything from Buddhist institutions to local temples, local civil codes to international law, and sectarian intellectuals to popular culture. A crucial aspect of funerary Buddhism includes its use as a foil, particularly the ways in which Buddhist modernists have tried to explain away many aspects of Buddhist funerary practices as not real Buddhism. Forced to act as the “other” to various notions of true Buddhism, funerary Buddhism thus also represents, in countries such as Japan, a sort of existential crisis whereby local priests are told that their ongoing dependence on funerary ritual is at odds with the true teachings of their sects.
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Jory, Patrick. Thai Historical Writing. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199225996.003.0027.
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This chapter describes how in Thailand—which never really experienced a process of colonization and decolonization—the writing of history went back to the tradition of royal annals and was, for large parts of the twentieth century, under the direct influence, if not control, of the royal family. Indeed, modern history-writing in Thailand remained dominated by the presence of the monarchy. In addition to the quasi-divine status of the kings in traditional historiography, the kings acquired a newer significance in the tumultuous modern era. While European colonization was the great historical rupture that thrust other Southeast Asian kingdoms into modernity, Siam was not directly colonized. Credit for the modernization of the Thai kingdom and the preservation of formal political independence—two central ideas in the formulation of Thai nationalism—was written into official history as being due to the genius of the kings.
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Tulloch, John, and Belinda Middleweek. The Transformation of Intimacy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190244606.003.0003.
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In chapter 2 different voices and theories are in dialogue. First, by exploring and critiquing risk sociology through Beck’s notion of “reflexive modernization,” Strydom’s extension of Beck’s thesis, Giddens’s observation of the contradictions between experts, Beck and Beck-Gernsheim’s “normal chaos of love,” and Giddens’s understanding of the transformation of intimacy within risk modernity, the chapter draws attention to the critical assumptions underlying this “new risk” position and how it can be strengthened and extended within media/cultural studies. Second, the chapter explores film reviewing and current film theory through scholar Linda Williams’s work on “cinema and the sex act,” emphasizing bodily performance and aesthetic form, and via literary scholar Raymond Williams’s understanding of naturalism, emotional realism, and the secularization of intimacy, especially in his notion of “structures of feeling.” The arrival of the underclass stranger in the real sex film Romance is considered in this context.
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Yalçıner, Ruhtan. Political Philosophy and Nationalism. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.276.
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Theoretical debates for a better definition of nationalism have played a key role in understanding the core issues of history, sociology, and political sciences. Classical modernist theories of nationalism mainly synthesized former sociological and historical approaches with a political science perspective. Within the classical modernist perspective, the necessity and importance of transformation from traditional culture and society to a horizontal one in the agenda of modernization was characterized as a universal consequence of industrialization. Some of the foremost complexities and problems involved in the classical and contemporary studies of nation and nationalism include the logic of dualization; the definition of nationalism with reference to its substantive and paradigmatic nature; and whether it is possible to concretely construct a universal theory of nationalism. Both classical and contemporary theories of nations and nationalism can be postulated with reference to two major theoretical sides. Universalist theories of nations and nationalism focus on the categorical structure of nationalism in conceptual grounds while being associated with (neo)positivistic methodological points of departure. On the other hand, particularist theories of nationalism underline the immanent characteristics of nations and nationalism by going through nominalism and relativism in methodological grounds. Considering the conceptual, epistemological, and theoretical contributions of “postclassical approach to nationalism” in the 1990s, three major contributions in contemporary nationalism studies can be marked: the increasing research on gender, sexuality, and feminist social theory; the framework of “new social theory” or “critical social theory”; and the discussions derived from political philosophy and normative political theory.
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González, Gabriela. Redeeming La Raza. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199914142.001.0001.
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This book examines the gendered and class-conscious political activism of Mexican-origin people in Texas from 1900 to 1950. In particular, it questions the inter-generational agency of Mexicans and Mexican Americans who subscribed to particular race-ethnic, class, and gender ideologies as they encountered barriers and obstacles in a society that often treated Mexicans as a nonwhite minority. Middle-class transborder activists sought to redeem the Mexican masses from body politic exclusions in part by encouraging them to become identified with the nation-state. Redeeming la raza was as much about saving them from traditional modes of thought and practices that were perceived as hindrances to progress as it was about saving them from race and class-based forms of discrimination that were part and parcel of modernity. At the center of this link between modernity and discriminatory practices based on social constructions lay the economic imperative for the abundant and inexpensive labor power that the modernization process required. Labeling groups of people as inferior helped to rationalize their economic exploitation in a developing modern nation-state that also professed to be a democratic society founded upon principles of political egalitarianism. This book presents cases of transborder activism that demonstrate how the politics of respectability and the politics of radicalism operated, often at odds but sometimes in complementary ways.
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Assmann, Aleida. Is Time Out of Joint? Translated by Sarah Clift. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501742439.001.0001.
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Is, as Hamlet once complained, time out of joint? Have the ways we understand the past and the future—and their relationship to the present—been reordered? The past, it seems, has returned with a vengeance: as aggressive nostalgia, as traumatic memory, or as atavistic origin narratives rooted in nation, race, or tribe. The future, meanwhile, has lost its utopian glamor, with the belief in progress and hope for a better future eroded by fears of ecological collapse. This book argues that the apparently solid moorings of our temporal orientation have collapsed within the span of a generation. To understand this profound cultural crisis, the book reconstructs the rise and fall of what it calls “time regime of modernity” that underpins notions of modernization and progress, a shared understanding that is now under threat. It assesses the deep change in the temporality of modern Western culture as it relates to our historical experience, historical theory, and our life-world of shared experience, explaining what we have both gained and lost during this profound transformation.
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Shields, James Mark. Against Harmony. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190664008.001.0001.
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Against Harmony traces the history of progressive and radical experiments in Japanese Buddhist thought and practice from the mid-Meiji period through the early Shōwa period (1885–1935), when historical events coalesced to eliminate all such experiments. It is a work of both intellectual history and of critical, comparative thought. Perhaps the two best representations of progressive Buddhism during this period were the New Buddhist Fellowship (1899–1915) and the Youth League for Revitalizing Buddhism (1931–1936). Both were nonsectarian, lay movements comprising young men with education in classical Buddhist texts as well as Western literature, philosophy, and religion. Their work effectively collapses commonly held distinctions between religion, philosophy, ethics, politics, and economics. Unlike many others of their day, these “New Buddhists” did not regard the novel forces of modernization as problematic and disruptive, but rather, as an opportunity to explore and expand the possibilities of the dharma. Moreover, these and similar Buddhist and Buddhist-inspired movements experimented with novel, alternative forms of modernity, rooted in variations on what might be called “dharmic materialism.” In short, they did not simply inherit or mimic the dominant Western model(s). For this reason, their work remains of relevance in the early twenty-first century.
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Graff, Rebecca S. Disposing of Modernity. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066493.001.0001.
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Through archaeological and archival research from sites associated with the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Disposing of Modernity explores the changing world of urban America at the turn of the twentieth century. Featuring excavations of trash deposited during the fair, Rebecca Graff’s first-of-its kind study reveals changing consumer patterns, notions of domesticity and progress, and anxieties about the modernization of society. Graff examines artifacts, architecture, and written records from the 1893 fair’s Ohio Building, which was used as a clubhouse for fairgoers in Jackson Park, and the Charnley-Persky House, an aesthetically modern city residence designed by Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. Many of the items she uncovers were products that first debuted at world’s fairs, and materials such as mineral water bottles, cheese containers, dentures, and dinnerware illustrate how fairs created markets for new goods and influenced consumer practices. Graff discusses how the fair’s ephemeral nature gave it transformative power in Chicago society, and she connects its accompanying “conspicuous disposal” habits to today’s waste disposal regimes. Reflecting on the planning of the Obama Presidential Center at the site of the Chicago World’s Fair, she draws attention to the ways the historical trends documented here continue in the present.
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Miller, Nicola. Republics of Knowledge. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691176758.001.0001.
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The rise of nation-states is a hallmark of the modern age, yet we are still untangling how the phenomenon unfolded across the globe. This book offers new insights into the process of nation-making through an account of nineteenth-century Latin America, where, it argues, the identity of nascent republics was molded through previously underappreciated means: the creation and sharing of knowledge. Drawing evidence from Argentina, Chile, and Peru, the book traces the histories of these countries from the early 1800s, as they gained independence, to their centennial celebrations in the twentieth century. It identifies how public exchange of ideas affected policymaking, the emergence of a collective identity, and more. It finds that instead of defining themselves through language or culture, these new nations united citizens under the promise of widespread access to modern information. The book challenges the narrative that modernization was a strictly North Atlantic affair, demonstrating that knowledge traveled both ways between Latin America and Europe. And it looks at how certain forms of knowledge came to be seen as more legitimate and valuable than others, both locally and globally; suggesting that all modern nations can be viewed as communities of shared knowledge, a perspective with the power to reshape our conception of the very basis of nationhood. The book opens new avenues for understanding the histories of modern nations — and the foundations of modernity — the world over.