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Books on the topic 'Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Kahn, Linda Gross. A life course approach to potentially modifiable risk factors for poor semen quality. [publisher not identified], 2016.

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2

Association, Ontario Public Health, ed. The effectiveness of school-based strategies for the primary prevention of obesity and for promoting physical activity and/or nutrition, the major modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes: A review of reviews. Ontario Public Health Association, 2002.

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3

Markus, Hugh, Anthony Pereira, and Geoffrey Cloud. Epidemiology and stroke risk factors. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737889.003.0001.

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In this opening chapter on the epidemiology and risk factors for stroke, the ‘size of the problem’ in public health terms both in the United Kingdom and worldwide is set out. Incidence, prevalence, and mortality of stroke are discussed. Epidemiological terms and definitions as applied to stroke care are reviewed and illustrated, including absolute and relative risk reduction and numbers needed to treat. This chapter also discusses aetiological subtyping of stroke which represents a syndrome caused by multiple different underlying pathologies. It ends with a comprehensive review of the major an

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4

Putaala, Jukka, and Nicolas Martinez-Majander. Risk factors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0002.

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Risk factors in young-onset stroke include both traditional and unconventional as well as both chronic and temporal ones. In young patients, unconventional risk factors such as oral contraceptive use, antiphospholipid antibodies, genetic thrombophilia, acute infections, illicit drug use, and migraine may play a greater role than in elderly patients. However, recent large studies have challenged this traditional view suggesting that young adult stroke would occur mostly due to such unconventional risk factors. These studies have shown a high prevalence of in particular modifiable behavioural ri

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5

Gates, Margaret Anne. Modifiable risk factors and gene-environment interactions in epithelial ovarian cancer. 2007.

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6

Vasilevskis, Eduard E., and E. Wesley Ely. Causes and epidemiology of agitation, confusion, and delirium in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0226.

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Confusion is a non-specific, non-diagnostic term to describe a patient with disorientation, impaired memory, or abnormal thought process. Agitation describes an increased level of psychomotor activity, and anxious or aggressive behaviour. Many agitated patients may also be delirious, yet they only represent a minority of all delirious patients. ICU delirium is an acute cognitive disorder of both consciousness and content of thought. The hallmark of ICU delirium is a fluctuating mental status, inattention, and an altered level of consciousness. Delirium is the end product of a sequence of insul

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7

Pasinski, Marie. Memory Concerns in Middle Age. Edited by Angela O’Neal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190609917.003.0034.

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This chapter on cognitive concerns in middle age reviews the modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease and recommends seven lifestyle changes to improve cognitive function and decrease the risk of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Memory concerns and word-finding difficulties in middle age are extremely common, typically benign, and can be improved by lifestyle modification. One-third of Alzheimer’s cases are estimated to be attributable to seven modifiable risk factors, including: diabetes, hypertension, obesity, smoking, depression, cognitive inactivity, and physical ina

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8

Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. Unidentified Bright Objects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0008.

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There are many modifiable risk factors for stroke. Screening for risk factors in the primary care setting and instituting early lifestyle modification or medical treatment of risk factors will lower the risk of incident stroke.

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9

Webb, Penelope M., Susan J. Jordan, and David J. Hunter. Ovarian Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0019.

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Apart from oral contraceptive use and, possibly, breastfeeding, there are few readily modifiable risk factors for ovarian cancer. There is little evidence for a role of diet while smoking appears to increase risk of mucinous ovarian tumors only. It is likely that obesity has a modest effect on risk, although this may be limited to the nonserous subtypes and/or women who do not use menopausal hormones, while the possible risk-reduction associated with use of aspirin has yet to be confirmed in prospective studies. It is unclear whether physical activity influences ovarian cancer risk. Together w

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10

Balas, Michele C., and E. Wesley Ely. Assessment and therapeutic strategy for agitation, confusion, and delirium in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0227.

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Agitation and delirium are conditions that are highly prevalent in the intensive care unit (ICU). Both are believed to be caused by a number of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, and present with a variety of signs and symptoms. Consequently, these conditions are notoriously difficult to detect and treat. Variations in sedative practices, misperceptions regarding delirium and its association with outcomes, and lack of knowledge regarding screening tools, may all impede effective assessment, and management of agitation and delirium. A further complication is that many of the medication

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11

Chong, Ji Y., and Michael P. Lerario. An Incidental Finding. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190495541.003.0036.

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Intracranial aneurysms may be detected incidentally on imaging. Location and size of an intracranial aneurysm are helpful in stratifying risk of hemorrhage. Risk stratification is important for treatment decision-making. Modifiable risk factors associated with aneurysm growth and rupture (hypertension and tobacco use) should be addressed. Treatment needs to be individualized. Small aneurysms may be monitored. Surgery has been associated with neurological disability and cognitive impairment. Endovascular coiling may be associated with a higher rate of incomplete obliteration. There are no rando

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12

Pereira, Luis F., Harold W. Goforth, Esteban Martínez, Joseph Z. Lux, Maria Ferrara, and Michael P. Mullen. Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Complications and Lipodystrophy in Persons with HIV. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0046.

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The introduction of effective antiretroviral therapy has contributed to a dramatic reduction in HIV-related mortality. As patients live longer, evidence suggests an increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in persons with HIV over that among individuals who do not have HIV, thus early detection and treatment of multimorbidities and modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factors particularly in persons with HIV are needed. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the increased risk of cardiovascular disease, including the virus itself, antiretroviral therapy, and traditional risks

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13

Bamia, Christina, Sherri Stuver, and Lorelei Mucci. Cancer of the Liver and Biliary Tract. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0012.

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Primary liver cancer is one of the most commonly occurring cancers globally, and is the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide. There are two major histologic forms of primary liver cancer: hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cholangiocarcinoma. It is a rapidly and almost uniformly fatal disease, yet there is already sufficient knowledge about its major risk factors, many of which are modifiable, to make primary prevention effective. Primary liver cancer is one of the first common human cancer that was found to have an infectious etiology, with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis

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14

Ribbans, Bill, and Cathy Speed. Ankle injuries. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199533909.003.0032.

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The ankle is the most common region of the body to be injured in sport. However, injuries sustained at this site are commonly neglected, resulting in potentially significant long-term functional and structural sequelae.Effective prophylactic strategies to minimize ankle injuries in specific sports should be developed. Addressing modifiable risk factors should be an important aspect of conditioning regimes for most sports, and early recognition and management of injuries is vital for preventing the development of chronic pathology limiting the attainment of an athlete’s full potential....

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15

Colditz, Graham, and Courtney Beers. Active cancer prevention. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550173.003.0002.

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Chapter 2 describes the key potentially modifiable risk factors that are responsible for more than half of the seven million deaths from cancer worldwide. Using evidence-based strategies to impact individual and population behaviour changes, public health efforts driven by sound knowledge, legislative support/backing, and social commitment have the potential to rapidly reduce the cancer incidence and mortality in the twenty-first century. Our aging population and the burden of cancer that comes due to aging demands we act now to achieve this global benefit.

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16

Andover, Margaret S., Heather T. Schatten, and Blair W. Morris. Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Borderline Personality Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199997510.003.0008.

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Individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD) are at an elevated risk for engaging in self-injurious behaviors, including suicide, attempted suicide, and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of research on self-injurious behaviors among individuals with BPD. Definitions and prevalence rates are provided for NSSI, suicide, and attempted suicide. Clinical correlates of and risk factors for the behaviors, as well as associations between specific BPD criteria and self-injurious behaviors, are discussed, and a brief overview of tre

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17

Ajzensztejn, Daniel. Breast cancer. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0327.

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Breast cancer is the commonest female cancer, with a lifetime risk of approximately 1 in 9. There are approximately 40 000 new cases and 11 000 deaths from the disease in England and Wales each year. Breast cancer is an adenocarcinoma which arises from the glandular tissue of the breast. Its etiology is complex, with hormonal, genetic, and modifiable lifestyle factors all involved in developing the disease. Prognosis is related to the anatomical extent of the cancer, and other factors. This chapter discusses the definition and etiology of breast cancer, as well as its typical symptoms, less co

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18

Michaud, Dominique, David Savitz, and Lorelei Mucci. Brain Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0024.

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cBrain tumors constitute an array of histologic types, the most common being meningioma and glioma. Unlike other cancers, both benign and malignant brain tumors are concerning for survival because of their anatomic location. Two-thirds of brain tumors are benign. The most well established risk factor is high dose ionizing radiation, based on studies of atomic bomb survivors as well as children treated for tinea capitis. In contrast, nonionizing radiation including from cellular telephones, is not a risk factor. Tobacco use does not appear to be associated with glioma or meningioma. There is fa

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19

Hopkins, Ramona O., Maria E. Carlo, and James C. Jackson. Critical Illness and Long-Term Cognitive Impairment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199398690.003.0003.

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Evidence from dozens of studies of thousands of individuals suggest that as many as half of critical illness survivors experience significant deficits in memory, executive functioning, attention, and processing speed that persist years after discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU). This chapter reviews the prevalence, characteristics, possible mechanisms, and risk factors for long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness. Some key risks factors—notably, delirium—may be modifiable, whereas others, such as genetic markers, are not. Cognitive impairments are associated with psychiatr

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20

McAnally, Heath B., Lynda Welton Freeman, and Beth Darnall. Preoperative Optimization of the Chronic Pain Patient. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190920142.001.0001.

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Elective surgery on poorly prepared patients suffering with chronic pain and comorbid substance dependence is increasingly shown to confer suboptimal outcomes—both clinical and economic. Achieving biopsychosocial “fitness for surgery” for these patients often requires a process similar to preoperative optimization of cardiac and other chronic diseases, with modification/elimination of risk factors (in many cases shared with those diseases). These risk factors are not so much genetic or uncontrollable, but rather behavioral, and comprise toxic thoughts and toxic habits. The preoperative optimiz

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21

Cloeren, Marianne, and Stephen Colameco. Preventing Avoidable Work Disability (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0022.

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Addiction professionals often are called upon to provide opinions or coordinate the treatment of substance abuse, dependence, or addiction in patients who are enmeshed in complicated benefits or compensation systems, including workers’ compensation. Recovery is often compromised by system hurdles, such as insurer resistance to addiction treatment, and secondary gain issues, such as attorney advice for maximal benefit based on profound disability. Disability beliefs and other potentially modifiable risk factors for unnecessary work disability are also common in patients with chronic pain and ad

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22

Oliver, Nora, and Elizabeth Chiao. Malignant Diseases in HIV. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190493097.003.0033.

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Malignancies were one of the earliest recognized manifestations that led to the eventual description of the AIDS epidemic. Kaposi’s sarcoma was one of the first entities described in association with AIDS. Subsequently, intermediate-grade and high-grade non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, invasive cervical cancer, and primary central nervous system lymphoma were defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as “AIDS-defining conditions.” Since the advent of combination antiretroviral therapy, several other cancers that are not AIDS-defining have been found to have an increased incidence in pat

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23

Tamimi, Rulla, Susan Hankinson, and Pagona Lagiou. Breast Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0016.

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Most of the established reproductive risk factors for breast cancer, like age at menarche or parity, are not appropriate for public health intervention. Several lines of evidence, like the associations with birthweight and early exposure to radiation, support an important influence of early-life events on subsequent breast cancer risk. The best established modifiable risk factors for the disease include postmenopausal hormone use, moderate alcohol intake, and adult weight gain. More recently, we have come to appreciate that instead of a single disease, breast cancer is rather a heterogeneous g

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24

Tattersall, Martin H. N., and David W. Kissane. Achieving shared treatment decisions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198736134.003.0014.

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The respect of a patient’s autonomous rights within the model of patient-centred care has led to shared decision-making, rather than more paternalistic care. Understanding patient needs, preferences, and lifestyle choices are central to developing shared treatment decisions. Patients can be prepared through the use of question prompt sheets and other decision aids. Audio-recording of informative consultations further helps. A variety of factors like the patient’s age, tumour type and stage of disease, an available range of similar treatment options, and their risk-benefit ratios will impact on

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25

Tangen, Catherine M., Marian L. Neuhouser, and Janet L. Stanford. Prostate Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0053.

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Prostate cancer is the most common solid tumor and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in American men. Worldwide, prostate cancer ranks second and fifth as a cause of cancer and cancer deaths, respectively. Despite the international burden of disease due to prostate cancer, its etiology is unclear in most cases. Established risk factors include age, race/ancestry, and family history of the disease. Prostate cancer has a strong heritable component, and genome-wide association studies have identified over 110 common risk-associated genetic variants. Family-based sequencing stud

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26

Saccà, Antonino, and Andrea Salonia. Erectile dysfunction. Edited by David John Ralph. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0102.

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Erectile dysfunction (ED) has progressively emerged as an important sentinel marker of cardiovascular and overall health among men. A timely and accurate diagnosis of ED may thus represent a significant opportunity not only to diagnose the dysfunction per se, but also to comprehensively identify co-morbid and potentially life-threatening conditions. Basic work-up for a man seeking help for ED should start considering that ED may share several modifiable and unmodifiable common risk factors with cardiovascular disorders and other potential life-threatening conditions. Overall, most patients wit

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27

Connolly, Susan, and Margaret E. Cupples. Community-based prevention centres. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656653.003.0025.

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The need for a new approach to cardiovascular disease prevention, both secondary and primary, that is different from traditional health service provision through hospital cardiac rehabilitation services and general practice is evident. The targets set in the cardiovascular prevention guidelines for modifiable cardiovascular risk factors-smoking, diet and physical activity, weight and its distribution, blood pressure, lipids, and diabetes-are not being adequately achieved for either coronary or other vascular patients or for those at high multifactorial risk of developing CVD. There is also evi

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28

Rider, Jennifer R., Paul Brennan, and Pagona Lagiou. Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0007.

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This chapter covers cancer of the oral cavity and the oropharynx, which includes the base of the tongue, soft palate, tonsils, and back and side walls of the throat. Many important risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer have been identified, and in 2007 the World Health Organization determined there was sufficient evidence to include human papilloma virus (HPV) type 16 as a cause of these cancers. Tobacco and alcohol remain important modifiable risk factors, but the increasing incidence of HPV-associated tumors is now evident. While these tumors are more amenable to treatment than HPV-

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Keum, Nana, Kana Wu, Edward Giovannucci, and David J. Hunter. Colorectal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190676827.003.0011.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC), typically adenocarcinoma, arises from epithelial cells lining the large bowel or intestine. Colorectal adenomas are well-established precursor lesions for the majority of CRCs. Relatively uncommon prior to 1900, CRC has become the third most commonly diagnosed cancer, as well as the fourth leading cause of malignant death globally. Modifiable causes are demonstrated by the large variation in incidence across countries, rapid changes in incidence within some populations, and the transition in disease risk for immigrants toward that of the host country in migration studi

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30

Wu, Kana, NaNa Keum, Reiko Nishihara, and Edward L. Giovannucci. Cancers of the Colon and Rectum. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0036.

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Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and second in women, with annual estimates of 1.4 million newly diagnosed cases and over 690,000 deaths. Incidence rates relate closely to economic development. Although incidence rates have stabilized at a high level in most economically developed countries, they continue to increase in many traditionally low-risk countries, following the uptake of Western patterns of diet and physical inactivity. In principle, CRC is among the most preventable of all common cancers. Potentially modifiable risk factors include obesity,

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31

Garbarino, Sergio. Morbidity, mortality, societal impact, and accident in sleep disorders. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0053.

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Sleep disorders are associated with several morbidities, most strongly with psychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, and impaired quality of life, as well as with increased mortality. Sleep problems are common across the lifespan from childhood to adolescence and adulthood. Physiological sleep continuity with respect to circadian rhythms is considered to be important for the maintenance of cardiovascular, metabolic, and immune function, physiological homeostasis, and psychological balance. Nowadays, it is reasonable to include sleep disturbances among the top 10 potentially modifiable card

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32

Chow, Wong-Ho, Ghislaine Scelo, and Robert E. Tarone. Renal Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0051.

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Renal cancers in adults are classified into two major groups according to the anatomic subsite of origin. The predominant group, originating from the renal parenchyma, is mostly renal cell carcinoma, which, in turn, is further classified into morphologically, clinically, and genetically distinct subtypes. Over 75% of renal cell carcinomas are designated clear cell, which is closely linked to alterations in the VHL gene. Almost all cancers arising from the renal pelvis and ureter are urothelial carcinomas, previously known as transitional cell carcinomas. Renal cell cancer incidence rates have

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33

Key, Timothy J., and Alison J. Price. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0058.

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Prostate cancer is the second most common malignancy and the sixth most common cause of cancer death for men worldwide. The highest incidence and mortality rates are in populations that originated in Africa, such as African Americans. Rates are also high in Western countries and generally low in East and South Asia. Incidence rates are increasing in some countries which until recently had low rates, but are not changing much in countries which already have high rates. The only well-established risk factors are increasing age, African ancestry, family history of the disease, and certain genetic

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34

Silveira, Larissa de Carvalho, and Renata Meira Véras. Associated factors and more frequent sleep disorders in university students: Integrative review. Ludomedia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36367/ntqr.13.2022.e695.

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Introduction: Sleep disorders affect quality of life on three levels, short, medium and long term. University students are groups prone to changes in sleep quality, as they live with sleep deprivation, among other factors such as anxiety, stress, excessive use of social networks, cell phones and television. The importance of sleep for undergraduates becomes evident in the face of the consequences that poor sleep quality can cause, in addition to allowing professionals in the areas of education and health to create programs that promote and encourage routines with beneficial consequences for st

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35

Elger, Bernice S. Management of sleep complaints in correctional settings. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0016.

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Inmates of correctional settings often seek health care for sleep and drug problems. Studies on insomnia in correctional institutions are scarce. Sleep problems among detainees are frequent. Appropriate evaluation and treatment remains a challenge in correctional settings. Correctional health professionals need appropriate education regarding insomnia evaluation and management. Guidelines should be based on the principle of equivalence of care and take into account all evidence from research in the community and in correctional settings. Priority should be given to assessing modifiable causes

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