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1

Alavi, Mehran. "Modifications of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC), and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) for antimicrobial and wound healing applications." e-Polymers 19, no. 1 (2019): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0013.

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AbstractRecently, great attention has been paid to nano-composites of cellulose, due to their unique structure as a most abundant natural polymer with having exceptional properties such as renewable, biodegradable and high specific tensile strength, aspect ratio, and Young’s modulus. Prominent cellulose is naturally present in plant lignocellulosic biomass as a biocomposite made of cellulose, hemi-celluloses, lignin, etc. In addition, it can be extracted from other natural sources including bacteria, algae, and sea animals. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), and
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2

Mauger, Olivia, Sophia Westphal, Stefanie Klöpzig, et al. "Plasma Activation as a Powerful Tool for Selective Modification of Cellulose Fibers towards Biomedical Applications." Plasma 3, no. 4 (2020): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plasma3040015.

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Cellulosic substrates are known for their biocompatibility, non-cytotoxicity, hypoallergenicity and sterilizability. It is therefore desirable to have a bundle of methods to equip them with tailored properties such as affinity profiles for various applications. In the case of highly swelling materials such as cellulose sponges, “dry” functionalization using plasma activation is the method of choice. The purpose of the study was to adapt low-pressure plasma technology for targeted cellulose modification. Using plasma (pre-) treatment combined with gaseous reactants like O2, ethylene oxide or si
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3

Spiridon, Iuliana, Carmen-Alice Teacă, and Ruxanda Bodîrlău. "Structural changes evidenced by FTIR spectroscopy in cellulosic materials after pre-treatment with ionic liquid and enzymatic hydrolysis." BioResources 6, no. 1 (2010): 400–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.1.400-413.

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Attempts were made to enhance the hydrolysis of Asclepias syriaca (As) seed floss and poplar seed floss (PSF) by cellulase after pre-treatment with ionic liquids. Two ionic liquids, namely 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate [EMIM]Cl-AlCl3, were used. In comparison with conventional cellulose pretreatment processes, the ionic liquids were used under a milder condition corresponding to the optimum activity of cellulase. Hydrolysis kinetics of the IL-treated cellulose materials was significantly enhanced. The initial hydrolysis rates
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4

Stenstad, Per, Martin Andresen, Bjørn Steinar Tanem, and Per Stenius. "Chemical surface modifications of microfibrillated cellulose." Cellulose 15, no. 1 (2007): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-007-9143-y.

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5

Wibowo, Nani, Meng Jiy Wang, Chin Chuan Chang, and Cheng Kang Lee. "The Design of Novel Scaffolds by Integrating Microbial Cellulose onto Plasma Treated Polypropylene." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1371.

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The effect of plasma treatment on physicochemical properties of a porous polypropylene (PP) membrane was studied. The treated porous membranes were used as substrates for Acetobacter xylinum to grow and produce microbial cellulose pellicle. The effects of modifications on wettability and morphology were correlated with the growth rate of microbial cellulose. The CO2, O2 and N2/H2 plasmas modification not only can increase the hydrophilicity of the membrane but also enhance the growth of microbial cellulose. For 14 days of cultivation, the amount of microbial cellulose found on O2 treated subst
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6

Teixeira, Paulo Ronaldo Sousa, Ana Siqueira do N. Marreiro Teixeira, José Regilmar Teixeira da Silva, et al. "Electrochemical Behavior of Electroactive PVS/PANI Films Containing Chemically Modified Cellulose." Materials Science Forum 869 (August 2016): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.869.809.

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Electroactive films containing cellulose modified with cationic and anionic groups were prepared with polyaniline (PANI) and poly (vinyl sulfonic acid) (PVS). The modifications were performed with (aminomethyl) pyridine (AMP), ethylenediamine (EDA), buthylenediamine (BN), bis-(aminopropyl) piperazine (APP), maleic anhydride (MA), and phosphate PO43- groups. The films were prepared using the layer-by-layer (LbL) technique, utilizing dispersed cellulose in a PANI solution forming the PVS/PANI system (cationic or anionic cellulose). Films of unmodified microcrystalline cellulose (MC) were also pr
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7

Taczała, Joanna, Jacek Sawicki, and Joanna Pietrasik. "Chemical Modification of Cellulose Microfibres to Reinforce Poly(methyl methacrylate) Used for Dental Application." Materials 13, no. 17 (2020): 3807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173807.

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The mechanical properties of dental acrylic resins have to be improved in the case of a thin denture plate. This can be achieved by cellulose addition, playing the role of active filler. But to provide the excellent dispersion of cellulose microfibres within the hydrophobic polymer matrix, its surface has to be modified. Cellulose microfibres with average length from 8 to 30 μm were modified with octyltriethoxysilane and (3-methacryloxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane. The latter also participated in the polymerisation reaction of methyl methacrylate. Dental composites were prepared following the
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8

Abushammala, Hatem, and Jia Mao. "A Review of the Surface Modification of Cellulose and Nanocellulose Using Aliphatic and Aromatic Mono- and Di-Isocyanates." Molecules 24, no. 15 (2019): 2782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152782.

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Nanocellulose has been subjected to a wide range of chemical modifications towards increasing its potential in certain fields of interest. These modifications either modulated the chemistry of the nanocellulose itself or introduced certain functional groups onto its surface, which varied from simple molecules to polymers. Among many, aliphatic and aromatic mono- and di-isocyanates are a group of chemicals that have been used for a century to modify cellulose. Despite only being used recently with nanocellulose, they have shown great potential as surface modifiers and chemical linkers to graft
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9

Eyley, Samuel, and Wim Thielemans. "Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals." Nanoscale 6, no. 14 (2014): 7764–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4nr01756k.

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10

Araki, Jun. "Surface Modifications of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Their Applications." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 73, no. 1 (2019): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.73.63.

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11

Jacek, Paulina, Marcin Szustak, Katarzyna Kubiak, Edyta Gendaszewska-Darmach, Karolina Ludwicka, and Stanisław Bielecki. "Scaffolds for Chondrogenic Cells Cultivation Prepared from Bacterial Cellulose with Relaxed Fibers Structure Induced Genetically." Nanomaterials 8, no. 12 (2018): 1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8121066.

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Development of three-dimensional scaffolds mimicking in vivo cells’ environment is an ongoing challenge for tissue engineering. Bacterial nano-cellulose (BNC) is a well-known biocompatible material with enormous water-holding capacity. However, a tight spatial organization of cellulose fibers limits cell ingrowth and restricts practical use of BNC-based scaffolds. The aim of this study was to address this issue avoiding any chemical treatment of natural nanomaterial. Genetic modifications of Komagataeibacter hansenii ATCC 23769 strain along with structural and mechanical properties characteriz
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12

Pogorelova, Natalia, Evgeniy Rogachev, Ilya Digel, Svetlana Chernigova, and Dmitry Nardin. "Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposites: Morphology and Mechanical Properties." Materials 13, no. 12 (2020): 2849. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122849.

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Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a promising material for biomedical applications due to its unique properties such as high mechanical strength and biocompatibility. This article describes the microbiological synthesis, modification, and characterization of the obtained BC-nanocomposites originating from symbiotic consortium Medusomyces gisevii. Two BC-modifications have been obtained: BC-Ag and BC-calcium phosphate (BC-Ca3(PO4)2). Structure and physicochemical properties of the BC and its modifications were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (E
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13

Li, Wenyi, John D. Wade, Eric Reynolds, and Neil M. O'Brien-Simpson. "Chemical Modification of Cellulose Membranes for SPOT Synthesis." Australian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 3 (2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch19335.

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Since the development of solid-phase peptide synthesis in the 1960s, many laboratories have modified the technology for the production of peptide arrays to facilitate the discovery of novel peptide mimetics and therapeutics. One of these, known as SPOT synthesis, enables parallel peptide synthesis on cellulose paper sheets and has several advantages over other peptide arrays methods. Today, the SPOT technique remains one of the most frequently used methods for synthesis and screening of peptides on arrays. Although polypropylene and glass can be used for the preparation of peptide arrays, the
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14

Isogai, Akira. "Structural Characterization and Modifications of Surface-oxidized Cellulose Nanofiber." Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 58, no. 6 (2015): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi.58.365.

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15

Li, Yongchao, Diana C. Irwin, and David B. Wilson. "Increased Crystalline Cellulose Activity via Combinations of Amino Acid Changes in the Family 9 Catalytic Domain and Family 3c Cellulose Binding Module of Thermobifida fusca Cel9A." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76, no. 8 (2010): 2582–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02735-09.

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ABSTRACT Amino acid modifications of the Thermobifida fusca Cel9A-68 catalytic domain or carbohydrate binding module 3c (CBM3c) were combined to create enzymes with changed amino acids in both domains. Bacterial crystalline cellulose (BC) and swollen cellulose (SWC) assays of the expressed and purified enzymes showed that three combinations resulted in 150% and 200% increased activity, respectively, and also increased synergistic activity with other cellulases. Several other combinations resulted in drastically lowered activity, giving insight into the need for a balance between the binding in
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16

Beekmann, Uwe, Paul Zahel, Berit Karl, et al. "Modified Bacterial Cellulose Dressings to Treat Inflammatory Wounds." Nanomaterials 10, no. 12 (2020): 2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10122508.

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Natural products suited for prophylaxis and therapy of inflammatory diseases have gained increasing importance. These compounds could be beneficially integrated into bacterial cellulose (BC), which is a natural hydropolymer applicable as a wound dressing and drug delivery system alike. This study presents experimental outcomes for a natural anti-inflammatory product concept of boswellic acids from frankincense formulated in BC. Using esterification respectively (resp.) oxidation and subsequent coupling with phenylalanine and tryptophan, post-modification of BC was tested to facilitate lipophil
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17

Rampinelli, Gabriele, Luca Di Landro, and Toru Fujii. "Characterization of Biomaterials based on Microfibrillated Cellulose with Different Modifications." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 29, no. 12 (2009): 1793–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684409335453.

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18

Mukhamadeeva, R. M., R. G. Zhbankov, V. I. Kovalenko, V. F. Sopin, and G. N. Marchenko. "Low-frequency IR spectra of various structural modifications of cellulose." Journal of Applied Spectroscopy 52, no. 4 (1990): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00660537.

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19

Saidane, Dorra, Emilie Perrin, Fanch Cherhal, Florian Guellec, and Isabelle Capron. "Some modification of cellulose nanocrystals for functional Pickering emulsions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2072 (2016): 20150139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0139.

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are negatively charged colloidal particles well known to form highly stable surfactant-free Pickering emulsions. These particles can vary in surface charge density depending on their preparation by acid hydrolysis or applying post-treatments. CNCs with three different surface charge densities were prepared corresponding to 0.08, 0.16 and 0.64 e nm −2 , respectively. Post-treatment might also increase the surface charge density. The well-known TEMPO-mediated oxidation substitutes C 6 -hydroxyl groups by C 6 -carboxyl groups on the surface. We report that these diff
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20

Barambu, A. U., D. E. A. Boryo, H. M. Adamu, N. M. Lawal, and A. B. Mustapha. "Effect of Organic Alternative Scouring Agents on Structure of Cellulose/Polyester Blend Fabric." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 7 (2020): 1175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i7.8.

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This study investigated the effect of organic alternative scouring agents on structure of cotton/polyester blend fabric. A structural modification for a cellulose/polyester blend has been carried out using (COOH)2, CH3COOH and CH3CH2OH alternative scouring agents and NaOH was used as control. The scoured fabrics were then subjected to structural analysis using X-ray diffraction in order to expose the possible modifications on the pretreated fabrics. The samples showed possibilities of being highly competitive with the conventional agent. These inferences were drawn from the difference in the c
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21

Brännvall, Elisabet, and Karin Walter. "Process modifications to obtain a prehydrolysis kraft dissolving pulp with low limiting pulp viscosity." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 35, no. 3 (2020): 332–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/npprj-2019-0100.

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AbstractCellulose can be directly dissolved in cold alkali without derivatization. However, this requires low cellulose molecular weight, i. e. low pulp viscosity, preferably below 300 mL g−1. This can be achieved by for example acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of the dissolving pulp. However, it would be beneficial to manufacture pulp with sufficiently low viscosity without an additional treatment stage prior to dissolution. Unit processes in pulping can be operated in such a way as to reduce the molecular weight of cellulose. The approach of the study was to modify the conditions in unit pulping
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22

Al-Naggar, Tayseer I., Basma A. El-Badry, and Naglaa F. Abdel All. "Study the modifications induced by alpha particles in cellulose nitrate NTD." Vacuum 160 (February 2019): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2018.11.003.

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23

Rebière, Jérémy, Maëlie Heuls, Patrice Castignolles, et al. "Structural modifications of cellulose samples after dissolution into various solvent systems." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 408, no. 29 (2016): 8403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-016-9958-1.

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24

Gauthier, Helene, Anne-Cecile Coupas, Pascal Villemagne, and Robert Gauthier. "Physicochemical modifications of partially esterified cellulose evidenced by inverse gas chromatography." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, no. 11 (1998): 2195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19980912)69:11<2195::aid-app11>3.0.co;2-z.

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25

Heinze, Thomas, Kerstin Rahn, Mariet Jaspers, and Hugo Berghmans. "p-Toluenesulfonyl esters in cellulose modifications: acylation of remaining hydroxyl groups." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 197, no. 12 (1996): 4207–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1996.021971218.

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26

Saedi, Shahab, Coralia V. Garcia, Jun Tae Kim, and Gye Hwa Shin. "Physical and chemical modifications of cellulose fibers for food packaging applications." Cellulose 28, no. 14 (2021): 8877–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10570-021-04086-0.

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27

Southon, J. R., and A. L. Magana. "A Comparison of Cellulose Extraction and ABA Pretreatment Methods for AMS 14C Dating of Ancient Wood." Radiocarbon 52, no. 3 (2010): 1371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200046452.

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We have compared accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon results on wood samples at or near the limit of 14C dating, pretreated with a standard acid-base-acid (ABA) protocol, with those obtained from cellulose prepared from the same samples by several modifications of the Jayme-Wise cellulose extraction method (Green 1963). These tests were carried out to determine the most efficient way to ensure low backgrounds in 14C measurements of well-preserved ancient wood samples.
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28

Citterio, Barbara, Manuela Malatesta, Serafina Battistelli, et al. "Possible involvement ofPseudomonas fluorescensand Bacillaceae in structural modifications ofTuber borchiifruit bodies." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 47, no. 3 (2001): 264–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w01-005.

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Previous studies on Tuber borchii fruit bodies in early maturation stages suggested a role of bacteria in sporocarp structural modifications. In order to verify this hypothesis, in the present study we investigated by means of microbial and ultrastructural approaches, the bacterial population of T. borchii sporocarps from intermediate maturation phases to advanced decomposition stages, paying particular attention to chitinolytic and cellulolytic bacteria and to their relationships with ascii and ascospores. We found that Pseudomonas fluorescens and spore-forming Bacillaceae, both able to degra
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29

Potthast, Antje, Mirjana Kostic, Sonja Schiehser, Paul Kosma, and Thomas Rosenau. "Studies on oxidative modifications of cellulose in the periodate system: Molecular weight distribution and carbonyl group profiles." Holzforschung 61, no. 6 (2007): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2007.099.

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Abstract The effects of periodate oxidation on cellulose were studied by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using multiple detection and carbonyl-selective fluorescence labeling according to the CCOA methodology profiling of carbonyl groups. At low degrees of oxidation, the molecular weight distribution was fully maintained. Upon more pronounced oxidation the molecular weight even increased due to cross-linking effects. More condensed structures were identified by means of light scattering. Periodate oxidation also affects crystalline regions of cellulose, as demonstrated by comparis
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30

Noé, Pierre, and Henri Chanzy. "Swelling of Valonia cellulose microfibrils in amine oxide systems." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 6 (2008): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-030.

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Cellulose microfibrils from Valonia ventricosa cell-wall fragments were immersed into molten N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide monohydrate (NMMO·H2O), stabilized with n-propyl gallate and kept at 80 °C. The resulting ultrastructural modifications, which were followed by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction analysis, showed that within minutes the solvent slowly penetrated inside the crystalline microfibrils and progressed as a wedge in between the cellulose chains without cutting them. Prior to dissolution, a longitudinal subfibrillation of the initial microfibrils occurred, lead
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31

Binhayeeniyi, Nawal, Adinan Jehsu, Mancharee Sukpet, and Safitree Nawae. "Surface Modification of Cellulose Membrane by Air Plasma Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 770 (September 2013): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.770.112.

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Low-temperature air plasma was used to treat the cellulose membranes by varying the period of time from 10 to 30 minutes. The surfaces of membranes were changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic membranes. The contact angles of treated membranes were increased when increasing time to treat. The surface modifications of membrane before and after treated were characterized by SEM. It is shown that air plasma treatment is used to improve the roughness. The dielectric property was also studied.
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32

Ummartyotin, S., and C. Pechyen. "Waste Composite Sensor Designed by Cellulose and Activated Carbon as Ethylene Absorber." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3841410.

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Activated carbon was successfully derived from scrap tile waste from thermochemical conversion. Chemical and physical modifications were therefore employed to modify the specific surface area and porosity of activated carbon. Cellulose was successfully extracted from palm front. Designation of waste composite was prepared by cellulose and activated carbon. Less than 30 wt% of activated carbon was integrated into cellulose sheet matrix. It was important to note that there is no change in mechanical and morphological properties. Small amount of activated carbon was well dispersed. In order to in
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33

Khine, Yee Yee, and Martina H. Stenzel. "Surface modified cellulose nanomaterials: a source of non-spherical nanoparticles for drug delivery." Materials Horizons 7, no. 7 (2020): 1727–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9mh01727e.

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Cellulose nanomaterials, often called nanocellulose, have created a lot of buzz as a renewable building block for new materials. In this review, the steps necessary to generate soluble nanocellulose-based drug carriers are discussed, which includes surface modifications and toxicity.
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34

Ramesh, Sivalingam, Jaehwan Kim, and Joo-Hyung Kim. "Characteristic of Hybrid Cellulose-Amino Functionalized POSS-Silica Nanocomposite and Antimicrobial Activity." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/936590.

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Recently, cellulose has much attention as an emerging renewable nanomaterial which holds promising properties having unique piezoelectricity, insulating, and biodegradable nature for various applications. Also, the modified properties of cellulose by appropriate chemical modifications in various functional groups with outstanding properties or significantly improved physical, chemical, biological, and electronic properties will widen the way for it to be utilized in different usages. Therefore, in this paper, cellulose-functionalized polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) based materials
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35

Cichosz, Stefan, and Anna Masek. "Superiority of Cellulose Non-Solvent Chemical Modification over Solvent-Involving Treatment: Application in Polymer Composite (part II)." Materials 13, no. 13 (2020): 2901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13132901.

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The following article debates on the properties of cellulose-filled ethylene-norbornene copolymer (EN) composites. Natural fibers employed in this study have been modified via two different approaches: solvent-involving (S) and newly developed non-solvent (NS). The second type of the treatment is fully eco-friendly and was carried out in the planetary mill without incorporation of any additional, waste-generating substances. Composite samples have been investigated with the use of spectroscopic methods (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), static mechanical analysis, and surface-fr
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36

Pangau, Jeafert R., Hanny F. Sangian, and Benny M. Lumi. "Karakterisasi Bahan Selulosa Dengan Iradiasi Pretreatment Gelombang Mikro Terhadap Serbuk Kayu Cempaka Wasian (Elmerillia Ovalis) Di Sulawesi Utara." Jurnal MIPA 6, no. 1 (2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.6.1.2017.16157.

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Kayu cempaka (Elmerrillia ovalis) adalah salah satu jenis tanaman kayu yang dipakai dalam pembuatan rumah adat/rumah panggung dan paling banyak dijumpai di Sulawesi Utara. Industri pembuatan rumah ini menghasilkan limbah kayu dari proses pengergajian. Kayu memiliki komponen kimia utama yaitu selulosa, hemi-selulosa dan lignin yang mana dua komponen pertama dapat dikonversi menjadi gula dan etanol. Modifikasi struktur lignoselulosa yaitu dengan melakukan perlakuan/pretreatment lewat pemanasan dari gelombang mikro (microwave) supaya pemanasan bahan merata/homogen. Keberhasilan modifikasi struktu
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37

Xin, Yuanrong, Guowei Wang, Wenjuan Han, Yehua Shen, and Hiroshi Uyama. "An ideal enzyme immobilization carrier: a hierarchically porous cellulose monolith fabricated by phase separation method." Pure and Applied Chemistry 90, no. 6 (2018): 1055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2017-0710.

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Abstract Cellulose monolith with a hierarchically porous morphology was utilized as a novel solid support for enzyme immobilization. After a series of modifications, succinimidyl carbonate (SC)-activated cellulose monolith (SCCL monolith) was obtained and it was employed to immobilize a model enzyme (horseradish peroxidase, HRP) through covalent bonding. The HRP immobilization capacity on SCCL monolith was calculated as 21.0 mg/g. The thermal stability measurement illustrated that the immobilized HRP exhibited a largely improved thermal resistance compared to its free counterpart. The reusabil
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CH. Venkata Prasad et al.,, CH Venkata Prasad et al ,. "Surface Modifications and Properties for Caryota Urens Cellulose Fibers Reinforced Polymer Composites." International Journal of Mechanical and Production Engineering Research and Development 10, no. 3 (2020): 1423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24247/ijmperdjun2020126.

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39

Lee, Sunwoo E. "Surface Modifications of Cellulose Acetate Film for the Application of Face Shield." Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering 08, no. 08 (2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msce.2020.88004.

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40

Procter, A. R., and R. H. Wiekenkamp. "The stabilization of cellulose to alkaline degradation by novel end unit modifications." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 28, no. 1 (2007): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070280104.

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41

Kouznetsov, Dmitri A., Andrey A. Ivanov, Pavel R. Veletsky, Vyacheslav L. Charsky, and Oleg S. Beklemishev. "A Laboratory Model for Studying Environmently Dependent Chemical Modifications in Textile Cellulose." Textile Research Journal 66, no. 2 (1996): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759606600208.

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42

Gorgieva, Selestina. "Bacterial Cellulose as a Versatile Platform for Research and Development of Biomedical Materials." Processes 8, no. 5 (2020): 624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8050624.

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The unique pool of features found in intracellular and extracellular bacterial biopolymers attracts a lot of research, with bacterial cellulose (BC) being one of the most versatile and common. BC is an exopolysaccharide consisting solely of cellulose, and the variation in the production process can vary its shape or even its composition when compounding is applied in situ. Together with ex situ modification pathways, including specialised polymers, particles or exclusively functional groups, BC provides a robust platform that yields complex multifunctional compounds that go far beyond ultra-hi
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43

Lu, Tingju, Shimeng Liu, Man Jiang, et al. "Effects of modifications of bamboo cellulose fibers on the improved mechanical properties of cellulose reinforced poly(lactic acid) composites." Composites Part B: Engineering 62 (June 2014): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.02.030.

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Zhang, Fei, Hai Wei Ren, and Jin Ping Li. "Study of the Structural Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) Particles from Distillers Grains (DG) by XRD, FTIR and SEM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.339.

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In this study, we proposed the use of distillers grains (DG) as a source for production of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) due to its high content of cellulose. The main objective of this work was to extract the distillers grains microcrystalline cellulose (DMCC) particles and investigate the structure characteristic by SEM, XRD and FTIR. The images of SEM for DG and DMCC particles show clear differences with modifications of DG fiber structure. The acid hydrolysis changed the crystallinity index and crystallite sizes of the DMCC particles compared to their source materials. In addition, we o
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Macarel, Vasile Ciprian, Cezar Doru Radu, Liliana Verestiuc, et al. "Researches Concerning Chemical Modifications of Hair Keratin." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 6 (2019): 2091–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.6.7281.

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The work presents chemical procedures used to obtain a film or a hydrogel after hydrolyze treatment of hair at the temperature of 150oC and the pressure of 4.9 atm. In order to obtain the hydrogel, this treatment is followed by a stage of oxidation with hydrogen peroxide, and a stage of reduction with Na2S2O4 or, in another variant, a stage of oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and a treatment with NaOH in alcoholic medium, to form natrium cationic groups. The protein chains with sulphonic groups and natrium cations determine opposite electrostatic interactions, with the formation of a polymer l
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Isroi, Isroi, and Adi Cifriadi. "Oxidation of Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Hydrogen Peroxide in Alkaline Condition." JURNAL SELULOSA 8, no. 02 (2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25269/jsel.v8i02.233.

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There are growing interest to use cellulose as renewable material in order to replace non-renewable polymeric materials. Alteration and chemical modifications of the cellulose by oxidation is needed to improve its properties and functionality. The aim of this study was to evaluate oxidation effect of the cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) using hydrogen peroxide in alkaline condition. Cellulose has been isolated and purified by sodium hydroxide method followed by sodium hypochlorite bleaching. The oxidation effect of the cellulose by hydrogen peroxide was investigated by compone
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Al-Ahmad, Hani. "Biotechnology for bioenergy dedicated trees: meeting future energy demands." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 73, no. 1-2 (2018): 15–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2016-0185.

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AbstractWith the increase in human demands for energy, purpose-grown woody crops could be part of the global renewable energy solution, especially in geographical regions where plantation forestry is feasible and economically important. In addition, efficient utilization of woody feedstocks would engage in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions, decreasing the challenge of food and energy security, and resolving the conflict between land use for food or biofuel production. This review compiles existing knowledge on biotechnological and genomics-aided improvements of biomass performance of purpose
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Ummami, Riza, Busroni Busroni, and Bambang Piluharto. "Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose-Polyaniline Composite with Variation of Dopant Concentration." BERKALA SAINSTEK 9, no. 2 (2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/bst.v9i2.18120.

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Polyaniline is a type of conductive polymer. Bacterial cellulose has high mechanical properties, so it can be made into polyaniline base composite materials. A stable form of polyaniline oxidation at room temperature is emeraldine base. The emeraldine base has a conductivity value of 10-6 S/cm. Dopants can change the shape of emeraldine base to emeraldine salt by protonation process. Emeraldine salt is a conductive form of polyaniline. The conductivity value of emeraldine salt is 0,03-0,07 S/cm. The addition of dopan in synthesis of polymer was carried out to determine its effect on the conduc
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Prado, Natália Soares, Ingrid Souza Vieira da Silva, Luís Carlos de Morais, Daniel Pasquini, and Harumi Otaguro. "Effects of Surface Modifications of Kraft Wood Pulp Cellulose Fibres on Improving the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Fibre/Latex Composites." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 27, no. 11 (2019): 2445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01516-w.

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de Assis, Amaro César Lima, Larissa Pereira Alves, João Paulo Tavares Malheiro, et al. "Opuntia Ficus-Indica L. Miller (Palma Forrageira) as an Alternative Source of Cellulose for Production of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Biomaterials: Extraction and Characterization." Polymers 11, no. 7 (2019): 1124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071124.

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Cellulose is among the top 5 excipients used in the pharmaceutical industry. It has been considered one of the main diluents used in conventional and modern dosage forms. Therefore, different raw materials of plant origin have been evaluated as potential alternative sources of cellulose. In this context, Opuntia ficus-indica L. Miller (palma forrageira), a plant of the cactus family that has physiological mechanisms that provide greater productivity with reduced water requirements, is an interesting and unexplored alternative for extracting cellulose. By using this source, we aim to decrease t
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