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Szűgyi, Zalán, and Zoltán Porkoláb. "Necessary test cases for Decision Coverage and Modified Condition / Decision Coverage." Periodica Polytechnica Electrical Engineering 52, no. 3-4 (2008): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/pp.ee.2008-3-4.07.
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Chilenski, John Joseph, and Steven P. Miller. "Applicability of modified condition/decision coverage to software testing." Software Engineering Journal 9, no. 5 (1994): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/sej.1994.0025.
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Jones, J. A., and M. J. Harrold. "Test-suite reduction and prioritization for modified condition/decision coverage." IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 29, no. 3 (2003): 195–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tse.2003.1183927.
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Hong, Wei-jiang, Yi-jun Liu, Zhen-bang Chen, Wei Dong, and Ji Wang. "Modified condition/decision coverage (MC/DC) oriented compiler optimization for symbolic execution." Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 21, no. 9 (2020): 1267–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/fitee.1900213.
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Jena, Ajay Kumar, Santosh Kumar Swain, and Durga Prasad Mohapatra. "Model-Based Test-Suite Minimization using Modified Condition/Decision Coverage (MC/DC)." International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications 9, no. 5 (2015): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijseia.2015.9.5.07.
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Godboley, Sangharatna, Arpita Dutta, Durga Prasad Mohapatra, and Rajib Mall. "J3 Model: A novel framework for improved Modified Condition/Decision Coverage analysis." Computer Standards & Interfaces 50 (February 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2016.09.006.
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Godboley, Sangharatna, Arpita Dutta, Durga Prasad Mohapatra, and Rajib Mall. "Scaling modified condition/decision coverage using distributed concolic testing for Java programs." Computer Standards & Interfaces 59 (August 2018): 61–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2018.02.005.
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Nayak, Gayatri, and Mitrabinda Ray. "Modified condition decision coverage criteria for test suite prioritization using particle swarm optimization." International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics 12, no. 4 (2019): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijicc-04-2019-0038.
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Purpose Test suite prioritization technique is the process of modifying the order in which tests run to meet certain objectives. Early fault detection and maximum coverage of source code are the main objectives of testing. There are several test suite prioritization approaches that have been proposed at the maintenance phase of software development life cycle. A few works are done on prioritizing test suites that satisfy modified condition decision coverage (MC/DC) criteria which are derived for safety-critical systems. The authors know that it is mandatory to do MC/DC testing for Level A type software according to RTCA/DO178C standards. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides a novel method to prioritize the test suites for a system that includes MC/DC criteria along with other important criteria that ensure adequate testing. Findings In this approach, the authors generate test suites from the input Java program using concolic testing. These test suites are utilized to measure MC/DC% by using the coverage calculator algorithm. Now, use MC/DC% and the execution time of these test suites in the basic particle swarm optimization technique with a modified objective function to prioritize the generated test suites. Originality/value The proposed approach maximizes MC/DC% and minimizes the execution time of the test suites. The effectiveness of this approach is validated by experiments on 20 moderate-sized Java programs using average percentage of fault detected metric.
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White, A. L. "Comments on the probability model for the modified condition∕decision coverage method of testing software." IEE Proceedings - Software 150, no. 1 (2003): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-sen:20030202.
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Godboley, Sangharatna, Arpita Dutta, and Durga Prasad Mohapatra. "Green DRCT." International Journal of Knowledge Discovery in Bioinformatics 7, no. 1 (2017): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijkdb.2017010102.
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Being a good software testing engineer, one should have the responsibility towards environment sustainability. By using green principles and regulations, we can perform Green Software Testing. In this paper, we present a new approach to enhance Branch Coverage and Modified Condition/Decision Coverage uses concolic testing. We have proposed a novel transformation technique to improve these code coverage metrics. We have named this new transformation method Double Refined Code Transformer (DRCT). Then, using JoulMeter, we compute the power consumption and energy consumption in this testing process. We have developed a tool named Green-DRCT to measure energy consumption while performing the testing process.
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Godboley, Sangharatna, Arpita Dutta, Durga Prasad Mohapatra, and Rajib Mall. "Green-J $$^{3}$$ 3 Model: a novel approach to measure energy consumption of modified condition/decision coverage using concolic testing." CSI Transactions on ICT 5, no. 3 (2017): 217–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40012-017-0157-9.
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Gu, Lian, Mingjian Wu, and Tae J. Kwon. "An enhanced spatial statistical method for continuous monitoring of winter road surface conditions." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 47, no. 10 (2020): 1154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0296.
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To facilitate more efficient winter maintenance decision support, road weather information systems (RWIS) have been widely used by highway agencies. However, the cost of RWIS stations is high, and they have limited monitoring coverage. To address this challenge, this paper presents an innovative framework that applies regression kriging to integrate stationary and mobile RWIS data to improve the accuracy of road surface temperature (RST) estimation. Furthermore, an optimal RWIS network expansion strategy is introduced by incorporating a modified particle swarm optimization method with the objective of minimizing spatially averaged kriging estimation errors. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted to investigate the influence of station densities on model performance. The case study from Alberta, Canada, demonstrates the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method. The findings provide insights for continuous monitoring and visualization of both road weather and surface conditions and for optimizing RWIS network planning.
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Elqortobi, Mounia, Warda El-Khouly, Amine Rahj, Jamal Bentahar, and Rachida Dssouli. "Verification and testing of safety-critical airborne systems: A model-based methodology." Computer Science and Information Systems 17, no. 1 (2020): 271–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis190430040e.
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In this paper, we address the issues of safety-critical software verification and testing that are key requirements for achieving DO-178C and DO- 331 regulatory compliance for airborne systems. Formal verification and testing are considered two different activities within airborne standards and they belong to two different levels in the avionics software development cycle. The objective is to integrate model-based verification and model-based testing within a single framework and to capture the benefits of their cross-fertilization. This is achieved by proposing a new methodology for the verification and testing of parallel communicating agents based on formal models. In this work, properties are extracted from requirements and formally verified at the design level, while the verified properties are propagated to the implementation level and checked via testing. The contributions of this paper are a methodology that integrates verification and testing, formal verification of some safety critical software properties, and a testing method for Modified Condition/Decision Coverage (MC/DC). The results of formal verification and testing can be used as evidence for avionics software certification.
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Acree, Mary, Kamaljit Singh, Urmila Ravichandran, et al. "Reduced Length of Stay Using Clinical Decision Support Tool (ASAP) for Empiric Antibiotic Selection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 41, S1 (2020): s368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2020.994.
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Background: Empiric antibiotic selection is challenging and requires knowledge of the local antibiogram, national guidelines and patient-specific factors, such as drug allergy and recent antibiotic exposure. Clinical decision support for empiric antibiotic selection has the potential to improve adherence to guidelines and improve patient outcomes. Methods: At NorthShore University HealthSystem, a 4-hospital, 789 bed system, an automated point-of-care decision support tool referred to as Antimicrobial Stewardship Assistance Program (ASAP) was created for empiric antibiotic selection for 4 infectious syndromes: pneumonia, skin and soft-tissue infections, urinary tract infection, and intra-abdominal infection. The tool input data from the electronic health record, which can be modified by any user. Using an algorithm created with electronic health record data, antibiogram data, and national guidelines, the tool produces an antibiotic recommendation that can be ordered via a link to order entry. If the tool identifies a patient with a high likelihood for a multidrug-resistant infection, a consultation by an infectious diseases specialist is recommended. Utilization of the tool and associated outcomes were evaluated from July 2018 to May 2019. Results: The ASAP tool was executed by 140 unique, noninfectious diseases providers 790 times. The tool was utilized most often for pneumonia (194 tool uses), followed by urinary tract infection (166 tool uses). The most common provider type to use the tool was an internal medicine hospitalist. The tool increased adherence to the recommended antibiotic regimen for each condition. Antibiotic appropriateness was assessed by an infectious diseases physician. Antibiotics were considered appropriate when they were similar to the antibiotic regimen recommended by the ASAP. Inappropriate antibiotics were classified as broad or narrow. When antibiotic coverage was appropriate, hospital length of stay was statistically significantly shorter (4.8 days vs 6.8 days for broad antibiotics vs 7.4 days for narrow antibiotics; P < .01). No significant differences were identified in mortality or readmission. Conclusions: A clinical decision support tool in the electronic health record can improve adherence to recommended empiric antibiotic therapy. Use of appropriate antibiotics recommended by such a tool can reduce hospital length of stay.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
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Ramaiah, Manish, Ram Avtar, and Md Mustafizur Rahman. "Land Cover Influences on LST in Two Proposed Smart Cities of India: Comparative Analysis Using Spectral Indices." Land 9, no. 9 (2020): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9090292.
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Elucidating the impact of Land Surface Temperature (LST) is an important aspect of urban studies. The impact of urbanization on LST has been widely studied to monitor the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. However, the sensitivity of various urban factors such as urban green spaces (UGS), built-up area, and water bodies to LST is not sufficiently resolved for many urban settlements. By using remote sensing techniques, this study aimed to quantify the influence of urban factors on LST in the two traditional cities (i) Panaji and (ii) Tumkur of India, proposed to be developed as smart cities. Landsat data were used to extract thematic and statistical information about urban factors using the Enhanced Built-up and Bareness Index (EBBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI). The multivariate regression model revealed that the value of adjusted R2 was 0.716 with a standard error of 1.97 for Tumkur city, while it was 0.698 with a standard error of 1.407 for Panaji city. The non-parametric correlation test brought out a strong negative correlation between MNDWI and LST with a value of 0.83 for Panaji, and between SAVI and LST with a value of 0.77 for Tumkur. The maximum percentage share of cooling surfaces are water bodies in Panaji with 35% coverage and green spaces in Tumkur with 25% coverage. Apparently, the UGS and water bodies can help in bringing down the LST, as well as facilitating healthy living conditions and aesthetic appeal. Therefore, the significance of ecosystem services (green spaces and water bodies) should be given priority in the decision-making process of sustainable and vibrant city development.
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de Smalen, Allard Willem, Zhie X. Chan, Claudia Abreu Lopes, Michaella Vanore, Tharani Loganathan, and Nicola S. Pocock. "Developing an evidence assessment framework and appraising the academic literature on migrant health in Malaysia: a scoping review." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (2021): e041379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041379.
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BackgroundA large number of international migrants in Malaysia face challenges in obtaining good health, the extent of which is still relatively unknown. This study aims to map the existing academic literature on migrant health in Malaysia and to provide an overview of the topical coverage, quality and level of evidence of these scientific studies.MethodsA scoping review was conducted using six databases, including Econlit, Embase, Global Health, Medline, PsycINFO and Social Policy and Practice. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were conducted in Malaysia, peer-reviewed, focused on a health dimension according to the Bay Area Regional Health Inequities Initiative (BARHII) framework, and targeted the vulnerable international migrant population. Data were extracted by using the BARHII framework and a newly developed decision tree to identify the type of study design and corresponding level of evidence. Modified Joanna Briggs Institute checklists were used to assess study quality, and a multiple-correspondence analysis (MCA) was conducted to identify associations between different variables.Results67 publications met the selection criteria and were included in the study. The majority (n=41) of studies included foreign workers. Over two-thirds (n=46) focused on disease and injury, and a similar number (n=46) had descriptive designs. The average quality of the papers was low, yet quality differed significantly among them. The MCA showed that high-quality studies were mostly qualitative designs that included refugees and focused on living conditions, while prevalence and analytical cross-sectional studies were mostly of low quality.ConclusionThis study provides an overview of the scientific literature on migrant health in Malaysia published between 1965 and 2019. In general, the quality of these studies is low, and various health dimensions have not been thoroughly researched. Therefore, researchers should address these issues to improve the evidence base to support policy-makers with high-quality evidence for decision-making.
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Clearfield, Elizabeth, Mark Skinner, Alfonso Iorio, Sean Tunis, Jennifer Al Naber, and Donna Messner. "PP93 HTA Role In CoreHEM, A Multi-Stakeholder Core Outcome Set Project." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318002386.
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Introduction:Hemophilia gene therapy trials demonstrate a “cure” could be achievable, thereby changing disease management. CoreHEM aims to develop multi-stakeholder consensus around a clearly defined, core outcome set (COS) - a minimum set of outcomes that should be measured and reported in all clinical trials of a specific condition - that will demonstrate and allow differentiation of the effectiveness and value of gene therapy relative to the current standard of care. Health technology assessment (HTA) frequently suffers from a lack of relevant, consistently reported outcomes. When uniformly implemented, COS increase the predictability and consistency of appraisals, coverage, and reimbursement decisions by payers and HTA agencies.Methods:A COS was developed using a modified Delphi process, including online surveys and an in-person consensus meeting. A literature review and key informant interviews were used to create an initial list of outcomes for voting. Participants (patients, including representatives from the National Hemophilia Foundation and the World Federation of Hemophilia, healthcare providers, payers, HTA agencies, regulators and industry representatives) condensed and prioritized the list by rating each outcome on a scale of 1 (not important to include) to 9 (essential). Participants could also suggest outcomes for voting. Outcomes were eliminated from consideration if <70 percent rated the outcome from 7–9, unless the patient stakeholder group average score was ≥7.Results:After two Delphi rounds, there was consensus on three outcomes: frequency of bleeds, factor activity level, and duration of expression. Additional outcomes included after an in-person consensus meeting were chronic pain, mental health status, and utilization of the healthcare system (direct costs). Adverse events of interest were evaluated and separately reported.Conclusions:Including the coreHEM COS in clinical development programs will ensure that relevant, consistent outcomes are available for decisions by HTA agencies, clinicians, and patients. This should result in faster access to novel, high-value therapies for appropriate patients.
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Nie, Yan, Ying Tan, Yuqin Deng, and Jing Yu. "Suitability Evaluation of Typical Drought Index in Soil Moisture Retrieval and Monitoring Based on Optical Images." Remote Sensing 12, no. 16 (2020): 2587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12162587.
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As a basic agricultural parameter in the formation, transformation, and consumption of surface water resources, soil moisture has a very important influence on the vegetation growth, agricultural production, and healthy operation of regional ecosystems. The Aksu river basin is a typical semi-arid agricultural area which seasonally suffers from water shortage. Due to the lack of knowledge on soil moisture change, the water management and decision-making processes have been a difficult issue for local government. Therefore, soil moisture monitoring by remote sensing became a reasonable way to schedule crop irrigation and evaluate the irrigation efficiency. Compared to in situ measurements, the use of remote sensing for the monitoring of soil water content is convenient and can be repetitively applied over a large area. To verify the applicability of the typical drought index to the rapid acquisition of soil moisture in arid and semi-arid regions, this study simulated, compared, and validated the effectiveness of soil moisture inversion. GF-1 WFV images, Landsat 8 OLI images, and the measured soil moisture data were used to determine the Perpendicular Drought Index (PDI), the Modified Perpendicular Drought Index (MPDI), and the Vegetation Adjusted Perpendicular Drought Index (VAPDI). First, the determination coefficients of the correlation analyses on the PDI, MPDI, VAPDI, and measured soil moisture in the 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depth layers based on the GF-1 WFV and Landsat 8 OLI images were good. Notably, in the 0–10 cm depth layers, the average determination coefficient was 0.68; all models met the accuracy requirements of soil moisture inversion. Both indicated that the drought indices based on the Near Infrared (NIR)-Red spectral space derived from the optical remote sensing images are more sensitive to soil moisture near the surface layer; however, the accuracy of retrieving the soil moisture in deep layers was slightly lower in the study area. Second, in areas of vegetation coverage, MPDI and VAPDI had a higher inversion accuracy than PDI. To a certain extent, they overcame the influence of mixed pixels on the soil moisture spectral information. VAPDI modified by Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) was not susceptible to vegetation saturation and, thus, had a higher inversion accuracy, which makes it performs better than MPDI’s in vegetated areas. Third, the spatial heterogeneity of the soil moisture retrieved by the GF-1 WFV and Landsat 8 OLI image were similar. However, the GF-1 WFV images were more sensitive to changes in the soil moisture, which reflected the actual soil moisture level covered by different vegetation. These results provide a practical reference for the dynamic monitoring of surface soil moisture, obtaining agricultural information and agricultural condition parameters in arid and semi-arid regions.
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QIAN, ZHONGSHENG. "USEFUL SPECIFICATION-BASED LOGIC COVERAGE CRITERIA." International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering 23, no. 07 (2013): 1033–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218194013500307.
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The specification-based testing can be employed to evaluate software functionalities without knowing program code. Decisions are the primary form of the pre- and post-conditions in formal specifications. This work expatiates on logic coverage criteria for specification-based testing at great length. It proposes and then expounds mask logic coverage criteria to solve the problems which existing determinant logic coverage criteria cannot solve. A feasible test case generation algorithm based on mask logic coverage criteria is developed. The test cases satisfying mask logic coverage criteria can detect those errors caused by the mask property of conditions. An experiment is conducted to compare MC/DC, RC/DC and two mask logic coverage criteria (RMCC and GMCC) on their test effectiveness and fault detection ability. It also elaborates on the constraint among conditions, how to decompose and compose a complicated decision, and the relationship among decisions. All these can respectively clarify the coupling problem among conditions, the multiple occurrences of a condition in a decision, and the location of a decision in a specification or program. Additionally, coverage criteria including full true decision coverage, full false decision coverage, all sub-decisions coverage, unique condition true coverage and unique condition false coverage are proposed. The test sets satisfying these criteria can detect respectively different types of errors. Finally, the hierarchical subsumption relation is established among these presented coverage criteria and some existing ones, and various applicable scenarios for different coverage criteria are suggested.
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Chen, Zuo, Xue Li, Bing Yang, and Qian Zhang. "A Self-Adaptive Wireless Sensor Network Coverage Method for Intrusion Tolerance Based on Trust Value." Journal of Sensors 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/430456.
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The sensor is quite easily attacked or invaded during the process of the node coverage optimization. It is a great challenge to make sure that the wireless sensor network could still carry out a secure communication and reliable coverage under the condition of being attacked. Therefore, this paper proposes a network coverage method for intrusion tolerance based on trust value of nodes by combining the trust value model with the reliable coverage optimization. It first estimates trust value of nodes through which to regulate the perception radius and decision-making radius. Furthermore, this algorithm also combines the classical methods of wireless network coverage, such as GSO and PSO, to realize the networks coverage of invasive tolerant sensor. After comparing with the conventional single cover mechanism, it can improve the security and coverage rate of network under the condition of invasion. The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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Levin, Leslie, Ron Goeree, Mark Levine, et al. "Coverage with evidence development: The Ontario experience." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 27, no. 2 (2011): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462311000018.
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Background: For non-drug technologies, there is often residual uncertainty following systematic review, mainly due to inadequate evidence of efficacy. The unwillingness to make decisions in the presence of uncertainty may lead to passive diffusion and intuitive decision making with or without public pressure. This may affect health system sustainability. There is increasing interest in post-market evaluation through processes that include coverage with evidence development (CED) to address residual uncertainty regarding effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. Global experience of CED has been slow to develop despite their potential contribution to decision making.Methods: Ontario's field evaluation program to better inform decision making represents a collaboration between physicians, policy decision makers and academic centers. We report results of the first ten CEDs from this program to assess whether they achieved their objective of influencing policy by addressing residual uncertainty following systematic review.Results: Since 2003, nineteen field evaluation studies to resolve residual uncertainty following systematic review have been completed, ten of which met the criteria of CED and are the focus of this report. There was more than one patient subgroup or intervention in three of the CEDs. This provided the basis for evaluating thirteen outcomes. In each case, the CED addressed the uncertainty and led to a decision based on the systematic review and CED result. The CEDs led to adoption of the technology in six instances, modified adoption in three instances and withdrawal in four instances.Conclusions: CED makes an important contribution to translating evidence to decision making. Methodologies are needed to increase the scope and reduce timelines for CEDs, such as the use of linked comprehensive and robust data sets and collaborative studies with other jurisdictions. CED before making long-term funding decisions, especially where there is uncertainty of effectiveness, safety or cost-effectiveness, should be increasingly funded by health systems.
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Manchikanti, Laxmaiah. "Value-Based Interventional Pain Management: A Review of Medicare National and Local Coverage Determination Policies." May 2013 3;16, no. 3;5 (2013): E145—E180. http://dx.doi.org/10.36076/ppj.2013/16/e145.
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Major policies, regulations, and practice patterns related to interventional pain management are dependent on Medicare policies which include national coverage policies – national coverage determinations (NCDs), and local coverage policies – local coverage determinations (LCDs). The NCDs are Medicare coverage policies issued by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). The process used by the CMS in deciding what is and what is not medically necessary is lengthy, involving a review of evidence-based literature on the subject, expert opinion, and public comments. In contrast, LCDs are rules and Medicare coverage that are issued by regional contractors and fiscal intermediaries when an NCD has not addressed the policy at issue. The evidence utilized in preparing LCDs includes the highest level of evidence which is based on published authoritative evidence derived from definitive randomized clinical trials or other definitive studies, and general acceptance by the medical community (standard of practice), as supported by sound medical evidence. In addition, the intervention must be safe and effective and appropriate including duration and frequency that is considered appropriate for the item or service in terms of whether it is furnished in accordance with accepted standards of medical practice for the diagnosis or treatment of the patient’s condition or to improve the function. In addition, the safe and effective provision includes that service must be furnished in a setting appropriate to the patient’s medical needs and condition, ordered and furnished by qualified personnel, the service must meet, but does not exceed, the patient’s medical need, and be at least as beneficial as an existing and available medically appropriate alternative. The LCDs are prepared with literature review, state medical societies, and carrier advisory committees (CACs) of which interventional pain management is a member. The LCDs may be appealed by beneficiaries. The NCDs are prepared by the CMS following a request for a national coverage decision after an appropriate national coverage request along with a draft decision memorandum, and public comments. After the request, the staff review, external technology assessment, Medicare Evidence Development and Coverage Advisory Committee (MedCAC) assessment, public comments, a draft decision memorandum may be posted which will be followed by a final decision and implementation instructions. This decision may be appealed to the department appeals board, but may be difficult to reverse. This manuscript describes NCDs and LCDs and the process of development, their development, issues related to the development, and finally their relation to interventional pain management. Key words: Interventional pain management, interventional techniques, national coverage determinations (NCDs), local coverage determinations (LCDs), contractor medical director (CMD), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), guidelines, evidence-based medicine, evidence development with coverage
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Wagner, Monika, Dima Samaha, Roman Casciano, et al. "PP149 Features Of Accountable And Reasonable Processes For Coverage Decision-Making." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 34, S1 (2018): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462318002799.
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Introduction:The Accountability for Reasonableness (A4R) framework addresses the legitimacy of coverage decision processes by defining four conditions for accountable and reasonable processes: Relevance, Publicity, Appeals, Implementation. Cost-per-quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and multicriteria-centered processes may have distinct implications for meeting A4R conditions. The aim of this study was to reflect on how the diverse features of decision-making processes can be aligned with A4R conditions to guide legitimized decision-making. Rare disease and regenerative therapies (RDRTs) pose special decision-making challenges and offer a useful case study.Methods:To support reflection on how different approaches address the A4R conditions, thirty-four features operationalizing each condition were defined and organized into a matrix. Seven experts from six countries explored and discussed these features during a panel (Chatham House Rule) and provided general and RDRT-specific recommendations for each feature. Responses were analyzed to identify converging and diverging recommendations.Results:Regarding Relevance, panelists highlighted the importance of supporting deliberation, stakeholder participation and grounding coverage decision criteria in the legal framework, goals of sustainable healthcare and population values. Among seventeen criteria, thirteen were recommended by more than half of panelists. Although the cost-effectiveness ratio was deemed sometimes useful, the validity of universal thresholds to inform allocative efficiency was challenged. Regarding Publicity, panelists recommended communicating the values underlying a decision in reference to broader societal objectives, and being transparent about value judgements in selecting evidence. For Appeals, recommendations included clear definition of new evidence and revision rules. For Implementation, one recommendation was to perform external quality reviews of decisions. While RDRTs raise issues that may warrant special consideration, rarity should be considered in interaction with other aspects (e.g. disease severity, age, budget impact).Conclusions:Improving coverage decision-making towards accountability and reasonableness involves supporting participation and deliberation, enhancing transparency, and more explicit consideration of multiple decision criteria that reflect normative and societal objectives.
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Ahmadi, S. M., H. Kebriaei, and H. Moradi. "Constrained coverage path planning: evolutionary and classical approaches." Robotica 36, no. 6 (2018): 904–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574718000139.
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SUMMARYThe constrained coverage path planning addressed in this paper refers to finding an optimal path traversed by a unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to maximize its coverage on a designated area, considering the time limit and the feasibility of the path. The UAV starts from its current position to assess the condition of a new entry to the area. Nevertheless, the UAV needs to comply with the coverage task, simultaneously and therefore, it is likely that the optimal policy would not be the shortest path in such a condition, since a wider area can be covered through a longer path. From the other side, along with a longer path, the UAV may not reach to the target in due time. In addition, the speed of UAV is assumed to be constant and as a result, a feasible path needs to be smooth enough to support this assumption. The problem is modeled as an Epsilon-constraint optimization in which a coverage function has to be maximized, considering the constraints on the length and the smoothness of the path. For this purpose, a new genetic path planning algorithm with adaptive operator selection is proposed to solve such a complicated constrained optimization problem. The proposed approach has been compared to some classical approaches like, a modified version of the Artificial Potential Field and a modified version of Dijkstra's algorithm (a graph-based approach). All the methods are implemented and tested in different scenarios and their performances are evaluated via the simulation results.
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Wagner, Monika, Dima Samaha, Roman Casciano, et al. "Moving Towards Accountability for Reasonableness – A Systematic Exploration of the Features of Legitimate Healthcare Coverage Decision-Making Processes Using Rare Diseases and Regenerative Therapies as a Case Study." International Journal of Health Policy and Management 8, no. 7 (2019): 424–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.24.
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Background: The accountability for reasonableness (A4R) framework defines 4 conditions for legitimate healthcare coverage decision processes: Relevance, Publicity, Appeals, and Enforcement. The aim of this study was to reflect on how the diverse features of decision-making processes can be aligned with A4R conditions to guide decision-making towards legitimacy. Rare disease and regenerative therapies (RDRTs) pose special decision-making challenges and offer therefore a useful case study. Methods: Features operationalizing each A4R condition as well as three different approaches to address these features (cost-per-QALY-focused and multicriteria-based) were defined and organized into a matrix. Seven experts explored these features during a panel run under the Chatham House Rule and provided general and RDRT-specific recommendations. Responses were analyzed to identify converging and diverging recommendations. Results: Regarding Relevance, recommendations included supporting deliberation, stakeholder participation and grounding coverage decision criteria in normative and societal objectives. Thirteen of 17 proposed decision criteria were recommended by a majority of panelists. The usefulness of universal cost-effectiveness thresholds to inform allocative efficiency was challenged, particularly in the RDRT context. RDRTs raise specific issues that need to be considered; however, rarity should be viewed in relation to other aspects, such as disease severity and budget impact. Regarding Publicity, panelists recommended transparency about the values underlying a decision and value judgements used in selecting evidence. For Appeals, recommendations included a life-cycle approach with clear provisions for re-evaluations. For Enforcement, external quality reviews of decisions were recommended. Conclusion: Moving coverage decision-making processes towards enhanced legitimacy in general and in the RDRT context involves designing and refining approaches to support participation and deliberation, enhancing transparency, and allowing explicit consideration of multiple decision criteria that reflect normative and societal objectives.
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BRYAN, STIRLING, SHOSHANNA SOFAER, TARYN SIEGELBERG, and MARTHE GOLD. "Has the time come for cost-effectiveness analysis in US health care?" Health Economics, Policy and Law 4, no. 4 (2009): 425–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133109004885.
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AbstractCost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) is a powerful analytic tool for assessing the value of health care interventions but it is a method used sparingly in the US. Despite its growing acceptance internationally and its endorsement in the academic literature, most policy analysts have assumed that US decision makers will resist using CEA to inform coverage decisions. This study sought to clarify the extent to which CEA is understood and accepted by US decision makers, including regulators, private and public insurers, and purchasers, and to identify their points of difficulty with its use. We conducted half-day workshops with a sample of six California-based health care organizations that spanned a range of public and private perspectives regarding coverage of health care services. Each workshop included an overview of CEA methods, a priority-setting exercise that asked participants (acting as ‘social decision makers’) to rank condition treatment pairs prior to and following provision of cost-effectiveness information; and a facilitated discussion of obstacles and opportunities for using CEA in their own organizations. Pre and post-questionnaires inquired as to obstacles toward implementing CEA, attitudes toward rationing, and views on the use of CEA in Medicare and in private insurance coverage decision-making. In post-workshop surveys major obstacles identified included: fears of litigation, concerns about the quality and accuracy of studies that were commercially sponsored, and failure of CEAs to address shorter horizon cost implications. Over 90% of participants felt that CEA should be used as an input to Medicare coverage decisions and 75% supported its use in such decisions by private insurance plans. Despite the wide acceptance of CEA, at the conclusion of the workshop, 40% of the sample remained uncomfortable with support of ‘rationing’ per se. We suggest that how cost-effectiveness analysis is framed will have important implications for its acceptability to US decision makers.
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Walters, Cory, and Richard Preston. "Net income risk, crop insurance and hedging." Agricultural Finance Review 78, no. 1 (2018): 135–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-05-2017-0036.
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Purpose At the beginning of the production year producers face a complex risk management decision environment given by risks specific to their operation, multiple crop insurance contracts and hedging opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to provide a producer-level framework for risk management decision making, focusing on the interaction between crop insurance and hedging. Design/methodology/approach The authors develop a Monte Carlo simulation model that generates a producer’s net income (NI) distribution that incorporates historical producer risk, price-yield correlation via a copula, price risk, and production costs. The authors evaluate the NI distribution through a modified Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT) decision framework. The authors use the modified MPT decision framework to explore tradeoffs between expected NI and farm ruin (defined as 1 or 5 percent expected shortfall) from different crop insurance contracts and pre-harvest hedging options. Findings Only revenue protection and the highest two levels of coverage level exist on the efficient frontier. The level of hedging on the efficient frontier ranges from 0 to 55 percent of Actual Production History. The authors find that increasing coverage level 5 percent (from 80 to 85 percent) negatively impacts the optimal hedging amount by 26 percentage points (from 35 to 9 percent). Originality/value The model provides the precise identification of financial benefits from different risk management strategies by incorporating producer-level historical yield data, using a copula to capture yield-price dependency structure and producer production cost in generating the NI distribution. This model can be applied to any producer’s characteristics and data.
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Zhou, Jining, Bo Zhang, Runhua Tan, Ming-Lang Tseng, Remen Chun-Wei Lin, and Ming K. Lim. "Using Neighborhood Rough Set Theory to Address the Smart Elderly Care in Multi-Level Attributes." Symmetry 12, no. 2 (2020): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12020297.
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The neighborhood rough set theory was adopted for attributes reduction and the weight distribution of condition attributes based on the concept of importance level. Smart elderly care coverage rate is low in China. A decisive role in the adoption of smart elderly care is still a problem that needs to be addressed. This study contributes to the adoption of smart elderly care was selected as the decision attribute. The remaining attributes are used as conditional attributes and the multi-level symmetric attribute set for assessing acceptance of smart elderly care. Prior studies are not included smart elderly care adoption attributes in multi-levels; hence, this problem needs to be addressed. The results of this study indicate that the condition attribute of gender has the greatest influence on the decision attribute. The condition attribute of living expenses for smart elderly care has the second largest impact on decision attribute. Children’s support for the elderly decency of the novel elderly care system and the acceptance of non-traditional elderly care methods belong to the primary condition attribute of traditional concept. The result indicates traditional concepts have a certain impact on the adoption of smart elderly care and a condition attribute of residence also has a slight influence on the symmetric decision attribute. The sensitivity analysis shows the insights for uncertainties and provides as a basis for the analysis of the attributes in the smart elderly care service adoption.
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César Neto, João B., Marília C. Cavalcanti, Ricardo T. Sekiguchi, Claudio M. Pannuti, Giuseppe A. Romito, and Dimitris N. Tatakis. "Root Coverage for Single Deep Gingival Recessions: Outcomes Based on a Decision-Making Algorithm." International Journal of Dentistry 2019 (January 22, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1830765.
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Aim. The aim of this study is to report root coverage outcomes in single deep gingival recessions (GR) following a proposed decision-making algorithm. Materials and Methods. A retrospective, practice-based study included single deep (≥5 mm) Miller Class II and III defects. The step-by-step decision-making algorithm led to a choice among three different flap designs (coronally advanced flap (CAF), double papilla envelope flap (DPE) or modified lateral sliding flap (LSF)) used with a connective tissue graft. Recession depth (RD) at 6 months follow-up and the corresponding root coverage (RC) were the primary outcomes assessed. Results. Sixteen GR defects were included, with baseline RD of 6.7 ± 1.8 mm. Six months postoperatively, RD was significantly reduced to 1.2 ± 0.8 mm (p<0.05). Mean RC was 81.7 ± 13.0%, without significant differences between Miller Class II (87.1 ± 9.2%; n=9) and Class III (74.6 ± 14.5%; n=7) GRs (p=0.07). Postoperatively, keratinized tissue width increase was greater for LSF (3.5 ± 1.1) and DPE (4.2 ± 1.4 mm) than for CAF (1.9 ± 0.9 mm). Conclusions. Following the proposed decision-making algorithm, root coverage outcomes for GR defects ≥5 mm were comparable to outcomes reported for shallow defects. Prospective clinical trials are needed to validate the proposed approach and techniques. Practical Implications. The proposed algorithm allows the clinician to select the appropriate surgical technique for treatment of single deep gingival recessions with good predictability.
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Bala, Ramesh, Ghana Shyam Gautam, and Gautam Bir Singh Tamrakar. "Analysis of IRI value for assessment of optimum maintenance strategy for low traffic volume roads in Nepal." Journal of Science and Engineering 4 (April 3, 2017): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v4i0.22380.
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Road infrastructure is an important sector of economic activity for the development of a country. The road infrastructure is required to be maintained in proper condition to ensure its continuous utilization in proper manner. By proper maintenance of roads, continuous acceptability, a higher economy, safety and serviceability are gained. This research work was carried out through analysis of data collected from Department of Road (DoR) Nepal and surveyed through Google Earth. While analyzing data, data are categorized according to road type and pavement surface with spatial coverage. It mainly deals with the using of Road Economic Decision (RED) model, in which Highway Development and Management (HDM)-4 VOC model (Version 3.2) is used for computing coefficient of Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) and RED Main Economic Decision model is used to compute value of International Roughness Index (IRI) for optimum maintenance strategy for strategic road network of Nepal with low traffic volume. The outcome of analysis will help the concern authority to make good decision on making priority and economical selection of maintenance strategy for the road having specified range of IRI value depending on the pavement type, surface type and volume of vehicle with spatial coverage.
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Gupta, P. K. "K-Step Crossover Method based on Genetic Algorithm for Test Suite Prioritization in Regression Testing." JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science 27, no. 2 (2021): 170–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jucs.65241.
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Software is an integration of numerous programming modules&nbsp; (e.g., functions, procedures, legacy system, reusable components, etc.) tested and combined to build the entire module. However, some undesired faults may occur due to a change in modules while performing validation and verification. Retesting of entire software is a costly affair in terms of money and time. Therefore, to avoid retesting&nbsp;of entire&nbsp;software, regression testing is performed. In regression testing, an earlier created test suite is used to retest the software system&#39;s modified module. Regression Testing works in three manners; minimizing test cases, selecting test cases, and prioritizing test cases. In this paper, a two-phase algorithm has been proposed that considers test case selection and test case prioritization technique for performing regression testing on several modules ranging from a smaller line of codes to huge line codes of procedural language. A textual based differencing algorithm has been implemented for test case selection. Program statements modified between two modules are used for textual differencing and utilized to identify test cases that affect modified program statements. In the next step, test case prioritization is implemented by applying the Genetic Algorithm for code/condition coverage. Genetic operators: Crossover and Mutation have been applied over the initial population (i.e. test cases), taking code/condition coverage as fitness criterion to provide a prioritized test suite. Prioritization algorithm can be applied over both original and reduced test suite depending upon the test suite&#39;s size or the need for accuracy. In the obtained results, the efficiency of the prioritization algorithms has been analyzed by the Average Percentage of Code Coverage (APCC) and Average Percentage of Code Coverage with cost (APCCc). A comparison of the proposed approach is also done with the previously proposed methods and it is observed that APCC &amp; APCCc values achieve higher percentage values faster in the case of the prioritized test suite in contrast to the non-prioritized test suite.
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Pjesivac, Ivanka, Marlit A. Hayslett, and Matthew T. Binford. "To Eat or Not to Eat: Framing of GMOs in American Media and Its Effects on Attitudes and Behaviors." Science Communication 42, no. 6 (2020): 747–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547020947743.
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This study examined the framing of genetically modified organisms in two American newspapers, The New York Times and the Washington Post (2000-2016) and tested the impact of risk and opportunity framing on attitudes and behaviors regarding genetically modified organisms. The content analysis ( N = 165) showed that the two newspapers did not have a dominant frame type in their coverage. A randomized three-condition experiment ( N = 182) showed that the type of framing significantly affected individuals’ attitudes and was able to change them. The type of framing affected individuals’ behavioral intentions through postexposure attitudes but was not able to significantly affect actual behavior.
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Grainger, Daniel, Sizhong Sun, Felecia Watkin-Lui, and Peter Case. "A Simple Decision Market Model." Journal of Prediction Markets 9, no. 3 (2016): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v9i3.1148.
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Economic modeling of decision markets has mainly considered the market scoring rule setup. Literature has made reference to the alternative, joint elicitation type decision market, but no in depth analysis of it appears to have been published. This paper develops a simple decision market model of the joint elicitation type, that provides a specific decision market nomenclature on which to base future analysis. A generally accepted prediction market model is modified, by introducing two additional concepts: “proper information market” and “relevant information”. Our work then provides original contributions to the theoretical discourse on information markets, including finding the sufficient and necessary condition for convergence to the best possible prediction. It is shown in our new prediction market model that “all agents express relevant information” is a sufficient and necessary condition for convergence to the direct communication equilibrium in a proper information (prediction) market. Our new prediction market model is used to formulate a simple decision market model of the joint elicitation market type. It is shown that our decision market will select the best decision if a specific selection and payout rule is defined. Importantly, our decision market model does not need to delay payment of any contracts to the observation of the desired outcome. Therefore, when dealing with long-term outcome projects, our decision market does not need to be a long running market. Future work will test for the statistical significance of relevant information (identified as important in our idealized decision market model) in laboratory and real world settings.
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Anders, Jennifer F., Jennifer N. Fishe, Kyle A. Fratta, et al. "Creating a Pediatric Prehospital Destination Decision Tool Using a Modified Delphi Method." Children 8, no. 8 (2021): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children8080658.
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Decisions for patient transport by emergency medical services (EMS) are individualized; while established guidelines help direct adult patients to specialty hospitals, no such pediatric equivalents are in wide use. When children are transported to a hospital that cannot provide definitive care, care is delayed and may cause adverse events. Therefore, we created a novel evidence-based decision tool to support EMS destination choice. A multidisciplinary expert panel (EP) of stakeholders reviewed published literature. Four facility capability levels for pediatric care were defined. Using a modified Delphi method, the EP matched specific conditions to a facility pediatric-capability level in a draft tool. The literature review and EP recommendations identified seventeen pediatric medical conditions at risk for secondary transport. In the first voting round, two were rejected, nine met consensus for a specific facility capability level, and six did not reach consensus on the destination facility level. A second round reached consensus on a facility level for the six conditions as well as revision of one previously rejected condition. In the third round, the panel selected a visual display format. Finally, the panel unanimously approved the PDTree. Using a modified Delphi technique, we developed the PDTree EMS destination decision tool by incorporating existing evidence and the expertise of a multidisciplinary panel.
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Anitha, G., R. A. Karthika, G. Bindu, and G. V. Sriramakrishnan. "Modified classic apriori algorithm for association rule mining." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.21 (2018): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.21.12455.
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In today’s real world environment, information is the most critical element in all aspects of the life. It can be used to perform analysis and it helps to make decision making. But due to large collection of information the analysis and extraction of such useful information is tedious process which will create a major problem. In data mining, Association rules states about associations among the entities of known and unknown group and extracting hidden patterns in the data. Apriori algorithm is used for association rule mining. In this paper, due to limitations in rule condition, the algorithm was extended as new modified classic apriori algorithm which fulfills user stated minimum support and confidence constraints.
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Jayanthy, S., M. C. Bhuvaneswari, and Keesarapalli Sujitha. "Test Generation for Crosstalk-Induced Delay Faults in VLSI Circuits Using Modified FAN Algorithm." VLSI Design 2012 (January 19, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/745861.
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As design trends move toward nanometer technology, new problems due to noise effects lead to a decrease in reliability and performance of VLSI circuits. Crosstalk is one such noise effect which affects the timing behaviour of circuits. In this paper, an efficient Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) method based on a modified Fanout Oriented (FAN) to detect crosstalk-induced delay faults in VLSI circuits is presented. Tests are generated for ISCAS_85 and enhanced scan version of ISCAS_89 benchmark circuits. Experimental results demonstrate that the test program gives better fault coverage, less number of backtracks, and hence reduced test generation time for most of the benchmark circuits when compared to modified Path-Oriented Decision Making (PODEM) based ATPG. The number of transitions is also reduced thus reducing the power dissipation of the circuit.
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Kravets, P., V. Lytvyn, and V. Vysotska. "GAME MODEL OF ONTOLOGICAL PROJECT SUPPORT." Radio Electronics, Computer Science, Control 1, no. 1 (2021): 172–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15588/1607-3274-2021-1-17.
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Context. In today’s information society with advanced telecommunications through mobile devices and computer networks, it is important to form a variety of virtual organizations and communities. Such virtual associations of people by professional or other interests are designed to quickly solve various tasks: to perform project tasks, create startups to attract investors, network marketing, distance learning, solving complex problems in science, economics and public administration , construction of various Internet services, discussion of political and social processes, etc.
 Objective of the study is to develop an adaptive Markov recurrent method based on the stochastic approximation of the modified condition of complementary non-rigidity, valid at Nash equilibrium points for solving the problem of game coverage of projects.
 Method. In this work the multiagent game model for formation of virtual teams of executors of projects on the basis of libraries of subject ontologies is developed. The competencies and abilities of agents required to carry out projects are specified by sets of ontologies. Intelligent agents randomly, simultaneously and independently choose one of the projects at discrete times. Agents who have chosen the same project determine the current composition of the team of its executors. For agents’ teams, a current penalty is calculated for insufficient coverage of competencies by the combined capabilities of agents. This penalty is used to adaptively recalculate mixed player strategies. The probabilities of selecting those teams whose current composition has led to a reduction in the fine for non-coverage of ontologies are increasing. During the repetitive stochastic game, agents will form vectors of mixed strategies that will minimize average penalties for non-coverage of projects.
 Results. For solve the problem of game coverage of projects, an adaptive Markov recurrent method based on the stochastic approximation of the modified condition of complementary non-rigidity, valid at Nash equilibrium points, was developed.
 Conclusions. Computer simulation confirmed the possibility of using the stochastic game model to form teams of project executors with the necessary ontological support in conditions of uncertainty. The convergence of the game method is ensured by compliance with the fundamental conditions and limitations of stochastic optimization. The reliability of experimental studies is confirmed by the repeatability of the results obtained for different sequences of random variables.
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Zhao, Leizhou. "Coordinating of O2O Fresh Agricultural Products Supply Chain with Asymmetric Information When Disturbance Occur Online." Journal of Management and Sustainability 7, no. 4 (2017): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jms.v7n4p132.
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With lots of hot money focusing on the field of fresh product, the fresh product e-commerce enterpraises developed rapidly, but quickly declined later. The aim of this paper is to explain the problem form view of supply chain by setting up the model of fresh produce supply chain. The decision model can be obtained including optimal retail price, sales volume and profit of supply chain whether in the condition of centralized decision-making or disperse policy decision. It can draw the conclusion that, in the condition of asymmetric information, price subsidy of the fresh produce O2O supply chain could promote the profit when online sales volume stay lower. Also, the increase of online sales volume results in the decrease of optimal retail price and subsidy price, and modified Wholesale Price Contract can coordinate the supply chain in disperse policy decision. Finally, the advice for enterpraises and supply chain has been listed.
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Sachan, Ruchi, Tae Jong Choi, and Chang Wook Ahn. "A Genetic Algorithm with Location Intelligence Method for Energy Optimization in 5G Wireless Networks." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5348203.
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The exponential growth in data traffic due to the modernization of smart devices has resulted in the need for a high-capacity wireless network in the future. To successfully deploy 5G network, it must be capable of handling the growth in the data traffic. The increasing amount of traffic volume puts excessive stress on the important factors of the resource allocation methods such as scalability and throughput. In this paper, we define a network planning as an optimization problem with the decision variables such as transmission power and transmitter (BS) location in 5G networks. The decision variables lent themselves to interesting implementation using several heuristic approaches, such as differential evolution (DE) algorithm and Real-coded Genetic Algorithm (RGA). The key contribution of this paper is that we modified RGA-based method to find the optimal configuration of BSs not only by just offering an optimal coverage of underutilized BSs but also by optimizing the amounts of power consumption. A comparison is also carried out to evaluate the performance of the conventional approach of DE and standard RGA with our modified RGA approach. The experimental results showed that our modified RGA can find the optimal configuration of 5G/LTE network planning problems, which is better performed than DE and standard RGA.
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Ponce de Leon, Inez Z., Pamela A. Custodio, and Clarissa David. "Depicting Science in a Public Debate: The Philippine Legal Challenge Against GMO Eggplant." Science Communication 41, no. 3 (2019): 291–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1075547019846130.
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In 2015, the Philippine Supreme Court ruled against the field testing of Bt eggplant, a genetically modified crop. This decision was covered extensively in the local press, forcing scientists to defend their research. We used qualitative, inductive analysis to examine how three news outlets constructed science in their coverage of the issue. We found that science was constructed through four themes: science searched for proof, absolute consensus had to be reached, the characteristics of scientific inquiry are used to discredit scientists, and science is aware of its logical limits. These findings have implications for the public acceptance of innovations.
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Chang, Shao-Chuan, Li-Yun Lin, Ruey-Yun Horng, and Yau-De Wang. "The Effect of Amount and Tangibility of Endowment and Certainty of Recipients on Selfishness in a Modified Dictator Game." Psychological Reports 114, no. 3 (2014): 720–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/31.01.pr0.114k24w8.
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Taiwanese college students ( N=101) participated in the study to examine the effects of the amount of an endowment, the tangibility of an endowment, and the certainty of the recipient on selfishness in a modified dictator game. Results showed that dictators were more selfish when allocating tangible (money) than less tangible (honor credits) endowments. Selfishness was higher when large amounts of money were involved. The certainty of the recipient was manipulated by whether the recipient was chosen and announced before or after the decision. Unexpectedly, participants were more self-interested in the certain-recipient condition than in the uncertain-recipient condition. In the honor condition, the amount of an endowment and the certainty of the recipient did not affect participants' allocations.
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Guo, Hao, Chang-Sheng Peng, Chang-Jiang Kou, Jian-Yun Jiang, Fan Zhang, and He-Tao Yuan. "Adsorption mechanism of recovering potassium from seawater by modified-clinoptilolite using microwave." Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, no. 1 (2017): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.108.
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Abstract The adsorption capacity and mechanism of K+ ion onto modified-clinoptilolite (MC) for recovering potassium from seawater has been investigated in this paper. The maximum value of K+ adsorption capacity is 36.3 mg/g (1.92 times of raw-clinoptilolite) while the modifying condition of microwave power is 450 W and heating time is 60 min. Specific surface area and pore size of absorbent has also been advanced with employing microwave. The kinetic data followed the pseudo-second-order model kinetic model, and the equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir model, showing monolayer coverage of K+ ions on the surface pores of MC. Thermodynamic parameters, including Gibbs free energy (∆G), enthalpy changes (∆H), and entropy changes (∆S) were also calculated. The results demonstrated that K+ ion was absorbed onto MC spontaneously and exothermically in nature. Thus, MC could be employed as efficient and suitable adsorbent for recovering potassium from seawater.
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Park, Jaesung, and Heejung Byun. "Autonomous Transmission Power Decision Strategy for Energy Efficient Operation of a Dense Small Cell Network." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (November 25, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6472982.
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Smart interference management methods are required to enhance the throughput, coverage, and energy efficiency of a dense small cell network. In this paper, we propose a transmit power control for energy efficient operation of a dense small cell network. We cast the power control problem as a noncooperative game to satisfy the design requirement that small cells do not need any information exchange among them. We analyze the sufficient condition for the existence of a Nash equilibrium (NE) state of the proposed game. We also analyze that the NE state is unique by transforming the original nonlinear fractional programming problem into a nonlinear parametric programming problem. Through simulation studies, we verify our analysis results. In addition, we show that the proposed method achieves higher energy efficiency of a network and balances the energy efficiency among cells more evenly than the methods based on the AIMD (additive increase and multiplicative decrease) algorithm.
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Semakula, Jimmy, Rene A. Corner-Thomas, Stephen T. Morris, Hugh T. Blair, and Paul R. Kenyon. "Application of Machine Learning Algorithms to Predict Body Condition Score from Liveweight Records of Mature Romney Ewes." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020162.
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Body condition score (BCS) in sheep (Ovis aries) is a widely used subjective measure of the degree of soft tissue coverage. Body condition score and liveweight are statistically related in ewes; therefore, it was hypothesized that BCS could be accurately predicted from liveweight using machine learning models. Individual ewe liveweight and body condition score data at each stage of the annual cycle (pre-breeding, pregnancy diagnosis, pre-lambing and weaning) at 43 to 54 months of age were used. Nine machine learning (ML) algorithms (ordinal logistic regression, multinomial regression, linear discriminant analysis, classification and regression tree, random forest, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, neural networks and gradient boosting decision trees) were applied to predict BCS from a ewe’s current and previous liveweight record. A three class BCS (1.0–2.0, 2.5–3.5, >3.5) scale was used due to high-class imbalance in the five-scale BCS data. The results showed that using ML to predict ewe BCS at 43 to 54 months of age from current and previous liveweight could be achieved with high accuracy (>85%) across all stages of the annual cycle. The gradient boosting decision tree algorithm (XGB) was the most efficient for BCS prediction regardless of season. All models had balanced specificity and sensitivity. The findings suggest that there is potential for predicting ewe BCS from liveweight using classification machine learning algorithms.
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Huang, J. C., S. J. Kao, M. L. Hsu, and Y. A. Liu. "Influence of Specific Contributing Area algorithms on slope failure prediction in landslide modeling." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7, no. 6 (2007): 781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-7-781-2007.
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Abstract. This study anatomized algorithm effects of specific contributing area (SCA) on soil wetness estimation, consequently landslide prediction, in SHALSTAB. A subtropical mountainous catchment during three typhoon invasions is targeted. The peak 2-day rainfall intensity of the three typhoons: Haitang, Mindulle and Herb are 144, 248 and 327 mm/day, respectively. We use modified success rate (MSR) to retrieve the most satisfying mean condition for model parameters in SHALSTAB at three rainfall intensities and respective pre-typhoon NDVI themes. Simulation indicates that algorithm affects the prediction of landslide susceptibility (i.e. FS, Factor of Safety) significantly. Based on fixed NDVI and the mean condition, we simulate by using full scale rainfall intensity from 0 to 1200 mm/day. Simulations show that predicted unstable area coverage increases non-linearly as rainfall intensity increases for all algorithms yet with different increasing trends. Compared to Dinf, D8 always gives lower coverage of predicted unstable area during three typhoons. By contrast, FD8 gives higher coverage areas. The absolute difference (compared to Dinf) in predicted unstable area ranges from ~−3% to +4% (percent watershed area). The relative difference (compared to Dinf) ranges from −15% to as high as +40%. The maximum absolute and relative differences in unstable area prediction occur around the condition of 100–300 mm/day, which is common in subtropical mountainous region. Theoretical relationship among slope, rainfall intensity, SCA and FS value was derived in which FS values are very sensitive to algorithms in the field of slope from 37 to 52degree. Results imply any comparison among SCA-related landslide models or engineering application of rainfall return period analysis must base on the same algorithm to obtain comparable results. This study clarifies the SCA algorithm effect on FS prediction and deepens our understanding on landslide modeling.
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Down, W. B., and R. T. K. Baker. "Modification of the surface properties of carbon fibers via the catalytic growth of carbon nanofibers." Journal of Materials Research 10, no. 3 (1995): 625–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1995.0625.
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The surface of commercial pitch and PAN-based carbon fibers has been modified by coating the structures with catalytically formed carbon nanofibers. Reaction conditions have been established that enable one to achieve optimum coverage by the secondary nanostructures without inducing any degradation in the mechanical properties of the parent fibers. Using this approach it is possible to produce a dramatic increase in the surface area of the fibrous structure from a nominal value of about 1.0 m2/g (untreated condition) up to between 250 and 300 m2/g (complete nanofiber coverage). This process results in a significant enhancement in the adhesion properties at the interface between the fiber and matrix components in a composite material. Mechanical tests performed on single uncoated and coated T300 carbon fibers demonstrated that it was possible to obtain an improvement of over 4.75 times in the interfacial shear strength of the fibers following deposition of a critical amount of nanofibers.
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Shaleh, Adith Ismail. "Evaluation of Base Station Efficiency Using Test Drives on Single-Band and Multi-Band Antennas." Jurnal Jartel: Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 3, no. 2 (2016): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v3i2.216.
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Telecommunications support equipment and systems play a vital role in the network. Multi-band sectoral antennas are starting to replace single-band sectoral antennas at several base stations. The use of a single-band antenna that requires many antennas at the base station is not practical. The following research is conducting tests to evaluate the coverage area, rx signal level and network throughput produced by a multi-band sectoral antenna. Comparison of coverage area calculation using the walfisch-ikegami method. Testing the coverage area with the rx signal level utilizes a drive test so that the optimization of the success of the multi-band antenna is paired to obtain data to support decision making and determine the efficiency of the device in urban areas. From the test results of these 3 factors, the network efficiency generated by multi-band sectoral antennas and single-band sectoral antennas on the antenna coverage area shows that the results of single-band antennas are further than multi-band antennas. Meanwhile, on the signal side that is measured in the drive test process, the 2G network produced by the multi band antenna is better, for the 3G network the single band antenna is better. The 3G network throughput measurement data shows that the uplink access speed results are not good, because the good throughput value is only 42.54%. Measurements on the downlink side are also in poor condition, because the good throughput value is 38.57%.
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Chou, Yu T. "Reliability Design of Flexible Airfield Pavements: Elastic Layered Method." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1568, no. 1 (1997): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1568-15.
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A design procedure was developed for layered elastic flexible airfield pavement systems in terms of probability and reliability. A user-friendly computer program, RELIFLEX, was prepared to carry out the computations. The Rosenblueth method is used to estimate the expected value and variance of the computed strains (dependent parameters) on the basis of the input mean values of independent parameters (i.e., aircraft load, layer thicknesses, and material moduli). RELIFLEX has the capability of considering the strain distribution to be normal, lognormal, or beta, and a capacity-demand analysis is included. Only normal distribution is presented. Environmental effects and the lack of fit of the prediction models are not considered in RELIFLEX. The relationships between the reliability level and the allowable strain repetition of the designed system, established using RELIFLEX, provide a decision-making tool for engineers to design pavement at the desired reliability level. For a desired reliability level of the design system, pavement thickness can be varied to agree with the designed coverage or the allowable coverage can be modified for a given pavement thickness.
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POPOVIC, VLADIMIR M., BRANKO M. VASIC, TATJANA M. LAZOVIC, and ALEKSANDAR M. GRBOVIC. "APPLICATION OF NEW DECISION MAKING MODEL BASED ON MODIFIED COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS — A CASE STUDY: BELGRADE TRAMWAY TRANSIT." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 29, no. 06 (2012): 1250034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595912500340.
Full textAbstract:
Tramway transit has an important place within the public transportation system of Belgrade. However, due to the very unfavorable age structure, the bad condition of tramway tracks and infrastructure, as well as the maintenance system that require significant advancement, Belgrade tramways are in very bad repair, so the transport requirements are not properly met. The principal task of the analysis presented in this paper is to recognize and estimate the justifiability of investment into various solutions for revitalization of Belgrade tramway rolling stock. We have chosen a somewhat different from usual approach to decision making, that is, applied a combination of cost-benefit, life-cycle cost and multi-criteria analysis.
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Mozumdar, Lavlu, Mohammad Amirul Islam, and Sumitra Saha. "Genetically modified organisms and sustainable crop production: A critical review." Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University 10, no. 2 (2013): 291–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14921.
Full textAbstract:
Fighting against global hunger in the adverse climatic condition is a major concern of the governments around the globe. The pace of population growth is overwhelmingly defeating the growth in crop production. In this context, introduction of GMO is emerging as a probable solution for sustainable crop production. However, such developments are not beyond criticism. This paper assesses and evaluates the prospects and challenges of introduction of GMO in a global perspective. Experiences of GM crop cultivation in different countries are also considered. This paper is a review of all accessible literature on GMO and sustainable crop production. This review will give a flavor of the on going debate and help take decision by the interested countries regarding GMO adoption. Furthermore, on the basis of the review this paper suggests some policy recommendations.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbau.v10i2.14921 J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 10(2): 291-296, 2012