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Journal articles on the topic 'Modified Hummers Method'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 11 July 2025

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1

Yıldız, Kübra, and Muhammet Uzun. "Obtaining of Reduced Graphene Oxide from Graphite by using Hummer’s and Chemical Reduction Method." Academic Perspective Procedia 2, no. 3 (2019): 601–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33793/acperpro.02.03.59.

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In this study, graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from graphite using modified Hummers method. According to other methods known in the literature, modified Hummers method; it is simpler and less costly in terms of process steps. In addition, it is safer and environmentally friendly than the Hummers method. Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) was obtained by reduction of graphene oxides (GO) synthesized by modified Hummers method. It is understood from the obtained results that GO is synthesized successfully from graphite powder by modified Hummers method and RGO is obtained successfully by reduction of graphene oxides (GO).

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2

Ucar, Nuray, Ilkay Ozsev Yuksek, Mervin Olmez, Elif Can, and Ayşen Onen. "The effect of oxidation process on graphene oxide fiber properties." Materials Science-Poland 37, no. 1 (2019): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/msp-2019-0015.

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AbstractGraphene, a carbon allotrope, became a significant area of research with its superior electrical, mechanical, optical properties, etc. There are several methods to obtain graphene oxide from graphite, one of which is the Hummers method. In this study, several modifications and pre-treatments preceding the Hummers method have been employed. Three different graphene oxide fibers have been produced by three different procedures, i.e. fibers obtained by Hummers method with pre-oxidation step, modified Hummers method and modified Hummers method with pre-oxidation step. It has been observed that pre-oxidation has a significant effect on graphene oxide fiber properties produced by wet spinning process (coagulation). Modified Hummers method without pre-oxidation leads to the highest breaking strength and breaking elongation. Reduced fiber linear density, breaking strength and breaking elongation together with increased crimp were observed in graphene fiber due to the addition of pre-oxidation step.

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3

Xu, Yuelong, Bin Ren, Shasha Wang, Lihui Zhang, and Zhenfa Liu. "Carbon aerogel-based supercapacitors modified by hummers oxidation method." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 527 (October 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2018.04.108.

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4

Pan, Yue, Ke Ye, Dianxue Cao, et al. "Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide/cupric oxide as an anode material for lithium ion batteries." RSC Adv. 4, no. 110 (2014): 64756–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra13336f.

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5

Chen, Ji, Yao Zhang, Miao Zhang, et al. "Water-enhanced oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide with controlled species of oxygenated groups." Chemical Science 7, no. 3 (2016): 1874–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5sc03828f.

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6

Zaaba, N. I., K. L. Foo, U. Hashim, S. J. Tan, Wei-Wen Liu, and C. H. Voon. "Synthesis of Graphene Oxide using Modified Hummers Method: Solvent Influence." Procedia Engineering 184 (2017): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.04.118.

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7

Santosh, M. Arade, and V. Borgade G. "Synthesis of Graphene Oxide by Modified Hummers Method-An Overview." International Journal of Advance and Applied Research S6, no. 18 (2025): 198–206. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15259336.

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<em>Graphene is often hailed as a "wonder material" due to its remarkable properties and wide-ranging applications. Graphene oxide (GO) is interesting because its oxygen-containing functional groups make it highly dispersible in water and various solvents, allowing for easy processing and versatile applications. The modified Hummers' method for synthesizing GO enhances safety, efficiency, and material quality. Improved oxidation efficiency increases GO's oxygen content, enhancing hydrophilicity and dispersibility in water and solvents. The characterization of synthesized GO includes the use of several techniques to analyse its structure, composition, and properties, such as FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDS, Raman, and UV-Visible spectroscopy.</em>

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8

Xu, Guangyuan, Jenny Malmström, Neil Edmonds, Neil Broderick, Jadranka Travas-Sejdic, and Jianyong Jin. "Investigation of the Reduction of Graphene Oxide by Lithium Triethylborohydride." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4021059.

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The chemical reduction of a wet colloidal suspension of graphene oxide is a cost-effective and adaptable method for large scale production of “quasi” graphene for a wide variety of optoelectronic applications. In this study, modified Hummers’ procedure was used to synthesize high quality graphene oxide at 50°C. This modified protocol thus eliminates the potentially hazardous second high-temperature step in Hummers’ method for the production of GO. Furthermore, the reduction of graphene oxide by lithium triethylborohydride is demonstrated for the first time. According to FT-IR, UV-Vis, TGA, Raman, SEM/EDS, and AFM results, the reduced graphene oxide (LiEt3BH-RGO) has properties comparable to other reduced graphene oxide products reported in the literature.

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9

Asghar, M. Sajid Ali, Muhammad Amir, Umer Hussain, and Mohammed M. Sabri. "Zinc and graphene oxide composites as new protective coatings for oil and gas pipes." Polimery 68, no. 7-8 (2023): 378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2023.7.3.

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A method was developed to obtain a durable coating consisting of zinc and graphene oxide (Zn-GO) in order to reduce the mechanical wear and tear rate of oil and gas pipelines made of steel. Graphene oxide was obtained from graphite by wet chemical oxidation (unmodified and modified Hummers’ method) using potassium permanganate and sulfuric acid. The process was carried out at various temperatures. The steel was covered with an ultrathin layer of Zn-GO using the electrophoretic deposition method. The GO particle size (< 90 nm) was confirmed by XRD and laser analysis. For GO particles obtained by the modified Hummers’ method, a significant correlation was observed in the scratch (R2 = 0.87) and the Vickers microhardness tests (R2 = 0.93), which indicates a lower wear rate of Zn-GO-coated steel.

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10

Yu, Xiaoqing, Kaiqi Li, Haihui Zhou, et al. "Curly graphene nanosheets modified by nanoneedle-like manganese oxide for electrochemical capacitors." RSC Advances 5, no. 108 (2015): 88950–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra15529k.

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A modified Hummers method and an aqueous solution synthesis method have been adopted to prepare curly graphene nanosheets/manganese oxide (CGN/MnO<sub>2</sub>) composite using multiwalled carbon nanotubes and KMnO<sub>4</sub> as precursors in this paper.

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11

Pang, Wenchao, Zifeng Ni, Guomei Chen, Guodong Huang, Huadong Huang, and Yongwu Zhao. "Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene oxide/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene nanocomposites." RSC Advances 5, no. 77 (2015): 63063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11826c.

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Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared according to a modified Hummers method, and a range of GO/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) composites were fabricated then their mechanical and thermal properties were investigated.

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12

Baghirov, Mahammad Baghir, Mustafa Muradov, Goncha Eyvazova, et al. "Features of structure and optical properties GO and a GO/PVA composite subjected to gamma irradiation." RSC Advances 13, no. 50 (2023): 35648–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra07186c.

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13

Méndez-Lozano, Néstor, Francisco Pérez-Reynoso, and Carlos González-Gutiérrez. "Eco-Friendly Approach for Graphene Oxide Synthesis by Modified Hummers Method." Materials 15, no. 20 (2022): 7228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207228.

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The aim of this study is to produce graphene oxide using a modified Hummers method without using sodium nitrate. This modification eliminates the production of toxic gases. Two drying temperatures, 60 °C and 90 °C, were used. Material was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. FTIR study shows various functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl. The XRD results show that the space between the layers of GO60 is slightly larger than that for GO90. SEM images show a homogeneous network of graphene oxide layers of ≈6 to ≈9 nm. The procedure described has an environmentally friendly approach.

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14

Yuan, Rui, Jing Yuan, Yanping Wu, et al. "Graphene oxide-monohydrated manganese phosphate composites: Preparation via modified Hummers method." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 547 (June 2018): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.023.

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15

Lim, Wan Sin, and Kwok Feng Chong. "Study on Modified Hummers Method for Partially Oxidized Graphene Oxide Synthesis." Materials Science Forum 981 (March 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.981.23.

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Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising material that currently a common precursor in the synthesis of graphene material. GO has emerged as a rapidly developed material due to its remarkable application in electronics, energy storage, biomedical and chemistry. However, controlling the oxygen content in the GO is one of the significant factors for tailoring GO that able to fulfil various applications. In this paper, diluted sulfuric acid was employed during the oxidation. Based on the characterization results from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) it found that the partially oxidized graphene oxide (PGO) was fabricated. The PGO synthesis show an insignificant absorption of C=O peak in FTIR and weak peak intensity at 300 nm for UV-Vis analysis that found in fully oxidized graphene oxide. Therefore, the PGO synthesis claimed to be partially oxidized.

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16

Frankberg, Erkka J., Lijo George, Alexander Efimov, Mari Honkanen, Jenni Pessi, and Erkki Levänen. "Measuring Synthesis Yield in Graphene Oxide Synthesis by Modified Hummers Method." Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures 23, no. 9 (2014): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1536383x.2014.993754.

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17

Cui, Yan Qun, Ze Wu, Li Min Dong, Qin Li, and Zhi Dong Han. "Graphene Oxide Prepared via Ultrasonic Assisted Chemical Oxidation Method and its Fluorescence Property." Advanced Materials Research 986-987 (July 2014): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.986-987.84.

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Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared via ultrasonic assisted chemical oxidation method. Contrasting with modified hummers method, GO prepared by ultrasonic assisted chemical oxidation method showed thinner flakes, the interlayer spacing increases. The emission spectra of the GO showed a similar excitation-dependent feature with the strongest peak (552 nm) excited at 477 nm.

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18

Wang, Lanhao, Xiaodong Yu, Zhendong Jiang, Xusheng Li, and Chuanxiang Zhang. "Coal-based graphene derived from different coal ranks: exceptional sodium storage performance in sodium-ion batteries." RSC Advances 14, no. 43 (2024): 31587–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra05104a.

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In this work, coal-based reduced graphene oxide (CrGO) was prepared as an anode materials for SIBs by a modified Hummers-high temperature thermal reduction method with different ranks of coal (coal-based graphite, CG) as a precursor.

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19

Sinitsyna, Olga V., Georgy B. Meshkov, Anastasija V. Grigorieva, Alexander A. Antonov, Inna G. Grigorieva, and Igor V. Yaminsky. "Blister formation during graphite surface oxidation by Hummers’ method." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (February 2, 2018): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.40.

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Graphite oxide has a complex structure that can be modified in many ways to obtain materials for a wide range of applications. It is known that the graphite precursor has an important role in the synthesis of graphite oxide. In the present study, the basal-plane surface of highly annealed pyrolythic graphite (HAPG) was oxidized by Hummers’ method and investigated by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. HAPG was used as a graphite precursor because its surface after cleavage contains well-ordered millimeter-sized regions. The treatment resulted in graphite intercalation by sulfuric acid and blister formation all over the surface. Surprisingly, the destruction of the sp2-lattice was not detected in the ordered regions. We suggest that the reagent diffusion under the basal plane surface occurred through the cleavage steps and dislocations with the Burgers vector parallel to the c-axis in graphite.

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20

Kim, S., J. Y. Lee, and T. H. Yoon. "Few-layer-graphene with high yield and low sheet resistance via mild oxidation of natural graphite." RSC Advances 7, no. 57 (2017): 35717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra06042d.

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The mild oxidation of natural graphite was obtained via the modified Hummers method by employing an oxidation temperature of 20 °C and KMnO<sub>4</sub> loading of 2 g, while varying the oxidation time from 30 to 60, 90 or 120 min.

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21

Nair, Adwaita SR, Subhash Mandal, Debmalya Roy, and N. EswaraPrasad. "Fabrication of cellular structures in thermoplastic polyurethane matrix using carbonaceous nanofillers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1219, no. 1 (2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1219/1/012004.

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Abstract In the present study, we have synthesized, graphene oxide (GO) by using modified Hummer’s method and reduced graphene oxide(rGO) by using hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent. Since GO and rGO have high surface area and modification of surface is easier, they produce drastic changes in the matrix properties at a very low loading volume. Oxygen functionalities further allow increased interaction with polar polymer composites. Modified hummers method is the most commonly and widely used method of chemical reduction to synthesis graphene oxide as it is rapid and safe. Unlike other method, it is less hazardous and requires less reaction time. Sulfuric acid was used to disperse graphite and NaNO3 and KMNO4 as oxidizing agent. The use of KMNO4 instead of KClO3 reduced the chances of ClO2 explosion and also accelerated the reaction. Characterization of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide was done using XRD, SEM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy and TGA. The synthesized GO and rGO were used as nanofillers for the synthesis of polyurethane nanocomposite. Thermoplastic polyurethane is biodegradable and thus polyurethane nanocomposites have wide application. PU nanocomposites were prepared using thermo-chemical solvent mixing method and their microstructures were investigated using various characterization techniques.

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22

Abdrakhmanova, A. B., B. T. Kuderina, N. M. Omarova, and A. N. Sabitova. "APPLICATION OF MODIFIED CONDUCTIVE ADDITIVES AND AQUEOUS BINDERS IN POSITIVE ELECTRODES BASED ON LITHIUM IRON PHOSPHATE FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES." Chemical Journal of Kazakhstan 79, no. 3 (2022): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.51580/2022-3/2710-1185.87.

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Positive electrodes play a significant role in operation of lithium-ion batteries. The inactive constituents of the electrode coating, electrically conductive additive and binder, are key components for efficient operation of active material.Therefore, minimizing the toxicity of some and the synthesis or modification of others remain an urgent topic for increasing the energy intensity of lithium-ion batteries, which is the main goal of this work. The purpose: Synthesis and modification of nanostructured carbon electrically conductive additives and the study of their influence on the specific characteristics of the electrode in combination with water-soluble polymers. Results.During the research, the optimal compositions of the positive electrode were found: 1) using aqueous polymers, 2) with the addition of synthesized graphene oxide obtained by the Hummers method; 3) with the addition of modified carbon nanotubes obtained by the Hummers method. Conclusion. Graphene oxide synthesized by the Hummers method and carbon nanotubes reduced by the same method give a discharge specific capacity of more than 150 mAh/g and 140 mAh/g, respectively, with an active material theoretical capacity of 160-170 mAh/g, those using them instead of commercial conductive additives can significantly improve the specific characteristics of positive electrodes. This is due to an increase in the kinetics of lithium ion transfer inside the active material due to many structural defects due to synthesis, in addition, they are better dispersed in water, and it is also possible to obtain thick coating layers.

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23

Muda, M. R., K. N. Hanim, Siti Salwa Mat Isa, Muhammad Mahyiddin Ramli, and M. F. Jamlos. "High Throughput Graphene Oxide in Modified Hummers Method and Annealing Effect on Different Deposition Method." Applied Mechanics and Materials 815 (November 2015): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.815.141.

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Graphene sheets offer extraordinary thermal, electronic and mechanical properties which could enhance the performance of the device for various applications. However, a large quantity production and the direct dispersion of graphene or graphite sheets in water without the assistance of dispersing agent has been considered to be a challenging issue. In this study, we reported that by introducing the functional group on the graphene basal plane started from natural graphite can readily form stable graphene oxide (GO) solution in a large quantity through modified hummers method. Structural and physiochemical properties of the GO were investigated with help of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of the annealing treatment on a GO surface were analyzed using a Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer (SPA) in order to obtain the electrical resistance measurement. Based on the thermal reduction results, the resistance of drop casting is greater than spray coating which indicates that, the drop casting method is more reliable to be used in any application.

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24

Zhang, Ren Lon, Jean Hong Chen, Lung Chuan Chen, Hao Lin Hsu, and Jun Ku Lin. "Structure and Properties of Graphene Oxide Aerogels by Freeze-Drying Process." Key Engineering Materials 862 (September 2020): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.862.78.

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The structure and properties of graphene oxide aerogels (GOA), prepared by a modified Hummer’s method followed by a freezing-drying process in addition to a pre-oxidized procedure, were studied through FTIR, Raman, SEM and XDR techniques. FTIR results indicated the existence of -C-O, -C-OH and -C=O function groups on the GOA surface. Therefore, the D band intensity of GOA sample exhibited remarkable increasing in the Raman spectra compared with of graphite; it may be due to change the order-structure of graphite to disorder-structure of GOA. The diffractive peak for the graphite at 2θ of 26.5° vanishes instead the one around 10.0° occurred in the XRD pattern for the GOA supported that the structure and d-spacing changed seriously from graphite to GOA. The SEM images revealed that the micro-structure of graphene layer of GOA was wrinkler and softer than that of graphite, however, the former involved fewer lamellar layer appearance with wrinkles on the edges of the graphene. All the characterized evaluation confirmed that the graphite powder has been transformed into a GOA structure through the modified Hummers’ method.

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25

Sanchez, Miguel, Mauro Cesar Terence, and Juan Alfredo Guevara Carrió. "Synthesis of Graphene Oxide from Alternative Sources." Journal of Nano Research 38 (January 2016): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.38.96.

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Two-dimensional films of graphene oxide (GO) have been synthesized using various oxidation methods such as the conventional or modified Hummers method. The redox method for graphite has shown promise at producing GO films on a large scale. However, this method is a very exothermic process that liberates gases that are harmful to the environment and humans. This article addresses the characterization of graphene oxide from alternative sources of carbon and using the dry method. Comparative studies performed using Raman spectroscopy suggest that this method is both promising and more environmentally friendly.

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26

Gudyma, T. S., N. I. Lapekin, M. V. Popov, and A. G. Bannov. "Application of Ice to the Synthesis of Graphite Oxide: A Modified Hummers Method." Solid Fuel Chemistry 56, no. 5 (2022): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0361521922050044.

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27

Kumar, Pushpendra, Santhosh Penta, and Shyama Prasad Mahapatra. "Dielectric Properties of Graphene Oxide Synthesized by Modified Hummers’ Method from Graphite Powder." Integrated Ferroelectrics 202, no. 1 (2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10584587.2019.1674822.

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28

Sujiono, E. H., Zurnansyah, D. Zabrian, et al. "Graphene oxide based coconut shell waste: synthesis by modified Hummers method and characterization." Heliyon 6, no. 8 (2020): e04568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04568.

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29

Wang, Yu Feng, Xiao Jian Cao, Mei Qing Zheng, Dong Mei Zhao, Dong Yu Zhao, and Li Guo Sun. "Stable Dispersed Graphenes Prepared by the Reduction of Graphene Oxides with Mercapto Acid." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 282–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.282.

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An cost effective, and simple method of preparation of surface modified graphene has been described in this work. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized from flake graphite by following a modified Hummers’ method. In comparison with other strong reducing agents used in GO reduction, we found thioglycolic acid (TGA) has its unique advantages in forming stable water dispersion of reduced GO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed the successful reduction of GO to graphene. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the product confirm the presence of thin sheets.

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Kaplin, A. V., A. T. Rebrikova, E. A. Eremina, N. A. Chumakova, N. V. Avramenko, and M. V. Korobov. "Sorption of Polar Sorbents into GO Powders and Membranes." Membranes 13, no. 1 (2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13010053.

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The comparative study of sorption of polar substances acetonitrile and water into powders and membranes (>10 μm thick) of modified Hummers (HGO) and Brodie (BGO) graphite oxides was performed using isopiestic method (IM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additional sorption data were obtained for pyridine and 1-octanol. Sorption measurements were accompanied by conventional XRD and XPS control. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was additionally used to characterize ordering of the membranes. The impact on sorption of synthetic procedure (Brodie or Hummers), method of making membranes, chemical nature of the sorbent, and method of sorption was systematically examined. It was demonstrated that variations in synthetic procedures within both Hummers and Brodie methods did not lead to changes in the sorption properties of the corresponding powders. Sorption of acetonitrile and pyridine was reduced by approximately half when switching from powders to membranes at ambient temperature. DSC measurements at a lower temperature gave equal sorption of acetonitrile into HGO powder and membranes. Water has demonstrated unique sorption properties. Equal sorption of water was measured for HGO membranes and powders at T = 298 K and at T = 273 K. It was demonstrated that lowering the orientational alignment of the membranes led to the increase of sorption. In practice this could allow one to tune sorption/swelling and transport properties of the GO membranes directly by adjusting their internal ordering without the use of any composite materials.

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31

Wang, Duo, Jie Gao, Wei Fang Xu, et al. "The Synthesis and Characterization of the Graphene Oxide Covalent Modified Phenolic Resin Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 327 (September 2011): 115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.327.115.

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Graphene oxide (GO) was made by a modified Hummers method. Graphene oxide modified phenolic resin nanocomposites (GO/PF) were prepared by Steglich esterification, catalyzed by dicyclohexyl carbodiimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine. The composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The result revealed that the graphene oxide was absolutely exfoliated and covalent linked GO/PF composite was obtained. The thermal stability of PF is remarkably improved by modification with GO.

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32

Long, Yin, Jian Fang Wang, Ya Nan Lv, Cheng An Tao, Lin Xia, and Hui Zhu. "Preparation and Characterization of Graphene by the Oxidation Reduction Method." Advanced Materials Research 554-556 (July 2012): 624–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.554-556.624.

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We prepared graphite oxide (GO) from natural graphite by the modified Hummers method. Then graphene was prepared by ultrasonically dispersing GO in the presence of hydrazine hydrate. The samples were characterized by FTIR, Raman, Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results suggest that the graphite is oxidized to covalent bond-type graphite intercalation compounds with various oxygen functional groups (C=O, C-OH, -COOH and C-O-C). Results show that the functional groups on graphite oxide surface are mostly removed by hydrazine hydrate and graphene presents translucent slide with curly edge.

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33

Hoang, Thu Thi, Hoa Tran My Huynh, and Trung Quang Tran. "Preparation of hybrid transparent electrodes of silver nanowires and chemically converted graphene on abitrary substrate at low temperature." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 3 (2015): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i3.818.

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Graphene has been enjoyed significant recent attention due to its potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Graphene is usually prepared via Hummers' method or modified Hummers' methods. These methods are the most suitable for the large-scale production of single graphene at low cost. But their main drawbacks are the use of strong oxidizing agents which make graphene films separating into small sheets and this extremely decrease the electrical conductivity of graphene. Herein, we report an inexpensive, fast and facile method for preparation of a double layer structured transparent, flexible hybrid electrode from silver nanowires (Ag NWs) with chemically converted graphene (CCG) coating on arbitrary substrate. These films dramatically decreases the resistance of graphene films and exhibited high optical transmittance (82.4 %) and low sheet resistance (18 Ω/ sq), which is comparable to ITO transparent electrode. The ratio of direct conductivity to optical conductivity DC/OP = 104 of this electrode is very close to that displayed by commercially available ITO. Especially, the whole fabrication process is carried out at low temperature. The graphene films are spin coated directly on the substrate without transferring therefore eliminating troubles that are brought from the transfer method.

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34

Ou, Shanqiang, Cong Liu, Rongge Yang, et al. "Supramolecular-driven construction of multilayered structure by modified hummers method for robust silicon anode." Energy Storage Materials 73 (November 2024): 103814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103814.

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35

Surekha, G., K. Venkata Krishnaiah, N. Ravi, and R. Padma Suvarna. "FTIR, Raman and XRD analysis of graphene oxide films prepared by modified Hummers method." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1495 (March 2020): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1495/1/012012.

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36

Alkhouzaam, Abedalkader, Hazim Qiblawey, Majeda Khraisheh, Muataz Atieh, and Mohammad Al-Ghouti. "Synthesis of graphene oxides particle of high oxidation degree using a modified Hummers method." Ceramics International 46, no. 15 (2020): 23997–4007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.06.177.

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37

Mohamed, Marwa, wafaa Eletr, elsayed awad, and Salah dahdouh. "GRAPHENE OXIDE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS AS A CARBONACEOUS NANOPARTICLE BY USING MODIFIED HUMMERS’ METHOD." Egyptian Journal of Soil Science 63, no. 4 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejss.2023.225259.1624.

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Rana, Md Jewel, Khan Rajib Hossain, Marzan Mursalin Jami, Md Abu Shyeed, and Md Kamrul Hasan. "Preparation and Conductivity of Polymer-Modified Graphene Films." American Journal of Smart Technology and Solutions 2, no. 1 (2023): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajsts.v2i1.1110.

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The Hummers method was used to make graphite oxide, and ultrasonic exfoliation at 25°C and 90°C was used to make graphene oxide (GO). At a low temperature, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was used as a reducing and changing agent for graphene oxide (GO) to make dispersions of graphene that were modified with PEI. Optoelectronics’ electron and infrared spectroscopy showed how temperature affected PEI’s ability to break down GO. The results show that PEI can partially reduce GO at 25°C. At 90°C, the grafted PEI gradually dissociated from the GO sheet. The graphene dispersion was filtered and assembled into a PEI-GO film, and its conductivity was found to be 117S.m-1, hopefully conductive material for graphene.

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Al-Ruqeishi, Majid S., Tariq Mohiuddin, Moza Al-Moqbali, et al. "Graphene Oxide Synthesis: Optimizing the Hummers and Marcano Methods." Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 12, no. 1 (2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2020.3074.

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Fabricating graphene oxide (GO) in a cost-effective, efficient manner remains challenging. Some researchers manufacture GO that is comprised of a small number of layers by a modification of Hummers' method, as follows: (1) minimize use of NaNO3, a source of toxic gases; and (2) use MnO2 as the oxidizer. Other researchers fabricate GO by Marcano's method, where KMnO4 substitutes for MnO2. Here, one uses a 9:1 volume ratio of H2SO4/H3PO4. The role of KMnO4 is to diffuse slowly in the graphite interlayer and act as a peroxidation agent throughout the oxidation. For large-scale production, there is an explosion risk from using KMnO4 in H2SO4, and incomplete graphite oxidation. We overcame these challenges by growing GO sheets exhibiting an average size thickness of ∼3.1 ± 0.2 μm by optimizing the quantity of KMnO4 and H2SO4/H3PO4 as oxidizer ion sources, in modifications of both the Hummers and Marcano methods, without using NaNO3. Optimizing the reaction time and using small graphite flakes optimized oxidation to afford a high yield of GO sheets. X-ray diffraction showed an interlayer d-spacing of 5.7 Å for GO and 2.9 Å for the lesser quantity of remaining non-exfoliated graphite grains. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed no peaks for stretching vibrations within the graphitic domains, especially for GO grown via the modified Hummers method. Ultraviolet-visible and Raman spectroscopy showed that the number of layers with sp2 domains of interconnected carbon atoms, and disorder such as ripples and major defects at the edge planes, decreased compared to prior research. The Raman Id/Ig ratio of the GO sheets ranged from 1.21 to 1.75. The carbon/oxygen atomic ratio (RC/O), deduced from the C 1 s core level as per X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ranged from 0.43 to 6.84.

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Sahu, Tumesh Kumar, Pranay Ranjan, and Prashant Kumar. "Chemical exfoliation synthesis of boron nitride and molybdenum disulfide 2D sheets via modified Hummers’ method." Emergent Materials 4, no. 3 (2021): 645–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00170-0.

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Ma, Di, Jian Cai, Xiaoxin Wu, Hongfeng Xu, Ying Tian, and Hong Zhao. "Treatment of multiwall carbon nanotubes based on the modified Hummers method for supercapacitor electrode materials." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 8, no. 1 (2016): 014101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4941856.

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Damastuti, Retno, Diah Susanti, Adhimoorthy Prasannan, Wesley Wei-Wen Hsiao, and Po-Da Hong. "High Selectivity Fuel from Efficient CO2 Conversion by Zn-Modified rGO and Amine-Functionalized CuO as a Photocatalyst." Materials 16, no. 12 (2023): 4314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16124314.

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Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been used in copper (II) oxide (CuO)-based photocatalysts as an additive material. An application of this CuO-based photocatalyst is in the CO2 reduction process. The preparation of rGO by a Zn-modified Hummers’ method has resulted in a high quality of rGO in terms of excellent crystallinity and morphology. However, implementing Zn-modified rGO in CuO-based photocatalysts for the CO2 reduction process has yet to be studied. Therefore, this study explores the potential of combining Zn-modified rGO with CuO photocatalysts and performing these rGO/CuO composite photocatalysts to convert CO2 into valuable chemical products. The rGO was synthesized by using a Zn-modified Hummers’ method and covalently grafted with CuO by amine functionalization with three different compositions (1:10, 1:20, and 1:30) of rGO/CuO photocatalyst. XRD, FTIR, and SEM were used to investigate the crystallinity, chemical bonds, and morphology of the prepared rGO and rGO/CuO composites. The performance of rGO/CuO photocatalysts for the CO2 reduction process was quantitively measured by GC–MS. We found that the rGO showed successful reduction using a Zn reducing agent. The rGO sheet could be grafted with CuO particles and resulted in a good morphology of rGO/CuO, as shown from the XRD, FTIR, and SEM results. The rGO/CuO material showed photocatalytic performance due to the advantages of synergistic components and resulted in methanol, ethanolamine, and aldehyde as fuel with amounts of 37.12, 8730, and 17.1 mmol/g catalyst, respectively. Meanwhile, adding CO2 flow time increases the resulting quantity of the product. In conclusion, the rGO/CuO composite could have potential for large-scale CO2 conversion and storage applications.

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Hidayati, Nur, Wahib Khoiruddin, Isnadiah Endang Mastuti, and Wahyu Devi Satna Pambudi. "KATALIS KARBON YANG DIBUAT DENGAN METODE HUMMERS TERMODIFIKASI UNTUK ASETILASI GLISEROL." Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia 6, no. 2 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/inteka.v6i2.5509.

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Gliserol adalah produk samping yang dihasilkan dari proses pembuatan biodiesel. Karena peningkatan produksi biodiesel, utilisasi gliserol yang melimpah menjadi asetin berpeluang dilakukan karena manfaat asetin sebagai sumber bahan baku untuk material lainnya yang bernilai lebih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat katalis grafena oksida dari multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) dengan menggunakan metode hummers termodifikasi. Karakterisasi katalis GO dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji X-Rays Diffraction (XRD) dan Scanning Electron Microscope-Energi Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Aktivitas katalitik pada asetilasi gliserol menunjukkan konversi yang tinggi mencapai 94% pada suhu 110°C dalam 2 jam reaksi dengan menggunakan katalis 3% berat. Kata kunci: Asetilasi, Gliserol, Grafena Oksida, Metode Hummers Termodifikasi AbstractGlycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production. Due to the increase in biodiesel production, the utilization of abundant glycerol into acetin has the opportunity to be carried out because of the benefits of acetin as a source of raw material for other materials of higher value. This study aims to prepare graphene oxide catalysts from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) using the modified Hummers method. The characterizations of GO catalyst were assessed using X-Rays Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energi Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The catalytic activity of glycerol acetylation showed a high conversion reaching 94% at 110°C in 2 hours of reaction using a 3% by weight catalyst.

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P. Nandakumar, P. Nandakumar, K. N. Amba Sankar, A. Shankar Ganesh, BA Anandh BA. Anandh, and R. Deepa R. Deepa. "Electrochemical Performance of Carbon Materials." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 3 (2022): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380308.

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The surface modification on electrode materials generally improves the electron mobility and surface interactions at carbon materials. Exfoliate graphite has been prepared by the ball milling technique with three different milling time. The graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide were prepared modified Hummers method and carbon quantum dots was prepared using chemical synthesis-pyrolysis technique. The synthesized materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and investigated the electrochemical performances of Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) analysis to understand their specific capacitance.

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Bannov, Alexander, Anastasya Timofeeva, Stepan Yusin, et al. "Synthesis of the Exfoliated Graphite from Graphite Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 1085 (February 2015): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1085.171.

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This article is devoted to investigation of the synthesis process of exfoliated graphite. Exfoliated graphite was obtained from graphite oxide using thermal exfoliation. Graphite oxide samples were synthesized using modified Hummers method. The influence of the synthesis process parameters such as heating rate, temperature, exposure time on the properties of graphite oxide were investigated. The as-received exfoliated graphite were tested as electrode for supercapacitors. The capacitance of the supercapacitors based on exfoliated graphite varied in a range of 17-129 F/g.

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Drewniak, Sabina, Marcin Procek, Roksana Muzyka, and Tadeusz Pustelny. "Comparison of Gas Sensing Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained by Two Different Methods." Sensors 20, no. 11 (2020): 3175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113175.

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In this study, the sensitivity of reduced graphene oxide structures (rGO) to the action of selected gases (especially hydrogen, but also nitrogen dioxide and ammonia) was examined. Two sensing structures, based on rGO structures, obtained by different methods of oxidation (the modified Hummers, and the modified Tour’s method respectively), were investigated. We show here that the method used for the oxidation of rGO influences the sensitivity of the sensing structure during contact with various gaseous atmospheres. We performed our experiments in the atmosphere, containing hydrogen in a concentration range from 0 to 4% in nitrogen or synthetic air, both in dry and wet conditions. The temperature range was from 50 °C to 190 °C. Finally, we checked how the resistance of the samples changes when the other gases (NO2, NH3) appear in tested gas mixtures. The gas investigations were supplemented by the characterization of rGOs materials using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and N2 sorption method.

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Pattanapisutkun, Noppawan, Chaiwat Prapainainar, Paisan Kongkachuichay, and Paweena Prapainainar. "Synthesis and Characterization of Silaned-Graphene Oxide-Mordenite Grafting." Key Engineering Materials 718 (November 2016): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.718.81.

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The grafted materials of silaned-graphene oxide-mordenite (s-GO-MOR) were synthesized by grafting graphene oxide (GO) sheets to acid-treated mordenite and followed by functionalization with silane. GO sheets were prepared according to the modified Hummers method. 3-mercaptopropyltriethoxysilane (MPTES) was used as a silane coupling agent. The products were characterized by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The results confirmed the success of s-GO-MOR and showed excellent thermal stability.

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Han, Peng, Tian Hao Ji, and Li Li. "Preparation of Graphene/CdS-Nanobelt Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 295-297 (July 2011): 844–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.295-297.844.

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Graphene/CdS-nanobelt nanocomposites were prepared using a simple mixing process of graphene with CdS nanobelts in distilled water at room temperature. Prior to the preparation of such nanomaterials, graphene was obtained using modified Hummers method and characterized by various measurement techniques. The measurement results demonstrate that graphite oxide in high-concentration hydrazine hydrate solution can be easily reduced into graphene under hydrothermal condition. The measurement results of nanocomposites show that the addition and mixing of CdS nanobelts has not affected on the structure of graphene.

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GOMEZ-ALVAREZ, M. A., A. DIAZ, I. MOTA, V. CABRERA, and L. RESÉNDIZ. "NANOCOMPOSITES OF ZINC OXIDE ON GRAPHENE OXIDE: A RAPID REDUCTION OF GRAPHENE OXIDE." Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures 16, no. 1 (2021): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/djnb.2021.161.101.

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In this work, graphene oxide (GO) and ZnO were synthesized using the modified Hummers method and the Spanhel and Anderson method, respectively. ZnO/GO composites were then successfully synthesized using a fast and direct process. The results of the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) proved the conversion of GO to reduced graphene oxide, without additional chemical agents or processing at high temperatures and under high vacuum. This study reveals the interaction between oxide materials, which can be of help in the field of electronic microdevice manufacturing.

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Thennarasu, V., and A. Prabakaran. "Development of chitosan base graphene oxide/ WO3 hybrid composite for supercapacitor application." Journal of Ovonic Research 19, no. 5 (2023): 597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2023.195.597.

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The use of non-renewable energy has brought to serious environmental problems for the planet. The amount of greenhouse gases rose immediately as the combustion of fossil fuels increased. As a result, sea levels are steadily rising and the Earth is becoming warmer. Research on renewable energy sources has been done extensively to provide a solution. However, in order to maximise energy utilisation, renewable energy needs an energy storage system, such as a super capacitor. For the development of sustainable supercapacitors for future energy systems, electrode material is a prospective target. The formation of desired electrode material is essential in order to fabricate supercapacitor with higher power density and longer life cycle than secondary batteries in electronic application. In this study, chitosan (CS) was isolated from crab shells, and graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized using a modified Hummers' process, followed by a chemical reduction approach. Based on the results, the synthesized GO exhibited higher capacitance as compared to GO that synthesized through single-step modified Hummers’ method. Continuous efforts have been exerted to further improve the electrochemical performance of GO/WO3 nanocomposite by incorporating an optimum content of WO3. In this manner, comprehensive investigations on different parameters, such as loadings of ammonium paratungstate (APT), hydrothermal temperature and reaction time were conducted in order to study the formation of GO/WO3 nanocomposite. WO3 and GO/WO3 nanocomposite were successfully synthesized through a simple hydrothermal method.

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