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Journal articles on the topic 'Modified Softened Truss Model'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 20 July 2025

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1

Zhu, Yingbo, Shui Wan, Kongjian Shen, Qiang Su, and Xiayuan Li. "Modified rotating-angle softened truss model for composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs under pure torsion." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 9 (2020): 1902–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219898063.

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Replacement of traditional concrete webs with corrugated steel webs will lead to a significant decrease in torsional stiffness of composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs, which needs special attention in the design of wide and curved composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs. To improve the accuracy of prediction on the entire torsional performance of composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs, a modified rotating-angle softened truss model for torsion is developed in this study. Modified rotating-angle softened truss model for torsion mainly takes into account the new three-stage average stress coefficients, the new two-stage shear strain relationship between corrugated steel web and slabs, and the torsional deformation coordination of whole cross section. To testify the accuracy of modified rotating-angle softened truss model for torsion and to better understand the performance of composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs under pure torsion, two scaled specimens are tested in this article. The torque–twist curves and shear strains calculated by modified rotating-angle softened truss model for torsion reach a good agreement with experimental results, which indicates that modified rotating-angle softened truss model for torsion can successfully predict the entire torsional performance of composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs. In addition, compared with test data obtained from previous literature, the proposed modified rotating-angle softened truss model for torsion is more capable of predicting full torsional response of composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs than other rotating-angle models, especially at cracking stage and ultimate stage.
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2

Bernardo, L. F. A., and M. M. Teixeira. "Modified softened truss-model for prestressed concrete beams under torsion." Journal of Building Engineering 19 (September 2018): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.04.024.

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3

Shen, Kongjian, Shui Wan, YL Mo, and Xiayuan Li. "A softened membrane model for prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs under pure torsion." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 2 (2018): 384–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218788597.

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Torsion can be regarded as a principal factor in some cases, such as in curved girders and eccentrically loaded girders, when conducting the structural analysis of prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs. Recently, a rational model, called the softened membrane model for torsion, was proposed for the torsional analysis of reinforced concrete members; thereafter, this model was extended to prestressed concrete members under pure torsion and called softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete. This article presents a modified model, the softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete for prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs, to analyze full torsional behavior. To build the model, the softened membrane model for torsion in reinforced concrete members is first extended to perform the torsional analysis of prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs by incorporating the torsional contribution of corrugated steel webs. Afterward, the initial stresses and strains due to prestressing are considered to extend the softened membrane model for torsion to softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete for prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs by modifying the equilibrium equations, convergence criteria, and constitutive laws of materials. The modified model is validated by experimental data and is proven to be capable of predicting the overall torque–twist curve, especially the precracked branch and postcracked ascending branch. In addition, a comparison between the softened membrane model for torsion and softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete indicates that the torque values before and after concrete cracking will be overestimated and underestimated, respectively, without considering the effect of the initial stresses and strains. Finally, another comparison shows that the softened membrane model for torsion prestressed concrete is superior to the rotating-angle truss model for torsion in its ability to predict the precracked branch of the torque–twist curve.
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4

Bernardo, Luís, and Cátia Taborda. "Softened Truss Model for Reinforced Concrete Beams under Torsion Combined with Axial Force." Applied Mechanics 1, no. 1 (2020): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech1010006.

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The Generalized Softened Variable Angle Truss Model (GSVATM) allows one to compute the global behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under torsion, including the pre- and post-cracking stage. In a previous study, such a model was successfully extended to cover prestressed concrete beams under torsion with longitudinal and uniform prestress. In order to continue to extend the theoretical model for other loading cases, in this article, the GSVATM is extended to cover RC beams under torsion combined with external and centered axial forces. The changes in GSVATM are presented, as well as the modified calculation solution procedure. Some theoretical predictions from the extended GSVATM are compared with numerical results from the non-linear finite element method (FEM), where good agreement is observed for the studied trends.
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5

Wong, Simon H. F., and J. S. Kuang. "Predicting shear strength of RC exterior beam-column joints by modified rotating-angle softened-truss model." Computers & concrete 8, no. 1 (2011): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2011.8.1.059.

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6

Wong, H. F., and J. S. Kuang. "Predicting shear strength of RC interior beam–column joints by modified rotating-angle softened-truss model." Computers & Structures 133 (March 2014): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.11.008.

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7

Jeong, Je-Pyong, and Dae-Hung Kang. "Investigation on shear strain of reinforced concrete membrane panels subjected to pure shear." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 11, no. 8 (2019): 168781401986948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814019869488.

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Hsu recently conducted a shear test on nine reinforced concrete panel elements subjected to applying pure shear using a shear testing device. Modern truss models (i.e. modified compression field theory and a rotating angle softened truss model) are used to perform a complex nonlinear analysis through a trial and error method based on a double loop. This analysis is conducted by employing equilibrium conditions, compatibility conditions, and a ductile stress–strain relationship of a reinforced concrete membrane panel in a biaxial state. In this study, an effective algorithm that uses a revised Mohr compatibility method based on the failure criteria of struts and ties is proposed. This algorithm is used to improve the convergence rate in the analysis of shear history, which was performed in the experiment of Hsu. The result of the analysis indicates that the shear strain energy in a state of extended shear strain is influenced by the relationship between principal compressive stress and strain (crushing failure).
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8

Lee, Deuck Hang, Jin-Ha Hwang, Hyunjin Ju, and Kang Su Kim. "Application of direct tension force transfer model with modified fixed-angle softened-truss model to finite element analysis of steel fiber-reinforced concrete members subjected to Shear." Computers and Concrete 13, no. 1 (2014): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/cac.2014.13.1.049.

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9

Lee, J. Y., and M. Y. Mansour. "New algorithm for fixed-angle softened-truss model." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings 159, no. 6 (2006): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2006.159.6.349.

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10

Bernardo, Luís. "Generalized Softened Variable Angle Truss Model for RC Hollow Beams under Torsion." Materials 12, no. 13 (2019): 2209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12132209.

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In recent studies, a new softened truss model called Generalized Softened Variable Angle Truss Model (GSVATM) has been proposed to compute the full torsional response of reinforced concrete (RC) rectangular solid beams under pure torsion. In this article, the GSVATM is extended to cover RC hollow beams under torsion. The modification of the calculation procedure, in order to account for the specific behavior of RC hollow beams for low loading levels, as well as the final solution procedure, is presented. The theoretical predictions from the extended GSVATM are compared with experimental results of RC hollow beams under torsion found in the literature. Good agreement is observed between the experimental and theoretical results, for both high and low loading levels.
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11

Behera, Gopal Charan, Tippabhotla Durga Gunneswara Rao, and Chittem Butchi Kameswara. "Study of Post-Cracking Torsional Behaviour of High-Strength Reinforced Concrete Beams with a Ferrocement Wrap." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 3 (2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2014-0012.

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Abstract The post-cracking behaviour of structures subjected to torsion can be well predicted by Hsu’s softened truss model. The softened truss model is applicable to structures having symmetry in their material properties on all four sides. Wrapping on three faces is a common phenomenon when the top face is provided with a flange or slab. Such a wrapping on three faces of a beam is referred to as a “U” wrap. “U” wraps are better wrapping strategies for distressed structures, as their top face is not accessible for many structures. The material property of an unwrapped face differs from the rest of wrapped faces. For the effective use of wrapping, the unwrapped face needs to be provided with a material having a higher resistance to tension and shear. For this, high-strength concrete in the core is a better option. Here, an attempt is made to predict the torsional capacity of “U” wrapped high-strength concrete beams having an asymmetry in the material using a softened truss model with suitable modifications of the material properties. Efficient algorithms are proposed for the solution of simultaneous equations. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with the experimental test results
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12

Chang, Wei Dong, Yu Chang, and Lei Lu. "Mechanism Analysis and Experiment Study on RC Composite Core Walls." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 1008–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.1008.

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Two 1/6 scale core walls specimens were designed，including a normal reinforced concrete core wall and a reinforced concrete composite core wall with steel truss. The experimental study on two core walls subjected to combined action of compression, bending moment, shear and torque, was carried out. Based on the rotating-angle softened truss model theory, this paper presents a three-dimensional model for analysis of reinforced concrete composite core walls with steel truss subjected to complex loading. Through the results of calculation coincided with the test well, this model can predict the ultimate strength of the load-carrying capacity of reinforced concrete composite core walls with steel truss, and provide a tool to obtain the entire load-deformation history.
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13

Bakir, P. G., and H. M. Boduroglu. "Nonlinear analysis of beam–column joints using softened truss model." Mechanics Research Communications 33, no. 2 (2006): 134–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechrescom.2005.09.002.

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14

Niranjan, B. R. "Shear Strength Prediction of Deep Beams by Softened Truss Model." IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 4, no. 1 (2012): 01–06. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1684-0410106.

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15

Yang, Daili, and Chung C. Fu. "Torsional analysis for multiple box cells using softened truss model." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 5, no. 1 (1997): 21–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.1997.5.1.021.

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16

Hou, Liqun, Weiming Yan, Shicai Chen, Ruiyun Zhang, and Yue Qi. "Shear Strength Prediction of RC Beam-column Sandwich Interior Joints Based on Simplified Softened Strut-and-Tie." Open Civil Engineering Journal 11, no. 1 (2017): 933–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501711010933.

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Introduction: The sandwich joints casted core area with weaker strength concrete of beam, has more advantages than the traditional joints casted core area with higher strength concrete of column, such as the simple construction and quality assurance, while China design codes are too simple about the sandwich joints and have no clear calculation methods. Methods: Due to the scarcity of rational models for predicting the strength of RC beam-column sandwich joints, a modified simplified softened strut-and-tie model suggests a more rational calculation method for the effective compressive strength and the height of the joint concrete based on the simplified softened strut-and-tie. The shear strength of existing tested 15 sandwich interior joints is calculated by using the modified simplified softened strut-and-tie model. Furthermore, the theory results are compared with those of the code method and those of the simplified softened strut-and-tie model. Results and Conclusion: The results indicate that the code method is more conservative, and the modified simplified softened strut-and-tie can more precisely predict the joint shear strength than that of the softened strut-and-tie model and more secure than that of the code method. Thus, the modified simplified softened strut-and-tie model can reasonable reveal the failure mechanism of RC beam-column sandwich interior joints.
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17

Bernardo, L. F. A., B. M. V. C. Filho, and B. Horowitz. "Efficient softened truss model for prestressed steel fiber concrete membrane elements." Journal of Building Engineering 40 (August 2021): 102363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102363.

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18

Bernardo, Luís F. A., and Jorge M. A. Andrade. "A unified softened truss model for RC and PC beams under torsion." Journal of Building Engineering 32 (November 2020): 101467. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101467.

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19

Bernardo, L. F. A., A. R. B. Lyrio, J. R. B. Silva, and B. Horowitz. "Refined Softened Truss Model with Efficient Solution Procedure for Prestressed Concrete Membranes." Journal of Structural Engineering 144, no. 6 (2018): 04018045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0002044.

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20

Bernardo, L. F. A., J. M. A. Andrade, and N. C. G. Nunes. "Generalized softened variable angle truss-model for reinforced concrete beams under torsion." Materials and Structures 48, no. 7 (2014): 2169–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0301-z.

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21

Yu, Hsin-Wan, and Shyh-Jiann Hwang. "Evaluation of Softened Truss Model for Strength Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Squat Walls." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 131, no. 8 (2005): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(2005)131:8(839).

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22

Hareendran, Smrithi P., Sriharsha Reddy Kothamuthyala, Nikesh Thammishetti, and S. Suriya Prakash. "Improved softened truss model for reinforced concrete members under combined loading including torsion." Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures 26, no. 1 (2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15376494.2018.1534171.

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23

Jiang, Ke Bin, Yong Ding, Ya Wen Liu, and Feng Zheng. "Calculation for Torsion Strength of Prestressed Concrete Beams Based on Fixed-Angle Softened Truss Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 52-54 (March 2011): 1032–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.52-54.1032.

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The calculation model for torsion strength of prestressed concrete beams (PCs) under pure torsion is deduced theoretically based on Fixed-Angle Softened Truss Model (FA-STM) and an efficient algorithm for the model is proposed. The calculated values of torsion strength and the Torque-twist curves predicted by the proposed method agree well with these obtained from tests for the two specimens available in literature. These indicate that the proposed method can not only calculate the torsion strength efficiently but can also predict the load—deformation curve of the PCs.
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24

Ju, Hyunjin, Deuck Hang Lee, Jin-Ha Hwang, Joo-Won Kang, Kang Su Kim, and Young-Hun Oh. "Torsional behavior model of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete members modifying fixed-angle softened-truss model." Composites Part B: Engineering 45, no. 1 (2013): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.09.021.

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25

Mondal, Tarutal Ghosh, and S. Suriya Prakash. "Improved softened truss model for RC circular columns under combined torsion and axial compression." Magazine of Concrete Research 67, no. 16 (2015): 855–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.14.00087.

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26

Hwang, Jin-Ha, Deuck Lee, Hyunjin Ju, Kang Kim, Soo-Yeon Seo, and Joo-Won Kang. "Shear Behavior Models of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams Modifying Softened Truss Model Approaches." Materials 6, no. 10 (2013): 4847–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma6104847.

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27

Ji, T. "A new algorithm for the rotating-angle, softened-truss model of reinforced concrete elements." Magazine of Concrete Research 57, no. 6 (2005): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.2005.57.6.353.

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28

Lu, Jun-Kai, and Wen-Hsiung Wu. "Application of softened truss model with plastic approach to reinforced concrete beams in torsion." Structural Engineering and Mechanics 11, no. 4 (2001): 393–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/sem.2001.11.4.393.

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29

Bernardo, L. F. A., J. M. A. Andrade, and S. M. R. Lopes. "Softened truss model for reinforced NSC and HSC beams under torsion: A comparative study." Engineering Structures 42 (September 2012): 278–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.04.036.

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30

Bernardo, Luís Filipe Almeida, Bernardo Miguel Dias Cerquido, Jordlly Reydson Barros Silva, and Bernardo Horowitz. "Efficient refined rotating‐angle softened truss model procedure to analyze reinforced concrete membrane elements." Structural Concrete 19, no. 6 (2018): 1971–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.201800012.

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31

Bernardo, Luís. "Modeling the Full Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Flanged Beams under Torsion." Applied Sciences 9, no. 13 (2019): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9132730.

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Recently, an analytical model called the generalized softened variable angle truss-model (GSVATM) aimed to predict the full behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) rectangular beams under torsion. In this article, such a model is used to compute the full torsional behavior of RC flanged beams, namely T- and L-shaped beams. The calculation procedure to include the influence of the flanges is described. A comparative analysis between the predictions from the GSVATM and some experimental results, related with RC flanged beams under torsion and found in the literature, is also presented. From this comparative analysis and for high loading levels, the GSVTM is reliable. Yet, for low loading levels, the theoretical model still needs to be refined.
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32

Bernardo, L. F. A., B. M. V. C. Filho, and B. Horowitz. "Refinement of the rotating-angle softened truss model with efficient solution procedure for RC membranes." Engineering Structures 213 (June 2020): 110552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110552.

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33

Teixeira, Mafalda, and Luís Bernardo. "Evaluation of Smeared Constitutive Laws for Tensile Concrete to Predict the Cracking of RC Beams under Torsion with Smeared Truss Model." Materials 14, no. 5 (2021): 1260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051260.

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In this study, the generalized softened variable angle truss-model (GSVATM) is used to predict the response of reinforced concrete (RC) beams under torsion at the early loading stages, namely the transition from the uncracked to the cracked stage. Being a 3-dimensional smeared truss model, the GSVATM must incorporate smeared constitutive laws for the materials, namely for the tensile concrete. Different smeared constitutive laws for tensile concrete can be found in the literature, which could lead to different predictions for the torsional response of RC beams at the earlier stages. Hence, the GSVATM is used to check several smeared constitutive laws for tensile concrete proposed in previous studies. The studied parameters are the cracking torque and the corresponding twist. The predictions of these parameters from the GSVATM are compared with the experimental results from several reported tests on RC beams under torsion. From the obtained results and the performed comparative analyses, one of the checked smeared constitutive laws for tensile concrete was found to lead to good predictions for the cracking torque of the RC beams regardless of the cross-section type (plain or hollow). Such a result could be useful to help with choosing the best constitutive laws to be incorporated into the smeared truss models to predict the response of RC beams under torsion.
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34

A. Al-Ta, S., and N. S. H. Al-Husaini. "Softened Truss Model Theory for the Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams and Corbels - E." AL-Rafdain Engineering Journal (AREJ) 22, no. 4 (2014): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33899/rengj.2014.89966.

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35

Yang, Chun, Ming Ji He, Jian Cai, Yan Sheng Huang, and Yi Wu. "Study on Mechanical Behaviors and Calculation of Shear Strength of Steel Truss Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 514–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.514.

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Based on strut-and-tie model (STM) in deep beams, steel truss reinforced concrete (STRC) deep beam was developed. Experimental investigations of mechanical performances of STRC deep beams were carried out, and results show that STRC deep beam is of high ultimate bearing capacity, large rigidity and good ductility; Strut-and-tie force transference model is formed in STRC deep beams, and loads can be transferred in the shortest and direct way. Then Steel reinforced concrete (SRC) strut-and-tie model (SSTM) for determining the shear strength of STRC deep beams is proposed. The contribution of SRC diagonal strut, longitudinal reinforcements, stirrups and web reinforcements to the shear strength of STRC deep beams are determined with consideration of softened effects of concrete, and for safe consideration, superposition theory is employed for SRC struts. Computer programs are developed to calculate the shear strength of STRC deep beams and verified by experimental results.
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36

Tang, Zimin, Ning Li, Xuan Zhao, Suixian Lin, Zheng Yin, and Mingming Yan. "Truss structure optimization of heavy-duty escalators via finite element analysis." PLOS One 20, no. 5 (2025): e0323339. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0323339.

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To adapt to the characteristics of high load and long-term operation of heavy-duty escalators, traditional trusses often adopt redundant structural designs to meet higher safety and reliability requirements, resulting in increased self-weight and higher manufacturing costs. Therefore, achieving the redesign of truss structures without compromising mechanical performance is necessary. In this work, static analysis of the heavy-duty escalator truss was conducted using Abaqus finite element simulation software. The influencing factors of truss deflection and weight were analyzed, as well as the effect of truss structure composition, distribution, and dimensions on truss performance, in order to obtain an optimized truss structure with the best mechanical performance. Subsequently, a three-dimensional model of the truss was established and modified based on the actual truss structure. The correctness of the model was verified through experimental results of an actual heavy-duty escalator truss project. Utilizing this model, the goal of reducing deflection and weight under the most economical conditions was pursued, and an economic analysis of the chords was conducted to propose the strengthening and weakening strategies. This work can serve as a guide for the design of heavy-duty escalator truss structures, helping to enhance the rationality and reliability of truss structures, reduce development costs, and improve economic benefits.
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37

Bernardo, L. F. A., and M. M. Teixeira. "Refined softened-truss model with efficient solution procedure for reinforced concrete members under torsion combined with bending." Structures 26 (August 2020): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2020.04.055.

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38

Zhang, Hao, Qiu Zhao, Feng Xiao, Yiyan Chen, and Xiaoqiang Yang. "Improved softened truss model for prestressed concrete composite box girders with corrugated steel webs under pure torsion." Engineering Structures 302 (March 2024): 117380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.117380.

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39

Bernardo, Luís, and Saffana Sadieh. "A Monotonic Smeared Truss Model to Predict the Envelope Shear Stress—Shear Strain Curve for Reinforced Concrete Panel Elements under Cyclic Shear." Applied Mechanics 2, no. 1 (2021): 174–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applmech2010011.

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In previous studies, a smeared truss model based on a refinement of the rotating-angle softened truss model (RA-STM) was proposed to predict the full response of structural concrete panel elements under in-plane monotonic loading. This model, called the “efficient RA-STM procedure”, was validated against the experimental results of reinforced and prestressed concrete panels, steel fiber concrete panels, and reinforced concrete panels externally strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymers. The model incorporates equilibrium and compatibility equations, as well as appropriate smeared constitutive laws of the materials. Besides, it incorporates an efficient algorithm for the calculation procedure to compute the solution points without using the classical trial-and-error technique, providing high numerical efficiency and stability. In this study, the efficient RA-STM procedure is adapted and checked against some experimental data related to reinforced concrete (RC) panels tested under in-plane cyclic shear until failure and found in the literature. Being a monotonic model, the predictions from the model are compared with the experimental envelopes of the hysteretic shear stress–shear strain loops. It is shown that the predictions for the shape (at least until the peak load is reached) and for key shear stresses (namely, cracking, yielding, and maximum shear stresses) of the envelope shear stress–shear strain curves are in reasonably good agreement with the experimental ones. From the obtained results, the efficient RA-STM procedure can be considered as a reliable model to predict some important features of the response of RC panels under cyclic shear, at least for a precheck analysis or predesign.
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40

Pan, Zhi Hong, Ai Qun Li, and Yi Gang Sun. "Nonlinear Static Analysis of RC Shear Wall Structure Based on Opensees." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 1425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.1425.

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To study the seismic performance of RC shear wall, and to develop its fine nonlinear analysis method, systemic studies on nonlinear static analysis and it’s realization method are carried out. Beginning with rotating-angle softened-truss model for coupled shear and flexural responses, analytical model of solid wall is presented based on the comparative study on four types of constitutive law of concrete for confined concrete of boundary zone. Good agreements between analytical and experimental results of load-displacement relation are found, which indicates that the proposed analytical method can reflect the global mechanical behavior of shear wall well. Studies on coupling beam and global perforated wall modeling are implemented, then modeling approach and nonlinear static analysis method for perforated wall are proposed. Comparing analytical load-displacement curve to experimental, initial stiffness and first turning point agree well and analytical ultimate capacity is close to experimental, which is shown that the load-displacement curve can actually exhibit the general load-displacement trend of perforated wall.
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41

Li, Bo, Yan Wang, Yipeng Liu, Jianguo Tao, Hui Ren, and Hui Yang. "Equivalent Continuum Modeling for Flexible Slender Quadrilateral Truss Structure." Machines 12, no. 2 (2024): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines12020111.

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A space in-orbit service simulation experiment platform is a type of equipment platform that allows spacecraft such as satellites and deep-space explorers to be adequately ground tested before launch. The function of the crane system is to drive the target spacecraft to perform a large-scale movement. This study focuses on the dynamics of a space in-orbit service simulation experiment platform with suspension rope and column quadrilateral truss structure as connecting devices. A space in-orbit service simulation experiment platform with a column quadrilateral truss structure as a connecting device is studied, modeled as a crane system–column quadrilateral truss structure–target spacecraft system. For the column quadrilateral truss structure, the equivalent beam model is used to make it equivalent based on the Timoshenko beam theory. The required equivalent stiffness parameters are determined and adjusted. The relative error between the finite element model and the corrected equivalent beam model of the column quadrilateral truss structure is no more than 4.7%. The results indicate that the accuracy of the modified equivalent beam model is sufficient. The improved equivalent beam model has excellent precision according to numerical calculations, and the derived equivalent stiffness parameters may be employed directly in dynamic modeling.
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42

Bernardo, L. F. A., J. M. A. Andrade, and S. M. R. Lopes. "Modified Variable Angle Truss-Model for torsion in reinforced concrete beams." Materials and Structures 45, no. 12 (2012): 1877–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9876-4.

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43

Mansour, M. Y., Jung-Yoon Lee, and R. Hindi. "Analytical prediction of the pinching mechanism of RC elements under cyclic shear using a rotation-angle softened truss model." Engineering Structures 27, no. 8 (2005): 1138–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.02.011.

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44

Bernardo, Luís F. A., Benedito M. V. C. Filho, and Bernardo Horowitz. "Predicting the behavior of prestressed concrete membrane elements by refined rotating‐angle softened‐truss model with efficient solution procedure." Structural Concrete 21, no. 3 (2020): 934–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900481.

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45

Savsani, Vimal J., Ghanshyam G. Tejani, Vivek K. Patel, and Poonam Savsani. "Modified meta-heuristics using random mutation for truss topology optimization with static and dynamic constraints." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 4, no. 2 (2016): 106–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2016.10.002.

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AbstractIn this paper, simultaneous size and topology optimization of planar and space trusses subjected to static and dynamic constraints are investigated. All the benchmark trusses consider discrete cross-sectional areas to consider the practical aspect of manufacturing. Moreover, Trusses are considered with multiple loading conditions and subjected to constraints for natural frequencies, element stresses, nodal displacements, Euler buckling criteria, and kinematic stability conditions. Truss topology optimization (TTO) can be accomplished by the removal of superfluous elements and nodes from the highly hyper static truss also known as the ground structure and results in the saving of the mass of the truss. In this method, the difficulties arise due to the singular solution and unnecessary analysis; therefore, FEA model is reformed to resolve these difficulties.The static and dynamic responses to the TTO problems are challenging due to its search space, which is implicit, non-convex, non-linear, and often leading to divergence. Modified meta-heuristics are effective optimization methods to handle such problems in actual fact. In this paper, modified versions of Teaching–Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO), Heat Transfer Search (HTS), Water Wave Optimization (WWO), and Passing Vehicle Search (PVS) are proposed by integrating the random mutation-based search technique with them. This paper compares the performance of four modified and four basic meta-heuristics to solve discrete TTO problems.Highlights Modifications in four different recently developed meta-heuristics. Use of random mutation based strategy. Implementation on challenging/benchmark truss topology optimization problems. Modifications effective over basic algorithms.
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46

Gordziej-Zagórowska, Małgorzata, Elżbieta Urbańska-Galewska, and Patryk Deniziak. "Analysis of Failure Mechanism in Joints with Positive Eccentricity in CFS Truss." Materials 14, no. 22 (2021): 6986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226986.

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The paper presents studies concerning the load-bearing capacity of truss joints with a positive eccentricity resulting from the arrangement of geometric members and the failure mechanisms observed in the joints. Based on the previously conducted experimental study, a numerical model of the tested fragment of the CFS truss with eccentricity in the joint was created and validated. All structural details of the tested truss and the loading method consistent with the experiment were taken into account. The results obtained from a uniaxial tensile tests on a steel samples and results estimated during destructive tests carried out on a full-scale of research model were taken into account in validation of the numerical model. Next, appropriate numerical analyses were carried out and parameters such as the eccentricity size in the joint and the wall thickness of sections (t = 1.0, 1.5 and 4.0 mm) were modified. In the range of the studied wall slenderness from λ > 70 (1.0 mm and 1.5 mm thick), it was confirmed that the resistance of truss joints made from CFS open cross-sections with a positive eccentricity, is greater than the resistance that results from known methods of steel structure dimensioning.
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47

Adebar, Perry, and Michael P. Collins. "Shear strength of members without transverse reinforcement." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (1996): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-004.

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The variable angle truss model is extended to members without transverse reinforcement by introducing concrete tension ties perpendicular to concrete compression struts. The modified compression field theory approach of limiting the shear transfer across diagonal cracks is combined with the variable angle truss model to develop equations for the shear capacity of members without transverse reinforcement. These equations are the theoretical basis of tabulated values for members without stirrups in the general shear design method of the 1994 Canadian concrete code. This paper also presents the results from an experimental study in which 27 narrow (beam-like) wall elements, with significant longitudinal reinforcement and little or no transverse reinforcement, were subjected to combined axial tension, bending moment, and shear. The experimental results are compared with predictions from the 1994 Canadian concrete code, as well as the American Concrete Institute building code. Key words: building codes, reinforced concrete, shear strength, structural design, tension, tests, truss model.
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48

Li, Bing Hong, Shi Yong Jiang, Qian Hua Shi, and Xian Qi Hu. "Shear Capacity of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Continuous FRP Rectangular Spirals." Applied Mechanics and Materials 204-208 (October 2012): 3009–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.204-208.3009.

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The failure modes and the shear capacity of concrete beams reinforced with FRP reinforcement were discussed through an experimental investigation, in which continuous FRP rectangular spirals were used for shear reinforcement, while ordinary deformed steel bars are used for longitudinal reinforcement. Six concrete beams reinforced with FRP spirals were tested, the main variables considered were the shear reinforcement ratios, the shear span to depth ratios and the longitudinal reinforcement ratios. Two concrete beams of equal shear capacity which reinforced with continuous steel rectangular spirals were also tested to compare the behavior of concrete beams reinforced with different materials of spirals. All beams were tested as simply supported members subjected to a three-point load, the span of the beams varied in terms of different shear span to depth ratios. The test results show that the shear capacity and shear failure modes are greatly influenced by the shear reinforcement ratios and the shear span to depth ratios, the shear resistance provided by steel spirals is higher than that provided by FRP spirals in the case of equal shear capacity of beams, which is attributed to the differences in material properties and may result in different shear failure types. Based on the experimental program, four mechanical models are derived to give more accurate predictions of the shear capacity of test beams, the calculation results of these models are compared with that of the existing shear formulas or equations for concrete beams reinforced with FRP stirrups or spirals. The rotating-angle softened truss model, the strut-and-tie model, the shear formulas derived from the truss-arch model and Zsutty equations are suggested through comparison.
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Bich, Quyen Vu Thi, Tien Dao Ngoc, and Van Tran Thi Thuy. "Penalty function method for geometrically nonlinear buckling analysis of imperfect truss with multi-freedom constraints based on mixed FEM." E3S Web of Conferences 410 (2023): 03028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341003028.

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This paper is concerned with the approach to implementing the Penalty function method for imposing multi-freedom constraints in geometrically nonlinear analysis of imperfect trusses based on mixed finite element formulation. Using a finite element model based on displacement formulation, it is required to incorporate both the dependent boundary relations and initial length imperfection to the nonlinear master stiffness system of equations for solving the geometrically nonlinear problem of imperfect truss with multi-freedom constraints. For decreasing the mathematical complexion of the incorporating process, the author proposes a novel mixed finite truss element considering initial imperfection, used in building the model for solving the geometrically nonlinear problem of truss with multi-freedom constraints. The modified nonlinear stiffness equation is constructed by employing the penalty function method to convert a constrained problem into an unconstrained problem by extremizing the augmented energy function established based on the proposed mixed finite element formulation. For solving the nonlinear equilibrium equation of imperfect trusses with multi-freedom constraints, the incremental equilibrium equation is constructed, and the incremental-iterative algorithm for calculation is established utilizing the arc-length method, used for writing the calculation program for investigating geometrically nonlinear behavior of imperfect truss with multi-freedom constraints. The results of the numerical test show the influence of initial imperfection and choosing weight values on the equilibrium path of the truss.
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50

Pekcan, Gokhan, John B. Mander, and Stuart S. Chen. "Seismic Retrofit of Steel Deck-Truss Bridges: Experimental Investigation." Advances in Structural Engineering 5, no. 3 (2002): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/136943302760228121.

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Alternative seismic retrofit strategies for steel deck-truss bridges are investigated in this study. Various modified tension-only bracing configurations, which consist of tendon elements with or without supplemental systems are introduced within the end-sway frames. The effectiveness of the retrofit configurations is demonstrated experimentally and analytically on a one-third scale model of an existing steel end-sway frame tested on the shaking table at the State University of New York at Buffalo. It is concluded that proposed alternatives can efficiently improve the lateral strength and stiffness characteristics. Moreover, the load path within the end-sway frame is modified to bypass the existing nonductile steel bearings. A stable energy dissipation mechanism is provided by means of re-centering elastomeric spring dampers along with fuse elements, thus reducing the overall seismic demand on the structural systems.
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