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Journal articles on the topic 'Modified vaccinia Ankara'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Sebastian, Sarah, and Sarah C. Gilbert. "Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based malaria vaccines." Expert Review of Vaccines 15, no. 1 (2015): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2016.1106319.

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2

Gilbert, Sarah C. "Clinical development of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara vaccines." Vaccine 31, no. 39 (2013): 4241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.020.

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3

Hughes, Christine M., Frances K. Newman, Whitni B. Davidson, et al. "Analysis of Variola and Vaccinia Virus Neutralization Assays for Smallpox Vaccines." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 19, no. 7 (2012): 1116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00056-12.

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ABSTRACTPossible smallpox reemergence drives research for third-generation vaccines that effectively neutralize variola virus. A comparison of neutralization assays using different substrates, variola and vaccinia (Dryvax and modified vaccinia Ankara [MVA]), showed significantly different 90% neutralization titers; Dryvax underestimated while MVA overestimated variola neutralization. Third-generation vaccines may rely upon neutralization as a correlate of protection.

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4

Meisinger-Henschel, Christine, Michaela Schmidt, Susanne Lukassen, et al. "Genomic sequence of chorioallantois vaccinia virus Ankara, the ancestor of modified vaccinia virus Ankara." Journal of General Virology 88, no. 12 (2007): 3249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.83156-0.

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Chorioallantois vaccinia virus Ankara (CVA) is the parental virus of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), which was derived from CVA by more than 570 passages in chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF). MVA became severely host-cell-restricted to avian cells and has strongly diminished virulence in mammalian hosts, while maintaining good immunogenicity. We determined the complete coding sequence of the parental CVA and mapped the exact positions of the six major deletions that emerged in the MVA genome. All six major deletions occurred in regions of the CVA genome where one or more truncated or frag

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5

Rimmelzwaan, Guus F., and Gerd Sutter. "Candidate influenza vaccines based on recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara." Expert Review of Vaccines 8, no. 4 (2009): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/erv.09.4.

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6

Stittelaar, Koert J., Geert van Amerongen, Ivanela Kondova, et al. "Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Protects Macaques against Respiratory Challenge with Monkeypox Virus." Journal of Virology 79, no. 12 (2005): 7845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.12.7845-7851.2005.

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ABSTRACT The use of classical smallpox vaccines based on vaccinia virus (VV) is associated with severe complications in both naïve and immune individuals. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), a highly attenuated replication-deficient strain of VV, has been proven to be safe in humans and immunocompromised animals, and its efficacy against smallpox is currently being addressed. Here we directly compare the efficacies of MVA alone and in combination with classical VV-based vaccines in a cynomolgus macaque monkeypox model. The MVA-based smallpox vaccine protected macaques against a lethal respi

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7

Blok, Bastiaan A., Kristoffer J. Jensen, Peter Aaby, et al. "Opposite effects of Vaccinia and modified Vaccinia Ankara on trained immunity." European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 38, no. 3 (2019): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-03449-z.

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8

Orlova, Olga Vladimirovna, Dina Viktorovna Glazkova, Elena Vladimirovna Bogoslovskaya, German Alexandrovich Shipulin, and Sergey Mikhailovich Yudin. "Development of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara-Based Vaccines: Advantages and Applications." Vaccines 10, no. 9 (2022): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091516.

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Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising viral vector for vaccine development. MVA is well studied and has been widely used for vaccination against smallpox in Germany. This review describes the history of the origin of the virus and its properties as a vaccine, including a high safety profile. In recent years, MVA has found its place as a vector for the creation of vaccines against various diseases. To date, a large number of vaccine candidates based on the MVA vector have already been developed, many of which have been tested in preclinical and clinical studies. We discuss data on

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9

Sutter, Gerd, and Caroline Staib. "Vaccinia Vectors as Candidate Vaccines: The Development of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara for Antigen Delivery." Current Drug Target -Infectious Disorders 3, no. 3 (2003): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568005033481123.

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10

Ober, B. T., P. Brühl, M. Schmidt, et al. "Immunogenicity and Safety of Defective Vaccinia Virus Lister: Comparison with Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara." Journal of Virology 76, no. 15 (2002): 7713–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.15.7713-7723.2002.

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ABSTRACT Potent and safe vaccinia virus vectors inducing cell-mediated immunity are needed for clinical use. Replicating vaccinia viruses generally induce strong cell-mediated immunity; however, they may have severe adverse effects. As a vector for clinical use, we assessed the defective vaccinia virus system, in which deletion of an essential gene blocks viral replication, resulting in an infectious virus that does not multiply in the host. The vaccinia virus Lister/Elstree strain, used during worldwide smallpox eradication, was chosen as the parental virus. The immunogenicity and safety of t

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11

Williamson, Anna-Lise. "Approaches to Next-Generation Capripoxvirus and Monkeypox Virus Vaccines." Viruses 17, no. 2 (2025): 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020186.

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Globally, there are two major poxvirus outbreaks: mpox, caused by the monkeypox virus, and lumpy skin disease, caused by the lumpy skin disease virus. While vaccines for both diseases exist, there is a need for improved vaccines. The original vaccines used to eradicate smallpox, which also protect from the disease now known as mpox, are no longer acceptable. This is mainly due to the risk of serious adverse events, particularly in HIV-positive people. The next-generation vaccine for mpox prevention is modified vaccinia Ankara, which does not complete the viral replication cycle in humans and,

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12

Di Pilato, Mauro, Ernesto Mejías-Pérez, Carmen Elena Gómez, Beatriz Perdiguero, Carlos Oscar S. Sorzano, and Mariano Esteban. "New vaccinia virus promoter as a potential candidate for future vaccines." Journal of General Virology 94, no. 12 (2013): 2771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.057299-0.

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Here we describe the design and strength of a new synthetic late-early optimized (LEO) vaccinia virus (VACV) promoter used as a transcriptional regulator of GFP expression during modified vaccinia Ankara infection. In contrast to the described synthetic VACV promoter (pS), LEO induced significantly higher levels of GFP expression in vitro within the first hour after infection, which correlated with an enhancement in the GFP-specific CD8 T-cell response detected in vivo, demonstrating its potential use in future vaccines.

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13

McCurdy, L. H., B. D. Larkin, J. E. Martin, and B. S. Graham. "Modified Vaccinia Ankara: Potential as an Alternative Smallpox Vaccine." Clinical Infectious Diseases 38, no. 12 (2004): 1749–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/421266.

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14

Sano, Junko, Bernard R. Chaitman, Jason Swindle, and Sharon E. Frey. "Electrocardiography Screening for Cardiotoxicity after Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccination." American Journal of Medicine 122, no. 1 (2009): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.07.025.

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15

Ramírez, Juan C., M. Magdalena Gherardi, Dolores Rodríguez, and Mariano Esteban. "Attenuated Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Can Be Used as an Immunizing Agent under Conditions of Preexisting Immunity to the Vector." Journal of Virology 74, no. 16 (2000): 7651–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.74.16.7651-7655.2000.

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ABSTRACT A problem associated with the use of vaccinia virus recombinants as vaccines is the existence of a large human population with preexisting immunity to the vector. Here we showed that after a booster with attenuated recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA), higher humoral and cellular immune responses to foreign antigens (human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env and β-galactosidase) were found in mice preimmunized with rMVA than in mice primed with the virulent Western Reserve strain and boosted with rMVA. This enhancement correlated with higher levels of expression of foreign

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16

Precopio, Melissa L., Michael R. Betts, Janie Parrino, et al. "Immunization with vaccinia virus induces polyfunctional and phenotypically distinctive CD8+ T cell responses." Journal of Experimental Medicine 204, no. 6 (2007): 1405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20062363.

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Vaccinia virus immunization provides lifelong protection against smallpox, but the mechanisms of this exquisite protection are unknown. We used polychromatic flow cytometry to characterize the functional and phenotypic profile of CD8+ T cells induced by vaccinia virus immunization in a comparative vaccine trial of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) versus Dryvax immunization in which protection was assessed against subsequent Dryvax challenge. Vaccinia virus–specific CD8+ T cells induced by both MVA and Dryvax were highly polyfunctional; they degranulated and produced interferon γ, interleuk

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17

Barbieri, Andrea, Maddalena Panigada, Elisa Soprana, et al. "Strategies to obtain multiple recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara vectors. Applications to influenza vaccines." Journal of Virological Methods 251 (January 2018): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.003.

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18

Folegatti, Pedro M., Amy Flaxman, Daniel Jenkin, et al. "Safety and Immunogenicity of Adenovirus and Poxvirus Vectored Vaccines against a Mycobacterium Avium Complex Subspecies." Vaccines 9, no. 3 (2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9030262.

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Heterologous prime-boost strategies are known to substantially increase immune responses in viral vectored vaccines. Here we report on safety and immunogenicity of the poxvirus Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccine expressing four Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens as a single dose or as a booster vaccine following a simian adenovirus (ChAdOx2) prime. We demonstrate that a heterologous prime-boost schedule is well tolerated and induced T-cell immune responses.

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19

Staib, Caroline, Marianne Löwel, Volker Erfle, and Gerd Sutter. "Improved Host Range Selection for Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara." BioTechniques 34, no. 4 (2003): 694–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/03344bm02.

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20

Volz, Asisa, and Gerd Sutter. "Protective efficacy of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara in preclinical studies." Vaccine 31, no. 39 (2013): 4235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.016.

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21

González-Aseguinolaza, Gloria, Yurie Nakaya, Alberto Molano, et al. "Induction of Protective Immunity against Malaria by Priming-Boosting Immunization with Recombinant Cold-Adapted Influenza and Modified Vaccinia Ankara Viruses Expressing a CD8+-T-Cell Epitope Derived from the Circumsporozoite Protein of Plasmodium yoelii." Journal of Virology 77, no. 21 (2003): 11859–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.21.11859-11866.2003.

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ABSTRACT We immunized mice with an attenuated (cold-adapted) influenza virus followed by an attenuated vaccinia virus (modified vaccinia virus Ankara), both expressing a CD8+-T-cell epitope derived from malaria sporozoites. This vaccination regimen elicited high levels of protection against malaria. This is the first time that the vaccine efficacy of a recombinant cold-adapted influenza virus vector expressing a foreign antigen has been evaluated.

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22

Bendjama, Kaïdre, and Eric Quemeneur. "Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based vaccines in the era of personalized immunotherapy of cancer." Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics 13, no. 9 (2017): 1997–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2017.1334746.

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23

Yue, Yujuan, Zhongde Wang, Kristina Abel, et al. "Evaluation of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus-based rhesus cytomegalovirus vaccines in rhesus macaques." Medical Microbiology and Immunology 197, no. 2 (2008): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00430-008-0074-5.

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24

Taracha, Evans L. N., Richard Bishop, Antony J. Musoke, Adrian V. S. Hill, and Sarah C. Gilbert. "Heterologous Priming-Boosting Immunization of Cattle with Mycobacterium tuberculosis 85A Induces Antigen-Specific T-Cell Responses." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 12 (2003): 6906–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.12.6906-6914.2003.

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ABSTRACT Heterologous priming-boosting vaccination regimens involving priming with plasmid DNA antigen constructs and inoculating (boosting) with the same recombinant antigen expressed in replication-attenuated poxviruses have recently been demonstrated to induce immunity, based on CD4+- and CD8+-T-cell responses, against several diseases in both rodents and primates. We show that similar priming-boosting vaccination strategies using the 85A antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are effective in inducing antigen-specific gamma interferon-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, detected by a bovine en

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25

Okeke, Malachy I., Arinze S. Okoli, Diana Diaz, et al. "Hazard Characterization of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector: What Are the Knowledge Gaps?" Viruses 9, no. 11 (2017): 318. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13530717.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is the vector of choice for human and veterinary applications due to its strong safety profile and immunogenicity in vivo. The use of MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines against human and animal diseases must comply with regulatory requirements as they pertain to environmental risk assessment, particularly the characterization of potential adverse effects to humans, animals and the environment. MVA and recombinant MVA are widely believed to pose low or negligible risk to ecosystem health. However, key aspects of

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26

Okeke, Malachy I., Arinze S. Okoli, Diana Diaz, et al. "Hazard Characterization of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Vector: What Are the Knowledge Gaps?" Viruses 9, no. 11 (2017): 318. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13530717.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is the vector of choice for human and veterinary applications due to its strong safety profile and immunogenicity in vivo. The use of MVA and MVA-vectored vaccines against human and animal diseases must comply with regulatory requirements as they pertain to environmental risk assessment, particularly the characterization of potential adverse effects to humans, animals and the environment. MVA and recombinant MVA are widely believed to pose low or negligible risk to ecosystem health. However, key aspects of

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27

Drillien, Robert, Danièle Spehner, and Daniel Hanau. "Modified vaccinia virus Ankara induces moderate activation of human dendritic cells." Journal of General Virology 85, no. 8 (2004): 2167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.79998-0.

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Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated strain known to be an effective vaccine vector. Here it is demonstrated that MVA, unlike standard vaccinia virus (VACV) strains, activates monocyte-derived human dendritic cells (DCs) as testified by an increase in surface co-stimulatory molecules and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Inhibition of virus gene expression by subjecting MVA to UV light or heat treatment did not alter its ability to activate DCs. On the other hand, standard VACV strains activated DCs if virus gene expression was prevented by prior UV light or h

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28

Kennedy, Jeffrey S., and Richard N. Greenberg. "IMVAMUNE®: modified vaccinia Ankara strain as an attenuated smallpox vaccine." Expert Review of Vaccines 8, no. 1 (2009): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.8.1.13.

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29

Stittelaar, Koert J., Thijs Kuiken, Rik L. de Swart, et al. "Safety of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) in immune-suppressed macaques." Vaccine 19, no. 27 (2001): 3700–3709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00075-5.

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30

Erbs, P., A. Findeli, J. Kintz, et al. "Modified vaccinia virus Ankara as a vector for suicide gene therapy." Cancer Gene Therapy 15, no. 1 (2007): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.cgt.7701098.

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31

Amato, Robert J. "5T4-modified vaccinia Ankara: progress in tumor-associated antigen-based immunotherapy." Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 10, no. 2 (2010): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712590903586213.

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32

Amato, Robert J. "5T4-modified vaccinia ankara: progress in tumor-associated antigen-based immunotherapy." Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 7, no. 9 (2007): 1463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.7.9.1463.

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33

Zhou, Ya Bin. "Human Mpox Virus Infection After Receipt of Modified Vaccinia Ankara Vaccine." JAMA 329, no. 12 (2023): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.0447.

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34

Walther, Michael, Fiona M. Thompson, Susanna Dunachie, et al. "Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of Prime-Boost Immunization with Recombinant Poxvirus FP9 and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Encoding the Full-Length Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein." Infection and Immunity 74, no. 5 (2006): 2706–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.74.5.2706-2716.2006.

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ABSTRACT Heterologous prime-boost immunization with DNA and various recombinant poxviruses encoding malaria antigens is capable of inducing strong cell-mediated immune responses and partial protection in human sporozoite challenges. Here we report a series of trials assessing recombinant fowlpox virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara encoding the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein in various prime-boost combinations, doses, and application routes. For the first time, these vaccines were administered intramuscularly and at doses of up to 5 × 108 PFU. Vaccines containing this antig

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35

Jones, Dorothy I., Charles E. McGee, Christopher J. Sample, Gregory D. Sempowski, David J. Pickup, and Herman F. Staats. "Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus Vaccination Provides Long-Term Protection against Nasal Rabbitpox Virus Challenge." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 7 (2016): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00216-16.

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Modified vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) is a smallpox vaccine candidate. This study was performed to determine if MVA vaccination provides long-term protection against rabbitpox virus (RPXV) challenge, an animal model of smallpox. Two doses of MVA provided 100% protection against a lethal intranasal RPXV challenge administered 9 months after vaccination.

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36

Damon, Inger K., Whitni B. Davidson, Christine M. Hughes, et al. "Evaluation of smallpox vaccines using variola neutralization." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 8 (2009): 1962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.010553-0.

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The search for a ‘third’-generation smallpox vaccine has resulted in the development and characterization of several vaccine candidates. A significant barrier to acceptance is the absence of challenge models showing induction of correlates of protective immunity against variola virus. In this light, virus neutralization provides one of few experimental methods to show specific ‘in vitro’ activity of vaccines against variola virus. Here, we provide characterization of the ability of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine to induce variola virus-neutralizing antibodies, and we provide comparis

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37

Milligan, Iain D., Malick M. Gibani, Richard Sewell, et al. "Safety and Immunogenicity of Novel Adenovirus Type 26– and Modified Vaccinia Ankara–Vectored Ebola Vaccines." JAMA 315, no. 15 (2016): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4218.

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38

Hornemann, Simone, Olof Harlin, Caroline Staib, et al. "Replication of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara in Primary Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts Requires Expression of the Interferon Resistance Gene E3L." Journal of Virology 77, no. 15 (2003): 8394–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.15.8394-8407.2003.

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ABSTRACT Highly attenuated modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) serves as a candidate vaccine to immunize against infectious diseases and cancer. MVA was randomly obtained by serial growth in cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF), resulting in the loss of substantial genomic information including many genes regulating virus-host interactions. The vaccinia virus interferon (IFN) resistance gene E3L is among the few conserved open reading frames encoding viral immune defense proteins. To investigate the relevance of E3L in the MVA life cycle, we generated the deletion mutant MVA-ΔE3L. Sur

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39

Coulibaly, S., P. Brühl, J. Mayrhofer, K. Schmid, M. Gerencer, and F. G. Falkner. "The nonreplicating smallpox candidate vaccines defective vaccinia Lister (dVV-L) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) elicit robust long-term protection." Virology 341, no. 1 (2005): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2005.06.043.

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40

McCurdy, Lewis H., John A. Rutigliano, Teresa R. Johnson, Man Chen, and Barney S. Graham. "Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara Immunization Protects against Lethal Challenge with Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing Murine Interleukin-4." Journal of Virology 78, no. 22 (2004): 12471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.78.22.12471-12479.2004.

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ABSTRACT Recent events have raised concern over the use of pathogens, including variola virus, as biological weapons. Vaccination with Dryvax is associated with serious side effects and is contraindicated for many people, and the development of a safer effective smallpox vaccine is necessary. We evaluated an attenuated vaccinia virus, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), by use of a murine model to determine its efficacy against an intradermal (i.d.) or intranasal (i.n.) challenge with vaccinia virus (vSC8) or a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing murine interleukin-4 that exhibits enhanced

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41

Arndtz, Nathaly. "Modified vaccinia ankara: a promising delivery system for prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Medicine 16, no. 1 (2002): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00124363-200202000-00015.

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42

Staib, C., I. Drexler, M. Ohlmann, S. Wintersperger, V. Erfle, and G. Sutter. "Transient Host Range Selection for Genetic Engineering of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara." BioTechniques 28, no. 6 (2000): 1137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/00286st04.

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43

Quinan, Bárbara R., Danielle SO Daian, Fabiana M. Coelho, and Flávio G. da Fonseca. "Modified vaccinia virus Ankara as vaccine vectors in human and veterinary medicine." Future Virology 9, no. 2 (2014): 173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/fvl.13.129.

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44

de Vries, Rory D., Heidi L. M. De Gruyter, Theo M. Bestebroer, et al. "Induction of Influenza (H5N8) Antibodies by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara H5N1 Vaccine." Emerging Infectious Diseases 21, no. 6 (2015): 1086–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2106.150021.

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45

Préville, Xavier, Karola Rittner, and Laetitia Fend. "Shaping the tumor microenvironment with Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara and TLR9 ligand." OncoImmunology 4, no. 5 (2015): e1003013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2162402x.2014.1003013.

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46

Sutter, Gerd. "A vital gene for modified vaccinia virus Ankara replication in human cells." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 12 (2020): 6289–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2001335117.

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47

Breathnach, C. C., R. Rudersdorf, and D. P. Lunn. "Use of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors for equine influenza vaccination." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 98, no. 3-4 (2004): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetimm.2003.11.004.

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48

CZUB, M., H. WEINGARTL, S. CZUB, R. HE, and J. CAO. "Evaluation of modified vaccinia virus Ankara based recombinant SARS vaccine in ferrets." Vaccine 23, no. 17-18 (2005): 2273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.01.033.

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49

Lülf, Anna-Theresa, Astrid Freudenstein, Lisa Marr, Gerd Sutter, and Asisa Volz. "Non-plaque-forming virions of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara express viral genes." Virology 499 (December 2016): 322–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.006.

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50

Price, Philip J. R., Lino E. Torres-Domínguez, Christine Brandmüller, Gerd Sutter, and Michael H. Lehmann. "Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara: Innate immune activation and induction of cellular signalling." Vaccine 31, no. 39 (2013): 4231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.017.

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