Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mogale Child and Youth Care Centre'

The study was carried out at the Mogale Child and Youth Care Centre (MCYCC) a privately run institution by Bosasa Operations in partnership with the Gauteng Provincial Departments of Social Development and Health and Social Welfare Department. The facility caters for boys in conflict with law aged 14–18 years, who have been legally placed in the facility as a place of safety by court order. It is expected that the findings and recommendations from this study will be useful in improving the food service standards for such institutions. At the time of this study there were 200 adolescents, 137 were awaiting trial, 55 on the diversion programmes and 8 were serving court sentence at the centre. The cross sectional study evaluated the food service offered at the MCYCC to establish the nutritional adequacy of the food served. Both qualitative and quantitative research methods were used to collect and analyse data. Out of the 200, 144 answered the customer satisfaction questionnaire and 167 took the BMI test. Observations were done in the kitchen to determine the compliance level to the food and safety regulations. The analytical results of the responses from the self-administered questionnaire on the customer service satisfaction generated by the SAS software revealed reliable results. The probability, (p-value) from the Chi-square (χ2) test showed that there was a significant difference in response the parameters tested including the overall satisfaction. Body Mass Index (BMI) calculations established different anthropometric patterns of which 1.3% adolescents were found to be obese, 28.2% were overweight, 57% had normal weight while 13.5% were found to be underweight. The Foodfinder 3 software used to evaluate the nutrient composition in a 2-week cycle menu revealed that in most cases both the macronutrients and micronutrients in the menus exceeded the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the adolescent boys. Food safety and hygiene standards results showed that the unit is compliant with the required standards as it scored 86%; it was colour coded Silver and rated as very good. All the parameters evaluated scored above average percentage rating the customer satisfaction level for the services offered at the MCYCC are as good. Both underweight and overweight adolescents exist among the adolescents at the centre. The weights from the sample food plates exceeded the RDA of the adolescent boys. The centre’s compliance to health and safety regulations was rated as very good. The authorities in the Gauteng Provincial Departments of Social Development and Health and Social Welfare and Bosasa operation management should make use of this evident information to further improve the food service standards for other such institutions.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
gm2015
School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)
MSc
Unrestricted

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS)
Child and Youth Care Workers employed in residential Child and Youth Care Centres are often challenged by the behaviour of children in their care. The goal of the study was therefore to explore and describe the challenges faced by Child and Youth Care Workers with regard to the discipline of children with challenging behaviour in Child and Youth Care Centres. A qualitative research approach employing explorative, descriptive and contextual designs were followed. Participants were selected by means of purposive sampling from four Child and Youth Care Centres from four different metropoles in the Cape Peninsula. Data was collected by means of focus groups with the aid of an interview schedule. The interviews were be recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analysed according to Tesch (in Creswell, 2003) eight steps of data analysis. Ethical considerations such as informed consent, confidentiality and debriefing were adhered to. The findings of the study pointed inter alia to the fact that CYCWs are the first line disciplinarians that they need more support with regards to the discipline of children from colleagues, management and social workers. Multi-disciplinary in CYCCs teams tend to be ineffective and they experience disempowerment from the management and social workers. In addition, they are challenged by the behaviour of children in their care, such as truancy, stealing, absconding, aggressiveness, inappropriate sexual behaviour, development problems. Recommendations for all the stakeholders in the field of CYC were made to improve service delivery.

Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
This study was an exploration into the perceptions of race of coloured children in a child and youth care centre, Leliebloem House. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ways in which race is still present in the lives of these children, who were supposedly “untouched” by the former Apartheid dispensation.

Magister Artium (Child and Family Studies) - MA(CFS)
In South Africa family foster care is the first option of alternative care for children removed from their biological parents, adoptive parents or guardians, due to neglect, abuse or abandonment. Similar to international trends, South Africa prioritises family foster care. However, when the foster care placement disintegrates, children are generally placed in child and youth care centres (CYCCs) in accordance with the South African Children’s Act 38 of 2005. This qualitative study aims to explain the adverse childhood experiences of adults regarding their transition from foster care to CYCCs, using family systems theory (FST) to contextualise these accounts. The population for this study was adults living in Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB), who were formerly moved to CYCCs after the break down of their family foster care placements.

Emotional awareness, a pre-requisite for emotional intelligence, encompasses being in contact with, as well as effectively expressing and owning one s emotions, and is critical to the holistic functioning of children. Children in the middle childhood years are primed for learning as they have entered their formal schooling years, thereby not only needing to learn to read and write but to interact with peers and adults in a socially acceptable manner. Children in child and youth care centres have unique challenges in coping with and overcoming the emotions caused by the circumstances that have brought them into care. Emotional awareness, and the potential benefits for children s socio-emotional skills, can be to the advantage of these children. It is believed that emotional awareness can be taught through specific interventions, such as programmes aimed at enhancing children s skills in identifying, understanding and effectively expressing their emotions. The goal of this study was to evaluate such a programme, referred to in this study as an Emotional Awareness Programme for children in middle childhood, to be implemented within the context of a child and youth care centre. The Emotional Awareness Programme was implemented over two months at a child and youth care centre in Pretoria. The study followed a quantitative research approach, with a quasi-experimental comparison group pre-test post-test research design. Data was collected by means of a standardised measuring instrument, the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale for Children (LEAS-C). The findings of the study suggested that the exposure of participants of middle childhood age in a child and youth care centre to the Emotional Awareness Programme had a limited effect on their emotional awareness. However, this effect could not be exclusively ascribed to the programme. As the context of the child and youth care centre and the traumatic experiences of children in alternative care could have an effect on the implementation of the Emotional Awareness Programme as well as on the measurement of emotional awareness, and as such, further research on the topic of this study is recommended. It is recommended that the study be replicated in other child and youth care centres.
Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Social Work and Criminology
MSW
Unrestricted

The focus of this study was to evaluate an emotional awareness programme for children in middle childhood in a school setting developed by Dr JS Knoetze. This research measured the effectiveness of the emotional awareness programme (EA Programme) in a different context, a child and youth care centre. The goal of the EA Programme is to cultivate children?s emotional awareness. The Gestalt theoretical approach rendered itself pragmatic to this study as various key concepts of this theory was integrated into the academic underpinnings. Emotional awareness benefits children in the sense that they are more equipped to handle stressful events. Children with emotional awareness demonstrate introspective skills and have a better understanding of emotions in their social contexts. They are better able to apply functional emotional regulation strategies which in turn nurture personal goal attainment and positive relationships with others. The advances in terms or their cognitive skills of children in middle childhood allow a better understanding of emotions and create an ideal platform for socio-emotional learning. Children in this phase of development have mastered the skills of reading, writing and reasoning, which are necessary to understand and participate in the EA Programme. Emotional awareness is specifically important for children who reside in a child and youth care centre. These children were exposed to some degree of trauma and experience the placement in alternative care in itself as disruptive. The literature describes the challenges children in a child and youth care centre face, which supports the assumption that interventions are needed to assist these children to develop effective emotional regulation strategies. The EA Programme is regarded as such an intervention. This investigation was executed from a quantitative research approach as the relationship between two variables was measured. The data was collected by using a standardised measuring instrument, the Levels of Emotional Awareness Scale for Children (LEAS-C). The researched is catagorised as applied research as it focused an issue in practice, namely emotional awareness of children in alternative care. The quasi-experimental design that was followed was the comparison group pre-test, post-test design. This entailed that both groups completed the pre-test after which the experimental group was exposed to the EA Programme, then both groups completed the post-test. The availability sampling method was applied to select the respondents who were children in middle childhood residing in a child and youth care centre in the North-West Province. The LEAS-C is a standardised questionnaire that was developed by Dr. Jane Bajgar and Dr. Richard Lane (2003). The questionnaire is suitable to be completed by children as the questions are formulated in understandable language. The main conclusions drawn from this study are: ? Emotional awareness forms a central building block of the development of emotional intelligence, emotional competence and emotional regulation. Emotional awareness is regarded as a cognitive ability that can be learnt in order to develop other emotional abilities. ? Children placed in a child and youth care centre are specifically at risk to develop impaired emotional functioning as a result of trauma, maltreatment and the care-giving environment. Their disorganised emotional experiences translate into complex behavioural issues. Children placed in a child and youth care centre could specifically benefit from a programme, such as the EA Programme, that focus on nurturing skills that enhance emotional awareness. ? The research findings suggest that the EA Programme increased the experimental group?s ability to be in contact with own emotions, their emotional vocabulary and emotional expression skills as well as their levels of emotional awareness. The EA Programme can be delivered as an effective intervention within the context of a child and youth care centre. ? The findings and conclusions derived from this study made a meaningful contribution to the field of social work as it focused on evaluating an intervention. This research specifically contributed to social work service delivery to looked after children in institutional settings.
Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Social Work and Criminology
MSW
Unrestricted

The overall aim of the study was to explore factors that could be associated with criminal behaviour of youth offenders diverted in the life skills residential diversion programmes at Walter Sisulu Child and Youth Care Centre, so as to contribute towards a better understanding of their profile. Therefore the study explored the participants' family backgrounds, the circumstances surrounding the committal of their offences and their responses to the offences they were diverted for in the life skills diversion programmes. An exploratory-descriptive type of a qualitative design was adopted in this study. A semistructured interview schedule was used as the research instrument for conducting in-depth face-to-face interviews with the participants. The study had one set of target population; who were 18 youth offenders (both male and female) between the ages 14-17 attending life skills residential diversion programmes at Walter Sisulu Child and Youth Care Centre. The profile of the participants seem to indicate that most of them had absent fathers and therefore lacked male figures who could act as role models. The study found that biological fathers of most participants were either deceased, whereabouts unknown, not involved in their financial maintenance or those who had stepfathers, had a bad relationship with them. The findings indicated that the participants' mothers were unavailable and therefore most participants were taken care of by their grandmothers. However, it seems most grandmothers often failed to supervise their grandchildren properly and as such it created an opportunity for the participants to be mischievous with no consequences for their behaviour. It was also found that violence in the family also contributed significantly to the aggressive criminal offences of some of the participants. Lastly, the study showed that the influence of drugs and negative peer pressure also played a significant role in the participants' involvement in criminal behaviour.

The aim of this thesis has been to investigate how social workers work with the reunification process at child and youth care centres in South Africa. The intention has been to explore what is important to accomplish a reunification and what challenges the social workers face in the process. A qualitative method was used and included 7 semi-structured interviews with social workers in South Africa. The conducted data was coded and categorized, using an inductive thematic analysis. In this study, the second phase of the ecological systems theory by Bronfenbrenner has been used, which includes the micro-, meso-, exo-, macro- and chrono levels. The theory has served as a framework in the analysis to explain the development of the child. Through the interviews three main fundamental components in the reunification process were distinguished, that overlap. The components are the 90-day assessment period, the time period of placement and the reunification. The time of placement has been categorized into three subthemes including the role of child and parent, the role of social workers and the role of resources. The findings show that the social workers regard the relationship between child and parent, collaboration between the external and CYCC social worker including resources, as crucial factors for reunification. Through the analyses, factors at each level in the ecological systems theory have been identified that affect the reunification process and thereby the child. Consequently, for a reunification to take place efforts need to address several areas around the child.
Syftet med den här studien har varit att undersöka hur socialarbetare arbetar med återföreningsprocessen på boenden för barn och unga i Sydafrika. Intentionen har varit att undersöka vad som är viktigt för att åstadkomma en återförening och vilka utmaningar socialarbetarna står inför i den processen. I studien användes en kvalitativ metod där 7 semistrukturerade intervjuer med socialarbetare i Sydafrika genomfördes digitalt. Den insamlade datan har kodats och kategoriserats med hjälp av en induktiv tematisk analys. I studien har den andra fasen av Bronfenbrenners ekologiska systemteori använts, vilken inkluderar mikro-, meso-, exo-, makro- och krono-nivåerna. Teorin har fungerat som ett ramverk i analysen för att förklara ett barns utveckling. Genom intervjuerna urskildes tre grundläggande komponenter i återföreningsprocessen, vilka överlappar varandra. Komponenterna som urskildes är den 90 dagar långa bedömningsperioden, den tidsperiod som ett barn är placerat på ett boende samt själva återföreningen. Den tidsperiod som ett barn är placerat på ett boende har kategoriserats i tre underteman, vilka består av barnens och föräldrarnas roll, socialarbetarnas roll och resursernas roll. Resultaten visar att socialarbetarna betraktar förhållandet mellan barn och förälder, samarbetet mellan de externa socialarbetarna och socialarbetarna på barn- och ungdomsboendena samt resurser som avgörande faktorer för att en återförening ska ske. Analysen i den här studien visar att faktorer på varje nivå i den ekologiska systemteorin påverkar återföreningsprocessen och därmed barnet. För att möjliggöra en återförening måste därför det sociala arbetet inriktas på flera områden runt barnet.

In the last two decades, increasingly more research has been conducted on the process of participation as a children’s right both nationally and internationally. This includes research on children’s participation within the family environment as well as with children who are placed into alternative care. Children’s participation within the field of child protection continues to demonstrate challenges for both children and those adults working with children in this environment. A child and youth care centre forms part of the broader field of child protection and represents a bounded system of dynamics especially with regard to the process of children’s participation. There continues to be various barriers with regard to children’s participation in general but especially for children who have been found in need of care and protection. This is largely linked to the emphasis being put on the vulnerabilities and needs of children who have been placed into alternative care. The general aim of the study was to qualitatively, through a case study design, explore and describe the nature of participation as a children’s right in the context of a child and youth care centre in the Western Cape. The case study was utilised in order to gain more insight into the nature of participation as a children’s right, based on the perceptions of the children, child care workers, social workers and professionals within the system. Thirteen semi structured individual interviews were held with the child participations. Prior to the interviews, a session was held with the children to discuss the purpose of the research and to allow them to become more aware of the concept of children’s participation. The children were asked to create a collage of their perception of children’s participation as a right. Two separate focus groups were held for the adult participants; one for the child care workers and the other for the social workers and professionals. Based on the findings of this qualitative study about the nature of children’s participation as perceived by both children and adults in a child and youth care centre, the article in Section B aims at highlighting those critical elements needed for the realisation of children’s participation within a context of child protection.
MSW (Child Protection), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych
A concentration about issues important to the subpopulation of children in conflict with the law has received much more attention over the past few years. It is a known fact that within all male environments the likelihood of violence and especially sexual violence is exponential. Male on male rape as a topic has only received greater exposure over the last decade. Male on male rape within the context of the child and youth care context has however been reported, recorded and written about in academia to a far lesser degree.Within this research study it was found that within the child and youth care context oppressive practices of male on male rape and exploitation were rife. Life is marred by intra-personal, inter-personal and institutional violence. A hierarchy based on the ability to resort to violence and gender mitigated all experiences within this context.Through these experiences children came to understand the phenomenon of male on male rape.This research study was exploratory in nature and aimed to gain a deeper understanding of how children within this context understood and spoke about male on male rape.This endeavour was qualitative in approach and utilised social constructionism and the theory of oppression to understand the discourses produced by participants. The participants were males with age ranging from 16 to 18 years. An interview was the framework within which the phenomenon of male on male rape was discusses. The information gained from participants was managed through the use of discourse analysis. The highest ethical standards were upheld during the research process.In conclusion three main discourses were utilised by participants to make sense of the phenomenon of male on male rape. These discourses were the discourse of violence,the discourse of gang culture and the discourse of gender. These discourses intersected and predominantly functioned to hinder the reporting and likelihood of children that were sexually assaulted acquiring assistance.

In South Africa, alternative care solutions such as foster homes, child-headed households, placements with relatives and Child and Youth Care Centres (CYCCs), are under pressure to provide for the large numbers of children who need care. Child and Youth Care Centres include facilities such as children’s homes, places of safety, secure care facilities and schools of industry or reform schools. South African legislation offers guidelines towards the fulfilment of children’s needs in CYCCs by providing them with Children’s rights. Unfortunately, not only is literature on children living in CYCCs limited both internationally and locally, existing literature regarding children’s care in CYCCs in South Africa points towards a gap between legislative guidelines and practice of care provision. For example, apparently, children in CYCCs are not afforded opportunities to voice their opinions, and many CYCCs in South Africa are not legally registered. As a result, an obvious indication of the care and interaction taking place between caregivers and children in CYCCs is not available. This inductive, qualitative study aimed to explore and describe the views of children living in Child and Youth Care Centres in the Vaal Triangle area, Gauteng, South Africa, in an effort to gain a better understanding of children’s perceptions of their interactions with their caregivers. One-on-one interviews with children from three CYCCs were conducted. Interviews were voice-recorded and later transcribed. While being interviewed, participants were asked to take part in a role-play exercise and to make a collage of their interaction and relationship with their caregivers. Data was analysed using Creswell’s spiral of analysis and Thematic Analysis by Braun and Clarke. The findings revealed four themes, which encompassed the perceptions of interactions with caregiver: 1. Daily activity with caregiver; 2. Special time with caregiver; 3. Behaviour management strategies; and, 4. Relationship with caregiver. The key findings indicate the valuable insight that was gained by affording children in CYCCs the opportunity to voice their perceptions on their interactions with their caregivers. This not only empowers children and fulfils their right to be heard, but also provides a better understanding of whether needs are being met or not.
MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This research focuses on exploring foster girls’ perceptions of respect in relationships in a Child and Youth Care Centre (CYCC) context. The study was undertaken within the paradigm of positive psychology. Relational well-being is of key importance for all adolescents from all cultures and contexts. Respect is viewed as a dynamic aspect of relational functioning. However, when adolescent foster girls do not experience respectful interactions with CYCC caregivers, health workers and with peers, their healthy development could be seriously affected. There is a scarcity of information available on foster girls’ perceptions of respect, with particular reference to the dynamics of respect within a CYCC context. Therefore, the study endeavours to highlight the importance of a bottom-up approach by investigating foster girls’ perceptions of respect. The qualitative study was conducted by using a phenomenological design. For the purpose, aim and coverage of this empirical study a homogenous sample was selected. Twenty female occupants from a South African CYCC were selected, with ages ranging from 12 to 16 years. The participants were all African adolescents, and the study was carried out on the CYCC premises. This homogenous sample allowed detailed investigation of social processes in this context. Data was collected by means of a world café technique where all twenty participants took part to tap into their collective wisdom. Individual interviews were also used and six participants were selected from the original group. All requirements regarding ethical concerns were followed in the research process. Thematic analyses were undertaken after the group and individual sessions. The findings are presented as four main themes, namely relating and respectful interacting (relationships), the role of emotions, resilience and the role of gender. It has been determined that respectful interacting promotes positive support and encouragement during bad times, as well as sharing concerns and ideas with peers and positive role-models. The role of fluctuating emotions – both positive and negative ─ emerged as being of major importance in the girls’ lives. These included pride, belonging, trust (or lack thereof), happiness, hopelessness, aggression / anger and a sense of shame and disappointment with failures. The theme of resilience covered effective coping and how the girls resist languishing and strive to better themselves despite their adverse circumstances. The final theme is that of gender role, which addresses the various forms of differentiation, especially in the treatment of girls and boys. Recommendations are given in order to ameliorate the girls’ lives and to shape future research that could explore the instruction of life skills in order to develop self-esteem, interpersonal relationships (showing respect for one another), a sense of worth and tolerance within a CYCC context purposefully. A possible limitation of this study could be the various Western models of well-being that were studied by the researcher while the participants came from various African cultural backgrounds with different perspectives on Ubuntu. The specific context of foster girls is, therefore, of crucial importance to their wellness, seeing that the context could harbour enabling or limiting conditions for these adolescents.
MSc (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Thesis (M.A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
Young offenders’ criminal behaviour is a global problem that affects the society. In addressing this problem, parents are expected to provide effective parental role in order to minimise the problematic behaviour of their children. The overall aim of the study was to explore perceptions of young offenders regarding parental influence on their criminal behaviour. The objectives of the study were to determine the perceived impact of parental practice on young offenders’ criminal behaviour; to assess how parental care influences the positive behaviour of young offenders; to appraise how coercive child-rearing influences young offenders to be involved in criminal activities; and to establish gaps between parents and young offenders in terms of parental practice. The researcher used explorative research designs. The data was collected through semi-structured face-to-face interviews from sixteen (16) young offenders who were detained at Mavambe Child and Youth Care Centre situated in Malamulele, Limpopo province, South Africa. The sample consisted of young offenders who were available and ready to participate in the study, and sixteen young offenders who were staying with their parents. The researcher used thematic data analysis and followed its steps. Ethical considerations were considered. Based on the findings, parenting has a direct influence on young people’s behaviour. However, it was also discovered that there are other internal and external contributory factors which make this problem complex and interrelated. Some of these factors are environmental or community and economic related problems. The researcher recommend that the Department of Social Development should render positive parenting skills programmes. These programmes should consider issues related to the parent-child relationship, disciplinary strategies, supervision and monitoring. Key words: perceptions, young offenders, parent, parental influence and criminal behaviour

The study examined the sexual and reproductive health needs of adolescents infected with HIV and AIDS. This was a qualitative study that involved semi-structured interviews and observation. The sampling method used was purposive and it entailed 10 adolescents (4 boys and 6 girls) who are living with HIV at Chiedza Child Care Centre in Zimbabwe. This study revealed that adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health needs are the desire to have sex, desire to have children, the need for prevention of unwanted pregnancy and care and treatment support. However, their knowledge of HIV and AIDS was inadequate. Adolescents also revealed their lack of proper information regarding their health care and treatment needs. However, adolescents illustrated an adequate knowledge of the services available for them for their health, treatment and care needs. The study recommended that there is need to strengthen the provision of information and services on adolescents’ sexual and reproductive health issues. The study also recommended that counsellors should improve their counselling skills so that they can empower adolescents living with HIV to be able to negotiate condom usage, matters of dating and handling relationships.
Sociology
M. A. (Social Behaviour Studies in HIV and AIDS)

Most children born HIV positive live longer and have more healthy lives since the advent of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART), together with the accessibility of Anti-Retroviral Drugs (ARV) to persons living with HIV. However, some of those children find themselves in need of care due to abandonment, orphanhood and / or neglect. In South Africa such children may enter the formal Child and Youth Care System and be placed in centres such as Epworth Child and Youth Care Centre. Due to the complex nature of the consequences of such disclosure or non-disclosure of HIV positive children’s status to them, social service workers are posed with a dilemma. In the absence of clear guidelines and policy around such disclosure, the children concerned may be unaware of their HIV positive status, despite being on a medication regime. The aim of the study was to explore the perceptions of social service workers regarding disclosure of HIV status to children born HIV positive living at Epworth Child and Youth Care Centre in Lambton, Ekurhuleni, South Africa. The study was located within a qualitative research paradigm, and utilised a purposive stratified sample of 15 social service workers form various occupational groupings recruited from Epworth Child and Youth Care Centre. A semi-structured interview schedule was employed as the research tool, with in-depth one-on-one interviews being adopted as a method of data collection. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data collected during the interviews. The main findings of the study were that HIV status disclosure is viewed as a complex but essential process as it reinforces children’s ability to adhere to medication regimes and to dispel anxiety and suspicion within themselves and around their status; that non-disclosure may lead to poor or coerced adherence and strains the relationship between the children and the social service workers. Disclosure of children’s HIV positive status can be viewed as complex as it presents both positive and the negative. Recommendations relate to community educative and awareness programmes, policy and practice changes regarding disclosure and none disclosure of children’s HIV positive status, as well as future research.

This study was interested in exploring the perceptions and experiences of social workers about the nature and contents of conducting risk assessments with child offenders. Considering the high level of crime and reoffending in South Africa, effective assessment is imperative. The goal of the research was to develop an in-depth understanding of how risk assessments of child offenders are conducted in practice. This was done by applying a qualitative research methodology. The study was conducted in the Western Cape. Data were collected by means of semi-structured interviews. Purposive sampling was employed and data were analysed according to the framework provided by Tesch. The findings indicated that although prescribed instruments are used in the risk assessment of children in South Africa, they all have definite limitations. To enhance the quality of service rendered to child offenders, the development of a standardised risk assessment instrument is needed.
Social Work
M.A. (Social Work)