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Journal articles on the topic 'Moldavie – Histoire'

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1

Leanca, Gabriel. "Orientalisme, construction territoriale et histoire urbaine : l’exemple de l’occupation militaire russe des principautés de Moldavie et de Valachie (1828-1836)." Cahiers de la Méditerranée, no. 86 (June 15, 2013): 179–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/cdlm.6866.

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2

Grosul, Vladislav. "Pro-Moldovan manifestations in Romania at the end of the 19th century." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10-2 (2020): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi39.

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The unification Moldavia and Walachia in 1859-1866 led to the destruction of Moldavian statehood that had lasted for 500 years. The unification resulted in serious economic turmoil in Moldavia, which, in its turn, ignited an active Moldavian movement. The year 1866 even saw an attempt to separate Moldavia from the united Romanian state, which was suppressed by the wallachian army. The article describes various form of the moldavian movement dating from 1866 till the end of the 19th century.
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3

Wasiucionek, Michał. "Garments, Signatures, and Ottoman Self-Fashioning in the Imperial Periphery: Moldavian Voyvode Ştefan Tomşa II and Ottomanization in the Early Seventeenth Century." Journal of Early Modern History 24, no. 4-5 (2020): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342659.

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Abstract The paper examines the strategies of self-representation pursued by Moldavian Voyvode Ștefan Tomșa II (r. 1611-1615, 1621-1623). From his ascension to the throne, Tomșa faced accusations of wholesale adoption of Ottoman customs and fashion, and even conversion to Islam. While Romanian scholars have largely dismissed these claims as a product of hostile propaganda, the paper argues that—while remaining an Orthodox Christian—the voyvode deliberately emphasized his affinity to the Ottoman cultural idiom and presented himself to his subjects as a member of the Ottoman ruling class. By exa
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4

Crowe, David M. "The Gypsies of Romania Since 1990*." Nationalities Papers 27, no. 1 (1999): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/009059999109181.

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The Roma or Gypsies entered Romania's historic provinces, Wallachia and Moldavia, in the twelfth century. Over the next 200 years, the Roma, who had come to the Balkans from northern India, were enslaved. By the fifteenth century, the practice of Gypsy slavery was widespread throughout the two provinces. In part, their enslavement came about as a means of securing Gypsy skills as craftsmen, metalsmiths, musicians, and equine specialists. Over time, a complex body of laws was passed in Wallachia and Moldavia to strengthen the control of Romanian noblemen over their Gypsy slaves (robi). However,
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5

Noiret, Pierre. "Le Paléolithique supérieur de la Moldavie." L'Anthropologie 108, no. 3-4 (2004): 425–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2004.10.003.

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6

Kinda, István. "Punishment practices among the Moldavian Csangos." Erdélyi Társadalom 5, no. 2 (2007): 127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17177/77171.90.

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This paper aims to present the system of punishment in Moldavian Csango villages. Upon comparing west European, Szekler and Csango examples, we will focus on outlining a common European set of punishments which took its shape during early modernity and modernity too. The typology of Csango punishment practices thus outlined will throw a light on the archaic forms of reestablishing order, and the retaliation of norm deviance, in short the cultural-historic rootedness of norm reestablishing. The typology of these specific Csango cultural ways of social sanctioning and social retaliation can be s
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7

Miltenova, Anissava. "Later Echoes of the So-called Kniazheskii Izbornik in Old Slavic Literatures." Slovene 4, no. 1 (2015): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.17.

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There is a proposition in palaeoslavistics that the reconstructed prototype of the Izbornik of 1076 is a composition designated as the Kniazheskii Izbornik, which originated from the time of the Bulgarian Tsar Peter (927–969). This article presents an overview of the contents of three manuscripts, which are copies of texts in the so-called Kniazheskii Izbornik: No. 162 from the collection of the Moscow Theological Academy, from the 15th century, Russian origin; No. 189 from the collection of the Hilandar Monastery and which is composed of two parts: Part 1 from the beginning of the 17th centur
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8

Sulyak, S. G. "N.I. Nadezhdin and Carpathian Rus." Rusin, no. 61 (2020): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/61/4.

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Nikolai Ivanovich Nadezhdin (1804–1856), a Russian philologist, literary and theater critic, philosopher, journalist, editor, historian, archaeologist, ethnographer, art critic, and educator, was the son of a poor village priest. The surname Nadezhdin was given to him by the Ryazan archbishop Theophilact (Rusanov), who pinned great hopes on the boy. N.I. Nadezhdin made a significant contribution to the development of science in Russia. Back in 1834, he spoke of the need to study the Russian language in various fields, in addition to belles-lettres and theological literature. He defended the id
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9

Potulski, Jakub. "Quasi państwa na obszarze poradzieckim – Naddniestrze w rosyjskiej polityce zagranicznej." Gdańskie Studia Międzynarodowe 16, no. 1-2 (2018): 105–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.7627.

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The main aim of this article is to give an overview of the conflict in a region called Transnistria or Pridnestrovskaya Moldovskaya Respublika (PMR), a quasi-state that has been outside of Moldovan control since 1992. Author focus on historical and emotional aspect of conflict. The turning point of this region’s history was in 1812, when Russia, after the war with Ottoman Turkey annexed part of historic Moldavian territory and named it Bessarabia. During the time, the territory was used as a geostrategic point for Russia’s reaching Black Sea coast. After the World War I Bessarabia become a par
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10

Sulyak, Sergey. "THE ETHNONYM RUS IN THE ANTHROPONYMICS OF MEDIEVAL MOLDAVIA." Rusin, no. 47(1) (March 1, 2017): 80–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/47/7.

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11

Suliak, S. G. "“Soviet occupation” in Moldavian History Textbooks." Modern History of Russia 9, no. 4 (2019): 1073–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2019.415.

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12

Herzen, A. А., and E. G. Paskary. "RECONSTRUCTION OF HISTORIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE INITIAL PERIOD OF THE MOLDAVIAN ETHNOS FORMATION (ACCORDING TO THE BRIEF TALES ABOUT THE MOLDAVIAN LORDS FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE MOLDAVIAN LAND)." Rusin, no. 59 (2020): 36–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/59/4.

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13

Arzakanyan, Marina. "On the early ethnogenesis of the Moldavians in the Soviet historiography." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 01 (2020): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202001statyi28.

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14

Negură, Petru. "Review, Dorina Roșca, Le grand tournant de la société moldave. «Intellec­tuels» et capital social dans la transformation post-socialiste, Paris: Presses de l’Inalco, 2019, 359 pp." PLURAL. History, Culture, Society 9, no. 1 (2021): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37710/plural.v9i1_11.

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Book Review, Dorina Roșca, Le grand tournant de la société moldave. «Intellec­tuels» et capital social dans la transformation post-socialiste, Paris: Presses de l’Inalco, 2019, 359 pp. done by Petru Negura
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15

Нестерова, Тамара, and Андрей Герцен. "Architectural and Historic-Geographical Mystery of the Church of Vasilcau Village." Arta 30, no. 1 (2021): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/arta.2021.30-1.20.

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The article provides a comprehensive architectural and historical-geographical analysis of a unique monument of medieval religious-defensive architecture – the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin in Vasilcau village, located on the banks of the Dniester River, near the state border of the Republic of Moldova and the Ukraine. Vasilcau was the border point between the Principality of Moldavia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Middle Ages. Its geographical position led to the formation of a fortified border point here, which served as an eastern outpost of the Soroca tsinut (county). The
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16

Taki, Victor. "MOLDAVIA AND WALLACHIA IN THE EYES OF RUSSIAN OBSERVERS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." East Central Europe 32, no. 1-2 (2005): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763308-90001034.

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Taking as its starting point the Enlightenment discourse about Eastern Europe, thc article examines the way Russian elites responded to the emergence of the West-East symbolic divide through discovery and appropriation of their own "Orient." The encounter of the Westernized Russian officer corps and diplomats with the Hellenized Romanian boyar elite of Moldavia and Wallachia in the course of the Russian-Ottoman wars provides an illustration of this phenomenon. Deriving from the classic oppositions between "Europe" and "Orient," "civilization" and "barbarity," the Russian discourse on Moldavia
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17

TAKI, VICTOR. "MOLDA VIA AND WALLACHIA IN THE EYES OF RUSSIAN OBSERVERS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY." East Central Europe 32, no. 1 (2005): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1876330805x00054.

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Abstract: Taking as its starting point the Enlightenment discourse about Eastern Europe, the article examines the way Russian elites responded to the emergence of the West-East symbolic divide through discovery and appropriation of their own "Orient." The encounter of the Westernized Russian officer corps and diplomats with the Hellenized Romanian boyar elite of Moldavia and Wallachia in the course of the Russian-Ottoman wars provides an illustration of this phenomenon. Deriving from the classic oppositions between "Europe" and "Orient," "civilization" and "barbarity," the Russian discourse on
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18

Shcherbak, V. "MOLDAVIAN CAMPAIGNS OF UKRAINIAN COSSACKS IN THE 1570S." Rusin 55 (March 1, 2019): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/55/4.

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19

Colăcel, Onoriu. "Suceava On Camera: The County Council And Local Self-Identification In 21st Century Romania." Messages, Sages and Ages 2, no. 2 (2015): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msas-2015-0008.

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Abstract In post-communist Romania, regional self-identification has undergone significant change. Particularly, a paradigm shift occurred in relation to 20th century Romanian historiography (I have in mind the national communist as well as inter-war historic narratives). The literature and the promotional films of Suceava County Council (i.e., the local government branch) are a case in point. They are designed to advertise tourism products in travel marts and various media outlets. Next to the story of a multi-faith/ethnic community, particular images and symbols are employed in order to craf
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20

Herzen, Andrey. "Cartographic methods for solving historical and geographical problems (on the example of multiscale research of Europe, mediterranean and North-Western Black Sea regions)." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 4 (2020): 266–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-4-26-266-281.

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Numerous and multidimensional problems of the modern world have a self-evident, but not always obvious, geographical conditionality and spatial reflection, which are the objects of interest of specialists. At the same time, the geographical approach to understanding the global problems of humanity and their multiscale nature is inseparable from the historical approach, and historic-geographical research is an integral factor in a comprehensive scientific search. This approach allows us to represent historic-geographical landscapes as integral natural and anthropogenic geosystems, to understand
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21

Ploscaru, Cristian, and IonuČ› Nistor. "HISTORIC MOLDOVA. HISTORICAL DISPARITIES, REGIONALISATION AND CROSS-BORDER INTEGRATION." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 30, 2017): 920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1112.

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This study proposes a theoretical approach to the idea of a platform for research and education on the historical substance of regionalization in Romania, with reference to the case of the historical province of Moldova. Furthermore, to identify the consequences, reactions, weaknesses, opportunities afforded by administrative restructuring from a post-regionalization demographic and socioeconomic viewpoint. An inter-disciplinary analysis – historical, demographic, economic – the traits of a Romanian society stemming from Moldova, the historical dynamics that underpin the modern Romanian st
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22

Hamm, Michael F. "Kishinev: The Character and Development of a Tsarist Frontier Town*." Nationalities Papers 26, no. 1 (1998): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999808408548.

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At the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, Russia annexed the eastern half of Moldavia, the territory between the Dnestr and Prut Rivers, which it called “Bessarabia.” One historian argues that this was an effort to circumvent the Tilsit agreement with Napoleon in which Russia had agreed to vacate both Romanian principalities. Since Tilsit “did not mention ‘Bessarabia’ the Russian troops could remain there.”
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23

NASTASE, D. "Les débuts de l'Eglise moldave et le siège de Constantinople par Bajazet Ier." BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA 7 (September 29, 1987): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.717.

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  <p>Δ. Ναστάσε</p><p>  Oἱ ἀπαρχὲς τῆς Μολδαβικῆς Ἐκκλησίας καὶ ἡ πολιορκία τῆς Κωνστα&nu
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24

Luk'ianets, Ol'ga S. "The Traditional Attitude Toward Conflicts in the Moldavian Village." Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia 52, no. 1 (2013): 9–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/aae1061-1959520101.

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25

Sullivan, Alice Isabella. "The Athonite Patronage of Stephen III of Moldavia, 1457–1504." Speculum 94, no. 1 (2019): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/700642.

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26

Elezovic, Dalibor, and Zdravko Deletic. "THE PRINCIPALITY OF MOLDAVIA IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY: IMPRESSIONS OF A TRAVELER FROM THE WEST." Rusin, no. 51 (March 1, 2018): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/51/8.

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27

Tuffreau, Alain, Roxana Dobrescu, Alexandru Ciornei, Loredana Niţă, and Antoine Kostek. "Le Paléolithique supérieur de la basse vallée de la Bistriţa (Moldavie roumaine) : Buda et Lespezi, nouvelles recherches." L'Anthropologie 122, no. 2 (2018): 129–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anthro.2018.02.003.

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28

Himka, John-Paul. "Western Ukraine in the Interwar period." Nationalities Papers 22, no. 2 (1994): 347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999408408332.

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The concept of “Western Ukraine” is not entirely a static one. As a valid unit of historical analysis it first appears in the late eighteenth century, when the Habsburg monarchy added Galicia (1772) and Bukovina (occupied 1774, annexed 1787) to its collection of territories; already part of the collection was the Ukrainian-inhabited region of Transcarpathia (depending on how one counts, it had been Habsburg since as early as 1526 or as late as the early eighteenth century). Of course, one can also read back certain features unifying Western Ukraine prior to the 1770s, such as the culturally fo
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29

Tverdyukova, E. D. "ABUSES IN DISTRIBUTION OF AMERICAN GIFTS IN THE MOLDAVIAN SSR (1944–1945)." Rusin, no. 54 (December 1, 2018): 264–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/54/15.

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30

Melnychuk, O. A., Y. A. Zinko, and V. A. Tuchynskyi. "FOREIGN POLICY FACTORS IN THE FORMATION OF THE MOLDAVIAN AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC." Rusin, no. 57 (2019): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/57/11.

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31

Braham, Randolph L., and Michael Bruchis. "Nations--Nationalities--People: A Study of the ationalities Policy of the Communist Party in Soviet Moldavia." American Historical Review 91, no. 3 (1986): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1869251.

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32

Crowther, William. "The Politics of Ethno-National Mobilization: Nationalism and Reform in Soviet Moldavia." Russian Review 50, no. 2 (1991): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131158.

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33

Herzen, A. A., E. G. Paskary, and A. G. Khropov. "Topographic maps of the north-western Black sea region of the 17th to mid – 18th centuries." Geodesy and Cartography 972, no. 6 (2021): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-972-6-26-36.

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Systematization of cartographic sources and their comparative analysis is a challenging scientific task, accomplishment of which enables creating a more objective picture of the past. The geographical approach is inseparable from the historical one, and historic-geographical studies are an integral factor in a comprehensive scientific research. Many cartographic sources on the North-Western Black Sea Region are far from being studied and even systematized, some of them remain hardly known, and many of those that have been studied need to be adequately explained and rethought. The most notewort
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34

Vologdin, A. A. "THE CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS AND THE STATE ORGANS OF THE MOLDAVIAN AUTONOMOUS SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC." Rusin, no. 53 (September 1, 2018): 292–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18572685/53/17.

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35

Caşu, Igor, and Mark Sandle. "Discontent and Uncertainty in the Borderlands: Soviet Moldavia and the Secret Speech 1956–1957." Europe-Asia Studies 66, no. 4 (2014): 613–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2014.899768.

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36

Shaidurov, Vladimir, Tadeush Novogrodsky, Galina Sinko, and Stepan Zakharkevich. "Gypsies: from Belarus to Siberia (according to documents and materials of the 18th - first half of the 19th century)." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2020, no. 10 (2020): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202010statyi08.

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In the 14th — 15th century the Belarussian part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a center of ethnic minorities, among which Gypsies stood out. Until the first half of the 18th century, they enjoyed the patronage of the local magnates, thanks to which they got a lean system of self-government and were able to fill their own economic niche. In the 18th century, Gypsies of Belarus were forced to leave their traditional places of residence. As a result, they came to Walachia, Moldavia and Siberia. At the end of the 18th — early 19th century Romani had a mostly semi-nomadic lifestyle in
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37

Bercu, Igor. "L’organizzazione amministrativa e militare delle re‘âya ottomane in Moldavia dalla fine del XV alla fine del XVI secolo." Transylvanian Review 19, Supliment 1, 2020 (2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33993/tr.2020.suppl.1.04.

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38

Charipova, Liudmila V. "Orthodox Reform in Seventeenth-Century Kiev: The Evidence of a Library." Journal of Early Modern History 17, no. 3 (2013): 273–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342367.

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Abstract Drawing on the surviving lists of books from the private collection of Peter Mohyla, the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Kiev in 1633-1646, the crucial period that followed the restoration of his confession’s legal status in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the article examines the place of Western monastic works in shaping the spiritual and doctrinal parameters of Orthodox reform. Beginning in the Archdiocese of Kiev, it subsequently spread to other branches of the Eastern Church, which remained outside communion with Rome in the seventeenth century: Greek, Moldavian, and Russian.
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39

Chinn, Jeff, and Steven D. Roper. "Ethnic Mobilization and Reactive Nationalism: The Case of Moldova." Nationalities Papers 23, no. 2 (1995): 291–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408378.

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1. IntroductionUntil the October 1991 Soviet coup, Moldova, previously known as Bessarabia and the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, had known independence only briefly, having been part of the Russian Empire, Romania, or the Soviet Union for almost its entire history. As a result of shifting foreign influences and borders, Moldova, like most modern political entities, has a multiethnic population. The conflicting perspectives and demands of Moldova's different ethnic groups underlie many of today's controversies.
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40

Majstorović, Vojin. "Red Army Troops Encounter the Holocaust: Transnistria, Moldavia, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Austria, 1944–1945." Holocaust and Genocide Studies 32, no. 2 (2018): 249–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcy031.

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41

HAGGMAN, BERTIL. "The Bendery Constitution and Pylyp Orlyk and His Government-in-Exile in Sweden in 1715–1720." Право України, no. 2020/01 (2020): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.33498/louu-2020-01-288.

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The period 1709 to 1720 was of historic importance in the Ukrainian struggle for freedom and independence. On April 5, 1710, on Turkish territory in Bendery, Ukraine’s first constitution was inaugurated. The main author was Orlyk. After the Battle of Poltava in June 1709 King Charles XII of Sweden and the newly elected Hetman Pylyp Orlyk were in exile. In the fall of 1709 Hetman Ivan Mazepa had died in Moldavian Bendery. Orlyk, his chancellor, was elected hetman of Ukraine in the spring of 1710. The Bendery Constitution is not only an expression of the rights of a free Ukrainian people. It may
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42

Korobeynikov, Dmitry. "Byzantine Traditions of the Sublime Porte: the Title qayṣar-i Rūm in the Ottoman Political Thought". ISTORIYA 12, № 5 (103) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015717-7.

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The article is focused on the problem of the title qayṣar-i Rūm, “Caesar of Rome”, which was a traditional title of the Byzantine emperors in Arabic and Persian sources. It is believed that the title was accepted by Mehmed II Fatih after the conquest of Constantinople in 1453. It seems that the Ottoman chancery began to use the title only during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent. The first evidence thereof was the famous inscription of Suleyman in the fortress of Bender (Bendery, in Moldavia/Moldova) in 1538—1539. The Ottomans recognized themselves as a new Rome only after they went into c
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43

Marcu, Silvia. "Between migration and cross-border mobility: return for development and Europeanization among Moldavian immigrants." Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 14, no. 1 (2014): 83–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2014.882086.

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44

Aksan, Virginia H. "Ottoman Political Writing, 1768–1808." International Journal of Middle East Studies 25, no. 1 (1993): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800058049.

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The Ottomans, after a long period of peace that began in 1740, declared war on Russia in 1768, disputing territory essential to the continued existence of the empire: Moldavia, Wallachia, the Crimea, and Georgia. The war lasted until 1774, during which time the Ottomans proved that they no longer posed a military threat to Europe. The signing of the Küçük Kaynarca treaty of 1774, which granted Tatar independence in the Crimea, was the first instance of an Ottoman cession of a predominantly Muslim territory to a European power, and it provoked an internal crisis and long debate over the future
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45

Crowther, William. "Ethnic Politics and the Post-Communist Transition in Moldova*." Nationalities Papers 26, no. 1 (1998): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999808408555.

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During the late 1980s the Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldavia, like many other regions within the former USSR, entered into a period of political turmoil. As the grip of the Communist Party weakened, increasingly serious conflict broke out between the Romanian-speaking majority and minority activists. Separatist forces quickly established themselves in two of the republic's regions, Transnistria on the east bank of the Dnestr river and the Gagauz districts in the south. Both claimed sovereignty and forcibly resisted the authority of the central government. By 1992 severe fighting was underwa
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46

Lesanu, Alexandru. "Removing a German Sugar Factory to the Soviet Borderlands: A Case Study of the Postwar Technological Transfer in Soviet Moldavia (1946–52)." Technology and Culture 60, no. 3 (2019): 866–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2019.0076.

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47

Kasinec, Edward, Astor Fellow, and Patricia Kennedy Grimsted. "Archives and Manuscript Repositories in the USSR, Ukraine and Moldavia. Book 1: General Bibliography and Institutional Directory." Russian Review 50, no. 4 (1991): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/131035.

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48

Geană, Gheorghiţă. "The Carpathian Folk Fairs and the Origins of National Consciousness among Romanians." Nationalities Papers 34, no. 1 (2006): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905990500504897.

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A series of time-honoured regular folk fairs take place in the Carpathian Mountains that are mainly economic but also socio-cultural events. The participants come from all the three Romanian principalities—Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, that is, from all the historical provinces of the Romanian state as constituted after the First World War. These folk fairs are “two-land fairs” in the Eastern and Southern Carpathians and “three-land fairs” where all three provinces converge, as in the district of Vrancea. Over the centuries, such fairs advanced the perception that participants spoke t
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Turnock, David. "Romanian Villages: Rural Planning under Communism." Rural History 2, no. 1 (1991): 81–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300002636.

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The village is an important research theme in Romania in view of its significance for culture and ecology as well as the modernisation process. Interest developed after Romanian Independence but the efforts of the early historians like A.D. Xenopol (1847–1920) were greatly extended after the First World War, when the enlargement of frontiers, adding Transylvania (and temporarily Bessarabia) to the Old Kingdom embracing Moldavia and Wallachia, gave Romanian scholars access to the whole of the central Carpathian belt. Historians like C. Daicoviciu (1898–1973) and C.C. Giurescu (1901–77) were joi
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Quarrier, Nicholas F., and Richard N. Norris. "Adaptations for Trombone Performance: Ergonomic Interventions." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 16, no. 2 (2001): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2001.2013.

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Performing arts health care practitioners need to be familiar with the ergonomic features of various musical instruments, many of which put the performer at increased risk for injury. An informed practitioner can advise regarding improving the fit between the musician and the musical instrument, in order to reduce stresses due to compression of the instrument against the body or to supporting the weight of the instrument. These modifications may alter the instrument itself and/or provide external devices, such as splints, straps, or stands that disperse and minimize stress on the performer. Va
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