Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Molecular Interaction Maps'

Les séries de réactions biochimiques apparaissant au cœur d'une cellule forme ce qu'on appelle des voies métaboliques. La plupart de ces voies sont très complexes impliquant un grand nombre de protéines et d'enzymes. Une représentation logique de ces réseaux contribue au raisonnement à propos de ces voies en général, allant du fait de répondre à certaines questions, compléter des arcs et nœuds manquant, et trouver des incohérences. Dans ce contexte on propose un nouveau model logique basé sur un fragment de logique de premier ordre capable de décrire les réactions apparaissant dans des Molecular Interaction Maps. On propose aussi une méthode de déduction automatique efficace capable de répondre aux questions par déduction pour prédire les résultats des réactions et par abduction pour trouver les états des protéines et de leurs réactions. Cette méthode automatique est basée sur une procédure de traduction qui élimine les quantificateurs des formules de logique premier ordre<br>The series of biochemical reactions that occur within a cell form what we call Metabolic Pathways. Most of them can be quite intricate and involve many proteins and enzymes. Logical representations of such networks can help reason about them in general, where the reasoning can range from answering some queries, to completing missing nodes and arcs, and finding inconsistencies. This work proposes a new logical model based on a fragment of first-order logic capable of describing reactions that appear in a Molecular Interaction Maps. We also propose an efficient automated deduction method that can answer queries by deduction to predict reaction results or by abductive reasoning to find reactions and protein states. This automated deduction method is based on a translation procedure that transforms first-order formulas into quantifier free formulas

La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR) est unemaladie auto-immune complexe qui entraîne uneinflammation synoviale et une hyperplasie pouvantprovoquer une érosion osseuse et une destruction ducartilage dans les articulations. L'étiologie de la PR restepartiellement inconnue, mais elle implique de multiplescascades de signalisation croisées et l'expression demédiateurs pro-inflammatoires. Dans la première partie demon projet de doctorat, nous présentons un effortsystématique pour construire une base de connaissancessur la PR, entièrement annotée et validée par des experts.Cette carte de la PR illustre les voies moléculaires et designalisation importantes impliquées dans la maladie. Latransduction du signal est systématiquement représentéedes récepteurs au noyau en utilisant la représentationstandard de notation graphique en biologie des systèmes(SBGN). La curation manuelle est basée sur des critèresstricts et spécifique aux études sur l'homme, limitantl'apparition de faux positifs sur la carte. Cette carte peutservir de base de connaissances interactive pour la maladiemais aussi de tableau pour la visualisation des donnéesomiques. De plus, c’est une excellente base pour ledéveloppement d'un modèle informatique. La naturestatique de la carte PR pourrait fournir une compréhensionrelativement limitée du comportement émergeant dusystème dans différentes conditions. La modélisationinformatique pourra révéler les propriétés dynamiques duréseau par le biais de perturbations in silico et peut êtreutilisée pour tester et prédire des hypothèses.Dans la deuxième partie du projet, nous présentons unpipeline permettant la construction automatisée d'un grandmodèle booléen, à partir d'une carte d'interactionsmoléculaires. Pour cela, nous avons développé l'outilCaSQ (CellDesigner as SBML-qual), qui automatise laconversion des cartes moléculaires en modèles booléensexécutables basés sur la topologie et la sémantique descartes. Le modèle booléen résultant pourrait être utilisépour des simulations in silico afin de reproduire lecomportement biologique connu du système et de prédirede nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Pour l'analyse deperformance de l’outil, nous avons utilisé différentescartes et modèles de maladies en mettant l'accent sur lagrande carte moléculaire de la PR.Dans la troisième partie du projet, nous présentons nosefforts pour créer un modèle dynamique (booléen) àgrande échelle pour les synoviocytes de type fibroblastede polyarthrite rhumatoïde (RA-FLS). Parmi denombreuses cellules de l'articulation et du systèmeimmunitaire impliquées dans la pathogenèse de la PR, lesRA-FLS joue un rôle important dans l'initiation et laperpétuation de l'inflammation articulaire destructrice.Les RA-FLS expriment des cytokinesimmunomodulatrices, des molécules d'adhésion et desenzymes de modélisation matricielle. De plus, les RAFLSprésentent des taux de prolifération élevés et unphénotype résistant à l'apoptose. Les RA-FLS peuventégalement se comporter comme les principaux moteurs del'inflammation, et les thérapies dirigées contre les RA FLSpourraient devenir une approche complémentaire auximmunothérapies. Le défi est de prédire les conditionsoptimales qui favoriseraient l'apoptose des RA FLS,limiteraient l'inflammation, ralentiraient le taux deprolifération et minimiseraient l'érosion osseuse et ladestruction du cartilage<br>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complexautoimmune disease that results in synovial inflammationand hyperplasia leading to bone erosion and cartilagedestruction in the joints. The aetiology of RA remainspartially unknown, yet, it involves a variety of intertwinedsignalling cascades and the expression of pro-inflammatorymediators. In the first part of my PhD project, we present asystematic effort to construct a fully annotated, expertvalidated, state of the art knowledge-base for RA. The RAmap illustrates significant molecular and signallingpathways implicated in the disease. Signal transduction isdepicted from receptors to the nucleus systematically usingthe systems biology graphical notation (SBGN) standardrepresentation. Manual curation based on strict criteria andrestricted to only human-specific studies limits theoccurrence of false positives in the map. The RA map canserve as an interactive knowledge base for the disease butalso as a template for omic data visualization and as anexcellent base for the development of a computationalmodel. The static nature of the RA map could provide arelatively limited understanding of the emerging behaviorof the system under different conditions. Computationalmodeling can reveal dynamic network properties throughin silico perturbations and can be used to test and predictassumptions.In the second part of the project, we present a pipelineallowing the automated construction of a large Booleanmodel, starting from a molecular interaction map. For thispurpose, we developed the tool CaSQ (CellDesigner asSBML-qual), which automates the conversion ofmolecular maps to executable Boolean models based ontopology and map semantics. The resulting Booleanmodel could be used for in silico simulations to reproduceknown biological behavior of the system and to furtherpredict novel therapeutic targets. For benchmarking, weused different disease maps and models with a focus onthe large molecular map for RA.In the third part of the project we present our efforts tocreate a large scale dynamical (Boolean) model forrheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RAFLS).Among many cells of the joint and of the immunesystem involved in the pathogenesis of RA, RA FLS playa significant role in the initiation and perpetuation ofdestructive joint inflammation. RA-FLS are shown toexpress immuno-modulating cytokines, adhesionmolecules, and matrix-modelling enzymes. Moreover,RA-FLS display high proliferative rates and an apoptosisresistantphenotype. RA-FLS can also behave as primarydrivers of inflammation, and RA FLS-directed therapiescould become a complementary approach to immunedirectedtherapies. The challenge is to predict the optimalconditions that would favour RA FLS apoptosis, limitinflammation, slow down the proliferation rate andminimize bone erosion and cartilage destruction

Les communications cellulaires sont indispensables au bon fonctionnement des organismes multicellulaires, notamment pour s’adapter à un environnement changeant en permanence. Les cellules du système immunitaire n’échappent pas à cette règle mais les interactions entre cellules immunitaires restent peu connues et compliquée à étudier. La récente apparition des technologies de séquençage dites ‘cellules uniques’ représente une opportunité unique pour étudier ces communications. Dans cette thèse, différentes approches expérimentales et analytiques ont été développées pour étudier ces communications à une échelle de cellules uniques. Ces stratégies ont ensuite été appliquées à différents contextes pathologiques, incluant le COVID-19, la maladie d’Alzheimer ou une immunisation par des pathogènes inactivés, et ont permis d’identifier des voies de communications cellulaires jusqu’ici inconnues ou mal comprises. Néanmoins, l’efficacité de ces approches est limitée par l’absence d’informations sur la localisation des cellules et des travaux supplémentaires intégrant ce genre de données est essentiel pour aller plus loin dans la dissection des communications entre cellules immunitaires<br>Cellular communications are essential to the proper functioning of multi-cellular organisms, particularly in order to adapt to a constantly changing environment. The cells of the immune system are no exception to this rule, but the interactions between immune cells remain little known and complicated to study. The recent emergence of 'single cell' sequencing technologies represents a unique opportunity to study these communications. In this thesis, different experimental and analytical approaches have been developed to study these communications on a single cell scale. These strategies were then applied to different disease contexts, including COVID-19, Alzheimer's disease or immunisation with inactivated pathogens, and identified previously unknown or poorly understood cellular communication pathways. However, the effectiveness of these approaches is limited by the lack of information on cell location and further work integrating such data will be essential to go further in the dissection of immune cell communications

Cette thèse concerne les propriétés physico-chimiques des " Boîtes MADS ", séquences de liaison de facteurs de transcription déterminantes pour la formation de complexes avec des segments de régulation de l'ADN comportant des séquences spécifiques nommées " Boîtes CArG ". Des études ont aussi été menées sur certains segments bien choisis des Boîtes MADS et quelques-uns de leurs analogues mutés. Un large choix d'approches spectroscopiques a été employé pour ces études : absorption électronique, dichroïsme circulaire, fluorescence et diffusion Raman. Des approches performantes d'analyse multivariée ont été utilisées pour le traitement des résultats expérimentaux. Les trois tyrosines de la Boîte MADS, situées dans des environnements de charge et d'hydrophobicité différents, ont été utilisées comme marqueurs spectroscopiques intrinsèques. Les principaux résultats de ce travail concernent les caractéristiques de structures, flexibilités et équilibres acido-basiques de la Boîte MADS et de ses différents segments<br>The thesis deals with physico-chemical properties of the MADS box, binding domain of transcription factors, which are important for the formation of complexes with the DNA regulatory segment bearing the CArG box. The study was performed also on model oligopeptides, selected segments of the MADS box and their analogues with a point mutation. A wide range of spectroscopic techniques was employed, namely absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopies. Advanced approaches including multivariate methods were used for data processing. The three tyrosines of the MADS box located in amino-acid vicinities of different charge and hydrophobicity, were used as intrinsic spectroscopic probes. The obtained characteristics of the MADS box and its segments structural arrangement, flexibility and acid-base equilibria are the main results of the work

As a first project, collision-induced dissociation experiments were carried out using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry on gas phase complexes involving different poly(methylmetacrylate) oligomers with three amino acids: glycine, leucine, and phenylalanine. After acquiring breakdown diagrams, RRKM modeling was used to fit the experimental data in order to obtain the 0 K activation energy and the entropy of activation. These thermodynamic data were then used to understand the competing dissociation channels observed (except for gas phase complexes involving glycine that had only one dissociation channel). Molecular dynamics simulated annealing calculations were carried on the gas phase complexes to understand further the energetic and entropic effects involved as well as the 3D conformation of these complexes. Valuable insight information was found on the 3D conformations, on a qualitative level. Using rotational constants and vibrational harmonic frequencies, it was possible to evaluate the entropy variation between the experimentally observed competing channels. Reasonable agreement was found between the experimental and theoretical variations of entropies. Finally, the proton affinity of poly(methylmetacrylate) oligomers is being discussed. Even though no absolute values for the proton affinity were found, the experimental and computational results help to understand the variation that accompanies the oligomers length. The second project presents the development an efficient and reproducible screening method for identifying low molecular weight compounds that bind to amyloid beta peptides (Abeta) peptides using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Low molecular weight (LMW) compounds capable of interacting with soluble Abeta may be able to modulate/inhibit the Abeta aggregation process and serve as potential disease-modifying agents for Alzheimer’s disease. The present approach was used to rank the binding affinity of a library of compounds to Abeta1-40 peptide. The results obtained show that low molecular weight compounds bind similarly to Abeta1-42, Abeta1-40, as well as Abeta1-28 peptides and they underline the critical role of Abeta peptide charge motif in binding at physiological pH. Finally, some elements of structure-activity relationship (SAR) involved in the binding affinity of homotaurine to soluble Abeta peptides are discussed. As a third project, the gas phase binding of small molecules to the Abeta1-40 peptide generated by electrospray ionization has been explored with collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry and kinetic rate theory. This project presents a simple procedure used to theoretically model the experimental breakdown diagrams for the Abeta1-40 peptide complexed with a series of aminosulfonate small molecules, namely homotaurine, 3-cyclohexylamino-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid (CAPSO), 3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-beta-carbolin-2-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid, 3-(1,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2H-beta-carbolin-2-yl)butane-1-sulfonic acid, and 3-(cyclohexylamino) propane-1-sulfonic acid. An alternative method employing an extrapolation procedure for the microcanonical rate constant, k(E), is also discussed.

Small heat-shock proteins (sHsps) are part of a broad cellular sys- tem that functions to maintain a stable proteome under stress. They also perform a variety of regulatory roles at physiological conditions. Despite the multitude of sHsp targets, their interactions with partners are not well understood due to highly dynamical structures. In this thesis, I apply a variety of biophysical and structural approaches to examine distinct interactions made by the abundant human sHsps αβ-crystallin and Hsp27. First, I find that αβ-crystallin binds a cardiac-specific domain of the muscle sarcomere protein titin. A cardiomyopathy-causative variant of αβ-crystallin is shown to disrupt this interaction, with demonstrated implications for tissue biomechanics. Next, I investigate the conformation and unfolding behaviour of another sarcomere-associated protein, filamin C, finding support for the hypothesis that it is mechanosensitive. This leads into an interrogation of the interaction between filamin C and Hsp27, which we find is modulated by phosphorylation of Hsp27. This modulation only manifests during filamin C unfolding, pointing toward a protective chaperoning mode against over-extension during mechanical stress. This finding is bolstered by up-regulation and interaction of both proteins in a mouse model of heart failure. I establish a system for similar studies of a third sHsp, cvHsp, which is muscle-specific and implicated in various myopathies but scantly understood at the molecular level compared to αβ-crystallin and Hsp27. Finally, I probe the stoichiometries and kinetics of complexes formed between αβ-crystallin and Hsp27 themselves, which co-assemble into a highly polydisperse ensemble. This involved the development of a high-resolution native mass spectrometry method for disentangling heterogeneous systems. Together these findings add to our understanding of the roles and mechanisms of ATP-independent molecular chaperones.

Presented in this dissertation are studies of protein dynamics and protein/protein interactions using solution phase hydrogen/deuterium exchange in combination with mass spectrometry (HXMS). In addition, gas phase fragmentation behaviors of deuterated peptides are investigated, with the purpose of increasing resolution of the HXMS. In the area of single protein dynamics, two protein systems are studied. Studies on the cytochrome c2 from Rhodobacter capsulatus indicate its domain stability to be similar to that of the horse heart cytochrome c. Further comparison of the exchange kinetics of the cytochrome c2 in its reduced and oxidized state reveals that the so-called hinge region is destabilized upon oxidation. We also applied a similar approach to investigate the conformational changes of photoactive yellow protein when it is transiently converted from the resting state to the signaling state. The central &amp;#946;-sheet of the protein is shown to be destabilized upon photoisomerization of the double bond in the chromophore. Another equally important question when it comes to understanding how proteins work is the interactions between proteins. To this end, two protein complexes are subjected to studies by solution phase hydrogen deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry. In the case of LexA/RecA interaction, both proteins show decreases in their extents of exchange upon complex formation. The potential binding site in LexA was further mapped to the same region that the protein uses to cleave itself upon interacting with RecA. In the sHSP/MDH system, hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments revealed regions within sHSP-bound MDH that were significantly protected against exchange under heat denaturing condition, indicative of a partially unfolded state. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange therefore provides a way of probing low resolution protein structure within protein complexes that have a high level of heterogeneity. Finally, the feasibility of increasing resolution of HXMS by gas phase peptide fragmentation is investigated by using a peptide with three prolines near the C-terminus. Our data show that deuterium migration indeed occurs during the collision activated dissociation process. Caution is required when interpreting the MS/MS spectra as a way of pinpointing the exact deuterium distribution within peptides.

Characterizing the interactions of solvent molecules with ions is fundamental in understanding the thermodynamics of solution chemistry. These interactions are difficult to observe directly in solution because the number of solvent molecules far exceed that of ions. This lend the gas phase to be the ideal medium in the study ion-solvent interactions on a molecular level. Ionized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules can readily form hydrogen bonds with neutral solvent molecules in aqueous and interstellar medium. Previous research has been done for stepwise solvation of small molecules such as benzene+, pyridine, and phenylacetylene. The similarity in these results show that these organic ions can be considered prototypical model systems for aromatic ion-neutral solvent interactions. The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate that naphthalene can act as a prototypical model of PAH ions for ion-solvent interactions. Two types of experiments are considered throughout this dissertation using ion mobility mass spectrometry: (1) ion-neutral equilibrium thermochemistry and (2) mobility measurements. For thermochemistry experiments, the naphthalene radical cation was injected into the drift cell containing helium and/or neutral solvent vapor and the enthalpy and entropy changes were measured by varying the drift cell temperature and measuring the equilibrium constants. The results of these studies showed that small polar molecules bind to naphthalene with similar energy based on the measured by the enthalpy changes. Unsaturated aliphatic molecules behave similarly, but with much lower binding energy. Aromatic ions tend to bind to the naphthalene with lower binding energy than that observed with the benzene ion. The results for small polar molecules were compared to similar studies using the phenyl cation. The second series of experiments required the coexpansion of the naphthalene and benzene or pyridine. Injecting theses dimers into the drift cell allowed the measurement of reduced mobility on the dimers at a series of temperatures. These were used to calculate the average collision cross section and thus give insight in to the structure of these aromatic dimers. Structures were determined by comparing these results to those predicted by DFT calculations.

Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), gas-phase hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange ion molecule reactions and molecular modeling provide complimentary information and are used here for the characterization of peptide ion structure, including fine structure detail (i.e., cation-&#960; interactions, &#946;-turns, and charge solvation interactions). IM-MS experiments performed on tyrosine containing tripeptides show that the collision cross-sections of sodiated, potassiated and doubly sodiated species of gly-gly-tyr are smaller than that of the protonated species, while the cesiated and doubly cesiated species are larger. Conversely, all of the alkali-adducted species of try-gly-gly have collision cross-sections that are larger than that of the protonated species. The protonated and alkali metal ion adducted (Na+, K+ and Cs+) species of bradykinin and bradykinin fragments 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 1-8, 2-7, 5-9 and 2-9 were also studied using IM-MS and the alkali metal ion adducts of these species were found to have cross-sections very close to those of the protonated species. Additionally, multiple peak features observed in the ATDs of protonated bradykinin fragments 1-5, 1-6 and 1-7 are conserved upon alkali metal ion adduction. It was observed from gas-phase H/D ion molecule reactions that alkali adducted species exchange slower and to a lesser extent than protonated species in the tyrosine- and arginine-containing peptides. Experimental and computational results are discussed in terms of peptide ion structure, specifically the intra-molecular interactions present how those interactions change upon alkali salt adduction, as well as with the sequence of the peptide. Additionally, IM-MS data suggests the presence of a compact conformation of bradykinin fragment 1-5 (RPPGF) when starting from organic solvent conditions. As water is added stepwise to methanolic solutions, a more extended conformation is populated. When the starting solution is composed of &#8776;90% water, two distinct mobility profiles are observed as well as a shoulder, indicating the presence of three gas-phase conformations for RPPGF. Gas-phase H/D exchange of [M+H]+ ions prepared from aqueous solvents show a bi-exponential decay, whereas samples prepared from organic solvents show a single exponential decay. The effect of solvent on gas-phase peptide ion structure, i.e., solution-phase memory effects, is discussed and gas-phase structures are compared to know solution-phase structures.

Orientador: Kleber Gomes Franchini<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T03:49:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KosckyPaier_CarlosRoberto_D.pdf: 7798282 bytes, checksum: 043e551d51c3a8309982d9ff59835b10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014<br>Resumo: A via de sinalização da Calcineurina (Cn), uma fosfatase dependente de cálcio, desempenha papel chave no desenvolvimento, na hipertrofia e no remodelamento patológico do coração. A Calcineurina é negativamente regulada pelas Calsarcinas (CS), uma família de proteínas específicas do músculo estriado, que interagem diretamente com Cn. No entanto, os mecanismos moleculares de inibição de Cn por CS permanecem obscuros. Compreender a estrutura do complexo Cn:CS é fundamental para desvendar esse mecanismo de regulação. Neste trabalho foram combinados ensaios bioquímicos, crosslinking químico acoplado à Espectrometria de Massas (experimentos de MS / MS), análise mutacional e uma estratégia de modelagem computacional para a caracterização estrutural do complexo CnA:CS1 (isto é, constituído pela subunidade A de Cn e a isoforma 1 de CS, ambas murinas). O complexo recombinante foi submetido a crosslinking químico, tripsinizado e analisado por LC-MS/MS. Os dados obtidos foram utilizados em um docking in silico dos modelos de ambos os polipeptídeos, gerando várias poses para o complexo. As poses de menor energia de ligação foram agrupadas de acordo com semelhança estrutural e submetidas à simulação de dinâmica molecular. A superfície de interação identificada em CnA abrangeu as ?-hélices 1, 3 e loops vizinhos, enquanto a superfície correspondente de CS1 compreendeu os loops carboxiterminais das regiões Leu179-Phe185, Phe195-Ser199 e Thr250-Leu264. Notavelmente, a superfície de interação de CnA situa-se muito próxima à folha-? 14, o principal sítio de ligação do motivo PxIxIT do fator de transcrição NFAT, importante efetor da Calcineurina. Experimentos realizados com vários mutantes de CnA (FLAG- CnA) e CS1 (myc -CS1 ) foram utilizados para validar o modelo estrutural do complexo CnA:CS1. Os resíduos Lys40 (CnA) e Glu254 (CS1) foram identificados como críticos para a estabilidade do complexo. O modelo gerado neste estudo apoia a hipótese de que CS1 interage com um sítio alostérico para inibir a atividade de CnA<br>Abstract: Signaling by the calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin (Cn) plays key roles in regulating cardiac development, hypertrophy, and pathological remodeling. Cn binds to and is negatively regulated by calsarcins (CS), a family of muscle-specific proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of Cn by CS remain unclear. Understanding the architecture and structure of Cn-CS complex is critical to unravel the regulation of Cn by CS. Here we combined biochemical assays, chemical crosslinking coupled to mass spectrometry experiments (MS/MS), mutational analysis and a modeling strategy for structural characterization of CnA-CS1 assembly. The MS/MS data obtained from the cross-linked peptides of both proteins were used to guide an in silico docking of their polypeptide models. The protein complex models with the smallest estimated binding energy were clustered according to structural similarity and submitted to molecular dynamics simulation. The interacting surface of CnA was mapped in a pocket between the 1st and 3rd ?-helixes and surrounding loops, while the corresponding surface of CS1 was mapped to the carboxyterminal loops within the Leu179-Phe185, Phe195-Ser199 and Thr250-Leu264 regions. Notably, the region of CnA that interacts with CS1 was found to be located in close proximity, but not coincident, to the ?-sheet 14, the main binding site for the PVIVIT sequence of NFAT. Experiments performed with several CnA (FLAG-CnA) and CS1 (myc-CS1) mutants were used to validate the structural model of the CnA-CS1 assembly. The Lys40 (CnA) and Glu254 (CS1) residues were identified as critical for the complex stability. The model that emerges from this study supports the notion that CS1 interacts with an allosteric site to inhibit the activity of CnA<br>Doutorado<br>Bioquimica<br>Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Caracteres quantitativos possuem herança complexa, que envolvem efeitos epistáticos, pleiotrópicos e interação com ambientes. Em razão da importância desses caracteres para o melhoramento genético, diversos estudos sobre sua natureza genética e herança têm sido conduzidos. Nesse contexto, o mapeamento de QTL é uma ferramenta útil, que permite mapear e estimar os efeitos dos locos que controlam os caracteres quantitativos além de obter outras importantes informações, como a ocorrência de QTL pleiotrópicos e interações QTL x ambientes. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram mapear QTL e obter informações sobre a interação QTL x ambientes, QTL pleiotrópicos e herança de diversos caracteres de importância agronômica em uma população de milho tropical. Foram utilizadas 250 progênies F2:3 retrocruzadas para ambos os genitores conforme proposto no delineamento III, totalizando 500 progênies, as quais foram avaliadas em até seis ambientes. Para o mapeamento de QTL foi empregado o mapeamento por intervalo composto expandido para múltiplos ambientes ou caracteres (mCIM), considerando um mapa genético com 177 marcadores microssatélite. Os caracteres analisados foram produção de grãos (PG), prolificidade (PROL), peso de 500 grãos (P500), número de fileiras da espiga (NF) e de grãos por fileira (NGF), altura de planta (AP) e espiga (AE), dias para o florescimento feminino (FF) e masculino (FM), número de ramificações do pendão (RP) e stay green (SG). Os resultados das análises do delineamento III indicaram sobredominância para o caráter PG, dominância completa para NGF e dominância parcial para os demais caracteres. Estimativas elevadas de correlações genéticas foram obtidas entre os caracteres PG, PROL, NGF, FF, FM, AP e AE, sugerindo ocorrência de pleiotropia entre tais caracteres. No mapeamento considerando múltiplos ambientes foram mapeados 260 QTL para os onze caracteres analisados, distribuídos por todos os cromossomos do milho. O grau médio de dominância dos QTL foi de sobredominância para PG e AP, e dominância completa ou parcial para os demais caracteres. Devido ao desequilíbrio de ligação nesta população e ao modelo de mapeamento empregado, as estimativas que indicaram sobredominância foram, provavelmente, superestimadas. Para os caracteres PG, NF, NGF, P500, AE e SG, a maioria dos QTL mapeados interagiu significativamente com ambientes, indicando que experimentos conduzidos em vários locais e anos são necessários para identificar genótipos e QTL estáveis. Esses resultados sugerem que devido à elevada interação QTL x ambientes dos caracteres avaliados, os programas de melhoramento e a utilização de seleção assistida por marcadores (SAM) devem ser direcionados para ambientes específicos. No mapeamento de múltiplos caracteres foram identificados 43 QTL com efeitos significativos para dois ou mais caracteres analisados, distribuídos em todos os cromossomos do milho. A quantidade de QTL pleiotrópicos para combinações entre pares de caracteres não foi consistente com as magnitudes das correlações observadas. Em geral, para cada caráter, os QTL pleiotrópicos apresentaram magnitudes e graus de dominância distintos. Portanto, embora diversos QTL pleiotrópicos tenham sido mapeados, suas magnitudes e efeitos distintos para cada caráter indicaram grande complexidade da natureza genética das correlações, constituindo-se em um desafio para uso das informações desses QTL na SAM visando o melhoramento de múltiplos caracteres.<br>Quantitative traits have complex inheritance, including effects of epistasis, pleiotropy and interaction with environments. Due to the importance of these traits for plant breeding, many studies on their inheritance have been conducted. In this context, QTL mapping is a useful tool that allows mapping and estimating the effects of loci that control the quantitative traits besides obtaining other important information, such as the occurrence of pleiotropic QTL and QTL x environments interactions. The aims of the present study were to map QTL, obtain information about the QTL x environments interaction and the pleiotropic QTL of several relevant traits in a tropical maize population, using the design III. Two hundred and fifty F2:3 progenies backcrossed to both parents were used as proposed in the design III, totaling 500 progenies, which were evaluated in up to six environments. The components of the genetic variances and average degree of dominance were estimated using the design III. The QTL mapping was performed considering a genetic map with 177 microsatellite markers and the multi-trait composite interval mapping (mCIM). The evaluated traits were: grain yield (GY), prolificacy (PROL), 500 kernel weight (W500), kernel row number (KRN), number of kernel per row (NK), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), days to silk emergence (DS), days to anthesis (DA), number of tassel branches (NTB) and stay green (SG). The results from design III indicated occurrence of overdominance for GY, complete dominance for NK and dominance for the others traits. Higher genetic correlations were observed among GY, PROL, NK, DS, DA, PH and EH, suggesting occurrence of pleiotropy. The QTL mapping for multiple environments mapped 260 QTL for the eleven analyzed traits, distributed in all chromosomes. The average degree of QTL dominance was overdominance for GY and PH, and complete or partial dominance for the other traits. Estimates that indicated overdominance are probably biased due to the linkage disequilibrium in this population and the mapping model employed. For GY, KRN, NK, W500, EH and SG, most mapped QTL interacted significantly with environments, indicating that it is necessary to conduct experiments at many locations and years to identify stable QTL. These results suggests that, due to high number of QTL that showed significant interaction with the environment, assisted marker selection (MAS) must be targeted to specific geographic regions. The QTL mapping for multiple traits identified 43 pleiotropic QTL for two or more analyzed traits, distributed in all chromosomes of maize. The amount of pleiotropic QTL for combinations of pairs of traits was not consistent with the magnitudes of the observed correlations. In general, for each trait, the pleiotropic QTL exhibited different magnitude and estimate of the degree of dominance. Although several pleiotropic QTL have been mapped, their distinct magnitudes and effects on each trait indicated the great complexity of the genetic nature of the correlations, constituting a challenge to use QTL information in the MAS for simultaneous improvement of multiple traits.

Pseudomonas syringae is an important bacterial plant pathogen that, as a species, is known to cause disease on hundreds of different plant species. However, any individual pathovar of P. syringae typically only causes disease on one or a few plant species, which constitute the host range of the pathovar. Plants are generally resistant to most pathogens primarily because the plant innate immune system is capable of recognizing conserved microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Adapted pathovars of P. syringae secrete effector proteins through a Type Three Secretion System (T3SS) to suppress the immune response elicited by their MAMPs. However, secretion of effectors can also trigger a strong plant immune response if the plant harbors resistance proteins capable of recognizing the secreted effectors. Successful pathovars, therefore, must secrete a combination of effectors capable of suppressing MAMP/Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) without eliciting Effector-Triggered Immunity. Here we identify several novel strategies employed by P. syringae to overcome the plant immune system and cause disease. First, we demonstrate that, in place of the canonical T3SS used by all known pathogens of P. syringae, several apparently nonpathogenic isolates of P. syringae employ a novel T3SS that is functional but not necessary for colonization of plants. Despite being closely related to pathogenic isolates of P. syringae, the isolates employing the noncanonical T3SS do not cause disease on any tested plants and instead appear to act more as commensal organisms. Second, we advance the understanding of PTI by identifying a second region of bacterial flagellin that triggers PTI in addition to the archetypical MAMP flg22, which is recognized by the archetypical plant receptor FLS2. This new elicitor, termed flgII-28, is also detected by FLS2 and appears to be under selection in very closely related lineages of P. syringae. Alleles of flagellin present in one recently expanded and agriculturally problematic lineage of P. syringae appear to trigger less PTI on their host plant, tomato, than the ancestral allele suggesting that avoidance of PTI through allelic diversity in MAMPs is an effective alternative strategy to suppression of PTI through delivery of effectors. Finally, we start to elucidate a role for chemotaxis (chemical-directed movement) in P. syringae pathogenicity. Not only is chemotaxis required for pathogenicity of P. syringae on plants, but it also appears to contribute to delimiting the host range of several P. syringae pathovars. These results highlight that additional aspects of P. syringae pathogenicity, such as chemotaxis, can directly contribute to defining the host range of individual P. syringae pathovars. The current paradigm of P. syringae pathogenicity posits that MAMPS and the repertoire of effector proteins are the primary determinant of the host range of any P. syringae pathovar; in contrast these results inspire a more nuanced view of pathogenicity that considers multiple aspects of the infection process.<br>Ph. D.

Les Bradyrhizobium sont des bactéries du sol ayant la capacité d’établir une interaction symbiotique avec de nombreuses légumineuses. Cette symbiose conduit à la formation d’un nouvel organe, le nodule, au sein duquel la bactérie peut fixer le diazote atmosphérique au bénéfice de la plante. Cette interaction repose largement sur la reconnaissance par la plante de molécules signal,les facteurs Nods (FNs) produits par la bactérie qui contrôlent les processus d’infection et d’organogénèse nodulaire. Récemment, il a été démontré que certaines souches de Bradyrhizobiumnon-photosynthétiques, telles que les souches B. elkanii USDA61 et Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS3257,possèdent la capacité de noduler certaines légumineuses (Glycine max, Aeschynomene indica) enl'absence de facteurs Nods grâce à leur système de sécrétion de type III (T3SS). Cette découverte suggère que certains effecteurs secrétés par cette machinerie de sécrétion, initialement connus pour jouer un rôle dans la répression du système immunitaire de la plante hôte, peuvent directement activer la nodulation en court-circuitant les premières étapes de la voie de signalisation initiée parles FNS. Dans un premier temps, l’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a consisté à avancer dans la compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu lors de cette nouvelle interaction FN-indépendante T3SSdépendanteen utilisant la souche ORS3257 en interaction avec la légumineuse tropicale A. indica. Il a été démontré que ce processus symbiotique repose sur un cocktail d'au moins 5 effecteurs quijouent un rôle distinct et complémentaire dans les processus d'infection, d'organogenèse desnodules et de répression de la réponse immune. Plus particulièrement, un nouvel effecteur nucléaire appelé ErnA pour « Effector required for nodulation-A » et largement distribué chez les Bradyrhizobium, a été identifié comme étant le principal inducteur de l’organogenèse nodulaire.Dans un second temps, nous avons mené une analyse génomique comparative sur 146 génomes deBradyrhizobium afin de mieux comprendre la distribution du T3SS et des principaux effecteurs identifiés à ce jours. Il a été mis notamment en évidence que le T3SS est très répandu dans le genreBradyrhizobium et qu’il partage une histoire évolutive commune avec les gènes de nodulation nod. L’ensemble de ce travail de thèse constitue une première étape dans la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaire recrutés pour la mise en place d’un nouveau processus de nodulation indépendante d’une signalisation FNs et suggère, par ailleurs, que le T3SS des Bradyrhizobium pourrait jouer un rôle symbiotique bien plus important qu’estimé jusqu’alors<br>Bradyrhizobia are soil bacteria able to establish a symbiotic interaction with a wide range oflegume species. This symbiosis leads to the formation of a new organ, the nodule, in which thebacteria can fix atmospheric dinitrogen for the plant’s benefit. This interaction largely depends onthe plant recognition of bacterial signal molecules, the Nod factors (NFs), that control the infectionand nodule organogenesis processes. Recently, it has been demonstrated that some nonphotosyntheticBradyrhizobium strains, such as B. elkanii USDA61 and Bradyrhizobium sp. ORS3257,are capable to nodulate some legumes (Glycine max, Aeschynomene indica) in the absence of NFsand that this capacity is due to their type III secretion system (T3SS). This discovery suggests thatsome effectors secreted by this secretory machinery, initially believed to solely play a role in thesuppression of plant immunity, can directly activate the nodulation by bypassing the early stages ofthe symbiotic signaling pathway activated by the NFs. The main objective of this thesis was toprogress in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in this novel NF-independent T3SSdependentinteraction using as model the interaction of the strain ORS3257 with the tropical legumeA. indica. It has been shown that this symbiotic process relies on a cocktail of at least 5 effectors thatplay distinct and synergistic roles in the processes of infection, nodule organogenesis andsuppression of the plant immune response. In particular, a novel nuclear effector, that we namedErnA for "Effector required for nodulation-A", is widely distributed in the Bradyrhizobium genus andwas identified as the main inducer of nodule organogenesis. In addition, we have conducted acomparative genomic analysis of 146 Bradyrhizobium genomes in order to better understand thedistribution of T3SS and the main effectors identified to date. This showed that the T3SS iswidespread in the Bradyrhizobium genus and shares a common evolutionary history with the nodgenes. This thesis work constitutes a first step in the understanding of the molecular mechanismsinvolved in this NF-independent T3SS-dependent nodulation and suggests that the T3SS ofbradyrhizobia could play a much larger symbiotic role than originally thought

Polynuclear platinum compounds represent a new class of potential platinum anticancer therapeutics. Derived from the most widely used platinum anticancer drug, cisplatin, these novel compounds are distinct in their interactions with bio-molecules. The effectiveness of platinum anticancer agents is influenced by three pharmacological factors: (i) their resistance to deactivating sulfur nucleophiles, (ii) the ability to gain cellular entry and efficient cellular uptake, and (iii) the ability to form stable and specific complexes with DNA. BBR 3464, the first multinuclear platinum compound to reach phase II clinical trials, has created a new approach to cancer drug design. Large, highly charged platinum compounds have been shown to form favorable covalent and noncovalent interactions with bio-molecular structures. Compounds such as BBR 3464, form an immediate pre-association with anionic structures on biomolecules before covalent attachment. To better characterize these interactions, a new set of compounds was designed that exclusively interacts via electrostatic associations and hydrogen bonding. The investigation of noncovalent complexes between DNA, proteins, and peptides with a variety of synthetic and biological relevant structures has become increasingly more common with the coupling of electrospray ionization and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Mass spectrometry has been useful to the drug design community by allowing the rapid and accurate characterization of drug binding sites. In the first project we have explored the use of collision induced dissociation (CID) to map the potential binding sites of noncovalent polynuclear platinum compounds of varying size and charge with an antisense oligonucleotide of the Bcl-2 sequence. In the second project, the gas-phase dissociation and stabilizing effects of these polynuclear platinum compounds on duplex DNA were determined. Correlations between the size and charge of associating platinum compounds were determined by comparing the change in gas phase stability under CID conditions. Additionally, the association of these new types of noncovalently binding polynuclear platinum compounds was investigated with model cell surface structures such as anionic heparan sulfate and phospholipids.

Nas regiões tropicais os solos apresentam diferentes níveis de acidez. Assim, o estudo da herança dos caracteres de importância econômica no milho nas regiões tropicais é necessário para se delinear os programas de melhoramento para os diferentes níveis de acidez do solo. Atualmente, o estudo da arquitetura dos caracteres quantitativos tem sido realizado através do mapeamento de QTLs. Nos programas de melhoramento de milho, linhagens de populações de melhoramento são cruzadas com linhagens elites (testadores) e os testecrosses são utilizados para avaliar o potencial genético de cada linhagem para o desenvolvimento de híbridos. O objetivo deste estudo foi mapear QTLs em testecrosses avaliados sob diferentes níveis de acidez do solo. Duzentas e cinqüenta e seis plantas F2, obtidas do cruzamento das linhagens L 14-04B e L 08-05F, foram genotipadas com marcadores microssatélites para a construção de um mapa genético. As 256 plantas F2 foram autofecundadas e suas respectivas progênies F2:3 foram cruzadas com os testadores L 04-05F e L 02-03D. Os testecrosses foram avaliados em três tipos de solos: solo não ácido (SNA), solo de moderada acidez (SMA) e solo de alta acidez (SAA) em três anos agrícolas em Piracicaba, SP, em látices simples 16 x 16. Foram avaliados os caracteres: produção de grãos (PG), acamamento e quebramento de plantas (ACQ), prolificidade (PROL), alturas de planta (AP) e de espiga (AE), posição relativa de espiga (PRE), florescimento masculino (FM) e feminino (FF) e intervalo entre florescimentos (IF). O método de mapeamento por intervalo composto expandido para múltiplos ambientes foi utilizado para o mapeamento de QTLs e para detectar a interação QTL x acidez do solo. O número de QTLs mapeados diferiu de acordo com o testador utilizado; por exemplo, para PG foram mapeados 20 e 39 QTLs nos testecrosses da linhagem L 04-05F (TC1) e nos testecrosses da linhagem L 02-03D (TC2), respectivamente. Houve uma grande variação nas variâncias fenotípicas explicadas pelos QTLs; por exemplo, para PG houve uma variação de 0,01% a 5,29% e para AP houve uma variação de 0,01% a 13,54%. Foram mapeados QTLs em todos os cromossomos para a PG, ACQ e PROL; e para os outros caracteres foram mapeados QTLs na maioria dos cromossomos. A maioria dos QTLs mapeados para todos os caracteres interagiu com a acidez do solo. Por exemplo, para PG cerca de 80,00% dos QTLs mapeados apresentaram interação com a acidez do solo, enquanto que para os outros caracteres a porcentagem de QTLs que interagiu com a acidez do solo variou de 50,00% para FM a 93,03% para ACQ. O grande número de QTLs que interagiu com a acidez do solo é um sério desafio para a aplicação da seleção assistida por marcadores moleculares em programas de melhoramento de milho em regiões tropicais.<br>In tropical maize cropping areas the soils present different levels of acidity. Thus, to study the inheritance of maize traits for these areas it is necessary to conduct experiments under different levels of soil acidity. Nowadays the architecture of the polygenic traits has been assessed by means of QTL mapping. Also, in applied breeding programs, experimental lines are crossed to elite lines (testers), and the testcrosses are used to assess their genetic potential for hybrid development. The objective of this research was to map QTLs in testcrosses evaluated under three levels of soil acidity. Two hundred and fifty six F2 plants, developed from the cross between the inbreds lines L14-04B and L08-05F, were genotyped with microsatellite markers to construct a genetic map. The 256 F2 plants were selfed and their respective F2:3 progenies were testcrossed to the testers L04-05F and L02-03D, and these testcrosses were evaluated in three types of soils: non-acid soil (NAS), moderate acitity soil (MAS) and high acidity soil (HAS) in three cropping seasons in Piracicaba, SP, in 16 x 16 simple lattices. The traits recorded were: grain yield (GY), plant lodging (PL), prolificacy (PRO), plant (PH) and ear heights (EH), ear placement (EP), days to anthesis (DA), days to silking (DS), and anthesis-silking interval (ASI). The composite interval mapping extended to multiple environment was used to map QTLs and to detect QTL x soil interaction. The number of QTLs mapped was different for each tester; for instance, for GY, 20 and 39 QTLs were mapped in the testcrosses with L04-05F and L02-03D, respectively. The range of the phenotypic variance explained by the QTLs was very large for all traits; for instance for GY the range was from 0.01% to 5.29% and for plant height it was from 0.01% to 13.54%. QTLs were mapped in all chromosomes for GY, PL, and PRO; and for the other traits QTLs were mapped in almost all chromosomes. Most of the QTLs mapped for all traits interacted significantly with soil acidity. For instance, for GY about 80.00% of the QTLs mapped interacted with soil acidity, whereas for the other traits the percentage of the QTLs that interacted with soil acidity ranged from 50.00% for DS to 93.03% to PL. The high number of the QTLs that interacted with soil acidity imposes a serious challenge for marker assisted selection in maize breeding programs for tropical regions.

In the present thesis we have explored different factors that impede accurate quantitative description of non-covalent protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions and design of new potent and specific binders from the scratch. Firstly, we addressed the role of solvent in the mechanism of non-covalent interactions. Secondly, we tackled the question about the intrinsic conformational flexibility of the protein molecules and the part it plays in weak interactions between proteins. In the first part of the thesis we studied the interactions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein with five cyclic peptides in solution and gas phase. The results showed that affinities of five ligands to VEGF in solution and gas phase are ranked in inversed order. That is, the that has the highest affinity in solution (as shown by chemical shift perturbation NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry) forms the weakest complex with VEGF in gas phase, and vice versa. We compared gas-phase and solution binding affinities of of five peptides and made qualitative conclusions about the role of the solvent in protein-ligand interactions. In order to obtain more quantitative information about the gas-phase behavior of non-covalent complexes we have developed a combined experimental/theoretical approach to study the energetics of collisional activation of the ion prior to dissociation. We applied developed strategy to model CID in traveling wave ion guide (TWIG) collision cell. We validated the model on the CID of leu-enkephalin peptide and then applied developed strategy to five non-covalent protein-peptide complexes and found activation energies of their dissociation reactions. Next we applied ESI native MS to study the allosteric interactions between the molecular chaperonin GroEL and ATP. The obtained data allowed to construct a scheme of conformational transition of GroEL upon binding of ATP and distinguish between two different cooperativity models, providing strong arguments in favor of Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model. Finally, be studied the backbone dynamics of VEGF with a combination of NMR relaxation and all-atom force-field based normal mode analysis (NMA). We showed that combination of experimental and computational approach allows to identify flexible zones with higher level of confidence. We also found out that residues, that are involved VEGF-receptor interactions, reside in or close to the flexible zones, suggesting the critical role conformational plasticity plays in the non-covalent protein-protein interactions.<br>Las biomoléculas de los organismos vivos realizan sus funciones principalmente a través de interacciones débiles reversibles entre ellas. La transducción de señal, la replicación de ADN/ARN, otros procesos enzimáticos y, virtualmente, cualquier otro proceso involucrado en las funciones vitales de cualquier organismo vivo (de las simples amebas, al complejo ser humano), requiere que las moléculas “hablen” entre ellas. Dicho lenguaje se basa en interacciones no covalentes. La flexibilidad conformacional es una propiedad esencial de las grandes biomoléculas, y muchas de las funciones desempeñadas por proteínas se basan en su capacidad para cambiar de conformación en respuesta a un factor externo. Geométricamente hablando, la presencia de flexibilidad en una proteína obstaculiza el diseño racional de medicamentos porque posibilita la existencia de un número muy elevado de conformaciones de dicha proteína. Por este motivo, cualquier información sobre la flexibilidad de una proteína es sumamente valiosa para la comprensión de PPI y PLI y para el diseño racional de medicamentos. Los capítulos 1-3 de la presente tesis versan sobre la solvatación, mientras que la flexibilidad se estudiara en el capitulo 4.

Cette thèse a pour objectif l'étude de l'interaction du vent solaire avec la molécule d'hydantoine C3N2O2H4, suspectée d'avoir joué un rôle dans l'apparition de la vie sur Terre. Cette molécule pré-biotique a été détectée dans les échantillons de plusieurs météorites et est donc potentiellement présente dans les éjectas gazeux des comètes, où elle interagit avec le vent solaire composé d'électrons et d'ions énergétiques. La physico-chimie de l'hydantoine en interaction avec des électrons de 100 eV qui sont l'un des composants majoritaires du vent solaire a été étudiée grâce au dispositif expérimental SWEET (Stellar Wind and Electrons interactions on astrophysical molecules - Experiment and Theory), développé au cours de cette thèse au LCAR (Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité) dans l'équipe Interaction Ions Matière. Ce dispositif à faisceaux croisés pulsés permet la réalisation de collisions uniques entre une molécule neutre isolée et un électron ou un ion mono-chargé. Plusieurs spectrométries peuvent être réalisées en coïncidence pour une même interaction : spectrométrie des électrons émis et diffusés ainsi que spectrométrie ionique par imagerie des vecteurs vitesses (VMI) et par temps de vol. Ces techniques permettent d'identifier les fragments ioniques éventuellement formés, de caractériser la dynamique de fragmentation, de mesurer le seuil énergétique d'apparition des voies de dissociation et de sonder les états excités de la molécule. Afin d'étendre les études réalisées sur SWEET aux interactions de l'hydantoine avec les composants minoritaires du vent solaire (He2+ à 8 keV et O6+ à 30 keV), une campagne de mesures au GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds, Caen, France) sur le dispositif COLIMACON a également été réalisée. Les résultats expérimentaux ont été complétés par des calculs de chimie quantique (DFT B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) donnant accès aux énergies et géométries de la molécule et de ses fragments pour divers états charge, ainsi qu'aux barrières de potentiel associées aux voies de fragmentation. Parmi les résultats importants obtenus, l'interaction de l'hydantoine avec le vent solaire a montré une faible résistance de la molécule à la charge (q&gt;+3) et une ouverture de son cycle dans le dication qui pourrait être intéressante pour sa contribution potentielle à la formation de molécules plus complexes intervenant dans le vivant. Les seuils d'apparition des fragmentations majoritaires du cation et du dication ont également été mesurés pour la première fois et des schémas de réaction théoriques, en accord avec les mesures, ont été proposés. Les résultats nouveaux obtenus pendant cette thèse avec le dispositif SWEET ouvrent la voie à des mesures quantitatives des mécanismes de relaxation observés (sections efficaces absolues) qui permettront une caractérisation fine et complète de cette interaction spécifique : hydantoine - vent solaire<br>This thesis presents the study of the interaction of solar wind components with the hydantoin molecule C3N2O2H4, thought to have played a role in the appearance of life on Earth. This prebiotic molecule was detected in several meteorite samples and is thus potentially present in cometary outgasing, where it interacs with solar wind composed of electrons and energetic ions. The physico-chemistry of hydantoin in interaction with 100 eV electrons, which are one of the major components of solar wind, was studied with the new experimental apparatus SWEET (Stellar Wind and Electrons interactions on astrophysical molecules - Experiment and Theory), which was set-up during this thesis in the LCAR (Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité), within the Ion Matter Interaction team. This is a crossed-beam apparatus which enables the investigation of unique collisions between one neutral isolated molecule and one electron or ion. The coincident use of several spectrometries techniques (spectrometry of emitted and scattered electrons and ionic spectrometry by velocity map imaging and time of flight) enables the identification of ionic produced fragments, the characterisation of the fragmentation dynamics, the measurement of the energetic threshold for dissociation pathways, and the probe of molecular excited states. The results obtained on SWEET were extended to the study of the interaction of hydantoin with multi-charged minority ions of solar wind (He2+ at 8 keV and O6+ at 30 keV), studied during a measurement campaign on the COLIMACON set-up at the GANIL (Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds, Caen, France). Experimental results were completed by a quantum chemistry approach (DFT B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) to calculate the energy and geometry of the molecular systems as well as the dissociation potential barriers. As important results, the interaction between hydantoin and the solar wind components shows that the molecule easily fragments when multiply charged (q&gt;+3) and the cycle opens when doubly charged, implying a high reactivity interesting within the framework of early Earth chemistry. The energetic thresholds for the major cation and dication fragmentations were measured and a theoretical reaction scheme was proposed, in accordance with the experimental measurments. The first results of the SWEET apparatus pave the way to quantitative measurements such as the absolute cross section of the observed relaxation processes, to complete the characterisation of the specific hydantoin - solar wind interaction

Gas phase molecular clusters present an ideal medium for observing factors that drive chemical reactions without outside interferences from excessive solvent molecules. Introducing an ion into the cluster promotes ion-molecule interactions that may manifest in a variety of non-covalent or even covalent binding motifs and are of significant importance in many fields including atmospheric and astronomical sciences. For instance, in outer space, molecules are subject to ionizing radiation where ion-molecule reactions become increasingly competitive to molecule-molecule interactions. To elucidate individual ion-molecule interaction information, mass spectrometry was used in conjunction with appropriate theoretical calculations. Three main categories of experiment were conducted in this dissertation. The first of which were thermochemical equilibrium measurements where an ion was introduced to an ion mobility drift cell wherein thermalizing collisions occur with helium buffer gas facilitating a reversible reaction with a neutral molecule allowing the standard changes in enthalpy and entropy to be determined. The second type of experiment was an ion mobility experiment where an ionized homo- or hetero-cluster was injected into the drift cell at specific conditions allowing the reduced mobility and collisional cross-section to be evaluated. Thirdly, kinetics measurements were taken following injection of an ion into the drift cell were an irreversible reaction ensued with the neutral species hindering equilibrium, but prompting rate constant assessment. Previous research has laid the groundwork for this dissertation as the results and discussion contained herein will build upon existing data while maintaining originality. For example, past work has given support for ion-molecule reactions involving precursor species such as acetylene and hydrogen cyanide to form more complex organics, perhaps leading to biologically relevant species. The chemical systems studied for this research are either ionized substituted benzenes like phenylacetylene and benzonitrile or polycyclic aromatic nitrogen-containing hydrocarbons like quinoline and quinoxaline interacting with a variety of neutral species. Hydrogen bonding and its many sub-sections are of the utmost importance to the kinds of reactions studied here. Past work has shown the tendency of organic radical cations to form conventional and unconventional ionic hydrogen bonds with gas phase solvents. Other non-covalent modes of interaction have also been detected in addition to the formation of covalently bound species. Gas phase reactions studied here will explore, via mass-selected ion mobility, reversible and irreversible reactions leading to binding enthalpy and entropy and rate constant determination, respectively, in addition to collisional cross-section determination.

L’astringence est une sensation de sécheresse ressentie en bouche lors de la dégustation des vins rouges, qui résulte de la complexation entre les polyphénols du vin et les protéines de la salive, provoquant une diminution de lubrification en bouche. Parmi les protéines salivaires, les protéines riches en prolines (PRP) sont connues pour leur capacité à se lier aux polyphénols et à précipiter avec eux. Une meilleure connaissance de ce phénomène au niveau moléculaire est nécessaire pour le comprendre et le maîtriser. Il a été montré qu’un peptide de quatorze acides aminés, IB714, dont la séquence est conservée au sein des protéines riches en proline, était un mime représentatif des PRP. Un travail préliminaire par spectrométrie de masse résolue en énergie a permis de caractériser les interactions entre des polyphénols et le peptide IB714. Une échelle d’affinité en phase gazeuse a ainsi été déterminée. Cependant, cette méthodologie d’analyse d’un système modèle ne permet pas de s’accommoder de la complexité du vin. C’est pourquoi nous avons conçu une nouvelle stratégie reposant sur l'utilisation de sondes moléculaires immobilisée sur des billes magnétiques. Dans un premier temps nous avons élaboré une sonde peptidique, en greffant le peptide IB714 sur des billes magnétiques portant des fonctions carboxylates. Cette sonde peptidique a ensuite été étudiée avec des polyphénols modèles. Après sédimentation des billes magnétiques, les polyphénols non captés par la sonde ont été dosés par spectrométrie de masse en utilisant un étalon interne. Une échelle d'affinité en phase liquide a été établie de cette manière. Les positions relatives des polyphénols modèles sur cette échelle sont similaires à celles qui ont été établies en phase gazeuse. Dans un second temps, nous avons construit sur le même principe une sonde polyphénolique. Pour cela, un polyphénol modifié chimiquement a été immobilisé sur des billes magnétiques portant des fonctions amines. Cette sonde polyphénolique a été utilisée pour étudier l'interaction avec le peptide IB714. Par ailleurs, pour préparer une étude des interactions entre polyphénols et protéines salivaires avec des mélanges plus complexes que les systèmes modèles, une étude de fractionnement des protéines salivaires a été entreprise, permettant notamment de d’éliminer l’amylase, protéine majoritaire de la salive humaine. De même, un fractionnement d’un vin rouge a été entrepris pour disposer de fractions de tannins caractérisées par spectrométrie de masse. La sonde peptidique est l’outil moléculaire qui offre le plus de perspectives de développement ultérieur<br>Astringency is a pucker or dry mouth sensation, typically experimented with red wine tasting, that finds its origin in the complexation of polyphenols with salivary proteins, producing a reduced lubrication of the oral cavity. Among salivary proteins, proline rich proteins (PRPs) are well known for their capacity to bind and precipitate dietary polyphenols. A better knowledge of this phenomenon at the molecular level is required in order to master it. A 14 amino acid stretch from the PRP IB7 has been synthesized and shown to be a representative mimic of PRPs. Previous work by Energy Resolved Mass Spectrometry (ERMS) allowed characterizing the keys parameters of the interactions between these polyphenols and the IB714 probe. An affinity scale in the gas phase was determined in this way. However, the ERMS approach was hardly compatible with the complexity of wine polyphenols, and a validation of the affinity scale in condensed phase was required. Thus, we designed a new strategy relying on the use of molecular probes immobilized on magnetic beads. A peptidic probe was obtained by grafting the synthetic IB714 peptide on magnetic beads bearing carboxylate functions, and used to study its interaction with model polyphenols. After magnetic precipitation of the beads, unbound polyphenols left in the supernatant were quantified by mass spectrometry using an internal standard. An affinity scale in liquid phase was established in this way. Relative positions of model polyphenols on this latter scale were similar to those determined by ERMS. A polyphenolic probe was obtained by grafting a model polyphenol on beads bearing amine functions. This probe has been used to study the interaction with IB714. To prepare further work on more complex mixtures, attempts were made to fractionate human saliva; this allowed eliminating amylase, the major salivary protein. Wine tannins were also fractionated, in order to isolate condensed polyphenols that are characterized by mass spectrometry. The peptidic probe is the molecular tool that offers the best perspectives for future work

Mass transfer intervening during the process of immersion influences the final composition of the product. These transfers primarily depend on the size of the immersed products, as well as temperature, the concentration and the nature of the solution of immersion. The main objective of this work is to study the mass transfer phenomena (water loss and solid gain) in solid/liquid system constituted of vegetable product (eggplant) immerged in salt solution. We determined the kinetic studies of eggplant in different salts solutions with two concentrations (saturation and 20%) at 3°C. The physicochemical properties of solution and salt such as molar concentration, molecular weight and ionic type affected the mechanism of water loss and solid gain. Knowledge about interaction ions/vegetable pectin is important for new product formulation. Determination of partition coefficient of ion in equilibrium system showed that the main physicochemical properties of ions and solution are ionic radius, electronegativity, ionic force and molar concentration. Mathematical predictive model was developed to predict the partition coefficient of ions in food/ solution system. Molecular dynamics simulations using a dynamic force field have been carried out to investigate the absorption of ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-) in pectin/water/ion/aqueous solution system. Four systems were used. The results showed that the ionic type (cation and anion) influence the type and number of interactions between pectin-ion and water-ion and then offered an explicit description transfer phenomena and distribution of ions in the system solid/liquid<br>Les transferts de matière intervenant au cours du procédé d’immersion dépendent essentiellement de la taille des produits immergés, la température, la concentration et la nature de la solution d'immersion. L’objectif principal de ce travail porte sur l’étude des transferts dans un système solide/liquide constitué d’un produit végétal (aubergine) et d’une solution saline. Afin de parvenir à une bonne maîtrise de ces paramètres, les études cinétiques ont été conduites à 3°C sur des aubergines immergées dans des solutions salines avec deux concentrations. Les propriétés des solutions et des sels telles que la concentration molaire, la masse molaire et surtout la nature ionique influencent le mécanisme de perte et de gain. Les connaissances sur les interactions ions/pectines végétaux sont importants pour la formulation de nouveaux produits La détermination du coefficient de partage des ions à l’équilibre dans le système aubergine/solution ont montré que les principales propriétés des ions et des solutions influençant le coefficient de partage sont le rayon ionique, l’électronégativité, la force ionique et la concentration molaire. Un modèle mathématique a permis de prédire le coefficient de partage des ions dans ce système. Dans le but d’expliquer l’absorption des ions par la phase solide, une simulation par dynamique moléculaire a été menée sur un système pectine-eau-sels. Quatre systèmes ont été utilisés. Les résultats obtenus ont montré que la nature ionique influencent la nature et le nombre d’interaction entre pectine-ion et eau-ion et donc offrent une description explicite des phénomènes de transferts et distribution des ions dans le système solide/liquide

Les proteines de transfert de lipide forment une famille de petites proteines, tres abondantes dans les plantes et qui presentent une forte homologie de sequence. Leur fonction est assez mal connue et plusieurs hypotheses ont ete emises: elles peuvent etre des transporteurs de phospholipides membranaires entre les membranes cellulaires, ou bien des transporteurs des monomeres de cutine vers les couches externes des plantes ; elles peuvent jouer un role dans la defense des plantes ou encore participer aux mecanismes de stockage des graisses lors de la maturation des graines. Les structures de la proteine de transfert de lipide du ble en presence de lyso-myristoyl-phosphatidyl-choline et de la proteine de transfert de lipide du mais, en absence de lipide ont ete resolues par diffraction des rayons x, respectivement a 2,6 et 1,9 angstroms de resolution. Les structures obtenues sont proches des autres structures de cette famille, determinees par rmn ou cristallographie: elles sont formees de quatre helices, stabilisees par quatre ponts disulfure. On observe la formation d'une cavite cylindrique allongee au sein de la proteine du mais cristallisee sans lipide: elle mesure environ 20 sur 3 sur 4 angstroms et est formee d'une zone hydrophobe et d'une zone polaire, limitee par une tyrosine et deux arginines. La structure de la proteine du ble cristallisee en presence du lipide met en evidence que la zone hydrophobe de la cavite fixe deux chaines carbonnees de lipide et que la zone polaire fixe vraisemblablement la tete polaire du lipide, les residus tyrosine et arginine jouant probablement un role fondamental dans l'attache de la tete polaire

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude expérimentale en phase gazeuse des collisions entre des particules ionisantes de faible énergie et des agrégats neutres d’hydrocarbures linéaires faiblement liés entre eux. Ces expériences ont eu comme objectif d’analyser les processus subséquents aux transferts d’énergie et de charge lors de la collision. Il s’agit de la fragmentation et de la croissance moléculaire via la mise en place de liaisons covalentes entre les molécules formant ces agrégats. Les travaux expérimentaux dans ce manuscrit ont permis d’éclairer les rôles respectifs de l’ionisation électronique et des pouvoirs d’arrêt nucléaire et électronique des projectiles sur la croissance au sein des agrégatsd’hydrocarbures linéaires. À cette fin, des études complémentaires ont été menées avec des faisceaux d’ions de basse énergies (keV) fournis par le GANIL (Caen), qui représente la majorité des résultats présentés, et des expériences utilisant des électrons ont aussi été réalisées à l’Institut de Chimie - Physique J.Heyrovsky (Prague, République Tchèque)<br>The work presented in this thesis concerns the experimental study in gas phase of the collisions between low energy ionizing particles and weakly bonded, neutral clusters of linear hydrocarbons. The purpose of these experiments was to analyze the processes subsequent to the energy and charge transfers during the collision, which are the fragmentation and molecular growth via the formation of covalently bonded molecules forming these clusters. The experimental work in this manuscript has shed light on the respective roles of electronic ionization and the nuclear and electronic stopping powers of projectiles on growth mecanisms within the clusters. To this end, the studies were carried out with low energy ion beams (keV) supplied by GANIL (Caen), which represents the majority of the results presented here, and experiments using electrons were also carried out at the J. Heyrovsky Institute of Chemistry - Physics (Prague, Czech Republic)

Neospora caninum (filo Apicomplexa) é um parasita obrigatório intracelular como todos os membros deste filo, alguns reconhecidos por causarem doenças com impacto relevante na saúde humana (Plasmodium e Toxoplasma) e veterinária (Babesia, Eimeria e Cryptosporidium). Causador da neosporose, N. caninum vem emergindo como um dos maiores causadores de abortos infecciosos em bovinos, levando a consideráveis perdas econômicas na bovinocultura mundial. Devido à sua recente descoberta, o conhecimento sobre diversos processos bioquímicos de N.caninum ainda é limitado, demandando novas pesquisas para a compreensão de seus mecanismos de sobrevivência e consequente identificação de alvos para intervenção terapêutica. O processo de invasão celular é bastante investigado em pesquisas envolvendo apicomplexas, uma vez que a sobrevivência desses parasitas depende do sucesso de sua entrada na célula hospedeira. Proteínas secretadas de organelas filo-específicas (micronemas, roptrias e grânulos densos) estão intimamente envolvidas com a invasão celular. Elas são responsáveis pela interação inicial com a célula hospedeira, participam da junção de movimento formada no momento da invasão, e contribuem para a estabilização do vacúolo parasitóforo. Neste trabalho as proteínas secretadas por taquizoítas de N. caninum foram investigadas de duas formas: (1) por caracterização molecular de proteínas com domínio Apple; e (2) por estudo do secretoma do parasita. Os domínios proteicos do tipo Apple são caracterizados pela capacidade de interação proteína-proteína e proteína-carboidrato, e estão presentes em algumas proteínas micronêmicas com propriedades adesivas. Neste trabalho três proteínas de N. caninum contendo domínios Apple foram caracterizadas: MIC17A, MIC17B e MIC17C. A análise das sequências proteicas e das estruturas dos domínios Apple, obtidas por modelagem molecular, mostraram alta identidade sequencial e estrutural entre MIC17A e MIC17C. Apesar de ser paráloga às outras duas, MIC17B apresenta diferenças importantes em sua sequência e estrutura. Para MIC17B e MIC17C foram realizados experimentos de detecção das proteínas nativas nos extratos total e secretado do taquizoíta que sugerem diferentes formas de processamento entre essas proteínas no parasita. Para MIC17B foi confirmada a localização em micronemas, num padrão diferente do observado para MIC17C. Os ensaios de invasão combinados aos de localização indicam que estas proteínas estejam relacionadas ao processo de invasão celular, porém, suas funções permanecem desconhecidas. O secretoma é o conjunto de proteínas secretadas pelo parasita e, para explorar a composição deste extrato (ESA) no taquizoíta de N. caninum, duas abordagens complementares foram utilizadas. Na primeira abordagem foram identificadas as proteínas presentes no ESA por espectrometria de massas. Na segunda abordagem realizou-se uma ii quantificação relativa das proteínas, marcadas por dois isótopos, nos extratos totais de taquizoítas submetidos ou não ao estímulo secretório. O resultado esperado seria com as proteínas secretadas diminuídas no parasita estimulado. Em ambas as abordagens foram utilizadas técnicas de espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (nanoLC-MS/MS), o que resultou num alto número de identificações; 615 proteínas no ESA e 2011 proteínas quantificadas. A comparação das duas abordagens permitiu o reconhecimento de proteínas com maior probabilidade de secreção. Uma rede de interação entre as proteínas diferencialmente expressas foi predita, gerando resultados que, associados às informações sobre as proteínas aumentadas, permitiram uma investigação sobre proteínas potencialmente envolvidas com a regulação do metabolismo relacionado à secreção. Os resultados obtidos por ambos os estudos aqui demonstrados somam conhecimento acerca do parasita N. caninum e demonstram ser úteis para guiar a busca e seleção de alvos a serem investigados para o desenvolvimento de terapêutica contra a neosporose.<br>Neospora caninum (Apicomplexa phylum) is an obligatory intracellular parasite like all members from this phylum, some causing diseases with relevant impact on human (Plasmodium and Toxoplasma) and veterinary (Babesia, Eimeria and Cryptosporidium) health. Causative agent of neosporosis, N. caninum has emerged as one of the leading causes of infectious abortion in cattle, generating huge economical losses in worldwide livestock. Due to its recent discovery, knowledge of N. caninum biochemical processes remains scarce, demanding new research for comprehending its survival mechanisms and, consequently, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention. The invasion process has often been investigated in apicomplexans since their survival depends on the success of their entry into the host cell. Proteins secreted from phylum-specific organelles (micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules) are deeply involved with invasion. They are responsible for the initial interaction with the host cell; participate of the moving junction formed in the moment of invasion; and contribute for the stabilization of the parasitophorus vacuole. In this study, the proteins secreted by N. caninum tachyzoites were investigated in two ways: (1) the molecular characterization of Apple domaincontaining proteins; and (2) exploring the parasite secretome. The Apple protein domains are characterized by the ability to interact as protein-protein and proteincarbohydrate, and are present in some microneme proteins with adhesive properties. Here three N. caninum proteins containing Apple domains were characterized: MIC17A, MIC17B and MIC17C. Analyses of the Apple domains sequences and structures, obtained by molecular modeling, revealed high sequential and structural identities between MIC17A and MIC17C. Although being a paralog of the other two proteins, MIC17B presents significant differences in its sequence and structure. Experiments were performed for native MIC17B and MIC17C detection in the total and secreted tachyzoite extracts, suggesting different processing forms for these proteins in the parasite. For MIC17B, the microneme localization was confirmed, differently from the pattern observed for MIC17C. Invasion and localization assays indicated that these proteins are related to the cell invasion process; nevertheless, their functions remain unknown. The secretome is the set of proteins secreted by the parasite and, to explore this extract (ESA) composition in N. caninum, two complementary approaches were used. Firstly proteins present in ESA were identified by mass spectrometry. In the second approach, a relative quantification was performed on the proteomes of ethanol stimulated/non stimulated tachyzoites, expecting that the secreted proteins would be down regulated at the stimulated parasite. Both approaches were performed with high resolution mass spectrometry techniques (nanoLC-MS/MS), reaching a high number of identifications: 615 proteins iv in ESA and 2011 quantified proteins. The comparison between both approaches allowed the recognition of the most likely secreted proteins. An interaction network was predicted, involving the differentially expressed proteins. These results, associated with the information of up regulated proteins, allowed the investigation of proteins potentially involved with the secretion metabolism regulation. The findings from our two studies add up knowledge about N. caninum and demonstrate to be useful in guiding the search and selection for new targets for therapeutic development against neosporosis.

Quantitative exploration of biological pathway networks must begin with a qualitative understanding of them. Often researchers aggregate and disseminate experimental data using regulatory diagrams with ad hoc notations leading to ambiguous interpretations of presented results. This thesis has two main aims. First, it develops software to allow researchers to aggregate pathway data diagrammatically using the Molecular Interaction Map (MIM) notation in order to gain a better qualitative understanding of biological systems. Secondly, it develops a quantitative biological model to study the effect of DNA damage on circadian rhythms. The second aim benefits from the first by making use of visual representations to identify potential system boundaries for the quantitative model. I focus first on software for the MIM notation - a notation to concisely visualize bioregulatory complexity and to reduce ambiguity for readers. The thesis provides a formalized MIM specification for software implementation along with a base layer of software components for the inclusion of the MIM notation in other software packages. It also provides an implementation of the specification as a user-friendly tool, PathVisio-MIM, for creating and editing MIM diagrams along with software to validate and overlay external data onto the diagrams. I focus secondly on the application of the MIM software to the quantitative exploration of the poorly understood role of SIRT1 and PARP1, two NAD+-dependent enzymes, in the regulation of circadian rhythms during DNA damage response. SIRT1 and PARP1 participate in the regulation of several key DNA damage-repair proteins and are the subjects of study as potential cancer therapeutic targets. In this part of the thesis, I present an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model that simulates the core circadian clock and the involvement of SIRT1 in both the positive and negative arms of circadian regulation. I then use this model is then used to predict a potential role for the competition for NAD+ supplies by SIRT1 and PARP1 leading to the observed behavior of primarily phase advancement of circadian oscillations during DNA damage response. The model further predicts a potential mechanism by which multiple forms of post-transcriptional modification may cooperate to produce a primarily phase advancement.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>森林環境暨資源學研究所<br>94<br>In flowering plants, the formations of floral organs are controlled by different functional types of MADS-box genes, including types A, B, and C as well as other functional type genes. In this research, two MADS-box genes, BCFMADS and CCFMADS genes, were cloned from Calocedrus formosana. Through phylogenetic analyses and the similarities at specific C-terminal motifs, BCFMADS and CCFMADS genes were categorized into B-class and C-class lineages. BCFMADS gene was also confirmed identical to both CjMADS1 and CjMADS2 from Cryptomeria japonica based on sequence analysis. Although Calocedrus and Cryptomeria have evolutionally shared paraphyletic relationship, the copy numbers of BCFMADS in Calocedrus formosana are different from those of CjMADS1 and CjMADS2 in Cryptomeria japonica. However, CCFMADS specific C-terminal motif has high similarity in C and D functional type of genes, and does not show much divergence with other gymnosperms. In addition, transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was used to observe and further determine the function of CCFMADS gene. We found that the transgene of CCFMADS is similar to transgene DAL2 and partially the same as transgene SHP2. All sense transgenic lines would affect vegetative growth, such as the occurrence of smaller and curling leaves. During the last decade, many studies have hypothesized that the MADS-box proteins could form specific dimers, which would be further assembled into tetrameric complexes to have more functions. In order to prove whether BCFMADS and CCFMADS genes can interact with each together to form either homodimer or heterodimer, we used an in vitro approach (pull down assay) to analyze protein expressions for both genes. However, since BCFMADS and CCFMADS fusion proteins cannot express in soluble from of E. coli, we cannot prove that BCFMADS and CCFMADS genes can produce either homodimer or heterodimer in this study.

Unfractionated heparin, which is a widely used anticoagulant, is frequently replaced with low-molecular-mass species. They are used due to their more predictable anticoagulant effect with less bleeding complications and also they have prolonged anticoagulant effect. For monitoring of low-molecular-mass heparin levels, anti-factor Xa assay is used, which has some significant drawbacks. This work is dedicated to determination of low-molecular-mass heparin, namely Fraxiparine, using affinity capillary electrophoresis. Heparin is a polysaccharide which does not exhibit a significant UV absorption; therefore, its indirect detection method was used. Fraxiparine forms a stable complex with protamine. Protamine is an arginine-rich, positively charged peptide which is used to suppress heparin anticoagulant effect. Because protamine has a complex, not precisely defined structure, it was replaced by well-defined tetraarginine. The method uses phosphoric acid of 9 mmol L-1 concentration with addition of 0.1% (w/v) hydroxyethylcellulose as the background electrolyte. The samples are injected hydrodynamically into the capillary by a pressure of 5 kPa. First, the zone of Fraxiparine was injected, followed by the zone of tetraarginine (5 s). After that, 30 kV voltage was applied for 30 s. During this time the...

La réplication et l’assemblage du virus de l’hépatite C (VHC) sont régulés finement dans le temps et l’espace par les interactions protéiques entre le virus avec l’hôte. La compréhension de la biologie du virus ainsi que sa pathogénicité passe par les connaissances relatives aux interactions virus/hôte. Afin d’identifier ces interactions, nous avons exploité une approche d’immunoprécipitation (IP) couplée à une détection par spectrométrie de masse (MS), pour ensuite évaluer le rôle des protéines identifiées dans le cycle viral par une technique de silençage génique. Les protéines virales Core, NS2, NS3/4A, NS4B, NS5A et NS5B ont été exprimées individuellement dans les cellules humaines 293T et immunoprécipitées afin d’isoler des complexes protéiques qui ont été soumis à l’analyse MS. Ainsi, 98 protéines de l’hôte ont été identifiées avec un enrichissement significatif et illustrant une spécificité d’interaction. L’enrichissement de protéines connues dans la littérature a démontré la force de l’approche, ainsi que la validation de 6 nouvelles interactions virus/hôte. Enfin, le rôle de ces interactants sur la réplication virale a été évalué dans un criblage génomique par ARN interférant (ARNi). Deux systèmes rapporteurs de la réplication virale ont été utilisés : le système de réplicon sous-génomique (Huh7-Con1-Fluc) et le système infectieux (J6/JFH-1/p7Rluc2a), ainsi qu’un essai de toxicité cellulaire (Alamar Blue). Parmi les protéines de l’hôte interagissant avec le VHC, 28 protéines ont démontré un effet significatif sans effet de toxicité cellulaire, suggérant fortement un rôle dans la réplication du VHC. Globalement, l’étude a mené à l’identification de nouvelles interactions virus/hôte et l’identification de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles.<br>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and assembly are tightly regulated in time and space within the cell, most likely due to protein interactions between virus and host. In order to better understand HCV biology and its pathogenesis, there is a need to unravel virus/host interaction network. We extended our knowledge of virus/host interactions by the identification of cellular proteins associated to HCV proteins using an immunoprecipitation (IP) technique coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), and further evaluate the role of retrieved interactors using gene knockdown. FLAG-tagged viral proteins Core, NS2, NS3/4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B have been expressed individually in 293T human cells, and immunoprecipitated protein complexes have been submitted to MS analysis for identification of host proteins. In this study, 98 proteins were significantly enriched and showed specific interaction to a viral protein. Retrieval of previously characterized interacting proteins proved the strength of the method. Six newly identified interactors by MS were individually confirmed using IP of viral proteins. We evaluated the role of identified interactors in HCV replication by performing a functional lentivirus-based RNA interference (RNAi) screen. Two reporter systems were used: the sub- genomic replicon (Huh7-Con1-Fluc) and a full length infectious clone (J6/JFH-1/p7Rluc2a), as well as the cellular toxicity assay Alamar blue. Of the identified host interactors, 28 proteins showed a significant effect on HCV replication upon gene knockdown and without cellular toxicity. Overall, the study led to the identification of novel virus/host interactions essential in HCV life cycle and provides novel potential drug targets.

The main focus of this project was to optimize a protocol for small molecule ligand co-purification from an in-vivo tissue source. For this purpose, I employed a transgenic zebrafish line called the pLT-gypsy, which expresses a fusion protein containing a tagged-NR LBD (Tiefenbach et al., 2010). The particular line I used to optimize the ligand identification protocol is the pLT-PPARγ zebrafish line, which expresses the tagged-PPARγ receptor's LBD (also called PPARγ-fusion protein). By using rosiglitazone (a known PPARγ ligand) as a positive control, I managed to optimize a protocol to purify the PPARγ-fusion protein and identify the co-purified ligand by mass spectrometry. This protocol can be used to identify the physiological/endogenous ligand for the PPARγ receptor as well as other orphan NRs. Compared to previous methods of ligand identification, this method allows for the identification of the ligand from the tissues where it is functional.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>The C-terminal domain (CTD) of the RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) subunit Rpb1 must exist in a hypophosphorylated state prior to forming a competent transcription initiation complex. However, during transcription, specific kinases and phosphatases act on the RNAPII CTD to regulate its phosphorylation state, which serves to recruit sequence-specific and general transcription factors at the appropriate stage of transcription. A key phosphatase involved in this process, Rtr1 (Regulator of Transcription 1), was shown to regulate a key step important for transcription elongation and termination. Although the role that Rtr1 plays in regulating RNAPII transcription has been described, the mechanism involved in the recruitment of Rtr1 to RNAPII during transcription has not been elucidated in yeast. Consequently, the present work utilized both affinity purification schemes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mass spectrometry to identify key Rtr1-interacting proteins and post-translational modifications that potentially play a role in recruiting Rtr1 to RNAPII. In addition to RNAPII subunits, which were the most consistently enriched Rtr1-interacting proteins, seven proteins were identified that are potentially involved in Rtr1 recruitment. These included PAF complex subunits (Cdc73, Ctr9, Leo1), the heat shock protein Hsc82, the GTPase Npa3, the ATPase Rpt6, and Spn1. Indirect evidence was also uncovered that implicates that the CTDK-I complex, a kinase involved in RNAPII CTD phosphorylation, is important in facilitating interactions between Rtr1, RNAPII, and select transcription factors. Additionally, a putative phosphorylation site was identified on Ser217 of Rtr1 that may also play a role in its recruitment to RNAPII during transcription.

Chez les plantes à fleurs, l’ovaire est l’organe reproducteur femelle et il interagit de façon importante avec les gamètes mâles durant la croissance, le guidage, la réception et la rupture du tube pollinique ainsi que la fusion des gamètes. Le processus débute lorsque de nombreux gènes de l’ovule sont activés à longue distance lors de la réception du pollen sur le stigmate. Afin d’explorer les signaux provenant de l’ovule ayant un impact important sur les interactions pollen–pistil, particulièrement les molécules sécrétées impliquées dans la signalisation espècespécifique, l’expression génique des ovules sous forme d’ARNm ainsi et la sécrétion protéique ont été étudiées chez Solanum chacoense, une espèce diploïde de pomme de terre sauvage. S. chacoense a subi beaucoup d’hybridation interspécifique avec d’autres espèces sympathiques de solanacées, facilitant ainsi grandement l’étude des interactions pollen–ovule de façon espècespécifique ainsi que leur évolution. Dans ce projet, des ovules provenant de trois conditions différentes ont été comparés: des ovules matures de type sauvage, des ovules légèrement immatures, récoltés deux jours avant l’anthèse et des ovules provenant du mutant frk1 pour lesquels le sac embryonnaire est absent. Un séquençage d’ARN à haut débit a d’abord été effectué sur les ovules de type sauvage de S. chacoense afin de générer un assemblage de référence comprenant 33852 séquences codantes. D’autres séquençages ont été effectués sur les trois conditions d’ovules et sur les feuilles afin de faire une analyse d’expression différentielle des gènes. En comparaison avec les ovules de type sauvage, 818 gènes sont réprimés dans les ovules du mutant frk1. Un sous-groupe de 284 gènes, étaient également sous-exprimés dans les ovules légèrement immatures, suggérant un rôle spécifique dans les stades tardifs de la maturation du sac embryonnaire (stade de développent FG6 à FG7) ainsi que du guidage du tube pollinique, puisque ni les ovules du mutant frk1 ni ceux légèrement immatures ne sont capables d’attirer les tubes polliniques lors d’essais de croissance semi in vivo. De plus, 21% de ces gènes sont des peptides riches en cystéines (CRPs). En utilisant un transcriptome assemblé de novo provenant de deux proches parents de S. chacoense, S. gandarillasii et S. tarijense, une analyse d’orthologie a été effectuée sur ces CRPs, révélant une grande variabilité et une évolution rapide chez les solanacées. De nouveaux motifs de cystéine uniques à cette famille ont également été découverts. En comparant avec des études similaires chez Arabidopsis, le sac embryonnaire de S. chacoense montre un transcriptome fortement divergent, particulièrement en en ce qui a trait à la catégorisation fonctionnelle des gènes et de la similarité entre les gènes orthologues. De plus,même si la glycosylation n’est pas requise lors du guidage mycropylaire du tube pollinique chez Arabidopsis, Torenia ou le maïs, des extraits d’ovules glycosylés de S. chacoense sont capables d’augmenter la capacité de guidage de 18%. Cette étude est donc la première à montrer une corrélation entre glycosylation et le guidage du tube pollinique par l’ovule. En complément à l’approche transcriptomique, une approche protéomique portant sur les protéine sécrétées par l’ovule (le secrétome) a été utilisée afin d’identifier des protéines impliquées dans l’interaction entre ovule et tube pollinique. Des exsudats d’ovules matures (capables d’attirer le tube pollinique) et d’ovules immatures (incapables d’attirer le tube pollinique) ont été récoltés en utilisant une nouvelle méthode d’extraction par gravité permettant de réduire efficacement les contaminants cytosoliques à moins de 1% de l’échantillon. Un total de 305 protéines sécrétées par les ovules (OSPs) ont été identifiées par spectrométrie de masse, parmi lesquelles 58% étaient spécifiques aux ovules lorsque comparées avec des données de protéines sécrétées par des tissus végétatifs. De plus, la sécrétion de 128 OSPs est augmentée dans les ovules matures par rapport aux ovules immatures. Ces 128 protéines sont donc considérées en tant que candidates potentiellement impliquées dans la maturation tardive de l’ovule et dans le guidage du tube pollinique. Cette étude a également montré que la maturation du sac embryonnaire du stade FG6 au stade FG7 influence le niveau de sécrétion de 44% du sécrétome total de l’ovule. De façon surprenante, la grande majorité (83%) de ces protéines n’est pas régulée au niveau de l’ARN, soulignant ainsi l’importance de cette approche dans l’étude du guidage du tube pollinique comme complément essentiel aux études transcriptomiques. Parmi tous les signaux sécrétés par l’ovule et reliés au guidage, obtenus à partir des approches transcriptomiques et protéomiques décrites ci-haut, nous avons spécifiquement évalué l’implication des CRPs dans le guidage du tube pollinique par l’ovule chez S. chacoense, vu l’implication de ce type de protéine dans les interactions pollen-pistil et le guidage du tube pollinique chez d’autres espèces. Au total, 28 CRPs étaient présentes dans les ovules capables d’attirer le tube pollinique tout en étant absentes dans les ovules incapables de l’attirer, et ce, soit au niveau de l’ARNm et/ou au niveau du sécrétome. De celles-ci, 17 CRPs ont été exprimées dans un système bactérien et purifiées en quantité suffisante pour tester le guidage. Alors que des exsudats d’ovules ont été utilisés avec succès pour attirer par chimiotactisme le tube pollinique, les candidats exprimés dans les bactéries n’ont quant à eux pas été capables d’attirer les tubes polliniques. Comme l’utilisation de systèmes d’expression hétérologue eucaryote peut permettre un meilleur repliement et une plus grande activité des protéines, les candidats restants seront de nouveau exprimés, cette fois dans un système de levure ainsi que dans un système végétal pour produire les peptides sécrétés. Ceux-ci seront ensuite utilisés lors d’essais fonctionnels pour évaluer leur capacité à guider les tubes polliniques et ainsi isoler les attractants chimiques responsable du guidage du tube pollinique chez les solanacées comme S. chacoense.<br>In flowering plants, the ovary is the female reproductive organ that interacts extensively with the male gametophyte during pollen tube (PT) growth, guidance, reception, discharge and gamete fusion. The process begins when numerous ovule-expressed genes are activated when pollen lands on the stigma. To explore the ovular signals that have a great impact on successful pollen–pistil interactions, especially the secreted molecules that mediate species-specific signalling events, ovule mRNA expression and protein secretion profiles were studied in Solanum chacoense, a wild diploid potato species. Solanum chacoense has undergone extensive interspecific hybridization with sympatric solanaceous species that greatly facilitates the study of species-specific pollen–ovule interactions and evolution. In this project, three ovule conditions were studied: wild-type mature ovules, slightly immature ovules at two days before anthesis (2DBA), and frk1 mutant ovules that lack an embryo sac (ES). RNA-seq was performed on S. chacoense ovules to provide a scaffold assembly comprising 33852 CDS-containing sequences, then to provide read counts for differential gene expression analyses on three ovule conditions as well as on leaf. Compared to wild-type ovules, 818 genes were downregulated in frk1 ovules. A subset of 284 genes was concurrently under-expressed in 2DBA ovules, suggestive of their specific involvement in late stages of ES maturation (female gametophyte (FG), FG6 to FG7 developmental stage), as well as in PT guidance processes, as neither frk1 nor 2DBA ovules attract semi in vivo-grown PTs. Of these 284, 21% encoded cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs). Using de novo assembled ovule transcriptomes of two close relatives, S. gandarillasii and S. tarijense, an orthology survey was conducted on these CRPs, revealing their highly polymorphic nature among species and rapid evolution. Interestingly, novel cysteine motifs unique to this family were also uncovered. As compared to parallel studies in Arabidopsis, S. chacoense was found to possess a highly divergent ES transcriptome, in terms of both functional categories and individual ortholog similarities. Although glycosylation is not required for micropylar guidance cues to attract PTs in Arabidopsis, Torenia or maize, glycosylated ovule extracts from S. chacoense showed enhanced PT guidance competency by 18%. This is the first time a positive regulation between glycosylation and ovular PT guidance has been observed. As a complement to the transcriptomic approach, a proteomic approach using secreted proteins from the ovule (secretome) was employed to identify proteins involved in pollen–pistil interactions. Ovule exudates were collected from mature ovules (PT attracting) and immature ovules at 2DBA (PT nonattracting), using a novel tissue free-gravity extraction method (tf-GEM), which efficiently reduced the cytosolic contamination to less than 1%. Through mass spectrometry analyses, a total of 305 ovule-secreted proteins (OSPs) were identified, of which 58% were considered ovule-specific when compared to secretome studies conducted in other plant tissues. The secretion of 128 OSPs was upregulated in mature ovules vs. immature ovules. These OSPs were considered as candidate proteins involved in late ovule maturation and PT guidance. This study demonstrated that the ES maturation from FG6 to FG7 stages influenced the secretion status of 44% of ovule secretome. Surprisingly, the majority (83%) of these proteins were not regulated at the RNA level, vindicating this novel approach in the study of PT guidance as a robust complement to transcriptomic studies. Among all identified guidance-related ovular signals from the transcriptomic and proteomic approaches described above, we focused on the evaluation of the involvement of CRPs in ovular PT guidance of S. chacoense, due to the implication of various CRPs in pollen–pistil interactions and, especially, in PT guidance. A total of 28 CRPs were present in PT attracting ovules while being low or absent in nonattracting ovules, at the mRNA and/or protein secretion levels. Of these, 17 CRPs were expressed in bacteria and purified in sufficient amount for PT guidance assays. However, while ovule exudates were shown to induce PT chemotropism in the bead assay, refolded candidates did not show guidance competency. Since the use of eukaryotic protein expression systems might lead to better refolding and higher protein activity, the remaining candidates will be expressed in both yeast and plant-based expression systems and tested for their ability to attract PTs in a semi in-vivo assay, in order to lead us toward the isolation of PT guidance chemoattractants in solanaceous species like S. chacoense.

The sensitivity, speed, and reproducibility of modern mass spectrometers enable in-depth new functional looks into the cellular proteome. Thousands of proteins can be detected in a single sample. In Co-Fractionation Mass Spectrometry (CF-MS) method, the input sample is fractionated by any biochemical method of choice. The reduced complexity of each fractionated sample leads to better proteome coverage. The separation profiles provide functional information on the proteins. This application has been used to predict organelle localization based on co-purification with marker proteins. More recently, CF-MS is being used to measure the apparent masses and determine the localization of soluble or membrane-associated protein complexes. This Ph.D. dissertation focuses on the extension of the boundary of CF-MS application to learn how protein complex evolution and protein complex composition have been accomplished. In the first part of this dissertation, the data will be presented on the degree to which variation in protein oligomerization across plant species is present, how proteomics in phylogenetic analysis (phyloproteomics/evolutionary proteomics) helps understand the evolutionary changes, and how oligomerization drives neofunctionalization during plant evolution. The latter part will describe that CF-MS coupled with multiple orthogonal chromatographic separations increases the resolving power of the profiling technique, enabling the composition of protein complexes to be predicted in the subaleurone layers of rice endosperm. Lots of novel protein complexes involved in RNA binding protein, translation, and the tissue-species metabolism will be discussed.