Academic literature on the topic 'Molecular Spin Valve'

"where K = kelvin. Because of the low temperature elevation in the low dose range, radiation calorimetry is limited in practice to the dose range above 3 kGy. This small temperature elevation is the gross result of the complex process of radiation interaction with matter. The individual steps of this process depend on the type of radiation used. Another type of physical dose meter, one that is used more and more in research and in industrial practice, is the alanine/electron spin resonance (ESR) system. Stable free radicals produced by irradiation in a concentration propor­ tional to the radiation dose in samples of pure, dry alanine are measured by ESR spectroscopy. The alanine is usually mixed 4:1 with paraffin (26) or 1:1 with polystyrene (27) of analytical grade quality. Reproducible dose response curves are obtained in the extremely wide dose range of 1 Gy to 100 kGy. In principal, any reproducible change caused by irradiation of a medium can be used to measure the absorbed radiation dose. In practice, only those changes can be evaluated which are stable for a reasonable length of time and which can be reliably measured by standard procedures such as titration or spectrophotometry. The chemical change is usually expressed as the G value, which is a measure of the number of atoms, molecules, or ions produced ( + G) or destroyed ( -G ) by 100 eV of absorbed energy. In the new SI system of units the G value is expressed as per J instead of per 100 eV. An important reference dose meter in food irradiation is the ferrous sulfate or Fricke dose meter. It is based on the radiation-induced oxidation of ferrous ions (Fe + ) to ferric ions (Fe + ) and consists of measuring the increased optical absorbance of the ferric ions at the absorption peak of 305 nm. For 60Co gamma rays the G value for ferric ion yield is 15.6 Fe3+ ions per 100 eV, or 9.74 X 1017 ions/J; the yield for electrons at a dose rate of 108 Gy/sec is 13.0. Fricke dosimetry is useful in the range 3 Gy. The upper limit can be extended into the kGy range by adding CuS04, which reduces the G value from 15.6 to 0.65. There are many other systems, such as the ethanol-chlorobenzene dose meter, which is based on the formation of hydrochloric acid from chlorobenzene. The hydrochloric acid can be measured by titration or by its effect on the dielectric constant. The useful dose range of this system is 1-400 Gy. In the low dose range, down to 5 Gy, radiochromic dye dosimetry can be used. When the colorless solution of pararosaniline cyanide in 2-methoxyethanol and glacial acetic acid is irradiated, an intense red color develops with an absorption maximum at 549 nm. More recently proposed methods belonging to the group of liquid dose meter systems are listed in Table 3. PMA (polymethyl methacrylate) dose meters belong to the group of solid phase dose meters. Irradiation of PMMA (e.g., Perspex) induces an absorption." In Safety of Irradiated Foods. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-39.

Dediu, V. "Spin valve effect in hybrid organic-inorganic device." In ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF MOLECULAR NANOSTRUCTURES: XV International Winterschool/Euroconference. AIP, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1426929.

Li, Wei, Huarui Liu, Tianling Ren, Litian Liu, and Xun Zhang. "Linear Spin-Valve Bridge Sensor for Weak Magnetic Fields." In 2006 1st IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems.2006.334834.

Fulong Zhao, Bingjun Qu, Bo Lei, Tianling Ren, and Litian Liu. "The affect of bias voltage to the DC test of GMR spin valve biosensors." In 2009 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering (NANOMED). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nanomed.2009.5559115.

Oh, Sun J., Tuan Tu Le, S. Ananda Kumar, G. W. Kim, B. Parvatheeswara Rao, and CheolGi Kim. "Etching Effect on Exchange Anisotropy in NiFe/Cu/NiFe/IrMn Spin-valve Structure for an Array of PHR Sensor Element." In 2007 2nd IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nems.2007.352230.

Cai, Lei, and Shanfeng Wang. "Thickness Sensing of Nerve Cells on Hydrophobic Polymer Networks With Distinct Mechanical Properties." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80925.

Jaubert, Jean-Noe¨l, Romain Privat, and Michel Molie`re. "Ethanol and Distillate Blends: A Thermodynamic Approach to Miscibility Issues." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22126.

Kulkarni, Sukrut Shridhar, Marliana Bt Mohammad, Sharifah Nooraini Bt Syed Tahir, Frankie Kia Yong Tan, and Masnizah Bt Supu. "Situational Analysis of Complex Offshore Network for Strategizing Sequence for Green Field Development." In SPE Trinidad and Tobago Section Energy Resources Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200933-ms.