Journal articles: 'Molten salt corrosion'

1

Ma, Hong Fang, Ming Zhu, Qing Zhu, and Yan Li. "Corrosion Behaviors of Thermal Diffusion Coating on the Surface of Inconel625 Alloy in Chloride Molten Salts." Materials Science Forum 809-810 (December 2014): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.809-810.589.

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In solar thermal storage system, the mixed chloride molten salt with the higher conversion efficiency than a single molten salt, but they are more corrosive than the often used nitride molten salts. In the presents work, aluminide and chromate coating were prepared on the surface of Inconel625 alloy by thermal packing method. The corrosion behaviors of thermal diffusion coating on the surface of Inconel625 alloy in mixed molten salts at 900°C were studied by using XRD and SEM equipped with EDS in the present work. The results showed that both of the two thermal diffusion coatings have sever corrosion in the mixed chloride molten salts, but thermal diffusion Al coating in the mixed chloride molten salt corrosion is more serious than thermal diffusion Cr coating, because Cr2O3is more easily dissolved in the molten salt than Al2O3.

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Nishikata, Atsushi, Hiroo Numata, and Tooru Tsuru. "Electrochemistry of molten salt corrosion." Materials Science and Engineering: A 146, no. 1-2 (October 1991): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(91)90265-o.

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Ravi Shankar, A., and U. Kamachi Mudali. "Corrosion of Nickel Alloys in Molten LiCl-KCl Medium Under Cl2 Bubbling." Corrosion 74, no. 2 (August 27, 2017): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/2284.

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Pyrochemical reprocessing utilizing molten chloride salt medium has been considered as one of the best options for the reprocessing of spent metallic fuels from future fast breeder reactors. Purification of molten salt is an important step where chlorine gas is purged in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt at 873 K. Materials for manufacturing of vessels and components for salt purification system should possess high corrosion resistance under such a highly corrosive environment. The present paper discusses the corrosion behavior of INCONEL Alloys 600 (UNS N06600), 625 (UNS N06625), and 690 (UNS N06690) and their welds in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt at 873 K under Cl2 bubbling. Characterization of the exposed surfaces was performed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and glancing incidence x-ray diffraction. The results of the present study indicated that N06600 and N06690 offered better corrosion resistance compared to N06625. Surface morphology of the exposed base metal and weld metal surfaces exhibited intergranular and interdendritic corrosion, respectively, on N06600 and N06625. SEM micrographs clearly indicated that N06690 exhibited uniform dissolution, while N06600 and N06625 exhibited localized attack. The paper highlights the results of the present investigation.

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Kim, Wan-Bae, Woo-Seok Choi, Kyu-Seok Lim, Soo-Haeng Cho, and Jong-Hyeon Lee. "High-Temperature Corrosion Behavior of Al-Coated Ni-Base Alloys in Lithium Molten Salt for Electroreduction." Coatings 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11030328.

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The electrolytic reduction of a spent oxide fuel involves the liberation of oxygen in a molten salt LiCl–Li2O electrolyte, which creates a corrosive environment for typical structural materials. In this study, the corrosion behaviors of Al–Y-coated specimens in a Li molten salt kept under an oxidizing atmosphere at 650 °C for 72 and 168 h were investigated. The weight loss fraction of the coated specimen to bare specimen was approximately 60% for 3% Li2O and 54% for 8% Li2O at 72 h, and approximately 38% for 3% Li2O and 30% for 8% Li2O at 168 h. Corrosion was induced in the LiCl–Li2O molten salt by the basic oxide ion O2− via the basic flux mechanism, and the corrosion product was found to be dependent on the activity of the O2− ion. The increase in weight loss may have been caused by the increase in the O2− concentration due to the increase in the Li2O concentration rather than being because of the increased reaction time. The Al–Y coating was found to be beneficial for hot corrosion resistance, which can be useful for handling high-temperature lithium molten salt under an oxidizing atmosphere.

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Xu, Yang Tao, Wan Ping Wang, Tian Dong Xia, Bao Lin Jia, and Gui Lan Zhang. "Hot corrosion resistance of four graphite material in molten Solar Salt." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.479.

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Solar Salt is the best hot transfer medium molten salt of solar thermal power generation.In order to study the hot corrosion behavior of four graphite is in the molten Solar Salt.The graphite immersed equipped with molten salt crucible placed in a muffle furnace,each period of time remove the sample and weight the weight gain until the sample is completely destroyed.The destruction forming of graphite is analyzed by XRD, SEM and OP.The study found that the order of hot resistant corrosion of molten Solar Salt of four graphite materials are the fine structuregraphite,isostatic graphite,9# graphite and cold pressing graphite.The principal factors can affect hot corrosion resistant of graphite is the graphitization degree. The hot corrosion resistance of the graphite can be enhanced with the increase of graphitization degree.

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Prasanna, P. Akshay, P. Subramani, V. Sreenivasulu, N. Arivazhagan, M. Manikandan, and Duoli WU. "High-Temperature Corrosion Behaviour of HVOF Sprayed Cr3C2- 25NiCr Coated on Alloy X22CrMoV12-1 at 600o C." Journal of Thermal Spray and Engineering 1, no. 1 (2018): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52687/2582-1474/112.

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The present study investigates the hot corrosion behaviour of high-velocity oxy-fuel sprayed alloy X22CrMoV12-1 with Cr3C2-25NiCr coating at 600oC. The study was carried out by air and molten salt environment for both coated and uncoated substrates for 50 cycles. Thermogravimetry analysis was carried out to evaluate the hot corrosion by calculating the mass changes in each cycle. The results show that coating provides the marginally good corrosion resistance than the uncoated alloy. The formation of Fe2O3 and MoO3 phases in the uncoated substrates in both air and molten salt environments reduces the corrosion resistance at the high-temperature environment. The formation of Ni2Oand spinel oxide NiCr2O4 provided good resistance to corrosion in the coated substrates in the air and molten salt environment.

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Wang, Mingjing, Song Zeng, Huihui Zhang, Ming Zhu, Chengxin Lei, and Boshuai Li. "Corrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel and Inconel 625 alloy in chloride molten salts for solar energy storage." High Temperature Materials and Processes 39, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0077.

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AbstractCorrosion behaviors of 316 stainless steel (316 ss) and Inconel 625 alloy in molten NaCl–KCl–ZnCl2 at 700°C and 900°C were investigated by immersion tests and electrochemical methods, including potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy were used to analyze the phases and microstructures of the corrosion products. Inconel 625 alloy and 316 ss exhibited high corrosion rates in molten chlorides, and the corrosion rates of these two alloys accelerated when the temperature increased from 700°C to 900°C. The results of the electrochemical tests showed that both alloys exhibited active corrosion in chloride molten salt, and the current density of 316 ss in chloride molten salt at 700°C was 2.756 mA/cm−2, which is about three times the value for Inconel 625 alloy; and the values of the charge transfer resistance (Rt) for Inconel 625 were larger than those for 316 ss. The corrosion of these two alloys is owing to the preferred oxidation of Cr in chloride molten salt, and the corrosion layer was mainly ZnCr2O4 which was loose and porous and showed poor adherence to metal.

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8

Zhu, Ming, Hongfang Ma, Mingjing Wang, Zhihua Wang, and Adel Sharif. "Effects of Cations on Corrosion of Inconel 625 in Molten Chloride Salts." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0225.

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AbstractHot corrosion of Inconel 625 in sodium chloride, potassium chloride, magnesium chloride, calcium chloride and their mixtures with different compositions is conducted at 900°C to investigate the effects of cations in chloride salts on corrosion behavior of the alloy. XRD, SEM/EDS were used to analyze the compositions, phases, and morphologies of the corrosion products. The results showed that Inconel 625 suffers more severe corrosion in alkaline earth metal chloride molten salts than alkaline metal chloride molten salts. For corrosion in mixture salts, the corrosion rate increased with increasing alkaline earth metal chloride salt content in the mixture. Cations in the chloride molten salts mainly affect the thermal and chemical properties of the salts such as vapor pressure and hydroscopicities, which can affect the basicity of the molten salt. Corrosion of Inconel 625 in alkaline earth metal chloride salts is accelerated with increasing basicity.

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Garcia, Béatrice, and Michel Armand. "Aluminium corrosion in room temperature molten salt." Journal of Power Sources 132, no. 1-2 (May 2004): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.12.046.

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10

Zeng, C. L., W. Wang, and W. T. Wu. "Electrochemical impedance models for molten salt corrosion." Corrosion Science 43, no. 4 (April 2001): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-938x(00)00108-6.

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11

Rahmel, A. "Electrochemical aspects of molten-salt-enhanced corrosion." Materials Science and Engineering 87 (March 1987): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(87)90397-1.

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12

Shankar, A. Ravi, K. Thyagarajan, and U. Kamachi Mudali. "Corrosion Behavior of Candidate Materials in Molten LiCl-KCl Salt Under Argon Atmosphere." Corrosion 69, no. 7 (February 5, 2013): 655–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/0746.

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Pyrochemical reprocessing involves the use of molten LiCl-KCl (lithium chloride-potassium chloride) eutectic salt at 773 K for the recovery of uranium and plutonium from spent metallic fuel of fast breeder reactors. The materials selected for such corrosive environments should withstand high temperatures and at the same time offer good corrosion resistance. The present work discusses the corrosion behavior of candidate materials like 2.25Cr-1Mo steel (UNS K21590), 9Cr-1 Mo steel (UNS K90941), Ni-based alloy 600 (UNS N06600), Ni-based alloy 625 (UNS N06625), and Ni-based alloy 690 (UNS N06690) in molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt at 873 K for various durations under ultrahigh-purity argon atmosphere. Corrosion behavior of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) coating on candidate materials also was evaluated. Weight-loss results indicated that the corrosion resistance of the materials increased in the following order: 2.25Cr-1Mo > 9Cr-1 Mo > Ni-based alloys > PSZ coating. PSZ-coated specimens showed better corrosion resistance in molten LiCl-KCl salt when compared with uncoated specimens; however, accidental ingression of oxygen and moisture could result in premature spallation of the coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) analysis of exposed Cr-Mo steels and Ni-based alloys exhibited dealloyed surfaces and corrosion product regions rich in Cr, indicating preferential leaching of Cr. The paper highlights the results of the present investigation.

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Johnson, I., and P. S. Maiya. "Thermodynamic modeling of chemical interactions between CaO–TiO2 ceramics and molten salts." Journal of Materials Research 9, no. 3 (March 1994): 739–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1994.0739.

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The mixed-oxide compounds of CaO with TiO2 are of interest in the development of container vessels for actinide recycling processes in which Ca (dissolved in molten salt) is used to reduce the actinide oxide to actinide metal. The chemical interactions between the mixed-oxide compounds and molten salt saturated with Ca have been analyzed by applying thermodynamic principles. Although the solubility of CaO in molten salt is suppressed by the formation of mixed oxide with TiO2, thermodynamic calculations show that corrosion of CaO-TiO2 ceramics by molten CaCl2 or CaCl2-20 mole % CaF2 that contains metallic Ca in solution occurs by dissolution of the CaO component of the mixed-oxide compounds in the molten salt and reduction of the TiO2 component by the metallic Ca. The thermodynamic predictions are consistent with the experimental observations. The corrosion products produced and the sequence of the various phases depend upon the activity of the CaO produced in the molten salt by reduction reactions. The results of this study show that ceramic materials in the CaO-TiO2 system are not suitable container materials for actinide recycling.

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14

Amaya, M., J. Porcayo-Calderon, and L. Martinez. "Electrochemical Studies on High-Temperature Corrosion of Silicon-Iron Coatings and Iron Aluminide Intermetallic Alloys by Molten Salts." Corrosion 57, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 489–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3290373.

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Abstract The performance of Fe-Si coatings and an iron aluminide (FeAl) intermetallic alloy (FeAl40at%+0.1at%B+10vol%Al2O3) in molten salts containing vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is reported. Corrosion and fouling by ash deposits containing V2O5 and Na2SO4 are typical corrosion problems in fuel oil-fired electric power units. High-temperature corrosion tests were performed using both electrochemical polarization and immersion techniques. The temperature interval of this study was 600°C to 900°C, and the molten salts were 80wt%V2O5-20wt%Na2SO4. Curves of corrosion current density vs temperature obtained by the potentiodynamic studies are reported, as well as the weight loss vs temperature curves from molten salt immersion tests. Both Fe-Si coatings and FeAl40at%+0.1at%B+10vol%Al2O3 showed good behavior against molten salt corrosion. The final results show the potential of these coatings and alloys to solve the high-temperature corrosion in fuel oil-fired electric power units.

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15

Liu, Hui, Jin Cai, and Jihong Zhu. "Hot Corrosion Behavior of BaLa2Ti3O10 Thermal Barrier Ceramics in V2O5 and Na2SO4 + V2O5 Molten Salts." Coatings 9, no. 6 (May 29, 2019): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9060351.

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BaLa2Ti3O10 ceramics for thermal barrier coating (TBC) applications were fabricated, and exposed to V2O5 and Na2SO4 + V2O5 molten salts at 900 °C to investigate the hot corrosion behavior. After 4 h corrosion tests, the main reaction products resulting from V2O5 salt corrosion were LaVO4, TiO2, and Ba3V4O13, whereas those due to Na2SO4 + V2O5 corrosion consisted of LaVO4, TiO2, BaSO4 and some Ba3V4O13. The structures of reaction layers on the surfaces depended on the corrosion medium. In V2O5 salt, the layer was dense and had a thickness of 8–10 μm. While in Na2SO4 + V2O5 salt, it had a ~15 μm porous structure and a dense, thin band at the bottom. Beneath the dense layer or the band, no obvious molten salt was found. The mechanisms by which the reaction layer forms were discussed.

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She, Yajuan, Yiwen Guo, Zanxian Tan, and Kai Liao. "Na2SO4 + V2O5 Corrosion Behavior of BaNd2Ti3O10 for Thermal Barrier Coating Applications." Coatings 10, no. 9 (September 20, 2020): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10090901.

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BaNd2Ti3O10 has been considered as a promising thermal barrier coating (TBC) candidate material, which reveals many advantages over the widely used TBC material of yttria partially stabilized zirconia, such as lower thermal conductivity, better high-temperature capability, and higher resistance to environmental deposits corrosion. In this study, the hot corrosion behavior of BaNd2Ti3O10 in Na2SO4 + V2O5 molten salt at 900 °C and 1000 °C is investigated. Exposed to the salt for 4 h at 900 °C, BaNd2Ti3O10 pellets had an obvious reaction with the salt, forming corrosion products of NdVO4, TiO2, and BaSO4, and the reaction layer was ~30 μm, beneath which no salt trace could be found. Prolonging the corrosion time to 20 h, the type of the corrosion products had no change. At an elevated corrosion temperature of 1000 °C for 4 h, the corrosion products were still NdVO4, TiO2, and BaSO4, but NdVO4 revealed a significant growth, which fully covered the pellet surface. The mechanisms by which the corrosion reaction between BaNd2Ti3O10 and the molten salt occurred were discussed.

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Ding, Wenjin, Yuan Shi, Markus Braun, Fiona Kessel, Martin Frieß, Alexander Bonk, and Thomas Bauer. "Compatibility of 3D-Printed Oxide Ceramics with Molten Chloride Salts for High-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage in Next-Generation CSP Plants." Energies 14, no. 9 (May 1, 2021): 2599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092599.

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Oxide ceramics could be attractive high-temperature construction materials for critical structural parts in high-temperature molten salt thermal energy storage systems due to their excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. The 3D-printing technology allows the production of ceramic components with highly complex geometries, and therefore extends their applications. In this work, 3D-printed ZrO2 and Al2O3 ceramics were immersed in molten MgCl2/KCl/NaCl under argon or exposed in argon without molten chlorides at 700 °C for 600 h. Their material properties and microstructure were investigated through three-point-bend (3PB) testing and material analysis with SEM-EDX and XRD. The results show that the 3D-printed Al2O3 maintained its mechanical property after exposure in the strongly corrosive molten chloride salt. The 3D-printed ZrO2 had an enhanced 3PB strength after molten salt exposure, whereas no change was observed after exposure in argon at 700 °C. The material analysis shows that some of the ZrO2 on the sample surface changed its crystal structure and shape (T→M phase transformation) after molten salt exposure, which could be the reason for the enhanced 3PB strength. The thermodynamic calculation shows that the T→M transformation could be caused by the reaction of the Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 with MgCl2 (mainly Y2O3 and ZrO2 with gaseous MgCl2). In conclusion, the 3D-printed ZrO2 and Al2O3 ceramics have excellent compatibility with corrosive molten chlorides at high temperatures and thus show a sound application potential as construction materials for molten chlorides.

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Zhu, Hongmei, Baichun Li, Minghui Chen, Changjun Qiu, and Zhongfeng Tang. "Improvement of Corrosion Resistance of Hastelloy-N Alloy in LiF-NaF-KF Molten Salt by Laser Cladding Pure Metallic Coatings." Coatings 8, no. 9 (September 14, 2018): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8090322.

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The corrosion protection of Hastelloy-N alloy in LiF-NaF-KF (commonly referred to as FLiNaK) molten salt has been developed by pure Ni and Co coatings using the laser cladding technique. An immersion experiment with samples was performed in molten FLiNaK salt at 900 °C for 100 h. It was found that the corrosion rates of the pure Ni-coated specimen and the pure Co-coated specimen are 39.9% and 35.7% of that of Hastelloy-N alloy, respectively. A careful microstructural characterization indicates that a selective dissolution of the elemental Cr occurred in the surface of bare Hastelloy-N alloy, showing a severe intergranular corrosion. For pure metal-coated specimens, in contrast, only metal oxide formed during the laser cladding process dissolved into the molten fluoride salt. The dense pure metal (Ni or Co) coatings exhibit a slightly general corrosion and protect the Hastelloy-N substrate effectively. The possible corrosion mechanism for both coated and uncoated Hastelloy-N under the current experimental condition are discussed in this work.

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Cuoc, Eduardo, Eugene Shwageraus, Alisha Kasam, and Ian Scott. "CORE DESIGN OF BREED & BURN MOLTEN SALT FAST REACTOR." EPJ Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202124701004.

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Previous designs of once-through solid-fuelled breed-and-burn (B&B) reactor and the conventional molten salt reactor (MSR) concepts suffer from material limitation of neutron irradiation damage and chemical corrosion. A novel breed-and-burn molten salt reactor (BBMSR) concept uses separate molten salt fuel and coolant in a linear assembly core configuration. Similar to Moltex Energy Stable Salt Reactor (SSR) design, the configuration with fuel salt contained in fuel tubes and coolant salt in pool type reactor vessel has been previously studied. The study confirmed that breed-and-burn operation is feasible in principle, however with a low neutronic margin. The objective of this paper was to seek improvements of the neutronic margin with a metallic natural uranium blanket design. A parametric study was performed for the natural uranium blanket design. BBMSR neutronic performance simulation was modelled using Serpent, a Monte Carlo reactor physics code, with a single 3D hexagonal channel containing a single fuel tube in an infinite lattice with reflective radial and vacuum axial boundary conditions. The addition of a metallic natural uranium blanket inside the fuel tube, which increases the natural uranium metal to fuel salt ratio (ϒ) of the BBMSR, was shown to significantly increase the neutronic performance of the BBMSR.

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Ebara, Ryuichiro, Hiroshi Nakajima, Daisaku Shouzen, and Tamotsu Yamada. "Molten Salt Corrosion of Heat Recovery Plant Materials." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 52, no. 5 (1988): 508–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.52.5_508.

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21

Sona, C. S., B. D. Gajbhiye, P. V. Hule, A. W. Patwardhan, C. S. Mathpati, A. Borgohain, and N. K. Maheshwari. "High temperature corrosion studies in molten salt-FLiNaK." Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology 49, no. 4 (December 19, 2013): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743278213y.0000000135.

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22

Olson, Luke C., James W. Ambrosek, Kumar Sridharan, Mark H. Anderson, and Todd R. Allen. "Materials corrosion in molten LiF–NaF–KF salt." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 130, no. 1 (January 2009): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfluchem.2008.05.008.

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23

Gao, G., F. H. Stott, J. L. Dawson, and D. M. Farrell. "Electrochemical monitoring of high-temperature molten-salt corrosion." Oxidation of Metals 33, no. 1-2 (February 1990): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00665670.

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Sandhi, Ketan Kumar, and Jerzy Szpunar. "Analysis of Corrosion of Hastelloy-N, Alloy X750, SS316 and SS304 in Molten Salt High-Temperature Environment." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030543.

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Nickel superalloy Hastelloy-N, alloy X-750, stainless steel 316 (SS316), and stainless steel 304 (SS304) are among the alloys used in the construction of molten salt reactor (MSR). These alloys were analyzed for their corrosion resistance behavior in molten fluoride salt, a coolant used in MSR reactors with 46.5% LiF+ 11.5% NaF+ 42% KF. The corrosion tests were run at 700 °C for 100 h under the Ar cover gas. After corrosion, significant weight loss was observed in the alloy X750. Weight loss registered in SS316 and SS304 was also high. However, Hastelloy-N gained weight after exposure to molten salt corrosion. This could be attributed to electrochemical plating of corrosion products from other alloys on Hastelloy-N surface. SEM–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) scans of cross-section of alloys revealed maximum corrosion damage to the depth of 250 µm in X750, in contrast to only 20 µm on Hastelloy-N. XPS wide survey scans revealed the presence of Fe, Cr, and Ni elements on the surface of all corroded alloys. In addition, Cr clusters were formed at the triple junctions of grains, as confirmed by SEM–EBSD (Electron Back Scattered Diffraction) analysis. The order of corrosion resistance in FLiNaK environment was X750 < SS316 < SS304 < Hastelloy-N.

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Pérez, F. J., J. Nieto, J. A. Trilleros, and M. P. Hierro. "Hot Corrosion Monitoring of Waste Incineration Corrosion Processes Using Electrochemical Techniques." Materials Science Forum 522-523 (August 2006): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.522-523.531.

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In order to evaluate the damage of molten salt mixtures in waste incineration environments, the alloy 625 was exposed to a molten KCl-ZnCl2 mixture at 650 °C for 200 hours. The corrosion process was monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). After exposure the corrosion products were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and SEM. Two different electrochemical impedance models were found to describe the electrochemical processes. In the early stages of corrosion the alloy developed a protective Cr2O3 scale which turned into a porous spinel oxide scale after 100 hours.

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Zhang, Yu Jun, Lei Lei Xiao, Jun Hua Liu, Mei Ling Liu, and Min Hui Fu. "Corrosion Behavior of Incoloy 800 in Molten Nitrate Salt." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 357–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.357.

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The corrosion behavior of Incoloy 800 as the receiver tube materials in a solar tower field exposed to a mixed molten nitrate salts (KNO3: 40wt.%, NaNO3: 60wt%) at 560°C, has been investigated by several methods. After Incoloy 800 specimens were immersed respectively in molten salts at 560°C for different times (5h, 10h, 20h, 30h, 40h, 60h, and 80h), the weight-loss of specimens were test, the morphology of oxide films on the Incoloy 800 specimens were observed by Optical microscope (OM) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the phase composition of the oxide film were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The experimental results revealed that the corrosion kinetics of the tested alloy agreed with the parabolic law at 560°C, and the corrosion rate is 91.5μm/year. The analysis of the phase composition shows the oxide films had a duplex layer structure with Fe2O3in the outer layer, andγ-(Fe,Ni) and Cr2O3in the inner layer.

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Muránsky, O., C. Yang, H. Zhu, I. Karatchevtseva, P. Sláma, Z. Nový, and L. Edwards. "Molten salt corrosion of Ni-Mo-Cr candidate structural materials for Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) systems." Corrosion Science 159 (October 2019): 108087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.07.011.

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Sequeira, César A. C., and Fernand D. S. Marquis. "Effect of Aluminising on the Hot Corrosion Resistance of Nickel-Chromium Alloys." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.505.

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The effects of aluminising on the hot corrosion resistance of two nickel-chromium alloys containing 10 and 30 weight percent chromium, respectively, were examined. The Ni/Cr specimens were aluminised by pack cementation in Ar and underwent cyclic hot corrosion testing in Na2SO4- NaCl molten salt. XRD analysis indicated that a NiAl phase formed between the coating layer and substrate. Cyclic hot corrosion test results indicated that the effects of aluminising are more pronounced in the case of the 10 % Cr than in the case of 30 % Cr. The ductile NiAl phase suppressed the potential for crack initiation during thermal cycling of the 10 % Cr specimens, and reinforced the hot cyclic corrosion resistance in molten salt for the 30 % Cr specimens.

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Wang, Yan Li, Qian Wang, Hui Jun Liu, and Chao Liu Zeng. "The effect of the microstructure on the corrosion behavior of N5 superalloy in a molten (Li,Na,K)F eutectic salt." RSC Advances 5, no. 41 (2015): 32755–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04755b.

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The corrosion of structural materials in molten fluorides, influenced by the microstructure of the structural materials, is considered to be a great challenge for the development of molten salt reactors using fluorides as fuel carriers or coolants.

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Kurley, J. Matthew, Phillip W. Halstenberg, Abbey McAlister, Stephen Raiman, Sheng Dai, and Richard T. Mayes. "Enabling chloride salts for thermal energy storage: implications of salt purity." RSC Advances 9, no. 44 (2019): 25602–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03133b.

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FOX, DENNIS S., and NATHAN S. JACOBSON. "Molten-Salt Corrosion of Silicon Nitride: I, Sodium Carbonate." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 71, no. 2 (February 1988): 128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb05828.x.

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JACOBSON, NATHAN S., and DENNIS S. FOX. "Molten-Salt Corrosion of Silicon Nitride: II, Sodium Sulfate." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 71, no. 2 (February 1988): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb05829.x.

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Lu, Pin. "Corrosion Resistant Cold Sprayed Cladding for Molten Salt Reactors." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2020-02, no. 59 (November 23, 2020): 2920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2020-02592920mtgabs.

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Zhang, Kai, Wei Gao, and Jing Liang. "Molten salt vapour corrosion of Ti–Al–Ag intermetallics." Intermetallics 12, no. 5 (May 2004): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2004.01.007.

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35

Kruizenga, Alan, and David Gill. "Corrosion of Iron Stainless Steels in Molten Nitrate Salt." Energy Procedia 49 (2014): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.03.095.

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Xi, Jianqi, Hao Jiang, Cheng Liu, Dane Morgan, and Izabela Szlufarska. "Corrosion of Si, C, and SiC in molten salt." Corrosion Science 146 (January 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2018.10.027.

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Lippiatt, Kaleb, Stuart Bell, Teng-Cheong Ong, Chris East, Donald McAuley, Geoffrey Will, and Ted Steinberg. "An improved technique for molten salt corrosion sample preparation." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 226 (July 2021): 111057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111057.

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38

Ahmed, Omar, Le Zhou, Nahid Mohajeri, and Yong Ho Sohn. "Corrosion Behaviour of AISI 304 Stainless Steel with Solar Salt Heat Transfer Fluid." Advanced Materials Research 922 (May 2014): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.922.13.

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In an effort to understand the compatibility between the heat transfer medium and the structural materials used in concentrated solar power plants, the corrosion behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel (18 wt.% Cr, 8 wt.% Ni) in a molten solar salt mixture (53 wt. % KNO3, 40 wt. % NaNO2,7 wt. % NaNO3) has been investigated. The 304 stainless steel coupon samples were fully immersed and isothermally exposed to solar salt at 530°C for 250, 500, and 750 hours in air. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy were employed to examine the extent of corrosion and identify the corrosion products. Oxides of iron were found to be the primary corrosion products in the presence of the molten alkali nitrates-nitrite salt mixture because of the dissolution of the protective chromium oxide (Cr2O3) scale formed on 304 stainless steel coupons. The corrosion scale was uniform in thickness and chromium-iron oxide was found near the AISI 304. This indicates that the scale formed, particularly on the upper layer with presence of sodium-iron-oxide is protective, and forms an effective barrier against penetration of fused solar salt. By extrapolation, annual corrosion rate is estimated to reach 0.784 mils per year. Corrosion behavior of AISI 304 stainless steel is discussed in terms of thermodynamics and reaction paths.

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Findikoglu, Alp T., Janelle E. Droessler, Jerzy Chlistunoff, and George S. Goff. "Noninvasive, In Situ Acoustic Diagnosis and Monitoring of Corrosion in Molten-Salt Systems." CORROSION 75, no. 10 (August 4, 2019): 1230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3253.

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Diagnosis and monitoring of corrosion at high temperatures are common challenges in many industries, such as conventional power plants and next generation molten-salt reactor (MSR) nuclear power plants. A simple, noninvasive, in situ acoustic technique was developed to monitor wall loss due to corrosion in a model molten-salt vessel, operating at 500°C to 600°C. This work demonstrated the feasibility of high-temperature corrosion monitoring experimentally, and validated the concept with physical and microstructural analysis, modeling, and numerical simulations. The results of this work could form the basis for the development of a general-purpose, extended-range acoustic monitoring and inspection technique for corrosion at high temperatures (with expected upper range of approximately 900°C), which does not currently exist. Such a technique could be critical for the safe operation of MSRs in the future, as well as for rapid, nondestructive testing of new reactor component materials.

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Fujikawa, Hisao. "Corrosion Behaviour of Equipment in High Temperatures and Corrosion Resistant Alloys." Diffusion Foundations 9 (October 2016): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.9.111.

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Among the high temperature damages, this paper was discussed on the cases in which the materials were damaged mainly by the effect of environmental factors. That is, high temperature oxidation, steam oxidation, molten salt corrosion, high temperature particle erosion and corrosion, high temperature sulfurization, carburizing, metal dusting, nitriding, high temperature chloride corrosion and so on were introduced using my research data. Finally, anticipation to future research of high temperature corrosion was maintained.

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Xu, Y. X., Y. L. Wang, and C. L. Zeng. "Electrochemical Studies of the Corrosion of Pure Fe, Ni and Cr in Molten (Li,Na,K)F." High Temperature Materials and Processes 33, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0071.

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AbstractThe corrosion of structural materials is a great challenge for the applications of a molten salt reactor using molten fluorides. In this paper, electrochemical behavior of pure Fe, Ni and Cr has been investigated in molten (Li,Na,K)F at 973 K by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The experimental results indicated that three metals are all in active state at the corrosion potential, with an increase in the corrosion potential by the following order: Cr, Fe, Ni. The free corrosion current density of Ni is more than one order of magnitude lower than that of Fe and Cr. A Warburg impedance was observed in the impedance plots for the corrosion of Cr, but not for Ni and Fe. Ni is the most stable metal, then Fe and Cr, and the corrosion of Cr is controlled by the diffusion of oxidants in the melt.

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Dumaire, Thomas, Rudy J. M. Konings, and Anna Louise Smith. "Thermodynamic Assessment of the AF–CrF3 (A = Li, Na, K) and CrF2–CrF3 Systems." Thermo 1, no. 2 (August 18, 2021): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/thermo1020014.

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Understanding the corrosion mechanisms and the effect of corrosion products on the basic properties of the salt (e.g., melting point, heat capacity) is fundamental for the safety assessment and durability of molten salt reactor technology. This work focused on the thermodynamic assessment of the CrF2−CrF3 system and the binary systems of chromium trifluoride CrF3 with alkali fluorides (LiF, NaF, KF) using the CALPHAD (computer coupling of phase diagrams and thermochemistry) method. In this work, the modified quasi-chemical model in the quadruplet approximation was used to develop new thermodynamic modelling assessments of the binary solutions, which are highly relevant in assessing the corrosion process in molten salt reactors. The agreement between these assessments and the phase equilibrium data available in the literature is generally good. The excess properties (mixing enthalpies, entropies and Gibbs energies) calculated in this work are consistent with the expected behaviour of decreasing enthalpy and Gibbs energy of mixing with the increasing ionic radius of the alkali cations.

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Mahdavi, Amirhossein, Eugene Medvedovski, Gerardo Mendoza, and André McDonald. "Corrosion Resistance of Boronized, Aluminized, and Chromized Thermal Diffusion-Coated Steels in Simulated High-Temperature Recovery Boiler Conditions." Coatings 8, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings8080257.

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In this study, the high-temperature molten salt corrosion resistance of bare steels and steels with protective coatings, fabricated by thermal diffusion processes (boronizing, aluminizing and chromizing), were investigated and compared. Surface engineering through thermal diffusion can be used to fabricate protective coatings against corrosion, while alleviating issues around possible cracking and spallation that is typical for conventional thermal-sprayed coatings. In this regard, samples of low carbon steel and 316 stainless steel substrates were boronized, chromized, and aluminized through a proprietary thermal diffusion process, while some of the samples were further coated with additional thin oxide and non-oxide layers to create new surface architectures. In order to simulate the actual corrosion conditions in recovery boilers (e.g., from black liquor combustion), the surfaces of the samples sprayed with a modeling salt solution, were exposed to low-temperature (220 ∘C) and high-temperature (600 ∘C) environments. According to microstructural and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and results of hardness determination, the coatings with multilayered architectures, with and without additional oxide layers, showed successful resistance to corrosive attack over bare steels. In particular, the samples with boronized and chromized coatings successfully withstood low-temperature corrosive attack, and the samples with aluminized coatings successfully resisted both low- and high-temperature molten salt corrosive attacks. The results of this study conducted for the first time for the thermal diffusion coatings suggest that these coatings with the obtained architectures may be suitable for surface engineering of large-sized steel components and tubing required for recovery boilers and other production units for pulp and paper processing and power generation.

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Lee, Jae Ho, and Dong Bok Lee. "Hot Corrosion of NiCrAlY/(ZrO₂-CeO₂-Y₂O₃) Composite Coatings in NaCl-Na₂SO₄ Molten Salt." Materials Science Forum 658 (July 2010): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.658.228.

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The metal/ceramic composite coatings that consisted of (Ni-22Cr-10Al-1Y) and (ZrO2-25CeO2-2.5Y2O3) were prepared by the air plasma spray (APS) method. The as-sprayed coatings consisted of metal-rich and ceramic-rich regions, between which the -Al2O3 oxide stringers existed owing to the oxidation of Al in (Ni-22Cr-10Al-1Y) during APS. The composite coatings were hot corroded at 800 and 900 oC for up to 50 h in 75%NaCl-25%Na2SO4 molten salt. The corrosion products that formed on the coating surface during hot corrosion were mostly dissolved off into the molten salt. The scales that remained on the coating surface consisted primarily of Cr2O3, and a lesser amount of NiO and Al2O3. The corrosion resistance decreased, as not only the test temperature and time but also the amount of metal in the coating increased.

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Sawant, S. S., B. D. Gajbhiye, S. Tyagi, C. S. Sona, R. Divya, C. S. Mathpati, A. Borgohain, and N. K. Maheshwari. "High Temperature Corrosion Studies in Molten Salt Using Salt Purification and Alloy Coating." Indian Chemical Engineer 59, no. 3 (November 16, 2016): 242–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00194506.2016.1256236.

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46

Indacochea, J. E., J. L. Smith, K. R. Litko, and E. J. Karell. "Corrosion performance of ferrous and refractory metals in molten salts under reducing conditions." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 5 (May 1999): 1990–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0268.

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A lithium reduction technique to condition spent fuel for disposal has been developed at the Argonne National Laboratory. There is a need to ensure adequate vessel longevity through corrosion testing and, if necessary, materials development. Several ferrous alloys and tantalum specimens were submitted to a corrosion test at 725 °C for thirty days in an argon atmosphere, using a lithium-chloride salt saturated with lithium metal and containing small amounts of lithium oxide and lithium nitride. The samples did not show dimensional or weight change, nor could corrosion attack be detected metallographically. The lithium-saturated salt system did not show any behavior similar to that of liquid lithium corrosion. From testing in other gas compositions, it appears that the presence of oxygen in the system is necessary to produce severe corrosion.

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Singh, Karanjit, Khushdeep Goyal, and Rakesh Goyal. "Hot corrosion behaviour of different Cr3C2–NiCr coatings on boiler tube steel at elevated temperature." World Journal of Engineering 16, no. 4 (June 24, 2019): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-02-2019-0049.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate hot corrosion behaviour of different Cr3C2–NiCr coatings on boiler tube steel. Design/methodology/approach High velocity oxy fuel technique has been used to deposit different coatings on commercially available ASTM-SA213-T22 boiler tube steel. The hot corrosion studies have been performed in molten salt environment at 900°C temperature in silicon tube furnace in laboratory. Findings The results showed that uncoated superalloy suffered intense spalling and the weight change was massive during each cycle on studies of hot corrosion 900°C. The 100 per cent NiCr and 10 per cent (Cr3C2) – 90 per cent (NiCr) coatings provided better protection to T22 steel against the hot corrosion because of the formation of Ni and Cr3C2 layers. Originality/value In this research a variety of coatings have been used. This research work has been aimed to investigate the hot corrosion behavior of Boiler Steel b with different Cr3C2–NiCr coatings, under molten salt environment in Silicon tube furnace at 900°C, under cyclic conditions.

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Fernández, Angel G., Belén Muñoz-Sánchez, Javier Nieto-Maestre, and Luisa F. Cabeza. "Dynamic Corrosion Test Using LiNO3 Containing Molten Salt for CSP Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 4305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124305.

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Low melting point thermal energy storage (TES) materials have been proposed in the last years to reduce the storage cost in concentrating solar power (CSP) technology. One of the most interesting additive due to the enhancement in thermal properties is lithium nitrate. However, there is a lack of dynamic corrosion tests to simulate real operation conditions in CSP plants. In this work, we present a dynamic reactor set up where a mixture of 30 wt.% LiNO3 + 57 wt.% KNO3 + 13 wt.%. NaNO3 is moved through a mechanical stirrer obtaining a lineal speed of 0.30 m/s. A commercial carbon steel A516 was tested as container material at 390 °C during 1000 h. Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 were obtained as the main corrosion products by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) with a metallographic corrosion rate of 0.015 mm/year.

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Niu, Zhong Yi, Zhi Kun Qu, Ting Tao Ma, and Xiao Yan Jing. "Preparation of Al Coating on Mg-Li Alloy with Molten Salt Replacement." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 4798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4798.

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A method of molten salt replacement was used to prepare an Al coating on Mg-Li alloy at different temperatures. The thickness, microstructure, phase composition and corrosion electrochemical analysis of the coating treated at different temperatures were analyzed. The corrosion resistances of the specimens with and without optimal coating were comparatively evaluated. Results show that, the optimal treatment temperature is 350 °C, at which a thickness of 9.15 μm coating is formed. In the Al coatings, Al exists as the form of Mg17Al12 and AlLi. The corrosion resistance is much better than that of the specimen without coating.

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MITAMURA, Takashi, Tomoyuki MASUDA, Hidehiko KOBAYASHI, Keiichi KATAYAMA, and Tokuji AKIBA. "Corrosion of Sintered High-Purity Mullite in Molten KF Salt." Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan 100, no. 1164 (1992): 1011–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2109/jcersj.100.1011.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Molten salt corrosion'

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