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Journal articles on the topic 'Mongolia'
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1
Homma, Kunioki. "Japanese Commitment in the Mongolian Economy, Resources and Infrastructure Development." Inner Asia 16, no. 2 (December 10, 2014): 336–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340022.
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Since liberalisation of the Mongolian economy, Japan has contributed substantially to Mongolia’s economic development and is proud of being the largest donor country to Mongolia. However, due to the recent rapid growth of the Mongolian economy the country will be soon be beyond the scope of oda donations from oecd countries. The Mongolian government oda budget will be reduced and private investment from overseas will have to be enlarged and enhanced. Most of the infrastructures have been supported by foreign government aid in Mongolia, but from now on Mongolia must rely on its own money or foreign private financial sources to develop such infrastructures. However, in the short term the Mongolian government budget is not going to be large enough to support the current increasing demands for infrastructure development. In this transitional period for Mongolia, changing the money source from foreign government aid to private investment, private companies and investors from Japan are also facing this new agenda in Mongolia. There are many issues to consider. Both Japan and Mongolia should mutually solve these issues.
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Kuzmin, Sergey L. "Динамика правового статуса Монголии в XX в." Desertum Magnum: studia historica Великая степь: исторические исследования, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2712-8431-2020-9-1-58-67.
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This article is aimed at determining Mongolia’s status based on historical documents and contemporaries’ evaluation. It discusses the change in the legal status of Mongolia from the collapse of Qing Empire till the mid XX century. As it is shown, Mongolia was not part of China but was in vassal — suzerain relationship with the Manchu Dynasty of Qing Empire. Qing ‘new policy’ of Chinese colonization destroyed this relationship which led to national liberation movement of Mongols. Dynasty abdication and the formation of the Republic of China gave new legitimate ground for independence Mongolia. Declaration of independence of Mongolia on December 29, 1911 as the culmination of this movement was legitimate and was not a revolution. The treaty signed in 1912 between Russia and Mongolia may be considered as de jure recognition of the independence but not the autonomy of Mongolia. The rightful recognition of the autonomy was recorded in the agreement of 1915 between Russia, China and Mongolia. Outer Mongolia became the state under the formal suzerainty of China and the protectorate of Russia. The abolishment of autonomy and occupation of Outer Mongolia by China in 1919 was illegal. In 1921 baron R. F. Ungern reinstated the autonomy and in fact the independence of Outer Mongolia. From the take-over of the Mongolian People’s Party until adoption of constitution by the Mongolian People’s Republic in 1924 the country status was undefined. From 1924 until recognition by China in 1946 the Mongolian People’s Republic was de facto independent country with the implied (silent) recognition by the USSR. Reunion of Inner Mongolia and Barga with the Outer Mongolia / Mongolian People’s Republic was the historical choice of their peoples.
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Tsybenov, Bazar D. "Языки и диалекты национальных меньшинств Хулун-Буира как объект исследования." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, no. 4 (December 17, 2020): 615–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-4-615-624.
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Introduction. The article examines languages of some national minorities living in the Hulun Buir Urban District of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (PRC). The study is relevant since the Han majority subjects national minorities to strong linguistic assimilation. Timely study of the languages and dialects of this region is necessary for a comparative analysis with the languages of the Mongolic and Tungus-Manchu peoples living in Russia. Goals. The research primarily aims to examine some aspects of linguistic studies in publications of Inner Mongolia’s philologists. The work solves the following tasks: 1) review of languages and dialects of Hulun Buir ethnic groups, including in publications of Russian researchers; 2) research of some works dealing with the Old Barga dialect of the Mongolian language; 3) analysis of publications on the Dagur language and one scientific article about the Evenki language. Materials. The article analyzes scientific works of researchers from Inner Mongolia, such as Bousian, Enkhabatu, Tseberkhas, Urangua, Yu Shan, Serenbatu. Results. The existing division into languages and dialects has some differences in China and Russia. This unequal linguistic status requires the development of a single generally accepted standard. The Old Barga dialect has preserved a number of words from the language of medieval Mongols. This Barga dialect also borrowed some words from Manchu, Japanese and Russian. Philologists of Inner Mongolia actively study the Dagur language and dialects. They carry out comparative analyses of the latter and Mongolic languages, identify features of the Hailar and Buteha dialects of the Dagur language. So, scientists conducted a sociological survey on whether the Daur people know their native language, as well as Mongolian and Chinese. Professor Serenbat analyzed Evenki verb endings in comparison with Mongolian, Manchu and Dagur ones. Conclusions. The important issue is a standardization of languages and dialects of the region. It must be done in accordance with generally accepted standards in Russia and China. Russian philologists should begin comprehensive studies of the scientific developments of Inner Mongolia’s researchers. The study of the historiography of languages and dialects of Hulun Buir has great prospects.
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Surmaajav, Lkhaakhuu. "An Economic Analysis of Coal Pricing in Mongolia." Technium Social Sciences Journal 62 (October 8, 2024): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v62i1.11761.
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Coal is a critical export for Mongolia, playing a significant role in the nation’s economy by contributing to GDP and export revenues. This paper provides an economic analysis of coal pricing in Mongolia, examining the primary factors that drive price fluctuations in both domestic and international markets. Key areas of focus include global demand, particularly from neighboring China, transportation costs, government policies, currency exchange rates, and environmental regulations. The paper employs a mixed-method approach, analyzing historical price data alongside policy reviews to identify the challenges and opportunities Mongolia faces in stabilizing coal prices. Global coal demand, especially from China, has a profound effect on Mongolian coal prices, while infrastructure limitations and transportation costs further exacerbate price volatility. Additionally, Mongolia’s coal sector is influenced by international competition, particularly from established exporters like Australia and Indonesia, which benefit from more developed supply chains. This research aims to provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders by offering recommendations on how Mongolia can enhance price stability and strengthen its position in the global coal market. By analyzing the economic forces shaping Mongolian coal prices, the study contributes to broader discussions on resource management and economic sustainability in coal-dependent economies. The findings will aid policymakers in developing strategies that address Mongolia's infrastructure challenges and ensure the long-term viability of its coal industry in the face of evolving global energy dynamics.
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Grayvoronskiy, Vladimir. "TRANSPORT SECTOR IN MONGOLIA." Eastern Analytics, no. 3 (2020): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2020-03-061-070.
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A general review of the Mongolia’s transport sector’s development in 2000– 2019, including road, railway, civil air, water transport sub-sectors, main indicators of transport by types, new big projects are described. Mongolia’s transit transport facilities between Russia and China, as well as between East Asia and Europe are increasing. An economic corridor Russia- Mongolia- China is under construction. A Russian- Mongolian special purpose joint venture to be established for feasibility study of main gas pipeline from Russia to China across Mongolia.
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Haoribao, Enke, Yoshinori Natsume, and Shinichi Hamada. "Arrangement Plan of Inner Mongolia Buddhist Temple." ATHENS JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE 8, no. 1 (December 17, 2022): 67–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/aja.8-1-4.
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Since BC, the construction of cities has been started in the Mongolian Plateau with the establishment of dynasties, but many were turned into ruins. However, the Tibetan Buddhist temples built after the 16th century, which are an indispensable element in the process of settling the Mongolians from nomadic life, have been relatively well preserved in Inner Mongolia. These temples have been thought to be the epitome of the Mongolian economy, culture, art, and construction technology. Therefore, it has a great significance to research them systematically. Interestingly, these temples in Mongolia were originated from Inner Mongolia, which is located on the south side of Mongolia. The architectural design of these temples has been primarily influenced by Chinese and Tibetan temple architecture, suggesting that the temples appear to be considered a vital sample for studying temple architecture in Mongolia or East Asia. So far, there is still no study systematically on temple architecture in Inner Mongolia. Therefore, this research aims to study the arrangement plan of Inner Mongolian Tibetan Buddhist temples, which is the most important factor to consider in the first stage of temple construction.
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Chatterjee, Souvik, and Subhash Kumar Baitha. "Mongolia's Strategic Partnership with India: The Third Neighbour Policy and Beyond." Social Inquiry: Journal of Social Science Research 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 50–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/sijssr.v4i1.64806.
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Following the collapse of its trusted ally, the USSR, Mongolia faced significant challenges in aligning itself within the new global order. As a result, Mongolia's external and internal strategic environment compelled the nomadic nation to establish and maintain friendly relations with major powers other than China and Russia. Mongolia has since attempted to diversify its diplomatic and strategic reach in regional and international forums that had previously been overshadowed by Mongolia's previous patron, the Soviet Union. Mongolia had adopted two distinct policies, namely the ‘Good Neighbor Policy’ and the ‘Third Neighbor Policy’, which outlined Mongolia's aspirations in the post-Cold War global order. This paper will attempt to understand the changes and continuities in Mongolian foreign policy as a result of Mongolia's 'Third Neighbour Policy,' as well as to investigate the possibility of mutual cooperation between India and Mongolia. The most important aspect of this research is identifying Mongolia's relevant security issues. This study will use empirical data to examine Mongolia's security dilemma, but the analysis will be qualitative. The study's findings show that, despite its small power status, Mongolia will play an important role in North Asian great power politics due to its geostrategic location and mineral resources. Given China's dominance and Western powers' counter-dominance initiatives, this assumption is becoming true. With this in mind, India started to transform it spiritual partnership with Mongolia into a comprehensive strategic one.
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Makarov, A., E. Makarova, and A. Mikheeva. "Mongolian Vector of Russia’s Foreign Economic Policy." World Economy and International Relations 68, no. 8 (2024): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-8-105-116.
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November 26, 2024 marks the 100th anniversary of the proclamation of the Mongolian People’s Republic, the establishment of which as a sovereign state was made possible thanks to the full support of the USSR. The second socialist state in the world existed for less than 70 years. However, in terms of its significance in national development, this short period represents a separate era in the Mongolian history. The paper reveals the results of Soviet-Mongolian economic cooperation. It is shown that the Mongolia development as an independent state in the 20th century became possible thanks to the Soviet Union’s extensive economic assistance. Joint companies were the main instrument of Soviet assistance. Through their establishment, all key sectors of the Mongolian economy were created. At the same time, another result of this assistance was the gigantic credit debt of Mongolia to the USSR. Due to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Mongolia had to reorient itself to attracting economic assistance from Western countries. Thanks to their help, Mongolia was able to carry out political and economic reforms. Therefore, Western countries began to be considered as priority partners for Mongolia. At the present stage, they act as key investors in the mining sector of the Mongolian economy. The features of the settlement of Mongolia’s “great debt” to Russia as the legal successor of the USSR are revealed. The analysis of modern Russian-Mongolian economic relations showed that it is based on the import of Russian energy resources to Mongolia. At the same time, a number of joint infrastructure development initiatives are being developed that could bring multilateral economic cooperation in the regional triangle “Russia-Mongolia-China” to a new level. The modernization of the Trans-Mongolian railway and the construction of infrastructure for the transit of gas and electricity from Russia to China are considered as priority projects of Russian-Mongolian economic cooperation. Another important direction in the development of Russian-Mongolian economic cooperation could be the conclusion of a free trade agreement between Mongolia and the Eurasian Economic Union. This agreement will allow Mongolia to increase the profitability of exports of light industrial goods to Russia.
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Bezrukov, L. A., A. N. Fartyshev, and S. Enkh-Amgalan. "Export transportability of Mongolia and Russia-Mongolia relations in the commodity markets." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 885, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/885/1/012006.
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Abstract The commodity and geographical structure of Mongolia’s exports, dynamics and features of Mongolia’s foreign trade with Russia are considered. The tendency of weakening of foreign trade interaction of Mongolia with the Eastern regions of Russia is revealed. Using the original author’s method, an assessment of the distribution of Mongolian export goods was carried out, taking into account their transportability in sales markets and areas of remoteness. A pattern has been revealed for the export of low-transportable mineral raw materials, which is almost exclusively directed to neighbouring countries, mainly to China, while more expensive types of Mongolian products (wool, yarn, clothing, gold, etc.) are exported to distant countries. It has been established that the value of Mongolian exports for a number of mineral and raw materials exceeds the Russia’s and have strong growth prospects. The conclusion is drawn that the competition between exporters of Mongolia and the Eastern regions of Russia for foreign markets of mineral commodities, primarily for the Chinese market, will intensify in the near future.
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Kuznetsov, D., A. Khrustalev, M. Batchimeg, and G. Danzan. "On gastrointestinal nematodes of Mongolian gazelle (Procapra gutturosa)." Helminthologia 51, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11687-014-0218-7.
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Abstract The species composition of nematodes found at autopsy of abomasa and small intestines of 24 Mongolian gazelles in Eastern Mongolia is studied. Orloffia bisonis, Marshallagia mongolica, Nematodirus archari, N. andreevi, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, T. probolurus were registered. N. archari and N. andreevi were detected in Mongolian gazelle for the first time. All species of gastrointestinal nematodes found in Mongolian gazelles have already been registered in domestic ruminants of Mongolia. The validity of Orloffia genus is confirmed based on our own observations and literature data. Orloffia is monotypic genus with the only species O. bisonis represented by two morphs where “O. bisonis” is major and “O. kasakhstanica” is minor.
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Kuras, Leonid V., and Bazar D. Tsybenov. "От Уполномоченного императорского российского правительства в Монголии И. Я. Коростовца до Уполномоченного НКИД РСФСР в Монголии О. И. Макстенека: к 100-летию российско-монгольских дипломатических отношений." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 2 (November 30, 2021): 351–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-2-351-365.
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Introduction. An urgent issue of Mongolian studies today is the role of Russian-Mongolian diplomatic relations in promoting the statehood of Mongolia in the first quarter of the twentieth century. The revolutionalry movement in Inner Asia, in particular, and the social-political history of modern Mongolia, in general, are closely associated with the efforts of Russian diplomacy and, especially, with a number of diplomats who greatly contributed to the promotion of Mongolian direction of the Russian politics in the East. The aim of the present article is the study of the activities of Russian diplomats, namely I. Ya. Korostovets, the Plenipotentiary of the Imperial Russian Government in Mongolia, and O. I. Makstenek, the Representative of the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the RSFSR in Mongolia. Accordingly, the research has been conducted along the following lines: i) history of the issue, ii) examination of 1912 Russian-Mongolian agreement, iii) description of the events in Outer Mongolia between 1917 and 1920, and iv) analysis of Makstenek’s report as a source on the history of Mongolian Revolution of 1921 and the Soviet-Chinese relations. Conclusions.Both Korostovets, on behalf of the Russian Imperial Government, and Makstenek, on behalf of the RSFSR, played a significant role in establishing the regional system of international relations in the Baikal region. The 1912 Russian-Mongolian Agreement, which was in fact the result of Korostovets’ efforts, was instrumental in promoting Mongolia as a subject of international law and in initiating the movement of Mongolians to their de facto and de jure independence from China. Makstenek’s report shows much effort the Soviet diplomat took in preparing the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. Besides receiving and delegating Mongolian revolutionaries to Soviet Russia, taking an active part in preparations to the First Congress of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and in the formation of military detachments of Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Army, Makstenek conducted negotiations with the Chinese authorities in Urga and Maimachen, i.e. in fact initiated the diplomatic proceedings designed to prepare the presence of Soviet troops in Mongolia.
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Meng, Gencang. "The Chinese Scholarship on Mongolia and Its Development Trend." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs 24 (January 22, 2024): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v24i1.3312.
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Since the normalization of the relationship between China and Mongolia in the early 1990s, the Chinese academia has conducted a multi-angle research on Mongolia’s political and economic transformation, foreign policy, and social culture. Especially on the contents of the Belt and Road, since the President of China proposed the China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor in 2014, Chinese universities and research institutions have successively established the Mongolia Research Centers and related research institutions, dedicated to research on the corridor construction, Sino-Mongolian strategic development, humanities exchange, and other related researches. This paper will introduce China’s Mongolia Research Centers and other related research institutions and analyze the Chinese scholarship on Mongolia and its development trend.
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Kuras, Leonid V., Tsyden S. Ochirov, and Bazar D. Tsybenov. "Формирование монгольской интеллигенции во Внутренней Монголии Китая в начале XX в." Oriental Studies 15, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 930–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-63-5-930-940.
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Introduction. The 20th-century shaping and development of the intelligentsia in China’s Inner Mongolia remains understudied in Russian Mongolian studies. Goals. The study aims at exploring the development of Inner Mongolia’s education system, including in Daur-inhabited areas, in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, at determining the place and role of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School in training of Inner Mongolia’s advanced youth. Materials and methods. The article analyzes a wide range of sources, including documents from the Russian State Archive of Sociopolitical History (RGASPI) and Central Archives of the Federal Security Service of Russia (CA FSB). It also examines a number of publications, such as collected documents and memoirs titled ‘Notes of Disasters and Sufferings’, one reference book on Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner, and the Neimenggu ribao (Inner Mongolia Daily) newspaper. Certain attention is paid to works by Russian and foreign historians that touch upon some aspects of education development in ethnic regions of China. Results. In the early 20th century, the youth of Inner Mongolia gained opportunities to study at educational institutions of China and other countries. Subsequently, the revolutionary youth to further constitute a large proportion of the Mongolian intelligentsia took an active part in the sociopolitical events of the examined period. Conclusions. The reforms of the Qing and ROC governments in ethnic minorities education system gave rise to a large number of educational institutions to be attended by commoners’ children in Inner Mongolia. This proved a crucial factor to have formed a new social stratum in the region throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The latter was shaped by young Mongols to have undergone training not only in China but also in Japan, Mongolia, and the USSR. They played a significant role in the all-Mongolian national liberation movement. The paper asserts important impacts of the Mongolian-Tibetan Special School which had educated political elites of 20th-century Inner Mongolia.
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Kumar, Subhash, and Souvik Chatterjee. "Mongolia’s assertive and pragmatic role in India’s Connect Central Asia Policy: Current trajectory and Future Ahead." Journal of Political Issues 3, no. 1 (July 31, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jpi.v3i1.61.
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Mongolia’s uniqueness and importance in contemporary world politics lie in its geographical situating, demography, and economy. Geographically landlocked and situated in the Eurasian intersection, Mongolia has the lowest population density of any sovereign country on the planet. Sandwiched among Russia and China Mongolia's harsh environment limit its economic interests. However, Mongolia's geostrategic position, unexplored energy assets, and democratic governance have expanded its importance in global politics. Because of such Mongolia holds a key position in India's Act East and Connect Central Policy to counter China's expansionist policies in North-East Asia. With regards to India-Mongolia relations, the two nations share a rich historical legacy. Tibetan Buddhism the most prevailing religion in Mongolia makes social linkages, Democracy solidified further connections between India and Mongolia. Because of these old and profoundly established linkages, India-Mongolia are 'spiritual neighbors'. However, China still has an overreaching control over Mongolia’s trade, commerce, and other sectors. China also dominates intra-regional trade in North-East Asia. Under India’s Connect Central Asia India attempts to counter Chinese encirclement by delving into close strategic, economic, and energy relations with China's neighbors like Mongolia and CAS. However, the achievement or failure of India's Connect Asia Policy will depend upon India's political as well as its diplomatic will to transform India's interest in regional integration in reality.
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Miller, Antony D., and Jargalsaikhan Gaanjuursuren. "Contributions of Prominent Foreigners and Domestic Individuals to Mongolia's Development: A Historical Perspective." International Journal of Scientific Research and Management (IJSRM) 12, no. 02 (February 27, 2024): 1677–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsrm/v12i02.sh02.
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This study investigates the substantial contributions made by prominent foreigners to Mongolia through out history. Mongolia, located between China and Russia, has a rich cultural legacy and a distinct geopolitical position. Several prominent figures from other nations have played significant roles in supporting Mongolia in a variety of disciplines, including diplomacy, education, healthcare, and economic growth. This research intends to shed light on these contributions and their long-term influence on Mongolia's socioeconomic and scape. Mongolia has a long history of relations with outsiders, and numerous prominent figures from other nations have helped the country. This article features some noteworthy foreigners who have made contributions to Mongolian history.
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Sherin, Egor A. "FOREIGN TRADE COOPERATION BETWEEN MONGOLIA AND SIBERIAN REGIONS." Географический вестник = Geographical bulletin, no. 1(64) (2023): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2023-1-44-51.
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The study is devoted to identifying the sectoral and geographical structures of foreign trade cooperation between Mongolia and Russia in general and Siberian regions in particular. The paper shows the fundamental role of exports of the mining sector products for the modern economy of Mongolia. The share and place of Russia in the structure of commodity deliveries of Mongolia are indicated. These indicators are also provided in relation to China. The history of foreign economic relations between Russia and Mongolia in recent decades is traced, emerging difficulties have been identified. The role of Siberia in the structure of Russian-Mongolian foreign trade cooperation and the dynamics of its share in recent years are shown. The share and value indicators of trade turnover and the main commodity groups of exports and imports of Mongolia and each Siberian region have been calculated. More detailed attention is given to the regions being leaders in the structure of the Siberian-Mongolian cooperation in terms of both exports and imports. The ways of commodity communication between Mongolia and Siberia are explained. The problem areas of the foreign trade cooperation have been identified: disproportions in the structure of the Siberian-Mongolian trade turnover; one-sidedness of the commodity nomenclature of deliveries from Mongolia; instable prospects for joint trade turnover. The issues of the Mongolian economy’s vulnerability in the context of the country’s current foreign economic model are outlined. Taking into account the geopolitical situation that has changed in 2022, the paper proposes several promising ways of interaction between Mongolia and Russia in general and Siberian regions in particular. Particular attention is on the supply of food products, the expansion of Mongolia’s railway network, the need to increase the processing depth for exported raw materials, the unification of the energy systems of Siberia and Mongolia, the project of the Power of Siberia-2 (Soyuz Vostok) gas pipeline, the creation of an international transport corridor, as well as issues of geological exploration in the territory of Mongolia.
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Norov, Batsaikhan, Binderiya Batsaikhan, and Batchimeg Usukhbayar. "Mongol Familiarisation with European Medical Practices in the Nineteenth–Twentieth Centuries." Inner Asia 22, no. 2 (November 4, 2020): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340152.
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Abstract It was primarily Russian activities in Mongolia between 1860 and 1921, reflecting its geopolitical interests, that introduced European medical practices to the Mongols. Competing alongside other European powers, the Russian Government capitalised on conditions within Mongolia to increase Mongolia’s dependency on Russia. Thus, the Russian government’s motives for medical intervention, like that of other European groups, were mainly political, economic and cultural. In the context of Buddhist dogmatism and the expansive territorial distances between the Mongols (a term this paper uses to encompass all people of Mongol ethnicity in northern and central Asia), the reluctance of Russian doctors to disseminate European medical knowledge prevented its spread into Mongolia. Medical intervention was primarily a method of colonisation justified through healthcare support. Ultimately the familiarisation of European medicine in Mongolia was the first crucial step towards the amalgamation of traditional Mongolian and European medical practices after the Mongolian People’s Revolution.
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Rodionov, V. A., and O. Khatanbold. "Mongolia and 14th Dalai Lama in Late 20th and 21st Centuries." Nauchnyi dialog 13, no. 10 (December 24, 2024): 481–96. https://doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-10-481-496.
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This study explores the role of the Dalai Lama institution in the political processes of Mongolia, both from a historical perspective and in the context of contemporary events. The aim of the article is to identify the key factors influencing the presence of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political life. Conceptually and methodologically, the research relies on the theory of post-secular society. The sources for this study include legal documents from Mongolia, data from national censuses, results from sociological surveys, and publications from Mongolian, Russian, and Western media that address the relationships between state, society, and religion. The authors argue that modern Mongolia exemplifies a post-secular society. It is noted that the abandonment of state atheism and the phenomenon of “Buddhist revival” have led to a significant intertwining of religious and secular institutions. The figure of the 14th Dalai Lama is regarded as a crucial participant in these processes. The study establishes that the main factors contributing to the involvement of the Dalai Lama in Mongolia’s socio-political processes include his high religious authority among believers, the legitimization of Mongolian reincarnations, and his image as a “democratic leader.” Factors that restrain the influence of the Dalai Lama include a significant segment of non-religious citizens in Mongolia, risks of deteriorating relations with the People’s Republic of China, and trends toward the nationalization of Mongolia’s Buddhist sangha.
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Park, Eunyeong, and Junyoung Kang. "An analysis of the Rare Earth Elements(REEs) development environment in Mongolia: Focusing on legal environment analysis." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 76 (February 28, 2024): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2024.76.255.
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This paper identifies the development value and production potential of Mongolia’s Rare Earth Elements(REEs) through Mongolia’s laws and determines whether Mongolia can be one of the alternatives to China. As industrial advancement and the era of carbon neutrality arrive, the usage and value of rare earth elements, which are used as essential raw materials for various high-tech industries, continue to increase. At a time when countries such as the United States, Japan, and Europe did not realize the importance of REEs, China monopolized the REEs industry for a long time by purchasing REEs mines around the world or investing heavily in and developing areas where rare earth elements were believed to be buried.
Mongolia’s REEs are receiving attention as one of the alternatives to reduce China’s market dominance. However, the lack of Mongolia’s laws and infrastructure, proper geological surveys, and confidence in foreigners investing in Mongolia due to frequent policy changes are factors that impede development. In order to improve this, the Mongolian government continues to invite many foreign investors, making efforts to attract investment in the Mongolian mining sector, and is discussing restoring the foreign investment environment and improving the legal environment. It is believed that analysis of related laws is also important for Korea to cooperate with Mongolia in mineral development and production. In addition, Mongolia’s efforts to build infrastructure and the fact that it is seeking cooperation with Korea, the United States, and Japan are helping to create a foundation for future investment in Mongolia, which will enhance the possibility of REEs development.
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Oyunsuren, S., and U. Zulbayar. "Mongolia’s Foreign Policy Implementation: A Case Study in the Middle East." Mongolian Diaspora. Journal of Mongolian History and Culture 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 127–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/modi-2021-010109.
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Summary The purpose of this article is to clarify Mongolia's foreign policy challenges and trends by studying the historical and current processes of Mongolia in relation to the Middle East in chronological order, using both primary and secondary sources. Relations between Mongolia and the countries of the Middle East can be chronologically divided into three different periods: the State of the Huns (Xiongnu), the Mongol Empire, and Modern Mongolia. The state of the Huns, at the peak of its power, successfully developed relations with the countries of the Middle East through the “Great Silk Road”. The Mongol Empire, including the Ilkhanate, the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Yuan Dynasty made a significant contribution to the development of mankind and pioneered globalization processes within the concept of Pax Mongolica. In addition, it is clear that the Mongols and Muslims together played an important role in the development of the world during this period. The Mongols fell under the rule of the Manchu in 1691 and were close to extinction. However, in 1946, they restored the independence of Mongolia. During this period, there was no relationship between Mongolia and the Middle East. And with the accession of the Mongolian People's Republic to the UN in 1961, its foreign policy relations crossed to a new level. However, its political position was one-sided and stated that “Mongolia would develop relations with socialist-oriented countries” and it included Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt, Algeria, Democratic Yemen, Syria, Iraq, and Libya. During the 1990s, Mongolia's internal and external environment changed dramatically and it had moved to a democratic political system and market economy. And Mongolia determined the main guiding principle of foreign policy as “multi-based”. According to Mongolia's first foreign policy concept of 1994, its foreign policy towards the Middle East has been successfully implementing not only through bilateral relations but also through multilateral relations within international organizations and movements such as the United Nations, the Group of 77, and the Non-Aligned Movement. The renewed Mongolia Foreign Policy Concept of 2011 is aimed at establishing and expanding partnerships and cooperation with countries of the West and East, such as the United States, Japan, the European Union, India, the Republic of Korea, and Turkey within the framework of the “third neighbor” policy. One of the key motivations for Turkey as a third neighbor should be a historical link that binds the two peoples together as descendants of similar cultural heritage. In the near future, it is obvious that we will increase the number of our third neighbors with countries such as Kuwait, Israel, Iran from the Middle East.
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Batunaev, Eduard V. "The «Mongolian Question» in Soviet-Chinese Relations (1921-1925)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 29, no. 1 (June 14, 2023): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2023-29-1-57-61.
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The article deals with the problematic and key issues of Soviet-Chinese relations related to the formalization of the legal status of Mongolia, which was called the “Mongolian questionˮ. The “Mongolian questionˮ was a stumbling block in Soviet-Chinese relations, since de jure Mongolia was part of the Republic of China, and de facto it had all the features of an independent state. The solution of the “Mongolian questionˮ lay in the plane of a revolutionary ideological and diplomatic nature, where Mongolia was given an important place as a transit corridor in promoting the ideas of the world revolution to the East, providing military assistance to the people's revolutionary forces of both China and Mongolia. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the evolution of Soviet-Chinese relations, accompanied by complex diplomatic negotiations between China and Soviet Russia, the struggle between the Comintern and foreign policy structures. Analysis of scientific literature and sources showed that in transnational history the “Mongolian questionˮ was a complex and multifactorial phenomenon, which included a complex of both internal and external factors, including the relationship between Soviet Russia and China. at the revolutionary class and diplomatic levels, as well as Mongolia's own ideas in the struggle for state independence.
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Chaolumenggerile. "Better understanding the state of Mongolian society under the Qing Dynasty in order to shed light on changes to the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians." Impact 2021, no. 3 (March 29, 2021): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21820/23987073.2021.3.82.
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Inner Mongolia is an autonomous region of China. Nowadays, the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians is increasingly difficult to maintain. Good and abundant pastures with water fields and soil with soda are key to this lifestyle as they are essential for livestock. In recent years, however, livestock numbers have decreased and, additionally, Inner Mongolians have experienced lifestyle changes such as remaining in one location instead of moving with the changing seasons. Furthermore, grasslands that once grew across the land have lost some of their regenerative power and now grow in patches and only to a relatively small height. Dr. Chaolumenggerile, Inner Mongolia University, China, is exploring historical materials in an effort to better understand these changes and in order to ascertain what can be done to preserve the traditional nomadic lifestyle of Inner Mongolians. She believes that understanding the state of Mongolian society under the Qing Dynasty 300 years ago would contribute to better understanding the current state of Mongolian society and is working to understand the rangeland demarcation policy that was implemented under the Qing Dynasty rule and how it penetrated Mongolian society. Part of the work involves investigating pasture conflicts in Mongolia during the Qing Dynasty and she has already succeeded in shedding light on the forms and patterns of rangeland conflicts that existed during that time.
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Mavidkhaan Baasandulam. "ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH ON CHINA MONGOLIAN TRADE COMPETITION AND COMPLEMENTARITY." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, no. 6(26) (November 30, 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/30112019/6796.
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The development of trade between China and Mongolia should be based on complementary product trade. On this basis, products with trade potential should be continuously explored to expand the scale and structure of China- Mongolian trade and promote the continuous development of bilateral trade. This paper analyzes the current situation of economic and trade cooperation and trade complementarity between China and Mongolia, and concludes that China and Mongolia have different comparative advantages in export products. Mongolia's export is highly integrated with China's trade, and the two countries are highly complementary in trade.
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GIBBENS, JOHN, N. ALTANCHIMEG, and LYNN SUCHY. "An Effective Response to the Lessons of History in Mongolia." Unio Cum Christo 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.35285/ucc4.1.2018.art13.
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INTRODUCTION: Garamtseren Bayarjargal’s Article “Re-Establishment Of The Christian Church In Mongolia: The Mongolian Standard Version Translation By National Christians” Describes A Past Christian Presence Among Mongolians And Asserts That Post-1990 Mongolian Christianity Is Not New, But Is In A Process Of “re-establishment.” The Article Also Describes Mongolian Bible Translation History With Special Emphasis Given To The Author’s Mongolian Standard Version Bible Translation Project.
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JUDSON, SARAH W., and C. RILEY NELSON. "A Guide to Mongolian Stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera)." Zootaxa 3541, no. 1 (November 6, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3541.1.1.
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Since the early 1900s, efforts have been made to catalogue the stoneflies of Mongolia. Taxonomic work from 1960 to1980 greatly expanded basic lists of stoneflies in Mongolia, but no comprehensive survey or synthesis of this dispersedliterature has been completed. In conjunction with a modern survey of the aquatic insects of Mongolia, we collectedPlecoptera on a series of expeditions to the Selenge (north) and Altai (west) regions of Mongolia. A total of 48 speciesdistributed in 24 genera and 8 families were documented, including 3 of the 5 Mongolian endemics, 2 new species re-cords for Mongolia, and 1 species new to science. The majority of the fauna is representative of the East Palearcticregion. The 800+ specimen records were used to validate historical species lists, document species ranges with georef-erenced localities, and create identification tools to be used by Mongolian and international researchers with a broadrange of taxonomic expertise. These identification tools include a generic-level key to nymphs, species diagnoses, aswell as known species range and predicted species range maps created using Ecological Niche Modeling. These toolsare primarily intended for use by Mongolian scientists, sampling teams, and community water quality monitoringgroups, as well as general use by researchers interested in biogeography, ecology, and water quality applications ofMongolian Plecoptera. With this work, we hope to equip Mongolians with the scientific resources to protect their valuable and vulnerable water resources.
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Han, Jong-Soo, and Narantsetseg Chinzorigt. "Industrial Structure and Industrial Policy Direction in Mongolia." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 74 (August 31, 2023): 225–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2023.74.225.
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The industrial structure in Mongolia was made up of the agriculture and stock-farming industry at 13.0%, the mining-manufacturing industry at 45.5%, and the service industry at 43.1% respectively in 2021. This is the typical industrial structure that is shown in developing countries.
The mining industry has been considered the easy and strong major driving sector to economic growth in Mongolia which retains various plentiful resources. And this belief may hinder the transition of the industrial structure of Mongolia to the one of developed countries. To ascertain this belief, we estimate Mongolia's industrial elasticity of economic growth from 1985-2022. The industrial elasticity of economic growth was shown as the stock-farming industry at 2.0%, the mining-manufacturing industry at 12.2%, and the service industry at 11.2% respectively.
The excessive dependency on the mining industry brought about Dutch disease in Mongolia. And the economy has been too weak to the foreign shocks. The industrial policy in Mongolia should be carefully executed to avoid Dutch disease and Mongolia should develop a manufacturing industry in order to achieve stable, and sustainable economic growth and development for the future.
Fortunately, the Mongolian government seems to perceive the necessity of persistent manufacturing industry development in the future. The industrial policy alternatives for breaking from the heavy dependency on the mining industry and fostering the manufacturing industry in Mongolia were listed in “vision-2050, Mongolian long-term development policy”.
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Makarov, A. V., and E. V. Makarova. "Foreign Trade of Mongolia under Global Shocks." Problemy Dalnego Vostoka, no. 5 (December 15, 2024): 84–96. https://doi.org/10.31857/s0131281224050066.
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The paper examines the current problems of Mongolia's foreign trade. It reveals that Mongolia depends on trade with two neighboring countries and has therefore suffered from border restrictions from China and Western states sanctions against Russia. It shows that the closure of the border with China in 2020 led to a sharp drop in Mongolian exports. In addition, Mongolia's dependence on mineral exports to China was exacerbated by its dependence on oil product imports from Russia. The sharp rise in oil product prices and supply problems in 2022 had a negative impact on the economic situation in Mongolia. China's completion of the COVID-Zero policy allowed Mongolia to exceed pre-pandemic mineral export volumes in 2023. The construction of new railway crossings will increase export volumes to China and other countries. Mongolia's implementation of measures to develop its own oil refining industry will lead to its elimination of dependence on Russian oil products in the coming years. In connection with the latter, a precipitous reduction in mutual trade up to a complete cessation should be expected. Therefore, the development of a long-term policy of bilateral economic cooperation is extremely relevant. As a key initiative that will ensure at least minimal volumes of Russian-Mongolian trade and maintain good-neighborly relations, the conclusion of a free trade agreement is proposed.
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Ma, Zhengyang. "Mongolia’s Road to Independence: The Power Bargains Between China and Russia." Social Science, Humanities and Sustainability Research 3, no. 3 (September 7, 2022): p116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sshsr.v3n3p116.
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Since 1691, when the Qing Empire of China merged with Mongolia, the Chinese government always considered Mongolia an integral part of China. However, after the Qing Dynasty collapsed, Mongolia started to seek its independence, and finally be recognized as an independent regime from China in 1946. This article examines the question of how Mongolia achieved independence through the perspective of power bargains between great powers, China and Russia, in a historical context. Initially, this article analyzes how the Russian Empire expanded its sphere of influence in Mongolia after the mid-19th century and provoked the conflicts between Mongolians and the Qing Empire. In the meanwhile, the Qing empire’s reformation in the late 19th century put sizable economic pressures on Mongolians, which exacerbated the relationship between the two sides further. Between 1911 to 1945, immediately after the Qing Empire collapsed, Mongolia claimed its sovereignty with the support of Russia, but the new Chinese government had never recognized Mongolia as an independent country during this period. It was not until the Yalta Conference, however, since the United States eagerly needed the Soviet Union to dispatch its troops against Japan, that Roosevelt pressured the Chinese Government to accept Stalin’s requirement of recognition of Mongolia’s sovereignty.
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Yang, John, and Sang-Uk Jung. "Harnessing FinTech for Sustainable Finance in Developing Countries: An Integrated SWOT–Multi-Level Perspective Analysis of Mongolia." Sustainability 16, no. 10 (May 14, 2024): 4102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16104102.
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This research paper investigates the potential of FinTech solutions in promoting sustainable finance in Mongolia, an emerging market economy with a burgeoning FinTech landscape. This study explores how Mongolia leverages FinTech innovations to advance sustainable development goals. Utilizing secondary data sourced from Mongolian government agencies, global financial organizations, academic institutions, market research firms, and industry associations, we conducted an integrated SWOT-MLP analysis of Mongolia’s FinTech industry, which includes the FinTech business models, ecosystem, regulatory frameworks, traditional financial institutions, and stakeholders. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the opportunities and challenges facing Mongolia in integrating FinTech into its sustainable finance agenda, and SWOT-based strategies.
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Borjigin, Huhbator. "The History and the Political Character of the Name of ‘Nei Menggu’ (Inner Mongolia)." Inner Asia 6, no. 1 (2004): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481704793647207.
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AbstractAfter the independence of ‘Outer Mongolia’ in 1911, and especially after the founding of the Mongolian People's Republic in 1924, ‘Outer Mongolia’ (Wai Menggu in Chinese or Gadaad Mongol and Ar Mongol in Mongolian) became a historical term. Inner Mongolia, on the other hand, became the focal point of the so–called ‘Mongolian problem’, and its name Nei Menggu (C) or Dotood Mongol (M) remained sinocentric, denoting direct rule as it did in the Qing geographical– administrative demarcation of the Mongols. The question of naming Inner Mongolia in both Chinese and Mongolian has thus become significant not only for the Mongols in China, but also for Mongols in the independent state of Mongolia. The founding of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government in 1947 introduced a new name in Mongolian: instead of Dotood Mongol, it is now called Öbör (the sunny side of mountain) Mongol, thereby forming a geobody with Ar Mongol (formerly Outer Mongolia), and it no longer connotes internal administration within China. However, this change has not been reflected in Chinese translation, as Inner Mongolia continues to be called Nei Menggu and historicist Chinese continue to refer to Mongolia as Wai Menggu. In recent years, some Mongols began to call Inner Mongolia ‘Nan Menggu’, and with it came the change of English translation from Inner Mongolia to Southern Mongolia.
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Puthuval, Sarala. "Stages of language shift in twentieth-century Inner Mongolia." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4083.
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Mongolian as a minority language in China is losing speakers, although several million remain in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The case of 20th-century Inner Mongolia is an example of the long-term processes that may precede language endangerment. This paper takes Fishman’s (1991) notion of language shift as a decline in intergenerational mother tongue transmission and formalizes it for quantitative research, applying the methodology to a retrospective survey of intergenerational language transmission concerning over 600 Inner Mongolians born between 1922 and 2007. Results show that bilingualism with Chinese has penetrated the entire Mongolian-speaking population, but has not thus far precipitated massive language shift.
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Grayvoronskiy, Vladimir. "MONGOLIA’S NEUTRAL POSITION ON RUSSIA’S SPECIAL MILITARY OPERATION IN UKRAINE: A YEAR LATER." Eastern Analytics 14, no. 2 (2023) (2023): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2023-02-074-084.
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The article discusses the results of the implementation of the official Mongolia's neutral foreign policy and public opinion regarding the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and Russia's Special Military Operation in Ukraine (SMO), analyzes the results of a public opinion poll in Mongolia organized by the Mongolian Public Opinion Foundation «Sant Maral» and the German Konrad Adenauer Foundation, the influence of pro-Western, pro-American, antiRussian information warfare and propaganda on various layers of civil society in Mongolia, especially on young people.
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Kim, Staci Jinyoung, Jongoh Lee, and Heejae Choi. "Mongolian Students Studying in Korea: Examining Policies and Charting Utilization Strategies." International Journal of Religion 5, no. 11 (September 12, 2024): 9191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/sk0f8588.
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This study investigates the evolving cultural and diplomatic ties between Mongolia and Korea since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1990. As the popularity of Korean popular culture and economic ties increase, along with cultural exchange between the two nations, there has been a significant rise in the demand for Korean language education in Mongolia. This trend is primarily driven by the younger generation, resulting in a substantial presence of Mongolian students in Korea. The stability and growth in the number of Mongolian students studying in Korea underscore sustained interest and engagement. This article carefully examines the multifaceted factors contributing to this trend, encompassing cultural exchanges inspired by Korean popular culture, governmental initiatives, and Mongolia’s rich educational history. Notably, it addresses the historical foundations of Mongolia’s high literacy rate and the proactive role of Mongolian parents in fostering education. The expansive higher education sector in Mongolia is explored, acknowledging its growth since the early 1990s. Additionally, the study sheds light on the challenges confronted by international students in Korea, emphasizing the necessity for robust support systems. Furthermore, it delves into Korea’s initiatives to attract and seamlessly integrate foreign talent, with a focus on Mongolian graduates, into its workforce. This paper also recognizes the complexities and dynamics that prompt Mongolian students to seek international opportunities, emphasizing the need for support structures. This perspective is essential for the leaders and officials of both nations as they navigate the educational landscape and plan collaborative ventures contributing to mutual economic and social development.
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Et al., HO-WOOG KIM. "Medical Hallyu In Mongolia: A Case Study Of Dr. Kwan-Tae Park’s Spirituality And Medical Service." Psychology and Education Journal 58, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 4821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v58i1.1643.
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Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between South Korea and Mongolia in 1990, Hallyu (the Korean Wave) has rapidly spread to Mongolia. Korean food and medicine, as well as Korean drama and pop music, are welcomed by Mongolians. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of Korean medical service on Mongolia, focusing on the Korean medical missionary Kwan-tae Park. We will show that his excellent human relationship as a reason for his fruit-bearing ministry in the Mongolian society, which is somewhat unfriendly to aggressive Christian evangelism. In conclusion, we will argue that his ministry is imitating Jesus' life presented by the New Testament in a large framework.
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Chultemsuren, Tamir, and Julian Dierkes. "Mongolia in 2023 and 2024." Asian Survey 65, no. 2 (March 2025): 348–58. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2025.65.2.348.
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From the uncertainty of a global pandemic, the Mongolian economy has stabilized through coal and copper exports over the past two years. Political developments culminated in the parliamentary election of June 28, 2024, which led to a continuation of the Mongolian People’s Party government, albeit in a new coalition with the Democratic Party and the HUN Party. Prime Minister L. Oyun-Erdene continues to lead the government, and few policy changes are expected from the shift to a coalition. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine continues to reverberate around the world and to define Mongolia’s geopolitical situation. Domestic opinion remains divided on relations with Russia, while Russian President Putin continues to exhibit the attitude of a benevolent regional hegemon toward countries like Mongolia. The confrontation with the Russian regime has led OECD countries and some Asian countries to intensify relations with and official visits to Mongolia.
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Zhukovskaya, Natalia L. "Советско-монгольская комплексная историко-культурная экспедиция. 1970 год — второй сезон. Дневник этнографического отряда (продолжение: 13 августа – 2 сентября 1970 г.)." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-1-154-171.
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Goals. The article introduces into scientific discourse materials dealing with the history of ethnography research of Mongolic peoples. In 2019, the Mongolian Studies published 1969 (season one) diary notes of the ethnography research team affiliated to the Soviet- Mongolian comprehensive history and culture research expedition. This publication includes field diary notes of 1970 describing contacts with scholars from different countries in Ulaanbaatar, and research activities in aimags of Central Mongolia.
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Ochhuu, Enkhbat. "Historical aspects of the origin and formation of military and political relations between Mongolia (Mongolian people’s republic) and Russia (the USSR) (1860–1939)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 29, no. 4 (March 29, 2024): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2023-29-4-72-78.
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Historical milestones of the birth and formation of military and political relations between Mongolia and Russia over a long period of time, from the 1860s up to the beginning of World War II are analysed in the article on the basis of normative legal documents. It was the policies pursued by Russia and the USSR, along with a variety of external and internal factors, that were decisive in Mongolia’s gaining independence and sovereignty. The nature of the influence of Russia (USSR) on the formation and strengthening of the Mongolian army is considered in the article; as well as the participation of military instructors of the Russian Imperial Army and military representatives of the Russian Communist Red Army in the formation and training of Mongolian military troops and military units in the 1910-1920s; the main aspects of military and political co-operation between the USSR and Mongolia in the 1930s and on the eve of World War II are studied, in particular the specifics and issues of supplying weapons to the military units of the Mongolian army, as well as the role of the Soviet Union in the development of the Mongolian army. On the basis of previously published archival sources and materials, a detailed analysis of the organisation and construction of the Mongolian People’s Republic’s armed forces, their combat training and manning is carried out. Conclusion about the determining influence of military-political relations between Russia and Mongolia in the studied period on the formation of the Mongolian state and its armed forces, as well as on strengthening of Mongolia’s position in the international arena is made in the article.
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Batkhishig, B., and V. Dorzhieva. "Trade and Economic Relations between Mongolia and Russia in Changing Global Economy." World Economy and International Relations 69, no. 1 (2025): 76–86. https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2025-69-1-76-86.
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The article analyzes the current state of trade and economic relations between Mongolia and Russia. It is shown that over the past thirty-two years the volume and share of Russia in Mongolia’s foreign trade turnover has decreased significantly, despite the country’s rich history and vast experience of mutual trade and economic cooperation. The commodity structure of mutual trade between Mongolia and Russia has also changed significantly. It is noted that despite the growth in the total volume of Mongolia’s exports, the supply of Mongolian goods to the Russian market is an insignificant part. The main partners importing Mongolian products are China, Switzerland, Singapore and the Republic of Korea. Promising directions for expanding bilateral trade and economic cooperation are proposed, including those related to the elimination of existing tariff and non-tariff barriers, the creation of free trade zones on the border of the two countries. In addition, in order to increase the volume of mutual trade between Mongolia and Russia, it is important to implement major joint energy and infrastructure projects, develop cross-border and regional cooperation, as well as industrial cooperation, joint exploration and development of mineral resources. The possibility of implementing major infrastructure projects within the framework of the Chinese initiative “One Belt, One Road” is being considered as a factor in expanding trade between Mongolia and Russia. Ways are proposed to accelerate the planned mega-projects in the field of infrastructure and industry within the framework of the new policy of Mongolia’s revival, through the implementation of which the level of Mongolian-Russian trade and economic cooperation can increase. Such projects may include mega projects for the construction of a gas pipeline and an oil pipeline from Russia to China through Mongolia, an oil refinery, and thermal power plants powered by natural gas. As measures aimed at accelerating their implementation, the following steps should be taken: create a clear and transparent regulatory framework and involve all stakeholders in the decision-making process; eliminate technical problems associated with investing in educational programs to develop the necessary skills and experience among specialists; ensure sufficient funding, including through alternative sources such as crowdfunding, green bonds and investing; effectively manage projects and apply best risk management practices.
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Khereid Jamsran, Urangua, and Polyanskayа Oksana N. "Chinese Workers in the History of the Mongolian People’s Republic in the 1950s–1960s: Cooperation, Politics, Ideology." Humanitarian Vector 16, no. 6 (December 2021): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/1996-7853-2021-16-6-8-19.
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The article is devoted to one of the historic periods of Mongolia of the 20th century, when the Mongolian People’s Republic built the foundations of a socialist society, and key modernization processes took place with the support of the Soviet Union. The economic component of Soviet-Mongolian relations was dominant at that time. However, the assistance from the People’s Republic of China played a definitely important role in the economic development and formation of modern Mongolian society. Labour constraint was one of the main difficulties in promoting industrial economy in Mongolia. The study of the Mongolian-Chinese economic cooperation is also relevant today, despite the influence of the “third force” in Mongolia’s foreign policy. Russian and Chinese directions are in priority. In this regard, it is important to refer to the experience accumulated by countries in the field of economic interaction, which determined the purpose of the publication ‒ to study one of the aspects of Mongolian-Chinese cooperation in the 1950s and early 1960s, namely, the employment of Chinese labour in Mongolia based on a rich source base, including both the published documents and documents from the National Archives of Mongolia, as well as historical works by Russian and Mongolian authors, and to consider such issues as the role of foreign labour, in particular, Chinese workforce in the industrialization of Mongolia, traffic of foreign workers into the Mongolian People’s Republic, and then their family members, the employment of Chinese workers, ideological and cultural events organized by party officials of the Chinese Communist Party. The research methodology is specified by the principles of scientific objectivity, historicism and historical determinism. The work uses both universal scientific methods and special methods of historical research determined by the formulated problem and includes problem-chronological method, comparative analysis method, and systemic method. The study revealed that the employment of workers from the PRC in Mongolia took place within the framework of the diplomatic relations established in 1949 and based on the agreements reached in 1956, 1958 and 1960 in respect of providing economic and technical assistance. It was emphasized that Chinese workers became an integral part of the changing Mongolian society for almost a decade, from 1955 to 1964. The Mongolian side fulfilling bilateral agreements on the working conditions of Chinese employees opened schools for Chinese children, created additional medical centers where Chinese doctors worked, and so on; all this introduced some adjustments to the everyday life of Mongolian society in the mid-20th century. Today, the process of rethinking, re-evaluating the path traversed by Mongolia throughout the 20th century continues, the external conditions of the Mongolian People’s Republic are being revised, so a detailed reference to its history can contribute to the formation of a more objective approach to this process.
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Byambakhishig, Purevsuren. "BUDDHISM AND THE SPHERE OF MONGOLIAN CULTURE." BUDDHIST STUDIES 1, no. 8 (2024): 36–46. https://doi.org/10.30792/2949-5768-2024-8-36-46.
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The influence of Buddhism on Mongolian culture is mainly manifested in the following spheres: – In Mongolia, Buddhism experienced significant influence from India and Tibet. Buddhism spread three times in the history of Mongolia, and each time has its own unique characteristics. – In Mongolia, Vajrayana Buddhism has a special influence. – Buddhism focuses on lifestyle with a legitimate means of livelihood. And the nomadic civilization of Mongolia itself developed minimal consumption. Syncretization of Buddhist and nomadic lifestyle should be taught to modern urbanized youth of Mongolia. – In Buddhism, physical suffering is considered inevitable and beneficial for spiritual progress. Modern Mongolian youth need the spiritual and moral education of Buddhism. Also by the Buddhist education modern Mongolian politicians should strive for the well-being of their people and put aside their personal material interests. – Buddhism encourages vegetarianism to improve health, which reflects non-violence towards animals. Mongolia is a country of pastoralism, and the Mongolian people, in the process of pastoralism, introduce methods and practices of extensive knowledge of zoology, botany, meteorology, geography and astronomy combined with Buddhist theories. – Buddhist art originated in India and developed in Mongolia due to contact with Mongolian culture. Special works of many generations of Mongolian artisans express the characteristics of Mongolian Buddhist art.
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Bromage, Sabri, Enkhmaa Gonchigsumlaa, Margaret Traeger, Bayarbat Magsar, Qifan Wang, Jorick Bater, Hewei Li, and Davaasambuu Ganmaa. "Awareness and Attitudes Regarding Industrial Food Fortification in Mongolia and Harbin." Nutrients 11, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11010201.
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This study assessed awareness and attitudes regarding industrial food fortification among adults in urban and rural Mongolia, and the city of Harbin, China. Between 2014 and 2017, surveys were collected from healthy men and women aged ≥18 years (182 Harbin residents and 129 urban and rural Mongolians participating in a nationwide nutrition survey in Mongolia). Survey reproducibility was assessed among 69 Mongolian participants to whom it was administered twice (summer and winter). Findings revealed that only 19% of rural and 30% of urban Mongolians, and 48% of Harbin residents were aware that industrial fortification is practiced in their countries. For most food groups evaluated, at least half of Mongolians and less than half of Harbin residents thought fortification was government-mandated (only the addition of iodine with salt is actually mandated in both countries). Fifty-five percent of rural and urban Mongolians favored mandatory fortification of foods, 14% disapproved of it, and 31% were uncertain (compared with 25%, 38%, and 37% respectively in Harbin). Upon learning that the primary purpose of adding vitamin D to milk is to prevent rickets, 75% of Mongolians but only 18% of Harbin residents favored mandatory fortification, while 42% of Harbin residents favored voluntary fortification (compared with <10% of Mongolians). In conclusion, in Mongolia and Harbin, awareness and understanding of food fortification is low, as is receptivity toward mandatory fortification. Health promotion and social marketing should be designed to create an enabling environment for increasing supply and demand of fortified foods, in support of upcoming program implementation in Mongolia and potential future legislation in northeern China.
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Han, Seungyeon, and Kyongna Kim. "A comparison of Mongolian basic words between Mongolia and China’s Inner Mongolia autonomous region: Focusing on the classical Mongolian language study publishedin China’s Inner Mongolia autonomous region." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 76 (February 28, 2024): 9–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2024.76.9.
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In this paper, the basic vocabulary of both regions was compared and analyzed based on the classical Mongolian language study books of Mongolia and China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.
With the ‘Mongolian language ordinance’ in effect from January 1, 2025, the need for education and research of classical Mongolian language should increase in Mongolia and Korea. As a basic work for this, we discussed which parts are the same and different in the basic living words used by Mongolian-speaking people in China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, located geopolitically close to Mongolia.
In the text, the vocabulary and meanings used in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia autonomous regions were compared and analyzed by classifying them such as the day of the week, time, date, clothing, food, housing and place, transportation, position, and occupation, limited to basic vocabulary and nouns among the contents contained in the classic Mongolian basic study book. A prominent feature of the vocabulary comparison analysis between the two regions is that Mongolia frequently borrows Russian words as they are, while China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region has many words that influence Chinese.
However, in the absence of a full-scale study of basic learning books in both regions, we intend to find little significance in starting a comparative analysis and serve as a priming point for future comparative studies of the Khalha and Tshahhar dialects. In addition, it is hoped that this paper will serve as a stepping stone to understanding vocabulary in both regions in learning traditional Mongolian languages and at the same time help learning them.
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Huang, Congying, Baochang Zhou, Aruhan Chen, Budanbaila La, Yu Ye, Yibo Liu, Xinyu Zhang, Yanhong Sun, Agula Bo, and Minhui Li. "Quantitative comparison on the similarities and differences of Mongolian medicines in the treatment of liver diseases between China and Mongolia based on data mining." Science of Traditional Chinese Medicine 1, no. 2 (December 2023): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/st9.0000000000000017.
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Abstract Objective The R language was used to quantitatively compare the medication patterns of Mongolian medicines used for the treatment of liver diseases between China and Mongolia, with a view to provide a reference for the research and clinical application of Mongolian medicines in the treatment of liver diseases. Methods The Mongolian medicinal prescriptions used for treating liver disease in Mongolia were collected from the Mongolian Pharmacy and Mongolian Treatment Guide for Common diseases in Mongolian Medicine, and those used in China were collected from the Inner Mongolia Standard for Mongolian Proprietary Medicine and Annotation of Mongolian Medicine Preparation Specifications. After the database was established, the frequency, properties, and tastes of the Mongolian medicines were analyzed, and R studio was used for the association rules analysis and cluster analysis. Results A total of 27 prescriptions used in Inner Mongolia, China, were collected involving 105 Mongolian medicines, with a total frequency of 284. Among them, there were 18 high-frequency medicines (frequency ≥5), which had a frequency of 147, accounting for 51.76% of the total frequency. The medicine with the highest frequency (14, 4.93%) was Carthamus tinctorius L.. The analysis of the medicine data in China revealed 15 association rules. A total of 21 prescriptions used in Mongolia were collected, involving 92 Mongolian medicines, with a total frequency of 254. Among them, there were 17 high-frequency (frequency ≥5) medicines, with a total frequency of 124 (48.82%). The medicine with the highest frequency (13, 5.12%) was Carthamus tinctorius L.. The analysis of the medicine data in Mongolia revealed 79 association rules. In both regions, the high-frequency medicines used for treating liver disease commonly had cool or warm property with bitter or sweet taste. Conclusions Carthamus tinctorius L., Terminalia chebula Retz., and other Mongolian medicines are commonly used to treat liver diseases in Inner Mongolia and Mongolia. The Mongolian medicines with cool or warm property and bitter, sweet, or astringent taste are commonly used to protect the liver.
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Oidov, Khatanbold. "Mongolian democracy: key challenges and opportunities in modern environment." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125807009.
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In the last three decades, views about democracy in Mongolia have transformed from high expectations and hopes to perceived failure in performances in political and economic terms. A national and international researchers concluded that at the initial stage of democratization, Mongolians were guided by the general concepts and values of democracy such as human rights, liberty, and freedom of association and expression. Later, these values shifted to more in-depth notions that can be summarized as “democracy is a process for ensuring accountability and justice based on the active engagement of citizens”. This article explores the factors that contributed to democratic challenges and bottlenecks drawing on experts’ interviews conducted by the author and a review of various public opinion surveys assessing democratic performance in Mongolia. The article uses methodologies and tools designed by International IDEA and assesses the applicability of different democratic models to the Mongolian context. It argues that the evaluation of democracy in Mongolia should use additional criteria reflecting Mongolian characteristics. It concludes by suggesting that the enhancement of the democratic mechanism of accountability of public institutions is a key opportunity to consolidate democracy. The experts participating in the assessment viewed the frameworks of executive, pluralist and protective democracy are more suitable for democracy development in Mongolia, and communitarian democracy.
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Gansukh, Ulziinorov, Xu Ming, and Syed Ahtsham Ali. "Analysis of the Current Situation of Mongolian Railway and Its Future Development." International Business Research 11, no. 5 (April 23, 2018): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ibr.v11n5p119.
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The purpose of this article is to contribute the conceptual knowledge of the railway policy issue in Mongolia. The paper presented an overview of the current transport situation of Mongolian Railway. It analyzes the statistical indicators of freight and passenger traffic as well as capability analysis of the railway transport. Moreover, it highlights its further development prospects and its importance for country’s economic. In last but not least, it formulates the future prospects of sustainable development of railway sector.Findings of this research are: a) by analyzing statistic data the high correlation (R=0.87) between GDP and freight transportation of Mongolia has been confirmed. The type of cargo analyzed and the economically efficient type of cargo within Mongolia has been highlighted. b) The GDP and passenger turnover has a very weak relationship. c) In the regional context, Mongolia’s transport statistics main indexes performance somewhat in the middle and there has room to increase the freight operation in the future.The research method is based on the analysis of strategic documents, secondary data, including statistical data obtained from the Central Statistical Office in Mongolia, Statistical Office in UBTZ (Ulaanbaatar Railway Mongolian-Russian Joint-stock Company), OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) official site, International Union of Railway (UIC) official site and World Bank official site.
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Semedov, S. A., and V. A. Sukhareva. "State Image of Mongolia: Between National Identity and Globalization." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 5, no. 4 (December 23, 2021): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2021-4-20-172-185.
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The article studies the construction of the state image of Mongolia and its peculiarities. Mongolia is a country undergoing social and cultural transformation that includes reevaluation of image strategies. State image is an international statement based on highlighting one’s original characteristics that make a country attractive to investors and international partners. At the same time, it should reflect real cultural practices and allow for advancing national interests. The present study deploys the methodology of case study, SWOT analysis, thematic analysis of connotations that form the external and internal image of Mongolia. The purpose of this article is to investigate the strategies of image construction in today’s Mongolia. The article is aimed to give a semantic vision of the external image of Mongolia by identifying the most common words and expressions that are used in media to describe modern Mongolia. The second objective was to lay out the problematic aspects of creating an image of Mongolia as a promising and growing country despite the fact that now it goes through a challenging period of its history. The third objective is to investigate the ways Mongolia attempts to address these problems. For this purpose, the authors analyze government programs set to form and establish a modern image of Mongolia. These programs include a variety of documents, such as the National Program for the Promotion of Mongolia Abroad and others. Another line of research included the analysis of the work on the inclusion of Mongolian natural and cultural heritage on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The novelty of the research comes from a unique perspective on the construction of state image of Mongolia as an ethnic and cultural brand from the point of view of marketing strategies. The authors conclude that building brand and image of Mongolia is based on the civilizational approach. This approach to re-evaluating and re-creating Mongolia’s image leads to combining opposite characteristics. The country is presented as both ancient and modern, traditional and responsive to change. Such combination of controversial aspects makes allows for implementing archaic elements into the discourse of the catch-up modernization resulting in a positive state image. Mongolia’s experience in making a new image shows the potential of equating national and ethnocultural identity.
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Nergui, Otgonpurev, Soojin Park, and Kang-wook Cho. "Comparative Policy Analysis of Renewable Energy Expansion in Mongolia and Other Relevant Countries." Energies 17, no. 20 (October 15, 2024): 5131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17205131.
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The study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of policies governing the expansion of renewable energy in Mongolia and selected countries. Against the backdrop of global energy transitions and Mongolia’s recent energy challenges, this research aims to identify and evaluate policy frameworks that facilitate the sustainable growth of renewable energy sources. The study delves into the unique socio-economic and geopolitical context of Mongolia, emphasizing the nation’s energy dependence on Russia. The findings of this comparative analysis provide valuable insights for Mongolian policymakers, offering recommendations for enhancing domestic policies that encourage the diversification of energy sources and attract foreign investment. By drawing on successful practices from some countries, this paper aims to contribute to the formulation of effective and context-specific strategies for Mongolia to achieve a more sustainable and resilient energy landscape.
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М, Отгонбаяр, and Гомбосүрэн Ц. "МУИС-ИЙН 80 ЖИЛИЙН ТҮҮХЭН ДЭХ ФИЛОСОФИЙН СУРГАЛТ, СУДАЛГААНЫ АГУУЛГА, АРГА ЗҮЙН ӨӨРЧЛӨЛТ." Philosophy and Religious Studies 25, no. (580) (September 30, 2024): 47–55. https://doi.org/10.22353/prs20231.17.
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Over the past 50 years of the Mongolian People’s Republic’s history, and within the initial 30 years of Mongolia’s history, spanning the 80-year existence of the National University of Mongolia (NUM), the aim of this article is to investigate changes in philosophy, research, and methodology during this specific timeframe. In this context, the examination of philosophy in Mongolia is categorized into two periods—pre and post the 1990s. The analysis covers the shift from the dominant Marxist Leninist philosophy, encompassing dialectical and historical materialism before 1990, to the current content of the philosophy curriculum in higher educational institutions in Mongolia. Furthermore, the update of the bachelor’s and master’s philosophy programs at NUM has been explored through the lenses of meta philosophy, theoretical philosophy, and the history of philosophy.
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М, Отгонбаяр, and Гомбосүрэн Ц. "МУИС-ИЙН 80 ЖИЛИЙН ТҮҮХЭН ДЭХ ФИЛОСОФИЙН СУРГАЛТ, СУДАЛГААНЫ АГУУЛГА, АРГА ЗҮЙН ӨӨРЧЛӨЛТ." Philosophy and Religious Studies 25, no. (580) (January 22, 2025): 47–55. https://doi.org/10.22353/prs20231.18.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past 50 years of the Mongolian People’s Republic’s history, and within the initial 30 years of Mongolia’s history, spanning the 80-year existence of the National University of Mongolia (NUM), the aim of this article is to investigate changes in philosophy, research, and methodology during this specific timeframe. In this context, the examination of philosophy in Mongolia is categorized into two periods—pre and post the 1990s. The analysis covers the shift from the dominant Marxist Leninist philosophy, encompassing dialectical and historical materialism before 1990, to the current content of the philosophy curriculum in higher educational institutions in Mongolia. Furthermore, the update of the bachelor’s and master’s philosophy programs at NUM has been explored through the lenses of meta philosophy, theoretical philosophy, and the history of philosophy.
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Churkin, Sergei V., and Roman V. Yakovlev. "New data about Plebejus idas (Linnaeus, 1761) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from Mongolia with the descriptions of new subspecies." Ecologica Montenegrina 73 (May 17, 2024): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2024.73.12.
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The article includes the descriptions of two new taxa of Plebejus idas (Linnaeus, 1761) from Mongolia: ssp. baitag ssp. nova (SW Mongolia, Baitag Mts.) and ssp. arshantyn ssp. nova (SW Mongolia, Mongolian Altai, Arshantyn Mts.). The relations with other Mongolian taxa are discussed, including the situation with P. i. saldaitisi Churkin et Zhdanko, 2003.