Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mongolian and Chinese'

Er’rentai, or Mongolian dance and song duets, is a genre of folk opera in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. Er’rentai performances can be categorized into two styles—the “western-style” and the “eastern-style.” The aim of this thesis is to explore the acculturation in Chinese-Mongolian er’rentai genre in the following ways. First, I address the historical background of the western-style er’rentai. Then, I draw on fieldwork with Huo Banzhu, a famous er’rentai musician, to introduce contemporary state of er’rentai's development. Finally, I employ musical analysis to demonstrate the borrowings of Mongolian music and culture in the formation and transmission of Chinese-Mongolian er’rentai.

The interactions among languages in the Qinghai Area of China involved the historical migration of those who came into the area at some point in time and settled in. In addition, political driving forces dictated various migratory movements of different ethnic groups to settle into the area throughout history. The Qinghai Area, known as Amdo in the Tibetan cultural world, constitutes a geographical depression in the northeastern end of the Tibetan plateau which is ideal for grazing and farming. The climate of the region is largely monitored by the mega size salt water lake known as the Qinghai Lake. The largest number of mixed cultural areal contact occurs around this lake particularly towards the east. The geographical feature of the area has proved itself as a strategic hub for military expansion at different time in history creating dynamics of interaction in every juncture. As a result, different levels of multilingual influences are observed among of the regional languages of each language groups. Among the diversified languages flourished in the area, the most prominent language groups are the Sinitic, Bodic and Mongolic languages. Through studies of corpuses, literature and contributions of human participants, the present condition of multilingual mixing among Chinese, Tibetan and Mongolian were explored. Within the various phenomena of language mixing and language changes, it is notable that these languages have lost parts of their original features while having gained foreign features as a result of language contacts among these ethnic groups.
published_or_final_version
Linguistics
Master
Master of Arts

The Sound of the Prairie Land (Caoyuan Zhige) for viola and piano by the Chinese composer Qingwu Guan (b. 1938) has become one of the most popular works in the growing Chinese repertoire for viola. It also exists in another version for viola and viola ensemble, arranged by the Chinese violist Wing Ho, who also expanded the viola part with the composer's approval. The pentatonic work was highly influenced by the landscape and music of Inner Mongolia, a province of China next to the Mongolian border, and incorporates the music of an ode by the Inner Mongolian composer Alatengaole (1942–2011) called Sincere Wishes for a Long Life to Chairman Mao. Guan remains a strong supporter of Mao, the first chairman of the Chinese Communist Party. The work makes use of some performance techniques of the Inner Mongolian two-stringed fiddle called morin khuur, which has a similar tone to the viola: three kinds of slides, grace notes, imitations of a horse's neigh, and the representation of horses galloping across the prairie. The background of the work, understanding of the musical structure, and information about morin khuur techniques presented in this dissertation should aid performers in interpreting the work more authentically.

Se Enkhbayar (b. 1956) is one of the most important contemporary Mongolian composers in China. His choral tone poem, Önchin Botog, integrates the traditional Mongolian musical elements Urtiin Duu (long song) and Khöömii (throat singing) with modern choral music and is one of the most representative works in the genre of modern Mongolian choral music. The purpose of this study is to provide a performance guidance for non-Mongolian musicians on Se Enkhbayar's work, Önchin Botog, by presenting his biographical and cultural backgrounds, discussing the use of traditional Mongolian singing styles, special rhythmic patterns (horse-step rhythm) and Chinese pentatonic scales. For conductors, this guide can shorten preparation time by providing musical analysis for artistic interpretation and practical points for sound effect creation. For solo singers, this guide will enable a Bel Canto singer to sing Urtiin Duu in Mongolian singing style. For Khöömii singers, this guide provides supplementary practical suggestions.

La Mongolie méridionale (aujourd'hui Mongolie-Intérieure, province chinoise) possédait au début de ce siècle plus de mille temples et monastères lamaïques (du bouddhisme tibétain). Ce vaste ensemble, construit depuis la fin du 16e siècle, s'inspire des traditions architecturales chinoises et tibétaines, mais présente un grand nombre de traits originaux. Bien qu'ayant subi d'importantes destructions au cours de ce siècle, il en subsiste une partie appréciable, qui mérite d'être étudiée tant pour sa valeur de patrimoine (qui n'est pas encore reconnue) qu'en raison de son intérêt pour l'histoire de l'art et de l'architecture bouddhique en Extrême-Orient. La thèse est divisée en trois parties. La première, historique, montre comment s'est progressivement bâti cet ensemble d'édifices religieux, en insistant sur les premières fondations de la « renaissance mongole » (milieu du 16e siècle, autour d'Altan Qan et de sa capitale Köke Qota). Arrivée au terme de son parcours chronologique, cette première partie prend une vue d'ensemble des monastères, de leur place dans la société mongole, puis définit un corpus des monastères les plus importants. La seconde partie décrit ces monastères, essentiellement à partir d'un travail de terrain effectué entre 1993 et 1998, complété par une grande variété de sources publiées (notamment les monographies et documents d'histoire locale chinois, les observations des savants japonais lors de l'occupation, et les récits de voyageurs). Cette description permet en troisième partie une analyse synthétique des caractéristiques de l'architecture religieuse mongole, qui débouche sur une typologie des bâtiments, et une histoire des styles mongols entre influences extérieures et particularismes. Les tableaux et inventaires, ainsi que les relevés de terrain (cartes, plan, coupes) et photographies sont données en annexe
Inner Mongolia (now a province of the PRC) had more than a thousand lamaist temples and monasteries at the beginning of the 20th century. This very valuable and little studied collection of buildings is a major heritage of the Mongol culture and the Buddhist art and deserves study on both accounts. Although derived from the Chinese and Tibetan architectural traditions, Mongolian religious architecture exhibits a great many original characteristics. The first part of the dissertation studies the historical process of the building of the monasteries, from the “mongol renaissance” of the mid-16th century, around Altan Qan and his capital Köke Qota, to this century. The second part describes the physical aspect of the monasteries, as they could be studied during fieldwork completed between 1993 and 1998, supplemented with various published material (Chinese local history and gazetteers, Japanese observations of the Manchukuo period and travelogues). The third part builds on the description and the history to give an analysis of the major characteristics of Mongolian religious architecture, and finally determines its major types as well as their historical significance. Field material (maps, photographs. . . ) are provided in the appendix

Inspired by the recent approaches of the New Qing History school centering on ethnicity and empire and the South Chinese Studies school focusing on local societies, this dissertation probes into Han Chinese and Manchu becoming Mongols in Qing Mongolia using the Qing archives in Mongolian, Manchu, and Chinese preserved in Mongolia, China and Taiwan. This research focuses on two case studies: 1) Descendants of Han Chinese settlers in Outer and Inner Mongolia; 2) Offspring of Manchu bondservants as human dowry in Inner Mongolia. These groups of Han Chinese and Manchu settlers migrated, legally or not, to Mongolia since the seventeenth century. They married with local Mongolian people, raised children, and learned the Mongol way of life in Mongolia. Ultimately, they and their offspring even acquired Mongol status, which is considered the most important marker of mongolization. The Great Shabi as the estate of the Jibzundamba Khutugtu and the Manchu-Mongol marital alliance are also discussed in this dissertation as the main mechanisms facilitating the identity and status changes. Intermarriage and Buddhist belief were the two criteria for those Han Chinese and Manchu settlers and their offspring to be integrated into Qing Mongolian society. The immigration of those Han Chinese and Manchu settlers into Mongolia was initiated by the Qing government, but the Qing government wanted to keep the occurance of mongolization at a minimal level. This research draws a parallel between the problems of nativization faced by the Qing and Russian empires, and provides a case study to compare Han Chinese settlers in Inner Asia and Southeast Asia to explore different modes of Han Chinese migration. In the end, this dissertation argues that the ethnicity in late imperial and modern China is a negotiation between the religious and livelihood decisions for the Han Chinese settlers or state service for the Manchu settlers, the social institution of the Mongolian local authority, and the rules of the Qing state.

Depression poses a global threat for mental health (Murray & Lopez, 1996). However, in China, national studies of depression epidemiology are very few. Only from 2011 have Chinese researchers began to adopt internationally recognized diagnostic criteria and standardized interview instruments in psychiatric epidemiological surveys (Guo et al., 2011), and previous studies generated inconsistent results of depressive prevalence. As the largest ethnic group in the world, the Chinese account for 18.9% of the world’s population (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2015). Yet most research on depression is based on Western samples and may not accurately characterize depression as experienced by Chinese populations. This thesis examines depression in non-pregnant and pregnant women in Inner Mongolia, who are under the influence of cultural values of collectivism and social factors specific to China. Chinese society adheres firmly to traditional values (Whyte, 2005), while market reform, birth-control policy, together with high parental investment in childcare and rearing construct a unique and sometimes unfavorable environment for Chinese women that may influence their depression expression. This thesis includes a series of three linked studies. The first study validated the 52- item New Multidimensional Depression Scale (MDAS) with clinically depressed individuals in Inner Mongolia. The aims were to assess whether the MDAS demonstrated good psychometric properties in clinically depressed Chinese patients for the scale to be factor analysed on a Chinese construct of depression symptomatology to show cultural characteristics in China. This aim was achieved by carrying out Exploratory and Confirmatory factor analysis in separate studies. One hundred and seventy-one clinically depressed participants were recruited in Inner Mongolia. They were given the MDAS and Beck Depressive Inventory (BDI) and other scales to complete. The psychometric properties of the MDAS were tested regarding reliability and validity. Following which an Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was run on MDAS. Several findings emerged in the study. First, the first factor extracted comprised of core psychological and affective symptoms conceptualized in the Western construct of depression. An interpersonal-cognitive factor was extracted as the second factor, followed by a third somatic factor in the cluster of symptoms. The results suggested that core affective and cognitive symptoms for diagnosis are universal across cultures, while Chinese individuals express interpersonal symptoms that characterized their collectivistic culture that emphasizes interpersonal harmony. Study 2 examined depressive symptoms in the antenatal period in Inner Mongolia women. Two-hundred and thirty-four women, mostly in their third trimester, were recruited in an antenatal hospital in Inner Mongolia. They completed the MDAS, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS). In exploring how depression in its item content is expressed and experienced by pregnant Chinese women, the study also searched for the best-fit model of MDAS on pregnant women in Inner Mongolia. It compared three factor models: the three-factor structure of MDAS from study 1, the hypothesized four-factor model corresponding to each subscale (emotional, cognitive, somatic and interpersonal), and the one-factor model corresponding to a unidimensional structure of the MDAS. A best-fit model was found for the four-factor model, supporting using the four hypothesized subscales of MDAS on pregnant women. In a subsequent step, the MDAS was validated and its psychometric properties were tested to show illustrated results. The findings supported measuring interpersonal symptoms in self-report measurements to measure different aspects of depressive severity in Chinese pregnant women. In particular, somatic symptoms should be considered with caution in screening and primary care. The finding has significant implications for assessing with self-report questionnaires, which are widely used in clinical settings. Study 3 was based on the same sample as study 2 and investigated risk factors associated with antenatal depression in China. China has undergone drastic socio-economic and political transformation in the last twenty years. Unfortunately, market reform is creating less favourable employment conditions, and the traditional value of male dominance still stands firmly in the society. Women are facing more financial insecurity and a tight birth control policy and growing stress in work-and-family balance. All these create an environment that could contribute to their depression that could be expressed in a different way from Western populations. Depression may also be underlined by different risk factors related to the social and cultural environment. This study measured demographic characteristics (including age, education, employment, week of gestation, first pregnancy), social support, social activity, work stress, and work-family balance and their relationship with depression. It included three parts. In part 1 participants were classified into depressed and non-depressed groups using EPDS > 10 as the cut-off point for depression. The two groups were compared on demographic variables using the Chi-square test and on psychosocial risk factors using the Mann-Whitney U test. No significant demographic variable was found to distinguish the two groups, whereas self-esteem, work stress and social activities differed significant between depressed and non-depressed pregnant women. Bivariate correlations between psychosocial risk factors and depressive scales (MDAS, BDI and EPDS) gave rise to significant correlations between risk factors and each scale. In the third part hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis examined associations between social and demographic risk factors and depression. The results showed that work stress, work-and-family balance, social activity and social support were significantly associated with depressive severity in overall severity of depression (total MDAS score) and each domain of depressive severity (each subscale of MDAS). In conclusion, the three studies together provide novel insight into our understanding of depression within and outside of pregnancy in Chinese women, in terms of symptoms and risk factors. The Western conceptualization of depression possesses great validity across cultures, that the core symptoms of depression remain universal for diagnosis. Chinese cultural values and social environment are reflected in the cultural expressions of depressive symptoms especially in depressed individuals but less affective in pregnant women. As hypothesized, Chinese society influenced risk factors related to education and work-family balance in pregnant women. The result supported using a scale with a comprehensive interpersonal symptom checklist because it potentially captures Chinese expression and experience, which could be characterized by an interpersonal style of illness presentation. In addition, the best-fit four-factor model supported including interpersonal symptoms in self-report measures and they are also related to different risk factors from other domains of depressive symptoms. This could be linked to some unfavourable social and cultural influence pregnant Chinese women experience. The thesis gives rise to implications for potential clinical applications. The advancement of cultural characteristics in symptom contents in both clinical and pregnant population facilitates a better symptom checklist for assessing depression severity. In particular, it helps to modify existing self-report questionnaires with culturally sensitive symptoms for better discrimination of individuals.

La thèse a pour but de développer une recherche empirique et théorique afin d'identifier les causes du développement tardif de la région étudiée. L'approche choisie combine les théories économiques du développement et l'économie régionale. Une combinaison utile entre ces deux grands domaines des théories économiques explique en grande partie l'intérêt de cette thèse. La méthode économétrique est aussi utilisée pour tester les équations afin de vérifier l'existence d'une convergence entre les districts de la région. L'approche en terme de convergence conditionnelle permet ensuite d'identifier les principales variables explicatives de cette convergence. La région concernée est divisée en trois parties. Cette région est mal articulée avec le reste de la Chine et mal articulée entre les trois parties. Le principal résultat est que la désarticulation dans cette région bloque le développement économique. Des cartes et des tableaux renforcent aussi des résultats constatés dans la thèse.

This thesis examines “anti” attitudes in general and anti-Chinese attitudes in Mongolia in particular, to answer the puzzle: Why do anti-Chinese attitudes in Mongolia still persist after both nations have enjoyed friendly, neighborly state-to-state relations for more than two decades? The argument is made that anti-Chinese attitudes in Mongolia are persistent because of lingering impacts of artificially-consolidated negative schemas about China, Chinese people, and their culture from the 1960s-1980s. Mongolian political elites at that time institutionalized anti-Chinese attitudes, introducing only negative schemas, while blocking all other sources for positive or neutral schemas about China. Nevertheless, Mongolian political elites’ attitudes toward China became noticeably positive since mid-2000 due to increased interactions, information, and the changing economic reality despite of the fact that unfavorable views of China and the anti-Chinese attitudes have still dominated the media, blogosphere, and public discourses. The main reason for the gap between attitudes of the political elites and the public can be explained by a reluctance of the political elites and intellectuals to de-construct the past schemas because of its diacritic purpose to differentiate Mongolian identity in addition to material realities. This thesis also contends that anti-Chinese attitudes in Mongolia are a variant of a global anti-Chinese phenomenon. The “anti” attitudes are explained by three main reasons: a power imbalance, a backlash against economic activities, and conflicting identities. In this regard, the Mongolian case study is an excellent entry point to understand the causes and consequences of anti-Chinese attitudes in the small, developing, democratic Chinese neighbors. This thesis uses analytical approaches for a similar phenomenon, anti-Americanism, and extensively uses the notion of schema, as developed by Katzenstein and Keohane (2007) in their conceptualization of anti-Americanisms.

Ce travail met en lumière le phénomène de renouveau du chamanisme en période de transition postcommuniste en République de Mongolie et s'interroge sur les différentes modalités d'utilisations et d'instrumentalisations du chamanisme dans ce processus. On y voit comment les chamanes jusqu'alors interdits par le système soviétique réapparaissent sur la scène publique, encensés par les médias et revalorisés par les traditionnalistes et nationalistes. Parallèlement à son aspect pragmatique et privé, qui connaît du succès auprès des clients visitant les centres chamaniques d'Ulaanbaatar, le chamanisme renouvelé et réinventé connaît des utilisations idéologiques et participe aux différents mouvements de reconstruction culturelle et identitaire. Les données ethnographiques ont été filmées et la thèse écrite est complétée par deux films documentaires
This work enlightens the phenomenon of the revival of shamanism in post-socialist Mongolia and question the different modalities of the uses of shamanism in this process. We can see how shamans forbidden so far by the soviet regime reappear on the public scene, in the mass-media and are promoted by traditionalists and nationalists. Shamanic centres are located in the capital city and are visited by numerous clients wishing to attract on them their share of grace and prosperity. Besides its pragmatic and private aspect, renewed and reinvented shamanism knows also ideological uses in the rush of cultural and identity reconstruction. Ethnographic data were fimed and the written thesis is complemented by two documentary films

L’empire sino-mandchou des Qing (1644-1911) étendit sa souveraineté à l’ensemble des peuples mongols, dépassant ainsi de loin les limites traditionnelles des empires chinois. Parmi les problèmes que posa l’administration de ces peuples, ce travail s’intéresse plus particulièrement à celui de l’autonomie juridique accordée par les Qing aux Mongols et à ses limites. Une législation spéciale aux Mongols fut en effet promulguée à côté du Code pénal des Qing, reprenant de nombreuses caractéristiques du droit mongol. L’administration sino-mandchoue garda néanmoins la maîtrise du processus menant à l’élaboration de ce droit. L’évolution subie par cette législation souligne aussi l’importance des transferts juridiques opérés du droit chinois vers le droit mongol. Un système de révision des affaires jugées par les tribunaux mongols permettait en outre d’assurer l’unité du droit et le respect par la noblesse mongol du droit impérial. Les juges mongols gardaient néanmoins toute leur autonomie pour les affaires non soumises à révision, c’est-à-dire celles pour lesquelles la peine prononcée était légère ainsi que dans les procès touchant à la matière civile. C’est au sein de ce domaine que la noblesse disposait encore d’une véritable autonomie et d’un pouvoir d’interprétation des normes impériales. La dernière partie de ce travail consiste en une traduction des principales lois pénales applicables aux Mongols
The Qing Empire (1644-1911) extended its sovereignty to all the Mongolian people, far exceeding the limits of traditional Chinese empires. Among the problems of administration in governing these new peoples, this work focuses the legal autonomy granted by the Qing to the Mongols and its limitations. Special legislation for the Mongols was promulgated apart to the Qing Criminal Code, incorporating many features of the traditional Mongolian law. Nevertheless, the Chinese administration maintained control of the process leading to the drafting of these laws. The course of the evolution of this legislation shows us the importance of Sinicization of Mongol law. A system of reviewing cases, headed by the Central courts also made it possible to maintain the respect of imperial law by the Mongolian nobility. The Mongolian judges continued to guard their autonomy regarding matters not subject to revision, i. E. Those in which the sentence the maximum penalty was lighter as well as in trials relating to civil matters. It is within this area that the nobility still had genuine power in interpreting imperial rules. The last part of this work is a translation of the main criminal law applicable to the Mongols

It is hotly debated about the final closural time and position of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. Some geologists advocated the "Solonker" suture marks the final closural zone in Permian, whereas others insist in middle Paleozoic. Our three study areas, the Hongqi, the Ondor Sum and the Mandula is essential and important to solve those controversies. The litho-tectonic units recognized in the Hongqi-Ondor Sum area include the Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt, the Bainaimiao arc belt, North China Craton and post-orogenic unconformably sedimentary rocks. The Hongqi-Ondor Sum mélange belt experienced two phase ductile deformation and one phase ductile-brittle deformation. D1 is responsible for the regional greenschist foliation S1, elongated mineral lineation L1, and intrafolial fold F1. The kinematic criteria indicates a top-to-the-NW shearing sense. D2 is characterized by various sized of unsymmetrical folds with nearly NE axis corresponding to the NW thrust shearing. D3 formed the regional framework in the Hongqi and the Ondor Sum areas. The Mandula area contains olistostrome sediments, turbiditic sediments and volcano-sedimentary rocks. Detrital zircon grains in sedimentary samples argue the Mandula study area received the southern Bainaimiao arc materials and coeval Permian volcanic erupting materials nearby. The sediments and volcanic rocks in Mandula area subject a nearly NW-SE or N-S compressional shortening. The geological data support that an Early Paleozoic subduction and collsioan, Late Palezoic rifting and rift closure model. The so called "Solonker" ophiolitic fragments indeed are olistostrome. Typical ophiolite components are not observed in the Mandula area.

Le Centre-Est de la Mongolie intérieure, faisant la partie sud-est de la Ceinture Orogénique de l'Asie Centrale (CAOB), est une zone de clé pour étudier l'histoire de l’accrétion-collision entre la Chine du Nord (NCC) et les blocs continentaux du Nord. Les contraintes du cadre tectonique et de la connaissance de l’évolution tectonique sont importantes pour comprendre l’accrétion de la CAOB car il n’y a pas de consensus sur le mode et la période de l'accrétion entre NCC et les blocs du Nord. Par conséquent, des études pluridisciplinaires ont été effectuées sur les roches sédimentaires et magmatiques du Paléozoïque supérieur dans le centre-oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure. Sur la base de nos études sédimentologiques, géochronologiques, géochimiques et paléomagnétiques, et compte tenu des résultats précédents en pétrographie, géochimie et paléontologie, l'évolution sédimentaire et tectonique du Paléozoïque supérieur du Centre-Oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure a été bien établie. Les études détaillées en sédimentologie et géochimie montrent une transition entre les dépôts molassiques du Dévonien à la dénudation du Carbonifère inférieur et les sédiments marins du Carbonifère supérieure vers les dépôts de bassin d'extension au Permien. D’après nos analyses détaillées des faciès sédimentaires, des caractéristiques géochimiques des roches magmatiques et nos données paléomagnétiques, nous proposons un modèle géodynamique de subduction-collision-extension post-orogénique pour le Paléozoïque au Centre-Oriental de la Mongolie Intérieure
Central-eastern Inner Mongolia, located in the southeastern part of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), is a key area to study the collisional-accretionary history between the North China Craton (NCC) and the northern continental blocks. The establishment of precise constraints of this tectonic framework and evolutional history are important to understand the accretion of CAOB. However, no any consensus has been achieved about the way and the timing of the accretion between NCC and the northern blocks. Therefore, multidisciplinary studies have been carried out on the Late Paleozoic strata and magmatic rocks in central-eastern Inner Mongolia. Based on our sedimentological analyses, detrital zircon geochronological constraints, geochemical studies and paleomagnetic investigations, integrating the previous results in petrology, geochemistry and paleontology, the Late Paleozoic sedimentary-tectonic evolution of the central-eastern Inner Mongolia has been established. Detailed sedimentological and geochemical studies show a transition from the Devonian molassic deposits to the Early Carboniferous denudation and from the Late Carboniferous inland-sea sediments to the Permian extensional basin deposits. According to the comprehensive analyses on sedimentary facies, geochemical characteristics and paleomagnetic data, we propose a Paleozoic subduction-collision- post-orogenic extension tectonic model for central-eastern Inner Mongolia

Cette recherche est consacrée aux Evenk de Mongolie-Intérieure, une « minorité nationale » de Chine, composée de trois groupes : les Evenk éleveurs de rennes, les Khamnigan et les Solon. L’objectif est de mettre en lumière les dynamiques qui caractérisent le nomadisme contemporain envisagé à partir de la mobilité, des échanges marchands et des réseaux relationnels. Ce travail s’appuie sur des enquêtes de terrain menées dans la région de Hulunbuir où coexistent deux types d’élevage mobile : celui des rennes dans la taïga et celui dit des « cinq museaux » de type mongol dans la steppe. Le premier axe porte sur les différentes politiques économiques et environnementales menées avant et après 1949, afin de comprendre le processus historique dans lequel s’inscrit la situation actuelle des Evenk. Le second axe explore la construction et les représentations des espaces et des personnes à partir de l’analyse des milieux sédentaire et nomade et de leur utilisation alternée par les éleveurs. Il montre ainsi que ces deux espaces sont complémentaires aussi bien dans les activités pastorales quotidiennes que dans les différents types de déplacements. Le dernier axe traite des mécanismes marchands et des dynamiques relationnelles entre les Evenk et leurs partenaires chinois. Après avoir défini les éléments relevant de la consommation personnelle ou de la sphère marchande, l’analyse porte sur les différents types de transactions déterminés par la nature du « bien » et de la relation nouée avec le partenaire. Les modalités et les fonctions des réseaux relationnels sont ainsi mises en lumière dans le cadre des échanges marchands et non marchands
This research is devoted to the Evenki of Inner Mongolia. This “national minority” of China, consists of three groups: the Evenki reindeer herders, the Khamnigan and the Solon. The goal of this research is to highlight the dynamics that characterize contemporary nomadism, considered from the perspectives of mobility, commodity exchanges and relational networks. This work is based on fieldwork conducted in Hulunbuir area where two types of mobile pastoralism coexist: the reindeer herding in the taiga and the “five muzzles” Mongolian herding type in the steppe. The first part of the dissertation focuses on the different economic and environmental policies conducted before and after 1949, in order to understand the historical process within the present situation of Evenki. The second part explores the construction and representations of the space and the people; it stems from the analysis of sedentary and nomadic milieu and their alternate use by the herders. It shows that these two spaces are complementary both in the daily pastoral activities and within the different types of mobilities. The last part deals with market mechanisms and relational dynamics between the Evenki and their Chinese partners. After having determined what falls under the sphere of personal consumption or commodities, the analysis focuses on the different types of transactions that are determined by the nature of the “good” and the relationship established with the partner. Thus, the modalities and functions of relational networks are highlighted in the commodities and non-commodities exchanges

L'hegemonie des mongols en asie aux treizieme et quatorzieme siecles a donne lieu a la decouverte de l'orient par les occidentaux. Les relations redigees par les voyageurs essentiellement missionnaires constituent un materiau precieux pour definir la representation du monde propre a cette epoque et apprecier les repercussions d'une telle experience odeporique sur les conceptions heritees de la tradition biblique et antique. Les caracteristiques formelles de ces textes mettent en evidence une evolution et nous permettent de voir comment le genre du recit de voyage se constitue peu a peu
The mongol hegemony in asia during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries brought about the discovery of the east by western people. The accounts written by the travellers mainly missionaries compose a document of great value in order to define the particular world representation of these times and to value the repercussions of such a travel experience on the conceptions inherited from the biblical and ancient tradition. The formal characteristics of these texts point out an evolution and help us to understand the progressive constitution of the journey narrative

Les rongeurs Cricetidae font partie de la super-famille des Muroidea, groupe de mammifères actuels le plus florissant. Les Muroidea auraient comme groupe souche les formes paléogènes de Cricetidae. Ces derniers trouveraient leur origine en Asie à l'Eocène moyen. D'un point de vue dentaire, la perte progressive de la P4 et surtout le développement de l'antérocône sur la M1 apparaissent comme des innovations clés qui les distinguent de leurs plus proches parents, les Dipodoidea. Ce n'est qu'autour de la limite Eocène-Oligocène que les Cricetidae se diversifient avec l'apparition de la plupart des sous-familles oligocènes que ce soit en Asie, en Amérique du Nord et aussi en Europe simultanément à l'épisode de Grande Coupure. L'évolution de cette famille en Asie, habituellement moins bien connue que sur les autres continents à l'Oligocène, a été considérablement renseignée par l'étude des faunes de la région d'Ulantatal située en Mongolie intérieure (Chine). Ces formes auraient vécu dans un milieu ouvert où régnaient des conditions climatiques froides et arides. Par la présence de taxons communs avec le Pakistan, l'Asie Mineure et l'Europe, les Cricetidae d'Ulantatal témoignent également de migrations fauniques via le couloir péri-téthysien. Les Eucricetodontinae d'Asie, sous-famille paléogène la plus diversifiée, présenteraient des caractéristiques évolutives plus avancées que celles de leurs contemporains européens rappelant déjà celles des formes néogènes, que ce soit du point de vue de la morphologie dentaire ou de la microstructure de l'émail des incisives. Cette dernière approche a aussi contribué à la compréhension des relations inter-génériques avec notamment la mise en synonymie d'Atavocricetodon avec Eucricetodon. Plus généralement, la complexité des liens phylogénétiques des Cricetidae paléogènes est illustrée par les difficultés issues de la définition des sous-familles qui sont relatives à leur importante diversité taxinomique couplée à des modalités évolutives parallèles, voire partagées avec certains Muroidea actuels, tels les Spalacidae
Cricetid rodents belong to the Muroidea superfamily, the most diversified group of mammals. Paleogene cricetids could represent their stem group. These could have an Asian origin during the middle Eocene. Regarding dental characters, the gradual loss of the P4 and the development of the anterocone on M1 represent key improvements which distinguish them from Dipodoidea, their sister group. Cricetids diversified around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary by the emergence of most of their subfamilies in Asia, North America and also Europe which coincide with the “Grande Coupure”. Their poorly known evolution in Asia during the Oligocene period has been considerably improved by the study of faunas from the Ulantatal area, located in Inner Mongolia (China). These forms inhabited open environments dominated by arid and cold climate conditions. Given that some taxa were present in Pakistan, Minor Asia and Europe as well as in Ulantatal, these cricetids also witness faunal migrations through the peri-tethysien pathway. Asian eucricetodontines which are the most flourishing Paleogene subfamily, display more advanced characters than contemporaneous european forms. As a consequence, they appear closer to Neogene cricetids according to dental morphology and incisor enamel microstructure. This method of investigation also permits to better understand the inter-generic relationships, especially the issue of Atavocricetodon integrated here in Eucricetodon. More generally, the complexity of the phylogenetic links of paleogene cricetids is shown by the difficulties of defining subfamilies in relation to their important taxonomic diversity coupled with parallel evolution. This one could also be shared with some current Muroidea, such as Spalacidae

碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士班
101
Since 1990, the Sino-Mongolian relations in various fields have developing faster. In recent years, relations between Taiwan and Mongolia also growing significantly. Along with these, the amount of people learning chinese have been also increased. In Mongolia, there are so many universities that teaching chinese language. But, all of them use chinese teaching materials that published in Mainland or translated into mongolian language and there are no chinese textbooks to meet mongolian students’ need that written by mongolian scholars. So, devise more appropriate chinese textbook for mongolian beginners is very important. To understand mongolian teachers’ attitude to teaching materials that they are currently using, I conducted a questionnaire survey and I found there are some shortcomings in currently using textbooks. For example, text contents not meet mongolian students’ characteristics, need mongolian explanation, grammars are too hard for students, exercises are not so interesting etc. So, I tried to develop more appropriate mongolian teaching materials. In this textbook, includes the most common everyday conversation that mongolian students use, chose more modern vocabulary, uses explanation in mongolian language and the comparison of Sino-Mongolian culture can make this textbook more interesting.

碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士班
101
It is necessary to know idioms in learning a nation’s language except memorizing vocabulary, because idioms is the abstract of language. Most Chinese idioms are ancient written word, some can’t be understood literally but to know what the story or context lie behind, which is difficult for a foreigner. In addition of this, the character itself and pronunciation also contribute Chinese one of the most difficult language to learn. This thesis is to compare the similarities and differences of Chinese and Mongolian idioms and focus on ethics category. From my experience in learning Chinese ethics idiom and additional information collection, I hope this thesis can provide useful information and be helpful in translation to other researcher, a way for better communication in Chinese-Mongolian culture. Ethics idioms play an important role in both Chinese and Mongolian. A study can show different way of these two nation’s ethics ideology and form. The idiom is divided into parts of “Father and Son”, ”Husband and Wife”, ”Brothers”, “Friends” in comparative study. This thesis compares the basic concept, origination, structure and culture about Chinese-Mongolian idioms. There are five chapters as follows: Chapter one is Introduction---Introducing the purpose of study, related material and reference Chapter Two is the basic concepts of Chinese-Mongolian idioms---Comparative analysis of definition, origination and culture character of Chinese-Mongolian idioms Chapter Three is the comparison of common Chinese-Mongolian idioms (1st part) --- Idioms about “Father and Son”, “Husband and Wife” Chapter Four is the comparison of common Chinese-Mongolian idioms (2nd part) Idioms about “Brothers”, “Friends” Chapter Five is Conclusion

碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士班
98
Abstract In regards to teaching Chinese for as a second language to foreign students and research in the field of teaching Chinese phonetics show that there are connections between pronunciation errors speaker’s native country. Special teaching methodologies are needed for students who come from a different countries, and furthermore these methodologies can be tailored to suit the strengths and weaknesses associated with speakers from that country. Our research in the Mongolian and Chinese “Chinese Study” database, “Chinese Language” database, and Chinese periodicals was shows that no research or documents have been recorded in regards to Mongolians learning Chinese speech tones. While our research has found some research articles from Inner Mongolia, there were still no research from Mongolia. There exists a difference in that Inner Mongolia and Mongolia’s language environments are not same, so the result of the research is not same. This study is based on other the work of other researchers in similar fields of study. In our study, Mongolian students who presently study in China or Taiwan are chosen and surveyed either face to face or over the internet. The surveys were recorded and analyzed to examine tonal errors in Mongolian students learning Chinese. The survey consisted of 40 Mongolian students. The survey consisted of 3 primary sections: single syllable words, double syllable words, and double syllable words used in a sentenced. The goal of the survey is to try to find out which Chinese tone is easy for Mongolian students to learn or pronounce, which tone is hard to pronounce, and also the reason for it. The secondary goal of the survey is to document for textbook writers and educators what foreign students believe would be more effective ways to teach Chinese to foreign students. Through this study we found out that Mongolians learning chinese as a second language is not necessarily related with their age, motivation nor ways of study in a major fashion. Instead environment in which they begin and continue their study is shown to have the greatest impact on pronounciation. Furthermore, Mongolian students generally find it hard to pronounce Tone-2 even in single syallable or double syallable words. Key words: Chinese tone of phonetics, Mongolian students, error, analysis, single syallable words , double syallable words.

碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士班
101
Abstract China and Mongolia idiom is part of stereotypical language vocabulary phrase or phrases. Idiom has a fixed structure and a fixed argument, which means a certain sense, the statement is the application as a whole. A large part of idioms from ancient followed each other down in the choice of words is often different from modern Chinese it represents a story or a story. Idiom is a ready, then, with the idioms, proverbs similar, but slightly different. Idiom mostly from writing, belonging to the nature of the text to speech. Second, in language form, almost all conventional four-character idioms structure, literally can not be replaced; idiom has vivid expression in the language concise, vivid effect. We also saw a nation from the idiom of wisdom, philosophy of doing things, life lessons and other spiritual civilization; also see social system, development and changes in production methods traces the history and so on. So I studied the motive and purpose that is hoping to help Chinese or Mongolian students from another perspective on China and Mongolia on horse idiom idioms and enhance understanding and grasp. Content is divided into five chapters, appendix I, Appendix II: Chapter I: Introduction Description motivation and purpose of this thesis, research scope and methodology, research value, literature review, China and Mongolia idiom defined. Chapter II: Chinese idiom of horses This chapter discusses Chinese idiom of horses into four categories: describe the character''s idiom to describe everyday idiom to describe military idiom, idioms other categories, sub-items do enumerate and comment. Chapter III: Mongolian horse idiom about This chapter discusses the relevant Mongolian horse idiom, idioms are divided into three categories to describe the characters: describe the character''s idiom to describe daily life, and others, do enumerate sub and comment. Chapter 4: Mongolia About "horse" Comparison of idioms This section discusses the two idioms about horse comparison between categories, rather evenly distributed, people, daily life and the number of wars on almost. Mongolian proverb about horses, almost all used to describe people, as high as 80%. In this section, the classification of commentary and analysis, we can see that China and Mongolia on the "horse" idiom of difference and identity. Chapter Five: Conclusion Research summary and research experience. Appendix I Amount in accordance with Chinese stroke order. Chinese idiom about horses list. Appendix II In accordance with the first word order Mongolian horse cite relevant idioms remarks column table is not commonly used idioms. Appendix III "Horse poetry", using poetry Yong Ma, Ma Chung lamented the fate of horses or to the performance of the Patriots ambitions and not met at the time of emotion and anger. Appendix IV Dances and stories Keywords: Mongolian, Chinese, horses, idioms, comparative study.

碩士
銘傳大學
華語文教學碩士學位學程
98
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the Chinese and Mongolian Lunar New Year customs, food and others cultural similarities and differences. From a professional point of view of teaching Chinese as a second language, a Chinese learner should learn how to interact with the Chinese culture. This is particularly important since culture is a set of behavioral and cognitive patterns in second language learning. Language is an important component of culture, as culture plays a crucial role in language. They can never be separated. If arbitrarily separated, neither will be complete in its intrinsic relations. We can even say that second language acquisition is equated with second culture acquisition. Linguists and anthropologists on this arguments are numerous: (Robinson-Stuart & Nocon 1996; Scollon & Scollon 1995). For thousands of years, the Mongolian nation has been herding livestock for a living while the Chinese have a farming culture. In addition to the major language differences between the two countries, it is only natural for both Mongolian students who study Chinese and Chinese students who learn Mongolian encounter language and cultural difficulties. Even though there are some cultural differences between the two countries, however, after several hundred years of cultural exchange between the two neighboring countries there are a lot of cultural similarities. This study shows how important and joyful the Lunar New year is for these two countries. This study is divided into four chapters. The first chapter explains the motivation behind this research, research methods, procedures and the research scope and limitations. The second chapter explains the basic concept of the Lunar New Year, including the respective origins of Chinese New Year and the Mongolian Festival (Mongolian New Year “ Цагаан сар ” White Month). The third chapter deals with the New Year''s diet practices, such as specific traditional foods, and what kind of meanings they represent. In the this chapter, the New Year customs between China and Mongolia, such as what kind of symbolic meaning of rituals and taboos one should pay attention to are examined，and shows two of the New Year The traditional New Year''s when the fun games and activities arranged. The fourth chapter highlights the similarities in customs and culture in both the Chinese and Mongolian New year. My contributions to this research is also presented in this chapter.

博士
正修科技大學
機電工程研究所
104
Traditional Mongolian Medicine (TMM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) share common characteristics but are also different and distinct. Observation is the first and utmost important step for diagnosis, including tongue examination. Both the TMM and TCM have the same viewpoint that tongue diagnosis is the utmost important and indispensable part of the inspection diagnosis. Thus, this study aim to recognize the commonalities and differences in the practice of tongue diagnosis and identify the most effective common features utilizing Automatic Tongue Diagnosis System (ATDS) as an assistant tool. Content analysis is chosen as a qualitative method to investigate the commonalities and differences between TMM and TCM tongue diagnosis. In this dissertation, 98 tongue images were collected by using the ATDS. Features, including size, shape, color, moisture, tooth mark, red dots and coating of the tongue were observed and recorded. In this study, we have identified and highlighted the most common tongue features and clinical significances which were described in TMM and TCM with the assistance of ATDS. We revealed that the TMM and TCM have similar perspectives on tongue diagnosis. It could be explained by that both TMM and TCM systems are holistic, conceptual and emphasize on theory of method and wisdom (yin and yang), hot and cold, five primary elements, and three humors (wind, bile and phlegm). In TCM, the tongue is seen as a map of the internal organs. In TMM, according to our analyzed data, we haven’t found clear information on tongue map yet. Further, need more research on this issue. The observations revealed in this study may provide new insight and knowledge to the TMM and TCM practitioners and may lead to a better appreciation of Traditional Medicine.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The idea of what it means to be a Chinese minority ‘Mongolian university student’ is usually explored in Chinese academic scholarship and educational practice within essentialist discourses. This approach not only stereotypes students as being ‘backward’, ‘underachieving’, ‘disruptive’, ‘powerless’ and with ‘low’ intelligence, but adopts a perspective that the researcher is the “author of knowledge” (St. Pierre, 2000, p. 494) whose detached observation and rational mind provide unmediated access to students’ lives. In this ethnographic study, utilizing poststructuralist perspectives and drawing upon the analytic framework of Foucauldian discourse analysis and category boundary work, I explore the multiple, fluid and heterogeneous ways in which ‘Mongolian university students’ subjectivities are variably enacted, validated, contested or rearticulated in the continuous constitutive practices of category boundary work – maintaining, reinforcing, contracting and challenging category boundaries. It is a perspective that sees ‘Mongolian university students’ as the discursive category and in within/against which subjectivities are constantly enacted and contested in the process of discursive inclusion and exclusion. I focus on how ‘Mongolian university students’ negotiate the category’s boundaries and what subject positions are available. Through emphasizing the strategic negotiation of multiple and shifting subject positions, I aim to disrupt the notion of ‘prejudice reduction’ (Banks, 2004) in multicultural education which aims to “help students develop positive racial attitude and values” (p. 5). I argue that this understanding of ‘prejudice reduction’ not only essentializes ‘minority students’ as single, fixed and stable attributes, but perpetuates the stereotypical representation of them. I argue for using Petersen’s (2004, 2007) concept of category boundary work to denaturalize and defamiliarize normative constructions of ‘minority students’ subjectivities. Such a denaturalizing act brings into light how discourses are utilized to make certain knowledge legitimized and what discourses are mobilized to constitute conditions of possibilities of certain subjects. Therefore, my study contributes to the poststructuralist problematisation of the conventional wisdom of essentializing discourses prevailed in minority education and social science research and opens up a promising space for future research to explore how meanings are discursively enacted and contested.

碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士班
98
Abstract In modern Chinese, “打”is very special word. Many researchers deep analyze on the meaning and syntax of usage of the “打”。And get very big achievement. Based on the former research , this dissertation is the first analyze main of the“打”lexical construction in modern Chinese. Also according be usage of “打” in Mongolian , and it is comparative analyze the usage of the“打”on the modern Chinese. “打”of the lexical construction is included the meaning, usage , capacity for word- building and morphology. This dissertation has three main purposes: In the first, this dissertation analyzes meanings of the“打”. This dissertation summarize a 34 meaning of the “打”in the modern Chinese. And divided into concrete meaning and abstract meaning of the“打”， concrete meaning of the“打” contains original meaning and extended meanings. Abstract meaning of the “打”contains be the model preposition and the affix. Moreover the this dissertation analyze explanation of the“打”equivocal meaning and lexical construction in modern Chinese. In the second, this dissertation analyzes usage and capacity for word- building and morphology of the “打”in modern Chinese. Usage of the“打”included verb, affix, preposition, unit word. Verb“打”with nouns and adjective build up word building, affix “打”with morpheme for verbs build up words building for verb; preposition “打” with preposition build up word building; unit word “打”with numeral words build up word building. In the third, this dissertation comparative analysis of modern Chinese language, “打”with the modern Mongolian word of “打”the meaning of the word, structure, function, shape change. Modern Mongolian in the“цохь”、“зод”、“нүд” those three words correspond in Chinese. In Modern Chinese , “打” the words as verbs, prepositions, quantifiers, prefix, Mongolian “цохь”、“зод”、“нүд”three words can act as a verb and the verb root that can’t act as prepositions, quantifiers. Modern Chinese language prepositions, quantifiers, “打”in the word to other words in the Mongolian and the suffix to express the Chinese language the preposition“打”in Mongolian term that corresponds to one of the affixes “аас, ээс, оос, өөс”to express, Mongolian no quantifiers, so the Chinese language quantifier“打”may correspond to the Mongolian “ширхэг” word to express, but such usage is rarely used. This thesis summarize the Mongolian「цохь」 is a multi-meaning words, that 13meanings ; “зод”and “нүд”is a single-meaning words. 「цохь」、「зод」、「нүд」after the word-building with a variety of additional ingredients and the combination of words constitutes a word. Morphological changes in the back with all sorts of tense, physical, social state, connection and suffixes of verb category. Key words: “打”word, vocabulary structure, parts of speech, word-building function, morphological changes.

碩士
銘傳大學
應用中國文學系碩士班
101
ABSTRACT “把” is the most commonly used sentence with special structure in modern Chinese. The word “把” in this kind of sentence is a preposition. In Mongolian, Chinese preposition function is expressed by the accusatives and suffixes. Therefore, the meaning of the preposition “把” in Mongolian sentence is expressed with the functions of accusatives. Because the two languages belong to different language system and do not have any relations with each other, so Mongolian students who learn Chinese tend to misuse the preposition “把” in Chinese sentence. This paper is aimed at making a comparison in Chinese and Mongolian language in terms of the functions of preposition "把" in Chinese language and the accusatives and suffixes in Mongolian language and analyzing the differences in the syntax structure. In "凡例" , descriptions of the English abbreviations and symbols used in this paper are included. The paper consists of five chapters, including introduction, three main chapters and conclusion. The first chapter outlines research motivation, research methods and the area of study. The second chapter introduces about the literature review and clarifies the semantics, syntax and the usage of the preposition “把”. The chapter three explains about the Mongolian accusative. Furthermore, the chapter four compares the accusative in Mongolian language and "把" sentences in Chinese language from the semantic and syntactic point of view. The chapter five summarizes the paper and concludes the observations and discoveries of the study.

碩士
文藻外語大學
國際事務碩士學位學程
107
In late 1989s in terms of geopolitics Mongolia was considered to be one of the democracy icon located between communist neighbors China – Russia with the hope to be model country to follow western capitalist system. However after developing 30 years of democracy, the system itself has been unfolding unexpected outcomes as Mongolia becomes one of poorest countries of the region with massive amount of foreign debts as well as facing political, socioeconomic struggles. Therefore this thesis mainly focused on the progress of Mongolian development and issues such as political, financial as well as interference's from its neighboring countries. Secondly this thesis further investigated bilateral relation of Mongolia – China’s withholds and problems in political, economic and cultural level as well as to find interference linkage based on variety of collected data’s accumulated from data set, archives and officials sources from both countries.

碩士
國立臺灣藝術大學
中國音樂學系
107
The study aims at analyzing conductors’ music interpretation skills. The author chooses three unique Chinese music compositions as the subjective, including one Zhonghu concerto Mongolian Hymn and two Chinese music ensembles Carrying goods up and down a mountain and Re Sol La Re. Involved in the use of twists and turns and the technique of glissando, these three pieces present totally different music style. The author therefore tries to gain deeper insight into the connotation behind these compositions through the analysis of the structure, musical form and interpretation, as well as the interview with composers. By this study, the author is looking forward to know more about the application of the conducting analysis and skill of Chinese music as well as the core idea that composers try to convey to the audience. There are five chapters included in the study. In chapter one, the background, motivation and purpose of the study is presented; Chapter two to four respectively focuses on the analysis of the music form and interpretation of Mongolian Hymn, Carrying goods up and down a mountain and Re Sol La Re. Finally, the conclusion of this interpretation study is presented.

碩士
銘傳大學
華語文教學碩士學位學程
99
Mongolia turned from a planned economy to a market economy in 1990 and at the present time is working with 137 countries in all four continents. Taiwan is an important part of this net and it has become one of the partners of Mongolia. Due to this partnership more and more Mongolians are travelling to Taiwan in order to do business and increase the bilateral relations between these countries. Researchers consider Chinese as an international language because one in six people speak it; so that, young Mongolians have great desire to learn Chinese and many students in both private and public universities are pursuing Chinese as their major. Mr. Chao, business representative of Taiwan in Ulaanbaatar says that businessmen from Mongolia travel with their own translators; however, their ability is limited because business Chinese materials are rare. Due to this consideration, I strongly believe that it is necessary to revise and update old business Chinese material and continue researching and publishing new materials which fulfil the current needs of businessmen and this is the goal of this paper, which mainly aims to create a new business Chinese material for Mongolians. Research papers, other materials as well as interviews with students and professors have been used to reach this objective, this is a summary of the steps that this thesis has followed: First, business Chinese articles to support reasoning were collected. Secondly, current business Chinese materials were taken into account. Internet was also used to gather current business Chinese classes in institutes of Mongolia. After analyzing their contents and structure, the data gathered was used to create this intermediate level business Chinese material. Finally, interviews with students and professors from universities also provided great amount of information such as problems that students face while learning Chinese and their current expectations from these materials. All the information acquired was used and it is my sincere hope that the results of this research help to find new possibilities for creating new business Chinese materials for Mongolians.