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Journal articles on the topic 'Mongolian democracy'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Oidov, Khatanbold. "Mongolian democracy: key challenges and opportunities in modern environment." E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125807009.

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In the last three decades, views about democracy in Mongolia have transformed from high expectations and hopes to perceived failure in performances in political and economic terms. A national and international researchers concluded that at the initial stage of democratization, Mongolians were guided by the general concepts and values of democracy such as human rights, liberty, and freedom of association and expression. Later, these values shifted to more in-depth notions that can be summarized as “democracy is a process for ensuring accountability and justice based on the active engagement of

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2

Chuluunbaatar, G., and Todd Landman. "Role of Democracy Assessment Tools in Democracy Consolidation: Lessons Learned From Mongolia." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 18 (August 13, 2013): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.73.

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Executive summary 1. Democracy assessment in Mongolia was a state-led exercise conducted as part of the follow-up activities to the 5th International Conference of New or Restored Democracies and involved the active participation of the Government, Parliament, and Civil Society. 2. The process of democracy assessment itself provided a unique opportunity for critical self-reflection within Mongolia about the quality of democracy, the performance of democratic institutions, and elite and mass perceptions of democracy. 3. The follow-up activities successfully generated methods for assessing democ

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Sanders, Alan J. K. "Mongolia: All Quiet on the Western Front." Inner Asia 16, no. 2 (2014): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340028.

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Alicia Campi and her Mongolian co-author Baasan reconstruct a largely unknown historical record indicating that relations between Mongolia and the u.s. might have been established a century ago, had opportunities not been missed and the ‘China question’ not predominated. Ambassador Jonathan Addleton provides an account of the official establishment of u.s.-Mongolian diplomatic relations in January 1987, as perestroika was already eating away at the foundations of the first ‘people’s republic’, and shows how freedom and democracy have flourished there in the era of globalisation. Dierkes and hi

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Khatanbold, O. "The Current State of Democracy and Democratic Governance in Mongolia." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 18 (August 13, 2013): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.71.

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The paper aimed to express that democracy development and promoting democratic governance in Mongolia brought specific changes; however, difficulties and challenges. These are the process to institutionalize democracy, mainly in creating a democratic mechanism within public institutions. Failed policies, emphasis in political parties, and the election process influence democratic institution building. While the Mongolia’s democratic governance indicators initiative was very much owned by national stakeholders, an important aspect of the process was to engage with key international partners who

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5

Guruchin, Gerelma, та Daria B. Gedeeva. "Монгол хүний бичиг үсгийн чадварын судалгаа (албан ёсны кирилл үсгийн жишээн дээр) (= Исследование письменной грамотности среди монголов (на примере официального кириллического письма))". Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 12, № 4 (2020): 625–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2020-4-625-634.

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Introduction. The aricle studies the Cyrillic literacy of Mongolians through the use of sociolinguistic methods. Mongolians had been using the Mongolian script from ancient times through 1921, and since then by the 1930s the traditional script was replaced because it was considered obsolete and feudal. In 1941, Mongolia officially switched to modified Latin alphabet which was used for some time. However, two months later this decision was cancelled, and three months thereafter Cyrillic alphabet was introduced — on March 25, 1941, the Mongolian People’s Republic officially adopted the Cyrillic

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Batsaikhan, Battsengel, and Gyung-Chul Park. "Problems and Improvements of Mongolia’s Governmental Structure- Focusing on the Checks and Balances between the Parliament, the President and the Cabinet." Korean Association of International Association of Constitutional Law 28, no. 2 (2022): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.24324/kiacl.2022.28.2.95.

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2022 is the 30th anniversary of the implementation of the 1992 Constitution, which first adopted the principles of free democracy and the rule of law in Mongolia's constitutional history. Mongolia is in the process of realizing a liberal democracy and a rule of law based on the 1992 Constitution. However, Mongolian semi-presidential government system, which the current Mongolian constitution adopted, has various political or legal problems in the relationship between the president and the national parliament, and between the president and the prime minister and the cabinet, and between t

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7

Rodionov, Vladimir, Erdem Dagbaev, Timur Badmatsyrenov, and Elizaveta Badmatsyrenova. "Mongolia in 20th century: Socialist Modernization and Economy." SHS Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20185001031.

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In contemporary Mongolia democracy is considered to be the main modern criterion of the political Modernity, which distinguishes socially «developed» countries from «backward» ones. Mature democracy is supposed to be the most important achievements of Mongolia after two decades of post-socialism. This phenomenon can be explained in different ways. Some authors appeal to the historical civilizational and religious factors, which identified «the predisposition» of the Mongols to democratic values. Others tend to find the answer to the question in the politics of Mongolian reformists, who adopted

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Tayshanova, S. T., and G. K. Olchikenova. "The image of Genghis Khan in Mongolia’s national ideology and historical policy." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 145, no. 4 (2023): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2023-145-4-165-173.

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The article analyzes the image of Genghis Khan in the national ideology and historical policy of Mongolia. The study of this topic is relevant today in the context of the ongoing major geopolitical changes. In this context, it is important to note the various methods and technologies used to form the civic consciousness and national unity of Mongolians. One of the key approaches is the widespread integration of the extra-historical image of Genghis Khan into various spheres of Mongolian society. However, here it is important to distinguish between the real historical personality of Genghis Kha

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9

V, Oyundari Batzorig, and Byeong Gu Song. "A Study on Political Elites from Mongolia’sregime transformation: Focusing on Reformists faction of MPRP." Korean Association for Mongolian Studies 75 (November 30, 2023): 181–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17292/kams.2023.75.181.

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The Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party has maintained its political status as the ruling party in Mongolia for 70 years of socialism and 30 years of democracy. Therefore, in this paper, the political elites who were in power at the time of regime transformation of the Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party, their formation background, characteristics, and policy decision factors were examined. Prior to the transition to democracy, Mongolia was a country with a one-party system in which the party and the state were integrated. As the party dominated all areas of the country and societ

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10

Undarya, T. "State of Civil Society Development in Mongolia." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 18 (August 13, 2013): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.70.

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Mongolia’s civil society has been much praised by observers, mostly foreign, for its strength and vibrancy. While these glowing accounts do have some merit, it is important to take a more sober look at not so conducive environment – political, cultural, economic and financial,- which could severely undermine the future of Mongolia’s civil society. Yet, given the current position of Mongolia, standing to gain from its mining boom, the presence of a strong, well resourced, effective and ethical civil society may be the key factor for determining the country’s course towards equitable and democra

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11

Baitha, Subhash Kumar, and Souvik Chatterjee. "Unlocking India’s potentials in Far East Asian Region: Rethinking Indo-Mongolia ties in the present context." Khazanah Sosial 3, no. 3 (2021): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/ks.v3i3.12099.

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The Far East refers to the geographical, economic, and cultural regions of Eastern Russia, East Asia, and Southeast Asia. Because it is so geopolitically and culturally diverse, the part is important because of its geostrategic importance, energy resources, and business opportunities. This study will focus on unlocking India's potential in Northeast Asia and Mongolia's important role in India's engagement in the region. Despite India's age-old historical, cultural, and religious links with Northeast Asia and Mongolia, India's role remains marginal. With China's increasing presence and dominanc

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12

Fish, M. Steven, and Michael Seeberg. "The Secret Supports of Mongolian Democracy." Journal of Democracy 28, no. 1 (2017): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0011.

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13

Mitupov, K. B., and B. Oroljav. "BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF MONGOLIAN DEMOCRACY." Human research of Inner Asia 4 (2018): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/2305-753x-2018-4-27-34.

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14

ж, Төртогтох, та Туяагэрэл Г. "МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ИХ ХУРЛЫН ТӨЛӨӨЛЛИЙН ЧИГ ҮҮРГИЙН ХЭРЭГЖИЛТИЙГ ҮНЭЛЭХ НЬ". Politology 22, № 593 (2024): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/ps20241.1.

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In the theory of democracy, Parliament, is an institution of representation that creates a universally recognized legal entity that expresses national interests. Mongolia has been transitioning to a parliamentary system for 30 years, but the fundamental role of representing the people of the legislative constitution and strengthening representative democracy has been blurred, resulting in a decline in public trust in the institution. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the representation functions of the Mongolian Great Ikh Khural, established in the 2020 elections, based on the views of re

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У, Батцэрэн, та Алтанхуяг Д. "ИРГЭДИЙН УЛС ТӨРИЙН ОРОЛЦООНД НӨЛӨӨЛЖ БУЙ ХҮНДРЭЛ БЭРХШЭЭЛ". Politology 22, № 593 (2024): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/ps20241.9.

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The common type of democracy that was accepted by the humans is a direct and representative model. These two types of the democracy are traditionally related to each other and refreshed each other as well. In view of the democratic changes of Mongolia, the relations of the above mentioned two types were lost at that time and the representative democracy was deemed as proper rather than the direct democracy. However, a possibility for the representative democracy was not fully used and a creation of any conditions for political involvement of citizens to realize such possibility was failed. Con

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Zubko, Andrii. "Systems of Weight of Ancient Mongolian and Tibetan Civilizations." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 68 (2022): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2022.68.12.

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Ancient Mongolian and Tibetan civilizations have appeared in the mountainous areas, steppes and deserts of a huge region of the Earth, Central Asia. Their advent was preceded by a lengthy process of developing social relationships, material and spiritual culture of various peoples who lived in those lands. In ancient times, the forebears of Mongolian and Tibetan peoples were hunters and gatherers, and later on, they began breeding livestock and as a result, adopted nomadic lifestyle. To the southeast of this region, Chinese civilization has been developing during five thousand years in the val

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17

Enkhsaikhan, J. "Democracy and Civil Society in Mongolia." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 12 (September 2, 2013): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i12.91.

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18

Rodionov, Vladimir A. "«Мягкая сила» малых стран: опыт Монголии". Oriental studies 15, № 2 (2022): 228–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-60-2-228-243.

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Introduction. The experience of recent decades shows small countries — though characterized by relatively limited foreign policy capacity — can defend their interests through ‘soft power’. Being obviously inferior to greater powers in military, political and economic aspects, small countries seek to compensate for their vulnerability with softer methods of influence. Nowadays, Mongolia is a classic case of a small country under the influence of such great powers as Russia, China, and the United States to successfully employ soft power tools. Goals. The article aims to identify where and how Mo

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19

Gansukh, D. "The Global Democracy Community Gathers in Ulaanbaatar." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 18 (August 12, 2013): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.65.

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20

Tuya, N. "Democracy and Poverty: A Lesson from Mongolia." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 18 (August 12, 2013): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.66.

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21

Mendee, Jargalsaikhan, and Adiya Tuvshintugs. "Consolidating Democracy: The Reform of Mongolian Intelligence." International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 26, no. 2 (2013): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08850607.2013.757995.

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22

Tugsbilguun, T. "Democracy in Central Asia: Authoritarian Regimes or Hybrid Regimes?" Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 18 (August 13, 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.75.

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23

Sabloff, Paula LW. "Genghis Khan and Modern Mongolian Identity: The Democracy Connection." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 8-9 (April 11, 2014): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i8-9.127.

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24

투무르쿠 오간바야르. "Interest Groups and Political Parties in Mongolian Democracy." Journal of Northeast Asia Research 27, no. 1 (2012): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.18013/jnar.2012.27.1.010.

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25

Sabloff, Paula. "Capitalist Democracy Among Mongolian Herders: Discourse or Ideology?" Human Organization 69, no. 1 (2010): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.69.1.jw5t45316v51x5kq.

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26

Beydina, T., and A. Litovchenko. "The position of Western and Eastern political scientists on the Mongolian Political Reality." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 5 (2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-5-53-62.

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The article analyzes the approaches of Western and Eastern political scientists in the study of political reality in Mongolia. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that the concept of “political reality” in general and in relation to Mongolia in particular was not previously considered in Russian scientific thought. The works of foreign and domestic political scientists-Mongol scholars mainly concerned the study of political processes in this country. A comparative analysis of the information base accumulated by representatives of Western and Eastern scientific thought makes it possible

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Iwakuni, Tetsundo. "Democracy in Japan." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 18 (August 13, 2013): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i18.74.

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Brief Background ost people seem to be under the impression that democracy was introduced to Japan at the end of World War II. Well – not so much introduced as imposed upon the Japanese people by the Allied Forces. While this may be true to some extent, it is important to note that the seeds of democracy already existed in Japanese society in the early 20th century, which explains the relative ease of transition to democratic processes and receptivity of democratic institutions. Another factor that facilitated the transition from an ultranationalist, militarist government was the retention of

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Khash-Erdene, Urangoo, and Julak Lee. "Anti-Corruption Policies in Mongolia." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 8, no. 2 (2018): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v8i2.13120.

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Since the 1990s, when Mongolia has transited to democracy and market economy, which began to reform all parts of society, corruption has become a serious issue. Though corruption does not trigger a fear like violent crimes, it is a very dangerous phenomenon that spreads all sectors of society in a hidden way, and there is no particular victim of corruption, but the society.Nowadays, the main obstacle to socio-economic growth in developing countries is corruption. Therefore, it is essential to know the nature, causes, characteristics, and structures of corruption in order to develop and impleme

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MARCH, ANDREW F. "Citizen Genghis? On explaining Mongolian democracy through 'political culture'." Central Asian Survey 22, no. 1 (2003): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0263493032000108621.

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Hutchins, K. G. "The Melodious Hoofbeat." Inner Asia 22, no. 2 (2020): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340148.

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Abstract This paper examines cases in which traditional musicians in Mongolia bring the perspectives of rural non-human animals into urban music institutions, troubling the colonial nature–culture and urban–rural divisions around which they were designed. In Mongolia, music has played a central role in the socialist modernisation projects of the twentieth century, as well as the protests that led to the country’s transition to parliamentary democracy in 1990. These projects involved the formation of urban-based national conservatories and orchestras designed around a western model that attempt

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Varenov, Andrey V. "In Memoriam Gai Shanlin (1935–2020) – A Prominent Chinese Rock Art Researcher." Oriental Studies 19, no. 10 (2020): 162–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2020-19-10-162-166.

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Gai Shanlin (盖山林), of Manchu origin, was a native of Xingtang County, Hebei Province in China. He was born on 10 September 1935, and received higher education in Lanzhou city in 1960. Since 1962, Gai Shanlin was employed at the Inner Mongolian Archaeology of Cultural Heritage Research Institute. He was a prominent rock art researcher, considered to be No. 1 in China. Gai Shanlin was the first who discovered, described and published materials of the rock art sites of Inner Mongolia in the Yinshan mountains, the Wulanchabu grassland and the Badain Jaran Desert. During his life, he wrote about a

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Gelegpil, Chuluunbaatar, Khatanbold Oidov, and A. S. Zhelezniakov. "The philosophical and methodological issues of Mongolia’s civilization in the multi-polar world." Journal of Law and Administration 16, no. 1 (2020): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2020-1-54-3-13.

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Introduction. The article is devoted to the evaluation of topical ideas of Inner Asia civilization in the multi-polar world. Without doubt, in contemporary global world it is essential for each country to creatively explore ideas and scientific civilizational theories to define its place in modern global community. Today the Mongols actively explore these theories and doctrines which have linkage to Western origin, but the research deserves a creative approach and does not fit properly the national reality and specifics.Material and methods. To define the specific features of Mongolian civiliz

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Radchenko, Sergey S. "Mongolian Politics in the Shadow of the Cold War: The 1964 Coup Attempt and the Sino-Soviet Split." Journal of Cold War Studies 8, no. 1 (2006): 95–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152039706775212021.

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After Nikita Khrushchev's condemnation of some of Stalin's crimes in 1956, the Mongolian People's Republic, following in the footsteps of the “fraternal” Soviet Union, also succumbed to the “thaw.” Khrushchev used de Stalinization to discredit his hardline opponents. Mongolia's leader, Yumjaagiyn Tsedenbal, was a Stalin-era holdover who came under criticism from his rivals for being unenthusiastic about political reforms. Tsedenbal had good reason to downplay de-Stalinization:He shared responsibility with Marshal Horloogiyn Choibalsan for violent repressions in the 1940s. But Tsedenbal outmane

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Dembereldorj, Zoljargal. "A Case Study of Higher Education in Mongolia: Institutional Isomorphism." International Journal of Higher Education 9, no. 1 (2019): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n1p107.

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Universities elsewhere have been changing its purposes, functions, roles, and pursuits in society. This study is a case study of Mongolian higher education in which institutional changes are taking place incrementally. The purpose of this study is to explore institutional isomorphism or homogenization of a case university in Mongolia in two different periods of which one is a university under the Soviet regime in the past, and the other is under the democracy in present. The research question was how a university in Mongolia has been changing isomorphically under the different environmental pr

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Beaudry. "“Democracy against the State” in The Mongolian Conspiracy by Rafael Bernal." CR: The New Centennial Review 20, no. 2 (2020): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/crnewcentrevi.20.2.0155.

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Kumar, Subhash, and Souvik Chatterjee. "Mongolia’s assertive and pragmatic role in India’s Connect Central Asia Policy: Current trajectory and Future Ahead." Journal of Political Issues 3, no. 1 (2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jpi.v3i1.61.

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Mongolia’s uniqueness and importance in contemporary world politics lie in its geographical situating, demography, and economy. Geographically landlocked and situated in the Eurasian intersection, Mongolia has the lowest population density of any sovereign country on the planet. Sandwiched among Russia and China Mongolia's harsh environment limit its economic interests. However, Mongolia's geostrategic position, unexplored energy assets, and democratic governance have expanded its importance in global politics. Because of such Mongolia holds a key position in India's Act East and Connect Centr

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Chatterjee, Souvik. "Challenges and Triumphs of Democratisation in Mongolia." Hasanuddin Journal of International Affairs 4, no. 2 (2024): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31947/hjirs.v4i2.36190.

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The major socio-political change in Mongolia was the change of political system from one-party socialist to multi-party democracy in 1990s. The political liberalisation of ideas- the change of economic system, inauguration of the new constitution in 1992 and the first ever free parliamentary elections are the key features of the Mongolia’s Democratic revolution. The importance of researching democratic consolidation in Mongolia can be underscored in several keyways. Firstly, Mongolia serves as an exemplary case of a nation that has transitioned positively towards democracy in a global landscap

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Т, ЗАЯА. "The Kantian ideals and the Mongolian young democracy: Achieving peace and democracy through international cooperation (Кантын үзэл санаа ба Монголын залуу ардчилал: олон улсын хамтын ажиллагаагаар энх тайван ба ардчилалд хүрэх замд)". Political Studies 18, № 534 (2023): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/ps.v18i534.2200.

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The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how, even in the most remote from Europe country, in this case in Mongolia, the ideas of such great philosophers as Rousseau, Montesquieu and Kant went to this ancient nation to transform it entirely from a communist state to a vibrant democracy.

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Б, Баярбаатар, та Бумдарь Д. "2019 ОНЫ МОНГОЛ УЛСЫН ҮНДСЭН ХУУЛИЙН НЭМЭЛТ, ӨӨРЧЛӨЛТ: ТӨРИЙН САНХҮҮЖИЛТИЙН ЗОХИЦУУЛАЛТ, ОНОЛ". Politology 22, № 593 (2024): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22353/ps20241.16.

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Amendments to the Constitution of Mongolia were approved by the Great Khural of Mongolia on November 14, 2019, and ratified by the President of Mongolia on November 26, 2019. The amendment added the Nineteenth Article 1 to the Constitution. It includes: 1. The Party shall be established as set out in the paragraph 10 of the Article Sixteen of the Constitution, and shall formulate and conduct nation-wide policy. 2. The Party shall be formed by associatinguniting at least one percent of Mongolian citizens, eligible to vote in the election. 3. Internal organization of the party shall be in compli

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Ochir, Sanjbegz. "The Historical Analysis of the Development of Educational Sociology in Mongolia." International Journal of Education, Culture and Society 10, no. 3 (2025): 138–42. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijecs.20251003.12.

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Educational sociology is a new and developing scientific field in Mongolia. In order to conduct a historical analysis of this science, past research in this field was collected and used as background information. This research has led to the development of educational sociology, an independent branch of sociology, guided by the theory and methodology of general sociological science. This study examines how educational sociology emerged and developed in Mongolia. It focused on the issues of education that were studied during the development of this science. No research has been conducted in thi

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Kuras, Leonid V., та Bazar D. Tsybenov. "Революционная деятельность первого уполномоченного НКИД РСФСР в Монголии О. И. Макстенека (по данным отечественных и зарубежных архивов)". Oriental studies 15, № 1 (2022): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2022-59-1-37-50.

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Scientific historical literature highly estimates the activities of Russian party executives, Comintern members, military specialists, diplomats and Buryat national democrats to have played an essential role in the implementation of the Mongolian Revolution. However, those research works pay little attention to the life and deeds of O. I. Makstenek — Soviet diplomat and first authorized representative of the RSFSR People’s Foreign Affairs Commissariat to Mongolia — who had significantly contributed to the success of the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. Goals. The study seeks to identify and analy

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Bulag, Uradyn E. "Mongolia in 2008: From Mongolia to Mine-golia." Asian Survey 49, no. 1 (2009): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2009.49.1.129.

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In 2008 Mongolia witnessed the first violent riots in the wake of parliamentary elections since the country became a democracy in 1992, but the crisis was mitigated by the formation of a coalition government. Mining has become a key factor for defining Mongolia's domestic politics and international relations.

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Gupta, Gauri Shankar. "India's Foreign Policy." Mongolian Journal of International Affairs, no. 12 (September 2, 2013): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjia.v0i12.90.

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India is an ancient civilization with a multiethnic, multireligious and multilingual society. Freedom of thought and expression, democracy, nonviolence and tolerance form an integral part of Indian ethos. Since times immemorial these values have played an important role in the evolution of Indian civilization. As a result, India was able to absorb and assimilate alien cultures, religions and ideas, still retaining its distinctive identity. Because of this immense process of assimilation and absorption, Indian society is popularly called an ‘Indian Mosaic’. Today almost all possible religious,

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Fish, M. Steven. "Mongolia: Democracy Without Prerequisites." Journal of Democracy 9, no. 3 (1998): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jod.1998.0044.

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BUELL, PAUL D., and JUDITH KOLBAS. "The Ethos of State and Society in the Early Mongol Empire: Chinggis Khan to Güyük." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 26, no. 1-2 (2016): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186315000735.

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AbstractThe following joint article is a departure from standard studies, in that historical research is put side-by-side with numismatic evidence. It reflects the growing awareness of the underlying concepts of steppe society that significantly shaped the formation and endurance of the Mongol Empire. With new analysis, it is apparent that the society was clear about these concepts and expressed them in very public pronouncements. They are most evident in the early period of the empire; during the formation of the state by Chinggis Khan and his first two successors, Ögödei (r. 1229–41) and Güy

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Oh, Hyung Keun. "Study on Mongolia's Fire Safety Law." Korean Association of Area Studies 43, no. 1 (2025): 97–124. https://doi.org/10.29159/kjas.43.1.97.

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Mongolia was the second country in the world to adopt a socialist system after the former Soviet Union. Mongolia became independent and transitioned to a democratic system along with the collapse of the former Soviet Union in the course of world history when the Cold War was falling apart. Since then, as a member of the international community, it has promoted exchanges and cooperation with each country, and has been reorganizing industries through economic development from its traditional livestock-centered industrial structure, leading to national development. Today, Mongolia is not a countr

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Ulziikhutag, Odgerel. "E-Democracy Issues in Mongolia." I-WAYS, Digest of Electronic Commerce Policy and Regulation 32, no. 2 (2009): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/iwa-2009-0176.

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Severinghaus, Sheldon R. "Mongolia in 1994: Strengthening Democracy." Asian Survey 35, no. 1 (1995): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645132.

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Ginsburg, Tom. "Mongolia in 1997: Deepening Democracy." Asian Survey 38, no. 1 (1998): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2645468.

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Severinghaus, Sheldon R. "Mongolia in 1994: Strengthening Democracy." Asian Survey 35, no. 1 (1995): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.1995.35.1.00p0459c.

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