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1

Smythe, Maureen A., and Anne Caffee. "Anticoagulation Monitoring." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 17, no. 5 (2004): 317–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190004271775.

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Optimal management of anticoagulant therapy requires an understanding of the laboratory tests often employed to guide therapy. The activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) can detect abnormalities in the intrinsic and common clotting pathways. Despite numerous limitations in the aPTT test, it remains the gold standard for monitoring unfractionated heparin and direct thrombin inhibitor therapy. The aPTT can be performed in the central laboratory or at the bedside (point of care [POC] testing). The activated clotting time (ACT) is a POC test that is routinely employed to monitor high-dose heparin during invasive and surgical procedures. The ACT therapeutic range will depend on the specific procedure or surgery being performed. Heparin levels are becoming more routinely available and are used to establish the aPTT therapeutic range for heparin therapy as well as for direct monitoring of heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin therapy. The international normalized ratio (INR) is the gold standard for monitoring warfarin patients. The target INR depends on the indication for anticoagulation. POC monitoring for warfarin is becoming increasingly used. Clinicians should have a thorough understanding of the benefits as well as the limitations of warfarin POC monitoring.
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2

Ng, Valerie L. "Anticoagulation Monitoring." Clinics in Laboratory Medicine 29, no. 2 (2009): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cll.2009.05.003.

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3

Pence, Catherine, and Kimberly McErlane. "Anticoagulation Self-Monitoring." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 105, no. 10 (2005): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200510000-00036.

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4

EBBERT, JON O., and ERIC G. TANGALOS. "Anticoagulation Self-Monitoring." Internal Medicine News 39, no. 20 (2006): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(06)74379-7.

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5

Chandler, Wayne L. "Anticoagulation Without Monitoring." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 140, no. 5 (2013): 606–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/ajcpe8cwkovg4agx.

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6

Li Wan Po, Alain. "Self-monitoring of anticoagulation." Lancet 379, no. 9828 (2012): 1788–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60757-0.

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7

McPherson, Mary Lynn. "Home oral anticoagulation monitoring." Journal of Home Health Care Practice 4, no. 1 (1992): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108482239200400110.

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8

Hambleton, Julie. "Home Monitoring of Anticoagulation." Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 16, no. 1/2 (2003): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:thro.0000014591.32012.1f.

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9

McRae, Hannah L., Leah Militello, and Majed A. Refaai. "Updates in Anticoagulation Therapy Monitoring." Biomedicines 9, no. 3 (2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9030262.

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In the past six decades, heparin and warfarin were the primary anticoagulants prescribed for treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism worldwide. This has been accompanied by extensive clinical knowledge regarding dosing, monitoring, and reversal of these anticoagulants, and the resources required to do so have largely been readily available at small and large centers alike. However, with the advent of newer oral and parenteral anticoagulants such as low molecular weight heparins, factor Xa inhibitors, and direct thrombin inhibitors in recent years, new corresponding practice guidelines have also emerged. A notable shift in the need for monitoring and reversal agents has evolved as well. While this has perhaps streamlined the process for physicians and is often desirable for patients, it has also left a knowledge and resource gap in clinical scenarios for which urgent reversal and monitoring is necessary. An overview of the currently available anticoagulants with a focus on the guidelines and available tests for anticoagulant monitoring will be discussed in this article.
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10

Maier, Cheryl L., and Roman M. Sniecinski. "Anticoagulation Monitoring for Perioperative Physicians." Anesthesiology 135, no. 4 (2021): 738–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003903.

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From preoperative medications to intraoperative needs to postoperative thromboprophylaxis, anticoagulants are encountered throughout the perioperative period. This review focuses on coagulation testing clinicians utilize to monitor the effects of these medications.
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11

Calatzis, A., M. Leitner, and S. Panzer. "Monitoring anticoagulation of primary haemostasis." Hämostaseologie 29, no. 03 (2009): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617037.

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SummaryThis article provides an overview on current commercially available methods to determine primary haemostasis as a target of drug-mediated anticoagulation. It focuses on whole blood methods only, and references the currently major achievements that have been reported with each method in respect to its clinical use. Advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are presented, based on considerations of platelet physiology, and on feasibility of the procedures.
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12

Wool, Geoffrey D., and Chuanyi M. Lu. "Pathology Consultation on Anticoagulation Monitoring." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 140, no. 5 (2013): 623–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/ajcpr3jtok7nkdbj.

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13

Despotis, George J., Glenn Gravlee, Kriton Filos, Jerrold Levy, and Dennis M. Fisher. "Anticoagulation Monitoring during Cardiac Surgery." Anesthesiology 91, no. 4 (1999): 1122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199910000-00031.

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The literature does not consistently support the importance of anticoagulation monitoring techniques during CPB. This is best reflected by studies that have evaluated the impact of the ACT method on blood loss and transfusion outcomes. Inconsistent findings from studies that evaluated the impact of ACT monitoring may be related to either suboptimal study design (i.e., retrospective, unblinded, nonrandomized) or possibly the diagnostic inprecision of the ACT method used in these studies. There are a small number of well-controlled studies, some of which suggest that bleeding and transfusion outcomes can be improved by refining heparin monitoring techniques, either by sustaining better anticoagulation during CPB or by optimizing protamine doses (i.e., when empiric protocols result in excessive protamine doses). More well-controlled studies are needed to better define the importance of anticoagulation management during CPB.
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14

Richardson, Evelyn. "Self-monitoring of oral anticoagulation." Lancet 367, no. 9508 (2006): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(06)68140-3.

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15

Georgiadis, D., M. Hill, P. Zunker, F. Stögbauer, and E. B. Ringelstein. "Anticoagulation monitoring with transcranial doppler." Lancet 344, no. 8933 (1994): 1373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90738-2.

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16

Sarawate, Chaitanya, Mirko V. Sikirica, Vincent J. Willey, Michael F. Bullano, and Ole Hauch. "Monitoring anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation." Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 21, no. 2 (2006): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11239-006-4968-z.

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17

Bussey, Henry I. "Problems with Monitoring Heparin Anticoagulation." Pharmacotherapy 19, no. 1 (1999): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.19.1.2.30519.

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18

Schaadt, Jennifer. "Monitoring Anticoagulation During Aprotinin Utilization." Journal of ExtraCorporeal Technology 28, no. 1 (1996): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ject/199628142.

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The literature reviewed discussed the varying practices of anticoagulation measurement in those open heart patients receiving aprotinin. All references have reported an increase in celite ACTs (C-ACTs) in heparinized patients who were treated with aprotinin. Two authors attributed this effect to aprotinin's ability to enhance heparin's anticoagulation and therefore permit a decrease in the heparin dose. Other authorities proved that during aprotinin administration the C-ACTs were artificially prolonged and that the C-ACT should either be maintained at 750 seconds or greater, or not be used at all. An alternative is the kaolin ACT (K-ACT), which is not affected by aprotinin except at serum levels above 500 KIU/ml. An additional method of measurement is the high dose thrombin time (HITT), a test that is not affected by variables that alter the C and K-ACTs but is inaccurate at low heparin levels. There appears to be no ideal method to provide an accurate anticoagulation measurement when considering aprotinin's effect on the hemostatic system. Based on these data, the anticoagulation protocol remains an institutional decision in determining which measurement method will render cardiopulmonary bypass safe and effective when aprotinin is used.
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19

Mruthunjaya, Ashwin K. V., and Angel A. J. Torriero. "Electrochemical Monitoring in Anticoagulation Therapy." Molecules 29, no. 7 (2024): 1453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071453.

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The process of blood coagulation, wherein circulating blood transforms into a clot in response to an internal or external injury, is a critical physiological mechanism. Monitoring this coagulation process is vital to ensure that blood clotting neither occurs too rapidly nor too slowly. Anticoagulants, a category of medications designed to prevent and treat blood clots, require meticulous monitoring to optimise dosage, enhance clinical outcomes, and minimise adverse effects. This review article delves into the various stages of blood coagulation, explores commonly used anticoagulants and their targets within the coagulation enzyme system, and emphasises the electrochemical methods employed in anticoagulant testing. Electrochemical sensors for anticoagulant monitoring are categorised into two types. The first type focuses on assays measuring thrombin activity via electrochemical techniques. The second type involves modified electrode surfaces that either directly measure the redox behaviours of anticoagulants or monitor the responses of standard redox probes in the presence of these drugs. This review comprehensively lists different electrode compositions and their detection and quantification limits. Additionally, it discusses the potential of employing a universal calibration plot to replace individual drug-specific calibrations. The presented insights are anticipated to significantly contribute to the sensor community’s efforts in this field.
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20

Ferretti, Gianluigi, Diana Giannarelli, Paolo Carlini, et al. "Self-monitoring versus standard monitoring of oral anticoagulation." Thrombosis Research 119, no. 3 (2007): 389–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2006.08.007.

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21

Rodrigues, Ana Bento, Anabela Rodrigues, Catarina Jacinto Correia, Gustavo Nobre Jesus, and João Miguel Ribeiro. "Anticoagulation Management in V-V ECMO Patients: A Multidisciplinary Pragmatic Protocol." Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 3 (2024): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm13030719.

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(1) Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a complex procedure affecting both the risk of thrombosis and bleeding. High-quality data to personalize anticoagulation management in ECMO are lacking, resulting in a high variability in practice among centers. For this reason, we review coagulation methods and monitoring and share a pragmatic proposal of coagulation management, as performed in our high-volume ECMO Referral Centre; (2) Methods: We revised the anticoagulation options and monitoring methods available for coagulation management in ECMO through PubMed search based on words including “anticoagulation,” “coagulation assays,” “ECMO,” “ELSO,” and “ISTH”; (3) Results: Actual revision of the literature was described as our routine practice regarding ECMO anticoagulation and monitoring; (4) Conclusions: No coagulation test is exclusively predictive of bleeding or thrombotic risk in patients undergoing ECMO support. An approach that allows for a tailored regimen of anticoagulation (regardless of agent used) and monitoring is mandatory. To accomplish this, we propose that the titration of anticoagulation therapies should include multiple laboratory tests, including anti-Xa, aPTT, ACT, viscoelastic tests, AT levels, platelet count, fibrinogen, and FXIII levels. Anticoagulation regimens should be tailored to a specific patient and personalized based on this complex array of essays.
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22

&NA;. "Heparin concentrations useful in monitoring anticoagulation." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1072 (1997): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199710720-00030.

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23

Hou, Xiaotong. "Anticoagulation monitoring in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation." Perfusion 36, no. 5 (2021): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02676591211024090.

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24

Utley, Martin, David Patterson, and Steve Gallivan. "Monitoring the effectiveness of anticoagulation control." International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance 18, no. 1 (2005): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09526860510576929.

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25

Nguyen, Trung, Matthew Musick, and Jun Teruya. "Anticoagulation Monitoring During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 15, no. 2 (2014): 178–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000000039.

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26

Rose, Adam J., Donald R. Miller, Al Ozonoff, et al. "Gaps in Monitoring During Oral Anticoagulation." Chest 143, no. 3 (2013): 751–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-1119.

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27

Heneghan, C., R. Perera, and A. Ward. "Self-monitoring of anticoagulation – Authors' reply." Lancet 379, no. 9828 (2012): 1789. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60758-2.

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28

Siebler, Mario, Andreas Nachtmann, Matthias Sitzer, and Helmuth Steinmetz. "Anticoagulation monitoring and cerebral microemboli detection." Lancet 344, no. 8921 (1994): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91953-4.

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29

Cohen, Marc. "Monitoring anticoagulation during percutaneous coronary interventions." Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis 1, no. 3 (1995): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01060738.

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30

Burnakis, Thomas G. "Another Perspective on Monitoring Anticoagulation Therapy." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 29, no. 10 (1995): 1045–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809502901018.

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31

Fitzmaurice, D. A., F. D. R. Hobbs, and J. A. Murray. "Monitoring oral anticoagulation in primary care." BMJ 312, no. 7044 (1996): 1431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.312.7044.1431.

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32

Gozzard, D. I., and A. Craig. "Monitoring oral anticoagulation in primary care." BMJ 313, no. 7060 (1996): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7060.818b.

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33

Mittal, Prabal, Zara Sayar, and Hannah Cohen. "Warfarin and heparin monitoring in antiphospholipid syndrome." Hematology 2024, no. 1 (2024): 192–99. https://doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2024000547.

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Abstract Anticoagulation is central to the management of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), an acquired thrombo-inflammatory disorder characterized by thrombosis (venous, arterial, or microvascular) or pregnancy morbidity, in association with persistent antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL; ie, 1 or more of lupus anticoagulant [LA], anticardiolipin, anti-beta-2- glycoprotein I, IgG, or IgM antibodies). The mainstay of anticoagulation in patients with thrombotic APS is warfarin or an alternative vitamin K antagonist (VKA) and, in certain situations, low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH). Accurate assessment of anticoagulation intensity underpins optimal anticoagulant dosing for thrombus treatment or primary/secondary prevention. In patients with APS on warfarin, the international normalized ratio (INR) may not be representative of anticoagulation intensity due to an interaction between LA and the thromboplastin reagent used in the INR determination. In this review, we summarize the use of warfarin/VKA in patients with APS, along with venous and point-of-care INR monitoring. We also discuss the role and monitoring of LMWH/UFH, including in the anticoagulant refractory setting and during pregnancy.
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34

Ozment, Caroline, Peta M. A. Alexander, Wayne Chandler, et al. "Anticoagulation Monitoring and Targets: The Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Anticoagulation CollaborativE Consensus Conference." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 25, no. 7 (2024): e14-e24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000003494.

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OBJECTIVES: To derive systematic-review informed, modified Delphi consensus regarding anticoagulation monitoring assays and target levels in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for the Pediatric ECMO Anticoagulation CollaborativE. DATA SOURCES: A structured literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library (CENTRAL) databases from January 1988 to May 2021. STUDY SELECTION: Anticoagulation monitoring of pediatric patients on ECMO. DATA EXTRACTION: Two authors reviewed all citations independently, with a third independent reviewer resolving any conflicts. Evidence tables were constructed using a standardized data extraction form. DATA SYNTHESIS: Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies tool or the revised Cochrane risk of bias for randomized trials, as appropriate and the evidence was evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Forty-eight experts met over 2 years to develop evidence-based recommendations and, when evidence was lacking, expert-based consensus statements for clinical recommendations focused on anticoagulation monitoring and targets, using a web-based modified Delphi process to build consensus (defined as > 80% agreement). One weak recommendation, two consensus statements, and three good practice statements were developed and, in all, agreement greater than 80% was reached. We also derived some resources for anticoagulation monitoring for ECMO clinician use at the bedside. CONCLUSIONS: There is insufficient evidence to formulate optimal anticoagulation monitoring during pediatric ECMO, but we propose one recommendation, two consensus and three good practice statements. Overall, the available pediatric evidence is poor and significant gaps exist in the literature.
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35

Schwaiger, Daniel, Lukas Schausberger, Benedikt Treml, et al. "Activated Clotting Time and Haemostatic Complications in Patients Receiving ECMO Support: A Systematic Review." Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease 12, no. 7 (2025): 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd12070267.

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Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) requires systemic anticoagulation to prevent clotting, typically using unfractionated heparin (UFH). However, anticoagulation carries a bleeding risk, necessitating monitoring. Activated clotting time (ACT) is a commonly used monitoring tool for UFH anticoagulation. However, systematized evidence linking ACT monitoring with haemostatic complications (bleeding and thrombosis) is missing. Methods: A systematic review (Scopus and PubMed, up to 13 July 2024) including studies reporting on the patients receiving ECMO support with UFH anticoagulation monitored using ACT was performed. Results: A total of 3536 publications were identified, of which 30 (2379 patients) were included in the final review. Thirteen studies found no significant association between ACT values and haemorrhage, while four studies suggested a relationship between elevated ACT levels and bleeding events. Eight studies demonstrated no association between ACT values and the occurrence of thrombosis. Major bleeding was most common (49%, 13 studies with 501 events), while the pooled rate of thrombosis was 25% (16 studies with 309 events) and in-hospital mortality was 51% (17 studies, 693/1390 patients). Conclusions: Despite advancements in ECMO, the optimal approach for anticoagulation monitoring remains undefined. Most studies in this review did not establish a significant relationship between ACT levels and haemostatic complications. Based on the current evidence, ACT does not appear to be a reliable tool for monitoring anticoagulation in patients receiving ECMO, and alternative methods should be considered.
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36

Diaz-Benito, Jose, and Luisa Muñoz-Garde. "QUALITY OF ANTICOAGULATION MONITORING: COMPARISON OF ANTICOAGULATION CLINIC VERSUS ROUTINE MEDICAL CARE." European Journal of Internal Medicine 22 (October 2011): S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-6205(11)60101-5.

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37

Finsterer, J., C. Stöllberger, and P. Hopmeier. "Home-Made Anticoagulation Monitor vs. CoaguCheck-Plus® Monitoring of Oral Anticoagulation." Thrombosis Research 98, no. 6 (2000): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0049-3848(00)00207-3.

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38

Taylor, F., M. Ramsay, J. Voke, and H. Cohen. "Anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. GPs not prepared for monitoring anticoagulation." BMJ 307, no. 6917 (1993): 1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.307.6917.1493.

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39

McFarland, Craig P., and Stuart E. Lind. "Thrombin Generation Biomarkers Decline With Parenteral Anticoagulation—An Overlooked Means of Anticoagulation Monitoring?" Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis 24, no. 5 (2018): 708–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029617746506.

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Anticoagulation therapy is administered to patients to prevent or stop thrombin generation in vivo. Although plasma tests of in vivo thrombin generation have been available for more than 2 decades, they are not routinely used in clinical trials or practice to monitor anticoagulation therapy. We observed a fall in one such marker, the D-dimer antigen, in patients receiving anticoagulation therapy. We therefore conducted a systematic review of the medical literature to document the change in serum biomarkers of thrombin generation following the initiation of anticoagulation therapy. Using a defined search strategy, we screened PubMed and Embase citations and identified full-length articles published in English. Eighteen articles containing serial changes in 1 of 3 markers of thrombin generation (D-dimer antigen, thrombin–antithrombin complexes, and prothrombin fragment 1+2 antigen levels) in the 14 days following the initiation of anticoagulation were identified. Even though the assays used varied considerably, each of the 3 markers of thrombin generation declined in the initial period of anticoagulation therapy, with changes evident as early as 1 day after beginning therapy. These observations provide a rationale for further exploration of these markers as measures of the adequacy of anticoagulation using classic as well as novel anticoagulants. Particular patient groups that would benefit from additional means of monitoring anticoagulation therapy are discussed.
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40

Zhou, Qi, Gordon Guyatt, and Pablo Alonso-Coello. "Home-monitoring of oral anticoagulation vs. dabigatran." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 108, no. 10 (2012): 647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th12-01-0027.

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SummaryOral anticoagulation with vitamin k antagonists (VKAs) requires regular testing and dose adjustment. Home-monitoring (self-testing or self-management) is more effective than usual management. Dabigatran, does not require dose-adjustment and appears to be more effective at reducing the risk of stroke with similar risks of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Dabigatran, however, has not been compared to the home-monitoring. It was the objective to evaluate the efficacy of dabigatran compared with home-monitoring of oral anticoagulation with VKAs. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing usual management of oral anticoagulation with home-monitoring, dabigatran with usual management, and RCTs comparing dabigatran with home-monitoring and including patient-important outcomes (thromboembolic events, death and major bleeding) were eligible. For our direct comparison we calculated pooled relative risks (RRs) using the Mantzel-Haenzel random effect model. For the indirect comparison we estimated lnRRs and back transformed to RR. We evaluated the quality of the evidence with the GRADE system. Dabigatran, compared with warfarin, was associated with lower rates of stroke or thromboembolism and systemic embolism but similar rates of major haemorrhage and death. Dabigatran 150 mg also increased non-significantly the rate of myocardial infarction. The quality of the evidence was high. Our indirect comparison of home-monitoring of oral anticoagulation versus dabigatran showed no convincing differences in the risk of thromboembolism, death or major bleeding. The estimates for self-management vs. dabigatran showed stronger but still non-significant trends. The quality of the evidence was low. In conclusion, the indirect comparison of home monitoring of oral anticoagulation with dabigatran suggests that the treatments have similar impact on thrombosis, bleeding and death. However, the confidence in the estimate of effect is low to very low. Our analyses contrast with the available comparison of dabigatran with conventional warfarin monitoring.
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41

Gilbert, Brian W., Jacob A. Reeder, Tessa R. Reynolds, Caitlynn A. Tabaka, and Megan A. Rech. "Anticoagulation Monitoring in the Intensive Care Unit." Critical Care Nursing Quarterly 45, no. 2 (2022): 108–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/cnq.0000000000000394.

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42

Lequier, Laurance, and M. Patricia Massicotte. "Monitoring of Anticoagulation in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation." Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 16, no. 1 (2015): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/pcc.0000000000000298.

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43

Linden, Belinda. "Self-monitoring and management of oral anticoagulation." British Journal of Cardiac Nursing 5, no. 8 (2010): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjca.2010.5.8.66246.

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44

Stoysich, Anne M., Firouzan Massoomi, Paula L. Danekas, Thomas L. Williams, and Kay L. Ryschon. "A Review of Two Anticoagulation Monitoring Devices." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 17, no. 5 (2001): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875512250101700506.

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45

Szlam, F., G. Dickneite, J. H. Levy, and K. Tanaka. "Continuous thrombin generation for monitoring phenprocoumon anticoagulation." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 24, Supplement 41 (2007): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-200706003-00089.

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46

Shore-Lesserson, Linda. "Monitoring anticoagulation and hemostasis in cardiac surgery." Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 21, no. 3 (2003): 511–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8537(03)00036-1.

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47

Mccurdy, Mark. "Oral Anticoagulation Monitoring in a Community Pharmacy." American Pharmacy 33, no. 10 (1993): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-3450(15)30639-5.

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48

Bembea, Melania M., Jamie M. Schwartz, Nilay Shah, et al. "Anticoagulation Monitoring during Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation." ASAIO Journal 59, no. 1 (2013): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mat.0b013e318279854a.

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49

Hines, Michael H. "Anticoagulation Monitoring During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation." ASAIO Journal 59, no. 1 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mat.0b013e31827c2615.

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50

Lewis, Clinton, and Karen Moffat. "Laboratory Monitoring of Oral Vitamin K Anticoagulation." Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 43, no. 03 (2016): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1587690.

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