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Journal articles on the topic 'Monitoring-based Commissioning'
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1
Lee, Sang-hak. "Monitoring-Based Building Energy Commissioning Technology." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 41, no. 7 (2016): 765–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2016.41.7.765.
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Harris, Nora, Tripp Shealy, Kristen Parrish, and Jessica Granderson. "Cognitive barriers during monitoring-based commissioning of buildings." Sustainable Cities and Society 46 (April 2019): 101389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.12.017.
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Mills, Evan, and Paul A. Mathew. "Monitoring-based Commissioning: Benchmarking Analysis of 24 University Buildings in California." Energy Engineering 111, no. 4 (2014): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01998595.2014.10844605.
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Kramer, Hannah, Guanjing Lin, Claire Curtin, Eliot Crowe, and Jessica Granderson. "Building analytics and monitoring-based commissioning: industry practice, costs, and savings." Energy Efficiency 13, no. 3 (2019): 537–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12053-019-09790-2.
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Brito Junior, Geraldo Carvalho, Roberto Dalledone Machado, Anselmo Chaves Neto, and Mateus Feiertag Martini. "Experimental Aspects in the Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring of Large Hydrogenerators." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1805051.
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Based on experimental observations on a set of twenty 700 MW hydrogenerators, compiled from several technical reports issued over the last three decades and collected from the reprocessing of the vibration signals recorded during the last commissioning tests, this paper shows that the accurate determination of the journal bearings operating conditions may be a difficult task. It shows that the outsize bearing brackets of large hydrogenerators are subject to substantial dimensional changes caused by external agents, like the generator electromagnetic field and the bearing cooling water temperature. It also shows that the shaft eccentricity of a journal bearing of a healthy large hydrogenerator, operating in steady-state condition, may experience unpredictable, sudden, and significant changes without apparent reasons. Some of these phenomena are reproduced in ordinary commissioning tests or may be noticed even during normal operation, while others are rarely observed or are only detected through special tests. These phenomena modify journal bearings stiffness and damping, changing the hydrogenerator dynamics, creating discrepancies between theoretical predictions and experimental measurements, and making damage detection and diagnostics difficult. Therefore, these phenomena must be analyzed and considered in the application of vibration-based condition monitoring to these rotating machines.
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Wang, Liping, Steve Greenberg, John Fiegel, et al. "Monitoring-based HVAC commissioning of an existing office building for energy efficiency." Applied Energy 102 (February 2013): 1382–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.09.005.
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Olli, Teriö, Räinä Ilkka, Hienonen Markku, Kääriäinen Hannu, and Kauppinen Timo. "Monitoring and continuous Commissioning of new and existing Buildings." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 22009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017222009.
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In the building industry, the quality control practices during the design stage, implementation, introduction and use varies. Also, the owner´s project requirements may vary. The instrumentation, measurements and the control options are different. The final product of the building process is the indoor environment. When evaluating the need of renovation of existing buildings and to control the performance of a new building, certain procedures are needed. Building automation system collects information for control of the building systems and for the users and stakeholders. The validity of the system depends on the level of instrumentation, data processing and reporting. The level of measurements can`t be equal in all buildings. Apartment houses does not need such installations than e.g. hospitals. It is obvious, anyhow, that the data collection, processing and reporting need to be improved. The new sensors and data transfer technologies give a better opportunity to do so. In new buildings it is possible to measure the performance of certain structural details and compare the results with the models. The actual performance does not necessarily fit the planned because there can be always some differences and deficiencies after construction phase. The planning of renovations must be based on condition assessment, and normally there are various measurements carried out and also documents are checked, if there are measurement records available Because the performance and indoor conditions are the sum is the integration and function of all the systems together, measurements can reveal deficiency and inefficiency of building systems.. In this presentation some examples and measures are introduced, based on the city of Oulu, Finland. The advantages of commissioning-type monitoring are discussed. The key point is to have proper measurements and especially proper reporting.
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Sottocornola, Simone. "Software Based Control and Monitoring of a Hardware Based Track Reconstruction System for the ATLAS Experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921401021.
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During Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) the instantaneous luminosity exceeded the nominal value of 1034 cm−2 s−1 with a 25 ns bunch crossing period and the number of overlapping proton-proton interactions per bunch crossing increased to a maximum of about 80. These conditions pose a challenge to the trigger system of the experiments that has to manage rates while keeping a good efficiency for interesting physics events. This document summarizes the software based control and monitoring of a hardware-based track reconstruction system for the ATLAS experiment, called Fast Tracker (FTK), composed of associative memories and FPGAs operating at the rate of 100 kHz and providing high quality track information within the available latency to the high-level trigger. In particular, we will detail the commissioning of the FTK within the ATLAS online software system presenting the solutions adopted for scaling up the system and ensuring robustness and redundancy. We will also describe the solutions to challenges such as controlling the occupancy of the buffers, managing the heterogeneous and large configuration, and providing monitoring information at sufficient rate.
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Pérez, Luis, Silvia Rodríguez-Jiménez, Nuria Rodríguez, Rubén Usamentiaga, and Daniel F. García. "Digital Twin and Virtual Reality Based Methodology for Multi-Robot Manufacturing Cell Commissioning." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (2020): 3633. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103633.
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Intelligent automation, including robotics, is one of the current trends in the manufacturing industry in the context of “Industry 4.0”, where cyber-physical systems control the production at automated or semi-automated factories. Robots are perfect substitutes for a skilled workforce for some repeatable, general, and strategically-important tasks. However, this transformation is not always feasible and immediate, since certain technologies do not provide the required degree of flexibility. The introduction of collaborative robots in the industry permits the combination of the advantages of manual and automated production. In some processes, it is necessary to incorporate robots from different manufacturers, thus the design of these multi-robot systems is crucial to guarantee the maximum quality and efficiency. In this context, this paper presents a novel methodology for process automation design, enhanced implementation, and real-time monitoring in operation based on creating a digital twin of the manufacturing process with an immersive virtual reality interface to be used as a virtual testbed before the physical implementation. Moreover, it can be efficiently used for operator training, real-time monitoring, and feasibility studies of future optimizations. It has been validated in a use case which provides a solution for an assembly manufacturing process.
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Guo, Yongxing, Dongsheng Zhang, Zude Zhou, Fangdong Zhu, and Li Xiong. "Development and commissioning of FBG sensors for impact test of rock fall protective barrier." Sensor Review 34, no. 4 (2014): 343–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-09-2013-728.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present an effective sensing detection system based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing technology for protective barriers that have been effectively applied to intercept and stop rocks from falling onto railway tracks. . Determination of exact stress and deformation values during impact tests for key components of the protective barrier forms important criteria for quality control of these barriers. Monitoring changes in force along the protective barrier when deployed in field application allows for real-time disaster warning for collapse and falling rocks. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, we propose a monitoring strategy for key components of a protective barrier. During performance tests, dynamic force and strain were measured for the steel strands and supporting I-beam, respectively. Design of a special elastic structure for the force transducer based on finite element analysis and tensile tests has been discussed here. Two types of FBG force transducers were manufactured based on the elastic structure. Four FBG force transducers and four FBG strain sensors were used for impact verification testing of a new rigid protective barrier with a design protection level of 25 KJ. Findings – Dynamic force and strain responses were obtained during an impact of free-falling block with a kinetic energy of 25 KJ. Originality/value – The FBG monitoring scheme can be extremely valuable for optimized design of the barrier and can provide real-time disaster warning in regions of collapse and falling rocks.
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Harris, Nora, Tripp Shealy, Hannah Kramer, Jessica Granderson, and Georg Reichard. "A framework for monitoring-based commissioning: Identifying variables that act as barriers and enablers to the process." Energy and Buildings 168 (June 2018): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.033.
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Zhang, Qing Xin, Chong Liu, Qi Miao, Hai Bin Li, and Jin Li. "Energy-Efficient of Non-Invasive Motor for On-Line Monitoring System Based on Reasoning Model." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 1406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.1406.
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This paper mainly introduces the development process of energy-efficient of non-invasive motor for on-line monitoring system based on reasoning model. In addition, the function , composition and commissioning of shis system is introduced. In this system, in order to collect and analyze status recording of the motor running, operating parameters of motor speed, torque and power factor, efficiency are estimated on-line by using motor stator current signal feature analysis technology. In the paper, air-gap torque method is used to non-invasive electromotor for efficiency computation. The designing process of software for On-line monitoring system is shown as: Firstly, monitor motor’s operating parameters on-line, then, motor energy management is supported by the analysis of monitoring recording. At the same time, construct communication network for motor monitoring by using wireless communication technology about efficiency curve of industry motor. This system has the advantages of monitoring precision, easy installation, low costs, especially suitable for monitoring and energy management of efficiency for small and medium-sized motor, and it has been used widely in industrial production.
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Dorner, Daniela, A. Biland, T. Bretz, et al. "FACT — STATUS AND FIRST RESULTS." Acta Polytechnica 54, no. 3 (2014): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2014.54.0173.
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FACT is the first imaging Cherenkov telescope based on a camera using solid state photosensors (Geigermode Avalanche Photodiodes G-APD aka SiPM). Since October 2011, it has been taking data regularly. Apart from commissioning and calibration measurements, it has already started regular operation, where the main goal is to do long-term monitoring of bright TeV blazars. In June 2012, a flare of Mrk 501 was observed. Thanks to the robustness of the G-APDs, observations can be carried out during strong moon light without aging of the sensors. This improves the duty cycle of the instrument and provides better statistics for long-term light curves. The telescope, situated on the Canary Island of La Palma, is operated, already now, remotely from central Europe. For the future, robotic operation is planned. We report on our experiences during the commissioning, and we present first results from the first 1.5 years of observations.
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Wang, Ke, Ji Ping Zhou, Feng Wei Xue, Jin Sun, and Tai Sheng Zhong. "The Design and Simulation of Stamping Processing Complete Sets of Control Line System Based on CC-Link Network and SSCNET Fieldbus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 415 (September 2013): 74–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.415.74.
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Abstract. The technical requirements for sheet metal processing equipment to the complete set of on-line development. Through the analysis of the stamping processing complete sets of equipment on-line technical，provides based on SSCNET bus, PLC and touch screen and the whole on-line control scheme. On this basis, by establishing the line control system of the simulation system, verify that the design is feasible and can be used as on-line equipment operation of the real-time monitoring system. Intends to help of the manufacturing and site commissioning of the first line prototype.
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Zhang, Ming Zhu, Bo Guo, and Yong Dai. "Application of Motion Controller on the Fine Milling Machine Tool for the Large Double-Sided of Aluminum Ingot." Key Engineering Materials 522 (August 2012): 132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.522.132.
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In view of the processing characteristic of large equipment, The CNC system of the fine milling machine tool for the large double-sided of aluminum ingot is designed, the hardware of the system is introduced, the software is illuminated mainly, the system is configured based on SCOUT, and the control programs of the manual and automatic processing are designed. Based on WINCC Flexible, the operating system which can meet the multi-interface easy to operate and live real-time monitoring is designed. As the result of the commissioning, the system is stable and reliable.
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Zhang, Ji Meng, Hong Shuo Wang, and Ben De Gan. "The Isolator of Industrial Automatic Control System Selection and Application." Advanced Materials Research 301-303 (July 2011): 1714–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.301-303.1714.
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In the automatic control system of industrial field, the production process monitoring and control process is dependent on Mutual coordination of various automation instrument, computer and corresponding actuators. The coordination is accurate or not, the key is signal transmission quality among those agencies. The application and selection of isolation device directly affect signal transmission. This paper discusses the application and choose of industrial site isolator from isolation principle, the principle and choose for isolator, commissioning and parameter selection based on practical application.
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Lu, Tian Long, Guang Xin Zhang, Ping Jie Huang, and Di Bo Hou. "Design of an Automatic Three-Dimensional Sampling Device for Water Quality Emergency Monitoring." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 674–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.674.
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In recent years, accidental water pollution incidents occurred frequently, so that obtaining the water quality information in emergency situation becomes very important. However, how to get effective sample quickly and comprehensively become a major problem in the emergency monitoring. In this paper, an overall scheme of an automatic three-dimensional sampling device which based on mobile carrier is proposed. Related design including development of the component hardware and software modules is presented. Through commissioning and perfecting, the device can realize remote control and fast three-dimensional sampling, which can be used to assist the environmental protection departments to deal with emergency water pollution incidents.
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Koch, Andreas, Johannes Risch, Wolfgang Freund, Theophilos Maltezopoulos, Marc Planas, and Jan Grünert. "Operation of photon diagnostic imagers for beam commissioning at the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (2019): 1489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519008737.
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X-ray photon beam diagnostic imagers are located at 24 positions in the European XFEL beam transport system to characterize the X-ray beam properties, and to give feedback for tuning and optimization of the electron acceleration and orbit, the undulators, and the X-ray optics. One year of commissioning allowed experience to be gained with these imagers, which will be reported here. The sensitive Spontaneous Radiation imager is useful for various investigations in spontaneous radiation mode: for undulator adjustments and for low-signal imaging applications. The high-resolution Free-Electron Laser imager, 10 µm spatial resolution, is extensively used for the monitoring of beam position, spot size and shape, gain curve measurements, and also for beam-intensity monitoring. The wide field-of-view pop-in monitors (up to 200 mm) are regularly used for alignment and tuning of the various X-ray optical components like mirrors, slits and monochromators, and also for on-line beam control of a stable beam position at the instruments. The Exit Slit imager after the soft X-ray monochromator provides spectral information of the beam together with multi-channel plate based single-pulse gating. For particular use cases, these special features of the imagers are described. Some radiation-induced degradation of scintillators took place in this initial commissioning phase, providing useful information for better understanding of damage thresholds. Visible-light radiation in the beam pipe generated by upstream bending magnets caused spurious reflections in the optical system of some of the imagers which can be suppressed by aluminium-coated scintillating screens.
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Bolotin, Sergey, Khenzig Biche-оol, and Aldyn-kys Dadar. "Construction completion forecasting on the basis of statistical modeling and heterogeneous monitoring data." Real estate: economics, management, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2073-8412-2021-2-47-54.
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Modern construction represents a complex production process whose effective regulation is based on information about the period of construction works, obtained by way of monitoring. Any delay in the execution of certain works frustrates scheduled project commissioning, which results in increased project management costs, forfeits and lost benefits. Existing monitoring systems need to be improved through the use of probabilistic scheduling geared towards the forecasting of completion dates of certain works and the construction process as a whole. Construction monitoring may be improved by means of taking management quality into account by means of distributing random work durations in the process of statistical modeling of functions. The introduction of six random duration distribution functions, reflecting management quality, is proposed for the improvement of statistical modeling, whereas the use of scheduled durations of works is expedient for identifying optimistic characteristics. The data, extracted from monitoring reports, needs to be used as pessimistic distributions. Monitoring reports contain heterogeneous data, and they may even have no information on particular types of works. Therefore, pessimistic durations based on missing data should be calculated using the time-space analogy method.
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Islam, Md Motaharul, Ngnamsie N. Soualihou, and Arham A. Siddiquee. "Efficient Payload Compression in IP-based Wireless Sensor Network: Algorithmic Analysis and Implementation." Journal of Sensors 2019 (December 28, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9808321.
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Due to its efficiency in end-to-end communication, wireless sensor network based on the Internet protocol (IP-WSN) is used for monitoring purposes. Nowadays, the concerned agencies are giving their highest priority to monitor its critical infrastructure. Infrastructure health monitoring is the measure of estimating the state of infrastructure health or detecting the changes in structures that affect its performance. The traditional approach to monitor the infrastructure health is done by using centralized data acquisition hub. Installation and commissioning of these systems represent significant concerns, thus moving toward IP-WSN. As cost effectiveness and energy efficiency are major concerns, our proposed approach is to reduce the amount of overhead while keeping the infrastructure health monitoring system accurate. Our contribution in this paper is to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted by compressing the payload of the packets. Thus, we have proposed a double compression algorithm. In this way, the capacity of the sensor node will be increased since less time will be taken to transmit data between the intermediate node as well as the coordinator node. As a consequence, it will also extend the lifetime of the battery.
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Hu, Xiang, Li Xie, Bo Chen, Ho Jae Shim, and Qi Zhou. "Application of PLC-Based Automatic Control System in a Pilot-Scale Anoxic/Anaerobic/Aerobic/Pre-Anoxic -MBR Plant." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 2092–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.2092.
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In this paper, in order to ensure stable and efficient operation of a pilot-scale modified A2/O (anoxic/anaerobic/aerobic/pre-anoxic) -MBR plant, the automatic control system based on PLC is designed and introduced from the views of system configuration and unit control methods. The master computer undertakes the monitoring and managing task by Siemens WINCC 7.0 configuring software, while the slave computer implements the function of data collection and automatic control based on Siemens S7-300 PLC. Intelligent PID algorithm is utilized to precisely control the influent flow rate, recycled flow rate and DO concentration in aerobic tank in this system. The commissioning and operation practice has proved that the PLC-based automatic control system greatly improved the degree of automation and achieved high nutrient removal efficiency in this plant.
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Kassim, N. E., S. D. Hyman, H. Intema, and T. J. W. Lazio. "A new era for low frequency Galactic center transient monitoring." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 9, S303 (2013): 458–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921314001148.
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AbstractAn upgrade of the low frequency observing system of the VLA developed by NRL and NRAO, called low band (LB), will open a new era of Galactic center (GC) transient monitoring. Our previous searches using the VLA and GMRT have revealed a modest number of radio-selected transients, but have been severely sensitivity and observing time limited. The new LB system, currently accessing the 236--492 MHz frequency range, promises ≥5 × improved sensitivity over the legacy VLA system. The new system is emerging from commissioning in time to catch any enhanced sub-GHz emission from the G2 cloud event, and we review existing limits based on recent observations. We also describe a proposed 24/7 commensal system, called the LOw Band Observatory (LOBO). LOBO offers over 100 VLA GC monitoring hours per year, possibly revealing new transients and helping validate ASTRO2010's anticipation of a new era of transient radio astronomy. A funded LOBO pathfinder called the VLA Low Frequency Ionosphere and Transient Experiment (VLITE) is under development. Finally, we consider the impact of LB and LOBO on our GC monitoring program.
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Chandler, Martin, Jim McVeigh, and Caryl Beynon. "Integrating Drug-Related Monitoring Systems—An Intelligence Led Approach." Contemporary Drug Problems 36, no. 3-4 (2009): 663–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009145090903600318.
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The Centre for Public Health at Liverpool John Moores University houses a number of distinct, but related, systems that collate attributable monitoring data from drug treatment, criminal justice, and harm reduction services in the North West of England. Briefly, the National Drug Treatment Monitoring System collates data from higher level structured drug treatment services (e.g., substitute prescribing, psychological interventions, and abstinence-based programs), while the Drug Interventions Programme collects data on criminal justice interventions both within the community and prisons, which aim to divert offenders into treatment. Alcohol treatment services for the region are monitored through the Alcohol Treatment Monitoring System. These systems provide regular reports to key stakeholders as well as themed reports to respond to specific public health and commissioning needs. These data are also used to demonstrate client crossover and pathways between services and regional trends in substance use. Finally, the data facilitate investigations into diverse drug-related issues such as injecting behavior, drug-related deaths, modeling to determine hidden drug using populations, epidemiological investigations, changing drug treatment demands, and monitoring the impact of government policy. In combination, these monitoring systems contain information relating to over 100,000 individuals in the North West of England over a 12-year period.
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Cournet, M., A. Giros, L. Dumas, et al. "2D Sub-Pixel Disparity Measurement Using QPEC / Medicis." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B1 (June 3, 2016): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b1-291-2016.
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In the frame of its earth observation missions, CNES created a library called QPEC, and one of its launcher called Medicis. QPEC / Medicis is a sub-pixel two-dimensional stereo matching algorithm that works on an image pair. This tool is a block matching algorithm, which means that it is based on a local method. Moreover it does not regularize the results found. It proposes several matching costs, such as the Zero mean Normalised Cross-Correlation or statistical measures (the Mutual Information being one of them), and different match validation flags. QPEC / Medicis is able to compute a two-dimensional dense disparity map with a subpixel precision. Hence, it is more versatile than disparity estimation methods found in computer vision literature, which often assume an epipolar geometry. <br><br> CNES uses Medicis, among other applications, during the in-orbit image quality commissioning of earth observation satellites. For instance the Pléiades-HR 1A & 1B and the Sentinel-2 geometric calibrations are based on this block matching algorithm. Over the years, it has become a common tool in ground segments for in-flight monitoring purposes. For these two kinds of applications, the two-dimensional search and the local sub-pixel measure without regularization can be essential. This tool is also used to generate automatic digital elevation models, for which it was not initially dedicated. <br><br> This paper deals with the QPEC / Medicis algorithm. It also presents some of its CNES applications (in-orbit commissioning, in flight monitoring or digital elevation model generation). Medicis software is distributed outside the CNES as well. This paper finally describes some of these external applications using Medicis, such as ground displacement measurement, or intra-oral scanner in the dental domain.
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Woodward, R., R. Lingam, and F. Papouli. "Cost-effectiveness of a Specialised Medium Secure Personality Disorder Service." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S87—S88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.275.
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IntroductionThe Oswin unit located in the North East of England is commissioned primarily for offenders screened on the offender personality disorder (OPD) pathway based on measures of personality disorder being linked to moderate to high risks to other persons.ObjectivesThe Oswin Unit was re-designed in early 2014 meeting commissioning specifications to meet objectives based on access, measuring quality and reducing. The primary objective of this pathway is to ensure personality Disorder offenders have access to “community-to-community”, joint-up care and monitoring of risks. The Oswin unit implemented a re-designed service offering individuals formulation based assessments and risk management embedded in the OPD pathway. The overall objective of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness and risk amelioration of this hospital-based service.AimAs part of a broader service development and evaluation project, the cost-effectiveness of the current model of the unit was compared to that of the unit prior to the redesign of the service.MethodCollection of data on number of admission and length of stay and calculation of expenses per capita. Retrospective analysis of costs of care.ResultsAnalysis of comparative figures post-implementation of this new model of care found 41% more episodes of care. Cost-analysis indicated a saving of £200,000.ConclusionThe new Oswin Model meets commissioning objectives in offering access to hospital-based care and focused treatments for prisoners ‘stuck’ in prison pathways. This finding led to further investigation using thematic measures of quality of care to evaluate the effectiveness of this service and risk amelioration.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Tanasa, Cristina, Cristina Becchio, Stefano Paoloc Corgnati, Valeriu Stoian, and Daniel Dan. "Calibration of a building energy model using operation conditions derived from monitoring." E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 03073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911103073.
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Building energy modelling and simulations play an important role in the design of energy efficient buildings but also in post-construction phases for commissioning, operation and optimization. With the use of data from monitoring systems related to the operation conditions of a building, calibrated simulations can be performed that accurately follow the real energy performance of a building. This paper present a procedure to achieve a calibrated building energy model simulation using monitoring data. The aim of the study is to verify/validate the results of the building energy model simulation against measured data. The study is based on an existing highly energy efficient building, which is continuously monitored in terms of energy consumptions and environmental parameters for several years now. The performance of the building energy model was assessed using statistical indices. The monthly total energy consumption comparison between simulated and measured shows that the building energy model managed to predict very closely the measured values. The accuracy of the building energy model in predicting air temperature was assessed as well.
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Lipperheide, Moritz, Martin Gassner, Frank Weidner, Stefano Bernero, and Manfred Wirsum. "Long-term carbon monoxide emission behavior of heavy-duty gas turbines: An approach for model-based monitoring and diagnostics." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 11 (August 31, 2018): 175682771879192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827718791921.
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Emission measurements are a valuable source of information regarding the condition of gas turbine combustors. Aging of the hot gas path components can lead to an emission increase, which may ultimately require a readjustment of operational settings and accordingly impacts plant availability and maintenance. While NOx emissions may become crucial in high flame temperatures at full load, carbon monoxide emissions typically restrict low-load operation, which electricity markets demand more frequently due to the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable power. This paper presents a semiempirical carbon monoxide model that allows for quantifying the evolution of carbon monoxide emissions for GT24/GT26 heavy-duty gas turbines in commercial long-term operation. Input parameters to the derived carbon monoxide model are either directly measured or reconstructed by virtual measurements based on a simplified engine model. The method is developed with commissioning and operation data of three different gas turbines of GE’s GT24/GT26 fleet and validated over a total of 8.5 years of observation. Aging is accounted for by incorporating control sensor deviation and the formation of cold spots in the combustor into the semiempirical model. When these effects are taken into account, the carbon monoxide prediction is improved by up to 60% in terms of root mean square error of the log10(carbon monoxide) values compared to a benchmark case without consideration of aging.
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Rakic, Aleksandar, Sasa Zivanovic, Zoran Dimic, and Mladen Knezevic. "Digital twin control of multi-axis wood CNC machining center based on LinuxCNC." BioResources 16, no. 1 (2020): 1115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1115-1130.
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This paper presents an application of an open architecture control system implemented on a multi-axis wood computer numerical control milling machining center, as a digital twin control. The development of the digital twin control system was motivated by research and educational requirements, especially in the field of configuring a new control system by “virtual commissioning”, enabling the validation of the developed controls, program verification, and analysis of the machining process and monitoring. The considered wood computer numerical control (CNC) machining system is supported by an equivalent virtual machine in a computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) environment, as well as in the control system, as a digital twin. The configured virtual machines are used for the verification of the machining program and programming system via machining simulation, which is extremely important in multi-axis machining. Several test wood workpieces were machined to validate the effectiveness of the developed control system based on LinuxCNC.
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Devan, P. Arun Mozhi, Fawnizu Azmadi Hussin, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Kishore Bingi, and Farooq Ahmad Khanday. "A Survey on the Application of WirelessHART for Industrial Process Monitoring and Control." Sensors 21, no. 15 (2021): 4951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21154951.
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Industrialization has led to a huge demand for a network control system to monitor and control multi-loop processes with high effectiveness. Due to these advancements, new industrial wireless sensor network (IWSN) standards such as ZigBee, WirelessHART, ISA 100.11a wireless, and Wireless network for Industrial Automation-Process Automation (WIA-PA) have begun to emerge based on their wired conventional structure with additional developments. This advancement improved flexibility, scalability, needed fewer cables, reduced the network installation and commissioning time, increased productivity, and reduced maintenance costs compared to wired networks. On the other hand, using IWSNs for process control comes with the critical challenge of handling stochastic network delays, packet drop, and external noises which are capable of degrading the controller performance. Thus, this paper presents a detailed study focusing only on the adoption of WirelessHART in simulations and real-time applications for industrial process monitoring and control with its crucial challenges and design requirements.
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Kusin, F. M., A. P. Jarvis, and C. J. Gandy. "Hydraulic residence time and iron removal in a wetland receiving ferruginous mine water over a 4 year period from commissioning." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 8 (2010): 1937–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.495.
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Analysis of residence time distribution (RTD) has been conducted for the UK Coal Authority's mine water treatment wetland at Lambley, Northumberland, to determine the hydraulic performance of the wetland over a period of approximately 4 years since site commissioning. The wetland RTD was evaluated in accordance with moment analysis and modelled based on a tanks-in-series (TIS) model to yield the hydraulic characteristics of system performance. Greater hydraulic performance was seen during the second site monitoring after 21 months of site operation i.e. longer hydraulic residence time to reflect overall system hydraulic efficiency, compared to wetland performance during its early operation. Further monitoring of residence time during the third year of wetland operation indicated a slight reduction in hydraulic residence time, thus a lower system hydraulic efficiency. In contrast, performance during the fourth year of wetland operation exhibited an improved overall system hydraulic efficiency, suggesting the influence of reed growth over the lifetime of such systems on hydraulic performance. Interestingly, the same pattern was found for iron (which is the primary pollutant of concern in ferruginous mine waters) removal efficiency of the wetland system from the second to fourth year of wetland operation. This may therefore, reflect the maturity of reeds for maintaining efficient flow distribution across the wetland to retain a longer residence time and significant fractions of water involved to enhance the extent of treatment received for iron attenuation. Further monitoring will be conducted to establish whether such performance is maintained, or whether efficiency decreases over time due to accumulation of dead plant material within the wetland cells.
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Kodyš, Peter, Jesus Abudinen, Karlheinz Georg Ackermann, et al. "Data quality monitors of vertex detectors at the start of the Belle II experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 245 (2020): 01035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202024501035.
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The Belle II experiment features a substantial upgrade of the Belle detector and will operate at the SuperKEKB energy-asymmetric e+e− collider at KEK in Tsukuba, Japan. The accelerator completed its first phase of commissioning in 2016, and the Belle II detector saw its first electron-positron collisions in April 2018. Belle II features a newly designed silicon vertex detector based on double-sided strip layers and DEPFET pixel layers. A subset of the vertex detector was operated in 2018 to determine background conditions (Phase 2 operation). The collaboration completed full detector installation in January 2019, and the experiment started full data taking. This paper will report on the final arrangement of the silicon vertex detector part of Belle II with a focus on online monitoring of detector conditions and data quality, on the design and use of diagnostic and reference plots, and on integration with the software framework of Belle II. Data quality monitoring plots will be discussed with a focus on simulation and acquired cosmic and collision data.
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Hansen, G., A. Dahlback, F. Tønnessen, and T. Svenøe. "Validation of GOME total ozone by means of the Norwegian ozone monitoring network." Annales Geophysicae 17, no. 3 (1999): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00585-999-0430-9.
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Abstract. The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) onboard the ERS-2 satellite has been in operation since July 1995. The Norwegian ground-based total ozone network has played an important role both in the main validation during the commissioning phase and in the validation of upgraded versions of the analysis algorithms of the instrument. The ground-based network consists of various spectrometer types (Dobson, Brewer, UV filter instruments). The validation of the second algorithm version used until January 1998 reveals a very good agreement between GOME and ground-based data at solar zenith angles <60° and deviations of GOME total ozone data from ground-based data of up to ±60 DU (~20%) at zenith angles >60°. The deviations strongly depend on the season of the year, being negative in summer and positive in winter/spring, The deviations furthermore show a considerable scattering (up to ±25 DU in monthly average values of 5° SZA intervals), even in close spatial and temporal coincidence with ground-based measurements, especially in the high Arctic. The deviations are also dependent on the viewing geometry/ground pixel size with an additional negative offset for the large pixels used in the backswath mode and at solar zenith angles >85°, compared to forward-swath pixels.Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (middle atmosphere · composition and chemistry; instruments and techniques)
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Lu, Yan, Yan Peng Zhang, and Ye Tian. "Research on Automatic Checking of Protection Functions for Smart Substation." Advanced Materials Research 1028 (September 2014): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1028.200.
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The considerable variability of architecture and function realization of smart substation, which differ from traditional substations, makes the range of protection function check no longer restricted to one device, so it is necessary to carry out thorough monitoring and testing for various inks of functional implementation [1-2]. For this purpose, the automatic checking of protection functions for smart substation is researched, and a scheme for the implementation of the automatic checking is designed [3-4]. By means of adding various checking manners to application software implementation of the devices of protection system for smart substation, the checking and detection of various function implementation links of the protection system are performed, and by use of the expert system based on Dempster-Shafer theory a real-time virtual checking scheme is configured and through real-time analysis on checking information the conclusion of the checking is obtained. The proposed scheme enhances the self-diagnosis and self-monitoring ability of protection system for smart substation and gives full play to the superiority in digital information acquisition and information interaction of digital substation, so it can be used to the checking during on-site commissioning, besides, partial functions can be also used to perform on-line monitoring of protections being operated [5-9].
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King, Andrew C., Cynthia A. Mitchell, and Tony Howes. "Hydraulic tracer studies in a pilot scale subsurface flow constructed wetland." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 5 (1997): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0195.
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Current design procedures for Subsurface Flow (SSF) Wetlands are based on the simplifying assumptions of plug flow and first order decay of pollutants. These design procedures do yield functional wetlands but result in over-design and inadequate descriptions of the pollutant removal mechanisms which occur within them. Even though these deficiencies are often noted, few authors have attempted to improve modelling of either flow or pollutant removal in such systems. Consequently the Oxley Creek Wetland, a pilot scale SSF wetland designed to enable rigorous monitoring, has recently been constructed in Brisbane, Australia. Tracer studies have been carried out in order to determine the hydraulics of this wetland prior to commissioning it with settled sewage. The tracer studies will continue during the wetland's commissioning and operational phases. These studies will improve our understanding of the hydraulics of newly built SSF wetlands and the changes brought on by operational factors such as biological films and wetland plant root structures. Results to date indicate that the flow through the gravel beds is not uniform and cannot be adequately modelled by a single parameter, plug flow with dispersion, model. We have developed a multiparameter model, incorporating four plug flow reactors, which provides a better approximation of our experimental data. With further development this model will allow improvements to current SSF wetland design procedures and operational strategies, and will underpin investigations into the pollutant removal mechanisms at the Oxley Creek Wetland.
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Jones, Emma, and Octavio Aragon Cuevas. "P12 An audit on the use and monitoring of azathioprine (aza) in a paediatric gastroenterology centre. could nhs england via specialist commissioning rules (nhs-e-spr) be affecting quality of care?" Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, no. 2 (2018): e2.14-e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-314585.21.
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AimTo explore the centre’s adherence to the British Society of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (BSPGHAN) guidelines1 regarding AZA use and monitoring and to suggest solutions in the event that substandard level of care is identified.MethodsData was collected on 110 gastroenterology patients (October 2014 to January 2016) on AZA from the dispensing and medicine management systems. They included patient demographics and the eleven basic AZA monitoring points recommended by the BSPGHAN guidelines: clinic attendance, height, weight, baseline Varicella Zoster status (VZS) and Thiopurine Methyltransferase (TPMT) and appropriate plasma monitoring (frequency and actual sample request) of FBC, U and Es, amylase, CRP and LFTs. The Mann Whitney Test was performed to determine if some of the demographic data had any correlation with suboptimal AZA monitoring. A ‘patient factor score’ was generated based on the centre’s compliance with these points, with a score of zero to eleven. A score of less than eleven was considered as substandard monitoring.ResultsOnly 16 patients (19%) had a patient factor score of eleven. Regarding adherence to the recommended frequency of blood monitoring, only 27 (24.5%) patients were fully compliant. 3 patients (2.7%) did not have any of their blood components measured. Although TPMT was measured in 104 patients (97%), in 48 patients (46%) it was measured late. All the 7 patients (6.7%) whose TPMT was low had AZA prescribed at appropriate doses. Weight and height was not documented in 31 (28%) and 47 patients (43%) respectively. Baseline VZS was not checked in 23 (21%) of the patients. Clinic attendance was good, with only 6 (5%) patients missing their appointments. Patients who lived further away from the centre (P value=0.008), and who were taking AZA in tablet form (P value=0.000) showed a positive correlation with suboptimal monitoring. Gender, age and diagnosis showed no correlation.ConclusionThe centre’s compliance with BSPGHAN guidelines is substandard. The positive correlation of patient distant postcodes and use of tablet formulation could be explained by poor communication between centres, the absence of a formal shared-care pathway and the fact that AZA liquid formulation is an unlicensed special. The introduction of shared-care guidelines whereby the monitoring of patients can take place at local level could improve the quality of care. However, due to the strict NHS-E-SPr2 this is not possible in paediatrics. We suggest these rules should be reviewed. Documentation and baseline checks could be improved by designing specific order sets containing all recommended parameters that could be performed at diagnosis and introducing a simple tick-based monitoring pro-forma that clinicians could use in clinic.ReferencesSandhu BK, Fell JME, Beattie RM, et al. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in children in the United Kingdom. British Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition2008:1–36.Pan Mersey APC. Formulary: Chapter 1: Gastro-intestinal system. http://formulary.panmerseyapc.nhs.uk/chaptersSubDetails.asp?FormularySectionID=1&SubSectionRef=01.05.03&SubSectionID=A100#3555 [Accessed: 8 July 2016].
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Sauhats, Antans, Andrejs Utans, Jurijs Silinevics, Gatis Junghans, and Dmitrijs Guzs. "Enhancing Power System Frequency with a Novel Load Shedding Method Including Monitoring of Synchronous Condensers’ Power Injections." Energies 14, no. 5 (2021): 1490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051490.
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Under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) is a classic and a commonly accepted measure used to mitigate the frequency disturbances in case of loss-of-generation incidents in AC power grids. Triggering of UFLS is classically done at frequency thresholds when system frequency collapse is already close to happening. The renewed interest for synchronous condensers due to the global trends on massive commissioning of non-synchronous renewable power generation leading to reduction of system inertia gives an opportunity to rethink the approach used to trigger load-shedding activation. This question is especially relevant for the Baltic states facing a desynchronization from Russian power grid and a necessity to operate in an isolated island mode. The main goal of this paper is to introduce a predictive load shedding (LS) method without usage of either frequency or ROCOF measurements based on the monitoring of active power injections of synchronous condensers and to prove the efficiency of the concept through several sets of case study simulations. The paper shows that the proposed approach can provide a greatly improved frequency stability of the power system. The results are analyzed and discussed, the way forward for the practical implementation of the concept is sketched.
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A. Urasova, Anna, Aleksander N. Pytkin, Igor Yu. Zagoruyko, Andrei V. Plotnikov, and Vadim P. Cherdantsev. "Prospects of Development of Agricultural Branches of the Regions of the Russian Federation: Correlation Models and Effectiveness of Management." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (2018): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24629.
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Currently, Russia faces an urgent need for accelerated development of agricultural branches and rural infrastructure. The solution of the tasks of agricultural management is one of the most urgent problems of determining the reserves of growth of agricultural production in each of the Russian regions. In this regard, the authors set a goal to develop and evaluate correlation models describing the dependence of the volume of production of agricultural branches in the regions of the Russian Federation on the number of investments and the commissioning of fixed assets. The authors justify the choice of independent factors. The study was based on the economic and mathematical modeling of empirical spatial data, calculated on the basis of official statistical information on the regions of the Russian Federation. The conducted research permitted to identify factors, which directly determined the volumes of production in agriculture, to propose the use of high-quality correlation models to describe this effect, to prove that the economies of the examined regions did not reach saturation with agricultural products and there were significant reserves for their further development. The developed correlation models are effective tools for analyzing the development of the industry, and can also be used as management tools that allow for the assessment of the effectiveness of the use of the made investments, as well as the commissioning of fixed assets in the agriculture of each of the examined regions. The results of the research are of scientific and practical importance. They can be used in research and monitoring of agricultural development in the regions, determining the resource requirements, which are necessary for the development of agricultural industries, as well as the development of sectoral and integrated projects and agricultural development programs.
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Roth, Anthony D., Stephen Pilling, and Jenny Turner. "Therapist Training and Supervision in Clinical Trials: Implications for Clinical Practice." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 38, no. 3 (2010): 291–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465810000068.
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Background:Researchers in clinical trials usually pay close attention to therapist selection, training, supervision and monitoring, but the extent of this input has not been systematically documented.Aims:To describe the extent of training and supervision activity within clinical trials, and to consider any implications for transporting therapies from research to routine clinical contexts.Method:Twenty-seven randomized studies examining the efficacy of CBT interventions for people with depression or anxiety disorders were selected on the basis of their quality and impact on the field. Published and unpublished sources were used to gather information about therapist selection, training and supervision within these trials.Results:The review identified the extent of investment by researchers in assuring therapist expertise, adherence and competence. It also indicated inconsistencies in the clarity with which this input was reported.Conclusions:The ubiquity of intervention-specific training in research contexts risks being overlooked when commissioning evidence-based therapies in routine practice. This has clear implications for the likely effectiveness of interventions. Greater consistency in the reporting of training in clinical trials may help to draw attention to the role of training and supervision in maximizing clinical outcomes.
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Benocci, Roberto, H. Eduardo Roman, and Giovanni Zambon. "Optimized Sensors Network and Dynamical Maps for Monitoring Traffic Noise in a Large Urban Zone." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (2021): 8363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188363.
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We review a Dynamap European Life project whose main scope was the design, commissioning, and actual implementation of “real-time” acoustic maps in a district of the city of Milan (District 9, or Z9, composed of about 2000 road stretches), by employing a small number of noise monitoring stations within the urban zone. Dynamap is based on the idea of finding suitable sets of roads displaying similar daily traffic noise behavior, so that one can group them together into single dynamical noise maps. The Dynamap sensor network has been built upon twenty-four monitoring stations, which have been permanently installed in appropriate locations within the pilot zone Z9, by associating four sensors to each one of the six group of roads considered. In order to decide which road stretches belong to a group, a non-acoustic parameter is used, which is obtained from a traffic flow model of the city, developed and tested over the years by the “Enviroment, Mobility and Territory Agency” of Milan (EMTA). The fundamental predictive equation of Dynamap, for the local equivalent noise level at a given site, can be built by using real-time data provided by the monitoring sensors. In addition, the corresponding contributions of six static traffic noise maps, associated with the six group of roads, are required. The static noise maps can be calculated from the Cadna noise model, based on EMTA road traffic data referred to the ‘rush-hour’ (8:00–9:00 a.m.), when the road traffic flow is maximum and the model most accurate. A further analysis of road traffic noise measurements, performed over the whole city of Milan, has provided a more accurate description of road traffic noise behavior by using a clustering approach. It is found that essentially just two mean cluster hourly noise profiles are sufficient to represent the noise profile at any site location within the zone. In order words, one can use the 24 monitoring stations data to estimate the local noise variations at a single site in real time. The different steps in the construction of the network are described in detail, and several validation tests are presented in support of the Dynamap performance, leading to an overall error of about 3 dB. The present work ends with a discussion of how to improve the design of the network further, based on the calculation of the cross-correlations between monitoring stations’ noise data.
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Faiz, N. S., M. I. Satayev, A. A. Berdaliyeva, A. M. Azimov, Sh K. Shapalov, and O. Ya Nikonov. "THE ROLE GIS IN THE ASSESMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF A RESIDENTAL AREA." REPORTS 2, no. 336 (2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1483.34.
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Today, one of the important tasks that is set before environmental monitoring is to continuously obtain the necessary data on the state of the environment through the use of remote sensing techniques. It should be noted that remote sensing (hereinafter – RS) is used in the technogenic environment of mankind, which directly creates unfavorable conditions, increasing the statistics of the origin of various types of carcinogenic risks. The growing consumption of electric energy leads to the construction and commissioning of new energy facilities, as well as to the construction of high-voltage power lines in the residential environment. An important task in this direction is the establishment of sanitary protection zones, taking into account environmental restrictions, which is aimed at reducing social tension among the population located in the zone of active exposure to the electromagnetic field. Given that low-frequency energy objects, like other man-made objects, are characterized by dynamic characteristics and require constant monitoring of the course of changes in continuous processes, which directly affects the change in the intensity of the electromagnetic field. In turn, the modern information platform allows you to simultaneously conduct environmental surveys to identify carcinogenic risks in the selected area at a specific time by entering the necessary data, which are the main factors in setting the maximum permissible conditions. The development of digital maps based on Arc GIS application programs has a simulation characteristic and allows you to visually assess the dynamics of environmental changes with different variations.
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Caspard, Mathilde, Hervé Yésou, Arnaud Selle, et al. "Forest recolonization monitoring based on HR and VHR imagery: the case of the Maido forest fire exploiting Pléiades HR and SPOT Kalideos database." Revue Française de Photogrammétrie et de Télédétection, no. 209 (January 29, 2015): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52638/rfpt.2015.99.
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End October 2011, in a rapid mapping framework, SERTIT followed during 6 days the increase of the forest fires which hit the Maido slopes, Reunion Island, in the hearth of National Park, a UNESCO world heritage site. SERTIT's Rapid Mapping service followed the evolution of this event in “near real time†in a SAFER activation framework, during one week long, with one satellite image acquisition then one map produced every day. According to the prefecture report, the fire burnt more than 2600ha.After this crisis period, the work turned to the question about the resilience and the monitoring of the vegetation regeneration. In this context, SERTIT is mandated to assess the contribution of very high resolution of Pléiades data acquired theoretically monthly since June 2012 in its thematic commissioning phase framework and of high resolution data from KALIDEOS database (SPOT4 and SPOT 5 images) acquired regularly since 2005. In total, 66 SPOT images and 10 VHR Pléiades or Pléiades-like images have been integrated and exploited.Data exploitation consists of thematic index calculation, which, combined with field information enabled the mapping of vegetation cover/state and to monitor its evolution before and after fire event. Then, thanks to serial data acquired during a one year provision plan, the contribution of very high resolution of Pléiades-HR data is analyzed to monitor phenology changes and forest regeneration at plot and/or massif scales.This study highlights the changes affecting Maido forest since 2005. Indeed, after establishing the vegetation behavior without perturbation (normal seasonal variations), spectral signature analysis derived from indexes shows the forest fire impact on vegetation but also a recolonisation of the massif. In complement, monitoring this “regeneration†with VHR Pléiades data, texture provided by such images is useful to confirm this forest recovery and to qualify it. In reality, the phenomenon observed corresponds as much to recolonization than regeneration because of the different behavior and appearance of the new vegetation. Cooperation with local actors is necessary to check field information. Furthermore, stereo Pléiades data were acquired over the quasi-totality of the Reunion Island. After digital surface model restitution at 50cm would be extract vegetation structure and erosion risk information.
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Gupta, Rajat, and Laura Barnfield. "Unravelling the unintended consequences of home energy improvements." International Journal of Energy Sector Management 8, no. 4 (2014): 506–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-11-2013-0006.
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Purpose – This paper aims to, using a systematic mixed-methods based monitoring and evaluation approach, investigate the unintended consequences of physical and technical home improvements on energy use, indoor environmental conditions and occupant behaviour in community-led retrofits. The study is part of a UK Research Council funded research project on evaluating the impacts and effectiveness of low carbon communities on energy behaviours. Design/methodology/approach – A graduated measurement, monitoring and evaluation framework has been developed and applied to gather quantitative and qualitative data on energy use and behaviours has been developed and applied to 88 households across the UK. A mixed-methods approach is used, including occupant interviews, questionnaires, activity diaries and continuous physical monitoring of energy use, environmental conditions and low-carbon technologies. Findings – The study has uncovered a number of unintended consequences associated with home energy improvements, both beneficial and detrimental, including improved comfort levels in retrofitted dwellings and reduction in energy use but also an increased likelihood of overheating following fabric improvements, potential under-performance of low-carbon systems due to lack of understanding and inadequate installation and commissioning, along with adaptive energy behaviours leading to increased energy use and a widening gap between predicted and actual savings. Research limitations/implications – Although 63 case study households are involved, it is difficult to provide statistical analysis from the emerging findings. Practical implications – This paper demonstrates the unintended consequences of home energy improvements. It aims to bring awareness of these issues to various sectors and stakeholders involved in delivering community retrofit programmes or the National Green Deal programme. Originality/value – The paper fulfils an identified need to study the impacts of home energy improvements within existing homes through a robust, comprehensive M&E approach.
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Raynes, Norma, Lydia Coulthard, Charlotte Glenister, and Bogusia Temple. "Age does not come alone: Identifying and implementing older people's views of quality in home care services." Quality in Ageing and Older Adults 5, no. 1 (2004): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14717794200400004.
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This paper describes a study that explored older people's views and priorities on what made for quality in home care services, ways of accessing these and enabling them to become part of mainstream service monitoring. It took place in a city in the north of England, in 2000. The research was funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Older people's definitions of a quality home care service go outside the service boundaries that are set by social service departments who define the quality specifications for home care services and commission them. Older people had a joined‐up perspective of what contributes to quality in a home care service including, for example, in their definitions of a quality service: access to transport to get out of the house, aids, adaptations and health care. They emphasised the importance of domestic help, which has been reported in other studies. To obtain information on their definitions of a quality service older people were offered the choice of a home‐based interview or participation in a focus group. Following the collection of the data on quality a round table discussion was arranged. The purpose of this was to explore how older people's views on the quality of home care services could become part of routine monitoring, to shape further development and assist in commissioning. Older people who had participated in the first part of the study were invited to attend this, as were local commissioners, service providers and elected members with executive responsibility for older people's services. The recommendations of this round table are discussed.
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Fomenko, G. A., S. I. Komarov, M. A. Fomenko, A. E. Borodkin, and A. K. Luzanova. "Risk-oriented approach to ecological safety management at oil refinery." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 2 (July 15, 2018): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2078-8886-2018-2-102-109.
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The article considers place and role of the risk-oriented approach in environmental management at enterprises, describes mechanisms for use of risk assessment in environmental management processes and documents, tools for use of risk characteristics in development and implementation of programmes and plans for oil refineries.The study relevance is based on the need to improve the environmental management system of “Orsknefteorgsintez” in line with the plans to include risk-oriented approach in supervisory work, including state environmental supervision.The main goal of the work was development of approaches to risk-oriented environmental management at “Orsknefteorgsintez” based on the health risk assessment from environment pollution, followed by interpretation of gained data and appropriate management decisions.The research was conducted in two stages. The first stage included health risk levels determination resulted from air pollution by “Orsknefteorgsintez”. The results included hygienic studies of human health risk assessment from negative impact by “Orsknefteorgsintez” considering the implementation of the middle-term enterprise development program; and results of comparative analysis of human health risk levels prior to and after operational commissioning of reconstructed objects within the middle-term enterprise development program. The recommendation on human health risk management from the “Orsknefteorgsintez” production facilities (including control and monitoring) are based on the results of the first stage.Risk-oriented improves environmental management systems at enterprises, helps in interactions with government bodies, enhances management decisions in line with environmental legislation and increases environmental-economic investment efficiency.
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Trajic, Ivan, Ljubisa Vukosavljevic, Bora Novakovic, Dragana Ciric, Aleksandar Dobrosavljevic, and Dragan Munitlak. "Control system of ECR ion source within FAMA." Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering 13, no. 3 (2016): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sjee1603423t.
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Recent upgrading of the Facility for Modification and Analysis of Materials with Ion Beams (FAMA), in the Laboratory of Physics of the Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, included modernization of its electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) ion source. The ECR ion source was extensively used for production of multiply charged ions from gases and solid substances for more than 15 years, during which time its major subsystems were expended and therefore, it required complete reconstruction. As a part of this reconstruction we designed and put together a completely new control system of the ECR ion source. It is a distributed and fiber-optically linked control system based on the Group3 Control hardware and the control application written in the Wonderware?s In Touch software. The control system should help and assist an operator in obtaining the appropriate operating parameters of the ECR ion source, maintaining and controlling operating parameters of the machine during its operation, as well as in monitoring weather the safety conditions are fulfilled during the operation of the machine. We tested the operation and performances of the new control system during the commissioning of the upgraded ECR ion source. Compared to the old one, the new system is more reliable, more userfriendly oriented, and it comprises several new useful control applications.
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Vainio, Terttu, Eero Nippala, and Timo Kauppinen. "HVAC’s Role in the Decarbonisation of the Existing BuildingStock - case Finland." E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 13005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124613005.
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The Energy Performance of Buildings Directive together with the Energy Efficiency Directive and Renewable Energy Sources Directive define the frame and target state for energy performance of the existing building stock. This should be very energy efficient and decarbonised by 2050. The Finnish target is more ambitious, to achieve the target state already in 2035. In this paper, we discuss and concretise the role of HVAC in overcoming the challenge. Buildings in the Nordic countries are already very energy efficient. Structural improvements of energy efficiency are relatively expensive and have limited potential for energy saving. The best cost-benefit ratio can be obtained by combining HVAC with dynamic building automation systems. Also the EPBD calls for improvement of building automation systems and related measurements in new as well as existing buildings. The performance of buildings can be verified and deviations can be detected by monitoring-based commissioning during their life cycle. This means that special attention must be paid to the instrumentation level and an improved online reporting system for stakeholders. As a conclusion, we see that HVAC systems are in a key role in decarbonisation of existing buildings and a strategic sector on the way to a carbon-neutral society.
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Wang, Zhen-Ying, Zhi-Yun Liu, Ting-Wei Ma, et al. "The Implementation of Diverse Actuation System in ACPR1000 Nuclear Power Plants." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2021 (September 6, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5529570.
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In order to improve the capability of dealing with software common cause failure (CCF) of digital reactor protection and monitoring system (RPMS), the diverse actuation system (DAS) is introduced for ACPR1000 nuclear power plants. From economic and feasibility point of view, the solution of DAS sharing with RPMS sensors and actuators is suggested; after capturing the function requirement of DAS, the automatic functions and manual functions assigned to it are determined based on transient analysis of design basic accidents concurrent with software CCF of RPMS. The independent verification proves that the reactor can be fallen back to and maintained at safety shutdown state, thanks to these DAS functions. Insight into probabilistic safety assessment proves significant reductions of risks are contributed. The critical technical issues while implementing DAS, such as measures to ensure its diversity from RPMS, precautions for preventing from its spurious actuation, isolation and independency from RPMS, and its testability and maintainability, are deliberately settled to improve its engineering reliability and alleviate the impact on RPMS as far as possible. Field programmable gate array technology that is diversified from RPMS is chosen to build DAS of ACPR1000 nuclear power plant, and the commissioning test verifies that it is capable of performing its designed functions. At last, a set of DAS-specific, paper-based, and event-oriented emergency operating procedure is developed, verified, and validated. Until now, the DAS system has always been successfully operating in all ACPR1000 nuclear power plants for several years.
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Yoon, Sungmin, Youngwoong Choi, Jabeom Koo, Yejin Hong, Ryunhee Kim, and Joowook Kim. "Virtual Sensors for Estimating District Heating Energy Consumption under Sensor Absences in a Residential Building." Energies 13, no. 22 (2020): 6013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13226013.
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District heating (DH) is an energy efficient building heating system that entails low primary energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. The estimation of the required heating load provides information for operators to control district heating systems (DHSs) efficiently. It also yields historical datasets for intelligent management applications. Based on the existing virtual sensor capabilities to estimate physical variables, performance, etc., and to detect the anomaly detection in building energy systems, this paper proposes a virtual sensor-based method for the estimation of DH energy consumption in a residential building. Practical issues, including sensor absences and limited datasets corresponding to actual buildings, were also analyzed to improve the applicability of virtual sensors in a building. According to certain virtual sensor development processes, model-driven, data-driven, and grey-box virtual sensors were developed and compared in a case study. The grey-box virtual sensor surpassed the capabilities of the other virtual sensors, particularly for operation patterns corresponding to low heating, which were different from those in the training dataset; notably, a 16% improvement was observed in the accuracy exhibited by the grey-box virtual sensor, as compared to that of the data-driven virtual sensor. The former sensor accounted for a significantly wider DHS operation range by overcoming training data dependency when estimating the actual DH energy consumption. Finally, the proposed virtual sensors can be applied for continuous commissioning, monitoring, and fault detection in the building, since they are developed based on the DH variables at the demand side.
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Meads, David M., John L. O'Dwyer, Claire T. Hulme, Rocio Rodriguez Lopez, and Michael I. Bennett. "Cost-Effectiveness of Pain Management Strategies in Advanced Cancer." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 35, no. 2 (2019): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462319000114.
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AbstractObjectivesUncontrolled pain in advanced cancer is a common problem and has significant impact on individuals’ quality of life and use of healthcare resources. Interventions to help manage pain at the end of life are available, but there is limited economic evidence to support their wider implementation. We conducted a case study economic evaluation of two pain self-management interventions (PainCheck and Tackling Cancer Pain Toolkit [TCPT]) compared with usual care.MethodsWe generated a decision-analytic model to facilitate the evaluation. This modelled the survival of individuals at the end of life as they moved through pain severity categories. Intervention effectiveness was based on published meta-analyses results. The evaluation was conducted from the perspective of the U.K. health service provider and reported cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY).ResultsPainCheck and TCPT were cheaper (respective incremental costs -GBP148 [-EUR168.53] and -GBP474 [-EUR539.74]) and more effective (respective incremental QALYs of 0.010 and 0.013) than usual care. There was a 65 percent and 99.5 percent chance of cost-effectiveness for PainCheck and TCPT, respectively. Results were relatively robust to sensitivity analyses. The most important driver of cost-effectiveness was level of pain reduction (intervention effectiveness). Although cost savings were modest per patient, these were considerable when accounting for the number of potential intervention beneficiaries.ConclusionsEducational and monitoring/feedback interventions have the potential to be cost-effective. Economic evaluations based on estimates of effectiveness from published meta-analyses and using a decision modeling approach can support commissioning decisions and implementation of pain management strategies.
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Borysenko, V., D. Budyk, and V. Goranchuk. "Determination of VVER-1000 Thermal Power Based on Background Signals of Self-Powered Neutron Detectors." Nuclear and Radiation Safety, no. 4(84) (December 19, 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.32918/nrs.2019.4(84).04.
Full textAbstract:
The value of the reactor thermal power (RTP) is used in the VVER-1000 control systems in most algorithms for generation of control, blocking and protection signals. Besides, the technical and economic indicators of the power unit are determined by this parameter. Plans to increase VVER‑1000 RTP to 101.5%, and later to 104-107% of the nominal require additional justification of the accuracy of the RTP determination. Therefore, the task of increasing the accuracy of RTP determination is important. The paper describes the ways to improve the accuracy of weighted mean thermal power (WMTP) determination by selecting the optimal weight coefficient (that subsequently is used for WMTP determination) of each of the methods of RTP determination, namely: by thermotechnical parameters of the primary and secondary sides by neutron flux in the in-core monitoring system (ICMS) and in the neutron flux control equipment (NFCE). Another possibility of increasing the accuracy of WMTP determination, namely by increasing the number of methods of RTP determination, is also considered in the paper. The analysis of changes in the background signals of self-powered neutron detectors (SPNDs) during the VVER-1000 fuel campaigns shows the fundamental possibility of using the total background signal as a separate and independent method for RTP determination. The paper presents the results of the calculation of RTP determination error taking into account the coefficients of the components of the total RTP determination error: systematic, dynamic and random errors, which must be determined during the commissioning phase. The results of reduction of the error of WMTP determination in case of application of the additional method of RTP determination based on background signals of the SPNDs are presented. Theoretically, possible minimum values of the WMTP determination error are given depending on the values of the error of the RTP determination by separate methods.