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1

Gebramicheal, Zelalem Berhanu, and Tsegahiwot Teketel Habtegiorgis. "Internal Control in Swedish Small and Medium Size Enterprises." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35030.

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<p>Small and medium size enterprises are currently the major part of economic activities through out the world. Nowadays, they represent about 99% of all types of enterprises in Sweden, with providing high job opportunities to its labour force as these enterprises need focus in their development; the internal control mechanism is a means and a way of directing, monitoring and measuring the SMEs resources. It plays an important role in preventing and detecting fraud and protecting the physical and intangible resources as well as leading to high efficiency of the business operation. one since it contributes a lot for the majority of business enterprise involved in SMEs.</p><p>This study examines and describes the effectiveness of internal control systems in Swedish small and medium size enterprises. The study focuses on the main five components of internal control and their impact on achieving the company’s objectives. In so doing, the study creates a better understanding of effective internal control that may be applicable to the context of SMEs and establish theoretically the features of an effective internal control for sampled SMEs. To achieve this objective we formulate one research question: system of SMEs comply with the principles of effective internal control? into how closely SMEs follow the virtues of effective internal control in their business operation.</p><p>Applying an inductive approach in qualitative interview, the study found out that, contrary to what is generally suggested, SMEs are aware of the importance of having a good internal control system. The findings of the research enabled the emergence of a theory grounded in the collected data. Indeed, the major features of an effective internal control system applicable for SMEs are found to be control activities, effective information and communication system, effective monitoring and evaluation system framework.</p><p>Key words: <strong>SMEs, internal control, control environment, risk management, control activities, information and communication, monitoring and evaluation</strong></p>
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2

Hurtig, Klara, and Hanna Lahger. "Intern kontroll : En kvalitativ fallstudie som studerar ett företags interna kontroll utifrån Internal Control – Integrated Framework." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34262.

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Syfte     Syftet med studien är att beskriva och skapa förståelse kring intern kontroll i praktiken genom att studera ett företags interna kontroll utifrån Internal Control – Integrated Framework.  Metod    En kvalitativ fallstudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer som huvudsaklig datainsamlingsmetod som kompletterats med interna dokument. Totalt genomfördes fyra intervjuer som hade teman utifrån ramverkets fem komponenter och måluppfyllelse.  Teori    Teoriavsnittet utgörs av ramverkets fem komponenter och måluppfyllelse samt teori kring intern kontroll och informationsasymmetri.  Empiri    Studiens empiriavsnitt består av insamlade data om intern kontroll i praktiken utifrån fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer som kompletterats med interna dokument.   Diskussion   Diskussionsavsnittet präglas av författarnas tankar kring intern kontroll i praktiken som knyter tillbaka till studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Sedan presenteras även förslag till framtida studier.<br>Purpose    The purpose of the study is to describe and create understanding about internal control in practice by studying a company's internal control based on the Internal Control - Integrated Framework.     Methodology    A case study based on a qualitative approach with semi-strucured interviews as the main data collection method supplemented with internal documents. In total, four interviews were conducted that had themes based on the framework’s five components and goal fulfillment.  Theoretical Perspectives    The theory section consist of the framework’s five components and goal fulfillment. The study is also based on theory of internal control and information asymmetry.  Empirical Foundation    The study’s empirical section consists of collected data on internal control in practice, based on four semi-structured interviews which were supplemented with internal documents.  Discussion  The discussion section is characterized by the autors’ thoughts on  internal control in practice that link back to the study’s purpose and issues. Than proposals for future studies are also presented.
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Makgatho, Kgabo Emmanuel. "Effectiveness of internal control mechanisms in monitoring financial resources at the Gauteng Department of Education / Kgabo Emmanuel Makgatho." Thesis, North-West University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/10650.

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There is a need to strengthen the internal control systems and mechanisms in the public sector in order for public institutions to maintain clean financial reports. This study focused on the effectiveness of the implementation of internal control mechanisms in monitoring financial resources at Gauteng Department of Education. The effectiveness of internal controls is characterised by the implementation of all the five components, namely Control Environment, Control Activities, Risk Assessment, Information and Communication, and Monitoring. Therefore, the questionnaires were designed in line with all these components. The reports of the Auditor-General and the Financial Management Report were scrutinised to check the state of affairs on the effectiveness of internal control mechanisms. This study found that the government departments are expected to develop policies that will contribute towards the management of public funds. A set of fiscal policies exist within the department. Such policies are influenced by the PFMA. However, the study found that the implementation of the internal control policies was complex. The implementation is influenced by the factors such as the human capital or human resources, technological systems and participation of the key stakeholders. Sound fiscal measures may promote efficient monitoring of the use of resources. The researcher of this study believes that the implementation of the internal control may be enhanced by continuous training, enforcement of financial regulations and feedback.<br>M Development and Management (Public Management and Governance), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2014
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Andersson, Skantze Joel. "Continuous Auditing : Internal Audit at a Crossroads?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-145066.

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Purpose – It is argued that traditional audit methods are becoming outdated in terms of delivering sufficient assurance on business objectives, whereby, a paradigm shift towards continuous auditing (CA) is proposed and perceived as necessary both by academia, standard-setting groups, and business society. However, the practical prevalence of CA is insignificant in relation to the expectations depicted. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine why this is the case by means of investigating what factors that motivate an adoption of CA amongst various internal audit functions (IAFs). Design/methodology/approach – The study draws on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and data are obtained through semi-structured interviews capturing internal auditors’ attitude towards CA, and what factors that influence an adoption. Findings – There is a shattered view on CA amongst IAFs, where the proponents embrace it as a set of value-adding methodologies whilst the opponents argue that it falls outside their responsibility and threaten the independence of the function. Thus, why CA has not been leveraged to its full potential is, in contrast to previous research, not solely attributable to practical factors but also due to the IAFs’ vast differences in approach to CA as a concept. Practical implications – The study has brought attention to the distinguished disparity found in internal auditors’ attitude towards CA. Ultimately, doubts, whether CA should be leveraged by IAFs has come to light. These are hurdles that need to be considered, both by academia, standard-setting groups, and business society if the leap for CA ought to continue. Originality/value – The use of semi-structured interviews contributes to in-depth understandings and insights of the internal auditors’ attitudes towards CA. Moreover, such an approach is more likely to capture the stance towards CA in greater detail than that possible of previous large-scale surveys.
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Ankeraa, Jesper, Erik Hallenstål, and Erik Le. "Ordning och reda : Intern styrning och kontroll, COSO Internal Control – Integrated Framework i praktiken." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-36318.

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Bakgrund och problemdiskussion: Under årens gång har det inträffat flera företagsskandaler. Det har sett bra ut på ytan men insidan har visat motsatsen. Fasaden kollapsar till följd av bristande kontroll. Intern styrning och kontroll och COSO:s Internal Controll – Integrated Framework blir allt mer aktuellt för att få ordning och reda. För börsnoterade företag är intern kontroll centralt eftersom intressenter kräver transparens. Utan intern kontroll finns det ingen rimlig försäkran att en organisation arbetar i linje med uppsatta mål, samt att eventuella risker och brister bemöts på lämpligt sätt.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och förklara i vilken uträckning två företag på två olika börser i praktiken tillämpar en intern styrning och kontroll som står i överensstämmelse med COSO:s Internal Control - Integrated Frameworks fem komponenter samt studera hur det påverkar verksamhetsstyrningen.   Metod: En kvalitativ fallstudiestudie genomfördes på två bolag med i huvudsak hermeneutisk tolkningsansats och abduktivt tillvägagångssätt. Empiriinsamlingen skedde genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer och relevant material. Teorin underbyggdes av litteratur, artiklar och internetkällor.   Teori: I kapitlet ingår Svensk Kod för bolagsstyrning, Intern Styrning och Kontroll och slutligen det studien lägger vikt vid som är COSO:s ramverk.   Slutsats: Fallföretagen tillämpar en intern styrning och kontroll som i hög utsträckning stämmer överens med COSO Internal Control – Integrated Frameworks fem komponenter men med små skillnader. Trots att de är storleksmässigt olika och verkar i skilda branscher.<br>Background and Problem Discussion: Over the years there have been several scandals. Companies have looked good on the surface but the inside has shown the opposite. The surface collapse due to lack of control. Internal control and the COSO Internal Control - Integrated Framework is becoming increasingly important to achieve a properly managed company. For listed companies, internal control is central as stakeholders demand transparency. Without internal control, there is no reasonable assurance that an organization is working in line with their goals, and that any risks are addressed in an appropriate manner.   Objective: The purpose of this study is to describe and explain to what extent two companies in two different stock markets effectively implement an internal control, consistent with COSO’s Internal Control - Integrated Frameworks five components and study how it affects operations management.   Method: A qualitative case study was conducted at two companies with essentially hermeneutic interpretation approach and abductive approach. Empirical data collection was through semi-structured interviews and relevant material. Literature, articles and internet sources supported the theory.   Theory: The chapter includes the Swedish Code of Corporate Governance, Internal Control and finally the COSO framework, which the study was mainly based on.   Conclusion: Both companies apply an internal control which largely matches the COSO Internal Control - Integrated Frameworks five components except marginal differences. Even though they differ in size and act on markets separated from each other.
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6

Trobinger, Matteo. "Fast, Reliable, Low-power Wireless Monitoring and Control with Concurrent Transmissions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/312928.

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Low-power wireless technology is a part and parcel of our daily life, shaping the way in which we behave, interact, and more generally live. The ubiquity of cheap, tiny, battery-powered devices augmented with sensing, actuation, and wireless communication capabilities has given rise to a ``smart" society, where people, machines, and objects are seamlessly interconnected, among themselves and with the environment. Behind the scenes, low-power wireless protocols are what enables and rules all interactions, organising these embedded devices into wireless networks, and orchestrating their communications. The recent years have witnessed a persistent increase in the pervasiveness and impact of low-power wireless. After having spawned a wide spectrum of powerful applications in the consumer domain, low-power wireless solutions are extending their influence over the industrial context, where their adoption as part of feedback control loops is envisioned to revolutionise the production process, paving the way for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. However, as the scale and relevance of low-power wireless systems continue to grow, so do the challenges posed to the communication substrates, required to satisfy ever more strict requirements in terms of reliability, responsiveness, and energy consumption. Harmonising these conflicting demands is far beyond what is enabled by current network stacks and control architectures; the need to timely bridge this gap has spurred a new wave of interest in low-power wireless networking, and directly motivated our work. In this thesis, we take on this challenge with a main conceptual and technical tool: concurrent transmissions (CTX), a technique that, by enforcing nodes to transmit concurrently, has been shown to unlock unprecedented fast, reliable, and energy efficient multi-hop communications in low-power wireless networks, opening new opportunities for protocol design. We first direct our research endeavour towards industrial applications, focusing on the popular IEEE 802.15.4 narrowband PHY layer, and advance the state of the art along two different directions: interference resilience and aperiodic wireless control. We tackle radio-frequency noise by extensively analysing, for the first time, the dependability of CTX under different types, intensities, and distributions of reproducible interference patterns, and by devising techniques to push it further. Specifically, we concentrate on CRYSTAL, a recently proposed communication protocol that relies on CTX to rapidly and dependably collect aperiodic traffic. By integrating channel hopping and noise detection in the protocol operation, we provide a novel communication stack capable of supporting aperiodic transmissions with near-perfect reliability and a per-mille radio duty cycle despite harsh external interference. These results lay the ground towards the exploitation of CTX for aperiodic wireless control; we explore this research direction by co-designing the Wireless Control Bus (WCB), our second contribution. WCB is a clean-slate CTX-based communication stack tailored to event-triggered control (ETC), an aperiodic control strategy holding the capability to significantly improve the efficiency of wireless control systems, but whose real-world impact has been hampered by the lack of appropriate networking support. Operating in conjunction with ETC, WCB timely and dynamically adapts the network operation to the control demands, unlocking an order-of-magnitude reduction in energy costs w.r.t. traditional periodic approaches while retaining the same control performance, therefore unleashing and concretely demonstrating the true ETC potential for the first time. Nevertheless, low-power wireless communications are rapidly evolving, and new radios striking novel trade-offs are emerging. Among these, in the second part of the thesis we focus on ultra-wideband (UWB). By providing hitherto missing networking primitives for multi-hop dissemination and collection over UWB, we shed light on the communication potentialities opened up by the high data throughput, clock precision, and noise resilience offered by this technology. Specifically, as a third contribution, we demonstrate that CTX not only can be successfully exploited for multi-hop UWB communications but, once embodied in a full-fledged system, provide reliability and energy performance akin to narrowband. Furthermore, the higher data rate and clock resolution of UWB chips unlock up to 80% latency reduction w.r.t. narrowband CTX, along with orders-of-magnitude improvements in network-wide time synchronization. These results showcase how UWB CTX could significantly benefit a multitude of applications, notably including low-power wireless control. With WEAVER, our last contribution, we make an additional step towards this direction, by supporting the key functionality of data collection with an ultra-fast convergecast stack for UWB. Challenging the internal mechanics of CTX, WEAVER interleaves data and acknowledgements flows in a single, self-terminating network-wide flood, enabling the concurrent collection of different packets from multiple senders with unprecedented latency, reliability, and energy efficiency. Overall, this thesis pushes forward the applicability and performance of low-power wireless, by contributing techniques and protocols to enhance the dependability, timeliness, energy efficiency, and interference resilience of this technology. Our research is characterized by a strong experimental slant, where the design of the systems we propose meets the reality of testbed experiments and evaluation. Via our open-source implementations, researchers and practitioners can directly use, extend, and build upon our contributions, fostering future work and research on the topic.
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7

Trobinger, Matteo. "Fast, Reliable, Low-power Wireless Monitoring and Control with Concurrent Transmissions." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/312928.

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Low-power wireless technology is a part and parcel of our daily life, shaping the way in which we behave, interact, and more generally live. The ubiquity of cheap, tiny, battery-powered devices augmented with sensing, actuation, and wireless communication capabilities has given rise to a ``smart" society, where people, machines, and objects are seamlessly interconnected, among themselves and with the environment. Behind the scenes, low-power wireless protocols are what enables and rules all interactions, organising these embedded devices into wireless networks, and orchestrating their communications. The recent years have witnessed a persistent increase in the pervasiveness and impact of low-power wireless. After having spawned a wide spectrum of powerful applications in the consumer domain, low-power wireless solutions are extending their influence over the industrial context, where their adoption as part of feedback control loops is envisioned to revolutionise the production process, paving the way for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. However, as the scale and relevance of low-power wireless systems continue to grow, so do the challenges posed to the communication substrates, required to satisfy ever more strict requirements in terms of reliability, responsiveness, and energy consumption. Harmonising these conflicting demands is far beyond what is enabled by current network stacks and control architectures; the need to timely bridge this gap has spurred a new wave of interest in low-power wireless networking, and directly motivated our work. In this thesis, we take on this challenge with a main conceptual and technical tool: concurrent transmissions (CTX), a technique that, by enforcing nodes to transmit concurrently, has been shown to unlock unprecedented fast, reliable, and energy efficient multi-hop communications in low-power wireless networks, opening new opportunities for protocol design. We first direct our research endeavour towards industrial applications, focusing on the popular IEEE 802.15.4 narrowband PHY layer, and advance the state of the art along two different directions: interference resilience and aperiodic wireless control. We tackle radio-frequency noise by extensively analysing, for the first time, the dependability of CTX under different types, intensities, and distributions of reproducible interference patterns, and by devising techniques to push it further. Specifically, we concentrate on CRYSTAL, a recently proposed communication protocol that relies on CTX to rapidly and dependably collect aperiodic traffic. By integrating channel hopping and noise detection in the protocol operation, we provide a novel communication stack capable of supporting aperiodic transmissions with near-perfect reliability and a per-mille radio duty cycle despite harsh external interference. These results lay the ground towards the exploitation of CTX for aperiodic wireless control; we explore this research direction by co-designing the Wireless Control Bus (WCB), our second contribution. WCB is a clean-slate CTX-based communication stack tailored to event-triggered control (ETC), an aperiodic control strategy holding the capability to significantly improve the efficiency of wireless control systems, but whose real-world impact has been hampered by the lack of appropriate networking support. Operating in conjunction with ETC, WCB timely and dynamically adapts the network operation to the control demands, unlocking an order-of-magnitude reduction in energy costs w.r.t. traditional periodic approaches while retaining the same control performance, therefore unleashing and concretely demonstrating the true ETC potential for the first time. Nevertheless, low-power wireless communications are rapidly evolving, and new radios striking novel trade-offs are emerging. Among these, in the second part of the thesis we focus on ultra-wideband (UWB). By providing hitherto missing networking primitives for multi-hop dissemination and collection over UWB, we shed light on the communication potentialities opened up by the high data throughput, clock precision, and noise resilience offered by this technology. Specifically, as a third contribution, we demonstrate that CTX not only can be successfully exploited for multi-hop UWB communications but, once embodied in a full-fledged system, provide reliability and energy performance akin to narrowband. Furthermore, the higher data rate and clock resolution of UWB chips unlock up to 80% latency reduction w.r.t. narrowband CTX, along with orders-of-magnitude improvements in network-wide time synchronization. These results showcase how UWB CTX could significantly benefit a multitude of applications, notably including low-power wireless control. With WEAVER, our last contribution, we make an additional step towards this direction, by supporting the key functionality of data collection with an ultra-fast convergecast stack for UWB. Challenging the internal mechanics of CTX, WEAVER interleaves data and acknowledgements flows in a single, self-terminating network-wide flood, enabling the concurrent collection of different packets from multiple senders with unprecedented latency, reliability, and energy efficiency. Overall, this thesis pushes forward the applicability and performance of low-power wireless, by contributing techniques and protocols to enhance the dependability, timeliness, energy efficiency, and interference resilience of this technology. Our research is characterized by a strong experimental slant, where the design of the systems we propose meets the reality of testbed experiments and evaluation. Via our open-source implementations, researchers and practitioners can directly use, extend, and build upon our contributions, fostering future work and research on the topic.
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Höglund, Marie, and Cornelia Westberg. "Framgångsfaktorer för en god intern kontroll : Intern kontroll och ramverket COSO i praktiken: En fallstudie hos Dalarnas Försäkringsbolag." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30503.

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Interna kontroller har blivit en central del för verksamheter för att identifiera och hantera risker. Med en tillförlitlig intern kontroll kan verksamheter säkerhetsställa att arbetet utförs på ett pålitligt sätt gällande lagar och regler. Med en bristande intern kontroll kan innebär att verksamheten hamnar på finansinspektionens sanktionslista som kan leda till böter eller i värsta fall bli av med tillståndet för att bedriva bankverksamhet. Syftet med studien är att förklara vilka framgångsfaktorer en finansiell verksamhet har för att implementera interna kontroller utifrån COSO;s ramverk. Hur ledningen och medarbetarna i en finansiell verksamhet implementerar och kommunicerar gällande den interna kontrollen med varandra.  Studien som presenteras är en kvalitativ fallstudie hos Dalarnas Försäkringsbolag som inte funnits med på finansinspektionens sanktionslista de fem senaste åren. Intervjuerna består av fyra ledare och tre medarbetare på Dalarnas Försäkringsbolag för att få djupare förståelse hur de arbetar med interna kontroller.  Resultatet i studien visar olika faktorer som kan vara bidragande till att Dalarnas Försäkringsbolag lyckas med en effektiv intern kontroll. Vi hoppas studien bidrar till en ökad förståelse över hur interna kontroller enligt COSO;s ramverk kan implementeras framgångsrikt i finansiella verksamheter.<br>Internal controls have become a central part of the business to identify and manage risks. With a reliable internal control, businesses can ensure that the work is carried out in a safe manner in accordance with laws and regulations. With a lack of internal control, a consequence can be that the business ends up on the Financial Supervisory Authority's sanction list, which can lead to fines or, in the worst case, losing the license to conduct banking activities.  The purpose of the study is to explain what success factors a financial business has in order to carry out internal controls based on COSO;s framework. How the management and employees in a financial business implement and communicate with regard to internal control with each other.  The study presented is a qualitative case study at Dalarnas Försäkringsbolag, which has not been on the financial inspection's sanctions list in the last five years. The interviews consist of four leaders and three employees at Dalarnas Försäkringsbolag to gain a deeper understanding of how they work with internal controls.  The results of the study show various factors that can contribute to Dalarnas Försäkringsbolag succeeding with effective internal control. We hope the study contributes to an increased understanding of how internal controls according to COSO's framework can be successfully implemented in financial activities.
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Imaev, Aleksey. "Design and implementation of a programmable logic controller lab an Internet based monitoring and control of a process /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2002. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1174663598.

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Carmody, Meghan A. "Task-Dependent Effects of Automation: The Role of Internal Models in Performance, Workload, and Situational Awareness in a Semi-Automated Cockpit." Ft. Belvoir Defense Technical Information Center, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA292538.

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Tierney, Lindsey Kathryn Lindsey Kathryn Tierney. "Surface facial electromyography reactions to light-relevant and season-relevant stimuli in seasonal affective disorder /." Download the dissertation in PDF, 2005. http://www.lrc.usuhs.mil/dissertations/pdf/Lindsey2005.pdf.

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Hébrard, Louis. "Study on the effect of the environment on internal fatigue crack propagation in Ti-6Al-4V." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, INSA, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ISAL0120.

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Dans le domaine de fatigue des très grandes durées de vie (plus grandes que 1e7 cycles), les fissures de fatigue ont tendance à amorcer en interne. Il est donc impossible de les détecter visuellement pendant une opération de maintenance. Par conséquence, une connaissance robuste du comportement de ces fissures de fatigue interne est nécessaire afin d'anticiper un amorçage pouvant amener à la rupture d'une pièce critique. Pour collecter ce type de données, des méthodes expérimentales in-situ de suivi de fissure sont développées. En particulier, la micro-tomographie par rayons X permet l'acquisition d'images directes de fissures de fatigue internes. Dans cette étude, un protocole alliant micro-tomographie in-situ et fatigue ultrasonique a été appliqué à des éprouvettes contenant des entailles internes fines afin d'étudier la propagation de fissures de fatigue internes. La forme en 3D de ces fissures a été acquise à différents instants de leur propagation durant leur très longue durée de vie. Certaines entailles internes sont reliées à la surface de l'éprouvette pour amener des molécules d'atmosphère ambiante jusqu'à la fissure interne. Cette approche a été mise en place afin d'étudier l'influence de l'environnement sur la fissuration en fatigue interne. Ainsi, cette approche in-situ a permis les premières observations directes de fissures de fatigue internes propageant avec et sans air dans un alliage de Ti-6Al-4V. Des mesures de champs de température ont aussi été effectuées afin d'évaluer l'effet d'environnement sur la plasticité en pointe de fissure. Enfin, ces données en fatigues obtenues à fréquence ultrasonique ont permis d'évaluer l'influence de la fréquence de sollicitation sur les vitesses de propagation de fissures<br>In the Very High Cycle Fatigue regime (fatigue lives longer than 1e7 cycles), fatigue cracks tend to initiate internally. This makes visual detection impossible during maintenance operations. Consequently, engineers need robust fatigue datasets to prevent such internal crack initiations that may lead to the fracture of a critical part. To obtain such data, in-situ experimental techniques are developed. In particular, micro-computed tomography allows to acquire direct images of internal fatigue cracks. In this study, a combination of in-situ micro-tomography and ultrasonic fatigue cycling has been applied to specimens that contain an internal sharp notch to study the propagation of internal fatigue cracks. More precisely, the crack shape of internal fatigue cracks has been monitored in 3D at different instants of their propagation up to the Very High Cycle Fatigue regime. Some internal notches have been linked to the specimen surface given access to the ambient atmosphere. This was done to study the influence of the environment on internal fatigue cracks. This experimental procedure allowed to acquire for the first time, in-situ observations of internal fatigue cracks propagating with and without air in a Ti64 alloy. Temperature measurements were also carried out to evaluate the effect of the environment on the plasticity at the crack tip. Finally, the fatigue data obtained at ultrasonic frequencies allowed to evaluate the influence of the cycling frequency on the crack growth rates
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Krutská, Sylvie. "Implementace řídicího a kontrolního systému ve veřejné správě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198292.

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The current legislation that regulates internal managing and controlling system in administrative bodies of the public governance lags behind in the implementation of international experiences and standards for excersing the internal audits. This fact causes many reactions in the general public and also in the professional society. Alarming news about corruption and wasteful use of the public sources are just the token of the problem. The goal of this thesis is to define and analyze the process of implementing the managing and controlling system and subsequently to create a plan for a successful implementation of the effective managing and controlling system in the public governance. In the theoretical part are characteristics and goals of the managing and controlling system, legislative framework and description of components for the managing and controlling system, that are based on international experiences and practice. In the analytical part is the analyze of the particular elements from the managing and controlling system and finally in the practical part is the proposal of implementation managing and controlling system and also the proposal of directive for the internal control, which is supposed to simplify the practical use in the public governance. There is a draft of the assessment of Internal Control System Effectiveness in the practical part of this thesis.
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Uddin, Md Ashraf. "A patient agent controlled customized blockchain based framework for internet of things." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2021. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/177119.

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Although Blockchain implementations have emerged as revolutionary technologies for various industrial applications including cryptocurrencies, they have not been widely deployed to store data streaming from sensors to remote servers in architectures known as Internet of Things. New Blockchain for the Internet of Things models promise secure solutions for eHealth, smart cities, and other applications. These models pave the way for continuous monitoring of patient’s physiological signs with wearable sensors to augment traditional medical practice without recourse to storing data with a trusted authority. However, existing Blockchain algorithms cannot accommodate the huge volumes, security, and privacy requirements of health data. In this thesis, our first contribution is an End-to-End secure eHealth architecture that introduces an intelligent Patient Centric Agent. The Patient Centric Agent executing on dedicated hardware manages the storage and access of streams of sensors generated health data, into a customized Blockchain and other less secure repositories. As IoT devices cannot host Blockchain technology due to their limited memory, power, and computational resources, the Patient Centric Agent coordinates and communicates with a private customized Blockchain on behalf of the wearable devices. While the adoption of a Patient Centric Agent offers solutions for addressing continuous monitoring of patients’ health, dealing with storage, data privacy and network security issues, the architecture is vulnerable to Denial of Services(DoS) and single point of failure attacks. To address this issue, we advance a second contribution; a decentralised eHealth system in which the Patient Centric Agent is replicated at three levels: Sensing Layer, NEAR Processing Layer and FAR Processing Layer. The functionalities of the Patient Centric Agent are customized to manage the tasks of the three levels. Simulations confirm protection of the architecture against DoS attacks. Few patients require all their health data to be stored in Blockchain repositories but instead need to select an appropriate storage medium for each chunk of data by matching their personal needs and preferences with features of candidate storage mediums. Motivated by this context, we advance third contribution; a recommendation model for health data storage that can accommodate patient preferences and make storage decisions rapidly, in real-time, even with streamed data. The mapping between health data features and characteristics of each repository is learned using machine learning. The Blockchain’s capacity to make transactions and store records without central oversight enables its application for IoT networks outside health such as underwater IoT networks where the unattended nature of the nodes threatens their security and privacy. However, underwater IoT differs from ground IoT as acoustics signals are the communication media leading to high propagation delays, high error rates exacerbated by turbulent water currents. Our fourth contribution is a customized Blockchain leveraged framework with the model of Patient-Centric Agent renamed as Smart Agent for securely monitoring underwater IoT. Finally, the smart Agent has been investigated in developing an IoT smart home or cities monitoring framework. The key algorithms underpinning to each contribution have been implemented and analysed using simulators.<br>Doctor of Philosophy
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15

Kakherskyi, S. I. "Internal model control." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/46906.

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Synthesis of automatic control system aims to do the calculation, which is the ultimate goal of finding a rational system structure and establish the optimal values of the parameters of its individual parts. In energy automatic control system is used to restore normal operation after emergency situations or for maintaining certain defined parameters of the system.
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16

Arwinge, Olof. "Internal Control : A Study of the Concept and Themes of Internal Control." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, Economic Information Systems, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-57994.

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<p>This thesis studies the accounting and auditing approach to control where the concept of internal control has developed along with the theory and practice of accounting and auditing and its stated objectives. In this context, internal control has traditionally been regarded as a means of ensuring financial reporting quality as well as a way of preventing and detecting fraudulent activity.</p><p>We have surveyed scientific research on the subject of internal control and reviewed regulatory texts as well as practical frameworks and standards. Based on this literature study, we have investigated some of the findings from previous research. Components and particular features of internal control were described and discussed. We have also identified and summarized themes and issues that frequently occur in writings on the subject.</p><p>During recent years, demands have been made for greater accountability and transparency in corporate governance. The independent audit activity has become the primary tool for securing accountability. Some regard this as the emergence of an audit society. An important joint development has been the rise of internal control systems. Internal control, once a private matter for technical assurance specialists, has risen to be an autonomous field of expertise and a mode of organizing uncertainty. Traditionally internal control has had a fairly direct relationship to the accounting records. The wider approaches to internal control have expanded its boundaries significantly, far beyond the financial reports and the duties of the accountant. Internal control has become an all-encompassing process.</p><p>Enterprise risk management practices are growing and evolving. An associated development has been that internal control has become more closely tied to these risk management practices, and therefore also to the formulation and execution of strategies. New risk-related regulations and practical frameworks have contributed to the transformation of internal control into a co-extensive with risk management. Internal control is now considered to be a form of risk treatment through which risk may be managed in different ways.</p><p>Internal control is today a primary regulatory and formal olicy object. Lawmakers and supervisory authorities are increasingly concerned with the design and operating effectiveness of internal controls. Disclosure requirements imposed on firms are forcing them to provide public disclosures about their internal control systems, which were previously private to firms.</p><p>Both scientific research and practical writings suggest that internal control designs are contingent upon certain variables. These variables include company objectives and strategies, regulatory characteristics, risk and risk appetite, firm size and managements’ attitudes to risk and control. Building internal control capabilities is important if firms are to be able to design balanced, integrated, dynamic and cost-effective internal controls.</p><p>Internal control is considered to be a key corporate governance mechanism. Some researchers however, have pointed out that there is still much to learn about internal control quality and how internal control is associated with corporate governance quality. The fact that internal control is an inherently complex concept poses a significant research barrier, and while all research methods are valid, it is unlikely that archival studies or experiments are able to measure internal control quality. Instead, we recommend case studies of how firms design, apply and oversee their systems of internal control.</p><p>This study was made possible through the research collaboration between my former employer, Skandia, and Linköping University through the Research Programme for Auditors and Consultants. During the final stage, generous funding was provided by the Jan Wallanders and Tom Hedelius foundation as well as the Tore Browaldhs foundation.</p><br><p>Denna avhandling behandlar kontroll med utgångspunkt i ett revisionsperspektiv. I detta sammanhang har begreppet intern kontroll utvecklats tillsammans med revisionens teori och praktik samt dess uppsatta målsättningar. Traditionellt har intern kontroll betraktats som ett medel för att öka effektiviteten i revisionsinsatsen och ett sätt för företagen att undvika oegentligheter samt felaktigheter i redovisning.</p><p>Inom ramen för denna studie har vi undersökt befintlig vetenskaplig forskning om intern kontroll. Vi har även tagit del av regulatoriska texter samt praktiskt orienterade ramverk och standarder avseende intern kontroll. Baserat på denna litteraturstudie har vi analyserat några av de resultat som forskning så långt har kommit fram till. Begreppets olika komponenter och aspekter har beskrivits och diskuterats. Även återkommande teman och diskussioner inom befintlig forskning om intern kontroll har identifierats och sammanfattats.</p><p>Under senare år har det framförts krav på tydligare ansvar och transparens i ägar- och bolagsstyrning. Den oberoende revisionsaktiviteten har blivit ett huvudsakligt verktyg för att säkra sådant ansvar och forskare har benämnt denna ökning av revisionsaktivitet i termer av ett revisionssamhälle. En viktig sammanhängande del i denna utveckling har varit den interna kontrollens framväxt. Intern kontroll, ett begrepp som under lång tid främst varit av intresse för revisorer, har vuxit fram till ett självständigt område och ett sätt att hantera osäkerhet. Traditionellt har intern kontroll haft ett relativt direkt förhållande till redovisning och finansiell rapportering. Bredare definitioner av intern kontroll har väsentligt utvidgat dess gränser, långt bortom de finansiella rapporterna och redovisarens uppgifter. Intern kontroll har blivit en genomgripande process i företag.</p><p>Processer för riskhantering växer och utvecklas inom företag. Som en del av denna utveckling har intern kontroll blivit knuten allt närmare till riskhantering, och därmed även till företagets mål och strategier. Nya regelverk och praktiska ramverk kring riskhantering har bidragit till att intern kontroll omformats till en förlängning av riskhantering. Intern kontroll ses idag som en form av riskrespons genom vilken företagets riskexponering kan hanteras på olika sätt.</p><p>Idag är intern kontroll ett regulatoriskt objekt. Lagstiftare, normgivare och tillsynsmyndigheter är allt mer intresserad av den interna kontrollens utformning och effektivitet. Olika regelverk ställer krav på att företag redovisar för externa intressenter hur kontrollsystemet är utformat och fungerar, kontrollsystem som tidigare varit en privat angelägenhet för företag.</p><p>Såväl forskning som praktiskt orienterad litteratur om intern kontroll menar att det interna kontrollsystemets utformning är beroende av externa och interna variabler. Dessa variabler inkluderar bolagets mål och strategier, regulatoriska förhållanden, grad av osäkerhet i omgivningen, företagsstorlek, styrelsens riskaptit samt ledningens inställning till risk och kontroll. Att utveckla kompetens inom intern kontroll är viktigt om bolag skall kunna utforma balanserade, integrerade, dynamiska och kostnadseffektiva kontroller.</p><p>Intern kontroll beskrivs idag som en viktig mekanism i ägar- och bolagsstyrning. Vissa forskare hävdar dock att det fortsatt finns mycket att lära om kvalitet i intern kontroll samt hur detta i sin tur påverkar kvaliteten i ägar- och bolagsstyrningen. Det faktum att intern kontroll är en komplex process påverkar möjligheterna att utföra forskning inom området, och även om alla forskningsmetoder är viktiga, är det osannolikt att man via arkivstudier eller experiment kan fånga komplexiteten i begreppet. Istället rekommenderar vi fallstudier av hur bolag utformar, tillämpar och följer upp intern kontroll.</p><p>Denna forskningsstudie har kunnat genomföras tack vara samarbetet mellan min tidigare arbetsgivare, Skandia, och Linköpings Universitet via Forskningsprogrammet för Revisorer och Konsulter. I slutfasen av detta projekt har även Jan Wallanders och Tom Hedelius stiftelse samt Tore Browaldhs stiftelse bidragit med generös finansiering.</p>
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Oram, Paul. "Internal model adaptive control." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440564.

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Adegbege, Ambrose. "Constrained internal model control." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/constrained-internal-model-control(44e1ab3f-cb8d-42ba-ad76-f91450b47f48).html.

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Most practical control problems must deal with constraints imposed by equipment limitations, safety considerations or environmental regulations. While it is often beneficial to maintain operation close to the limits in order to maximize profit or meet stringent product specifications, the violation of actuator constraints during normal operation can result in serious performance degradation (sometimes instability) and economic losses. This thesis is concerned with the development of control strategies for multivariable systems which systematically account for actuator constraints while guaranteeing closed-loop stability as well as graceful degradation of non-linear performance. A novel anti-windup structure is proposed which combines the efficiency of conventional anti-windup schemes with the optimality of model predictive control (MPC) algorithms. In particular, the classical internal model control (IMC) law is enhanced for optimal performance by incorporating an on-line optimization. The resulting control scheme offers both stability and performance guarantees with moderate computational expense. The proposed optimizing scheme has prospects for industrial applications as it can be implemented easily and efficiently on programmable logic controllers (PLC).
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Cao, Thi Thanh Huyen, and Tina Cheung. "Internal control reporting and accounting quality : Insight "comply-or-explain" internal control regime." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-34923.

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<p>Nowadays, there exist two reporting regimes, rules-based and principle-based (comply-or-explain). In the rules-based environment, researchers have studied the relationship between internal control quality and accounting quality. Prior studies have suggested that reports on internal control are an effective way for investors to evaluate the quality of the firm‟s internal control. By having a sound system of internal control, it creates reliance upon the firm‟s financial reporting. Therefore, the condition of internal control has direct connection to the investors‟ decision making.  In  U.S., where the corporate governance has been known to be typically rules-based, most researches have shown a positive relationship between internal control reporting and accounting quality. In the comply-or-explain reporting regime, there has only been one research as far as we know, that investigates the relationship between internal control reporting and accounting quality. The research took place in Netherlands; their study provided positive association between internal control  reporting quality and accounting quality, particularly earnings quality. The result is consistent with other research in rules-based regime.    The Swedish code has  been enacted for  five years and it is in the same regime as Netherlands. However, under current Swedish code, we are not aware of any empirical research  that  has taken place to address the effectiveness of the code. Therefore, we conducted the study with 152 firms listed on Swedish NASDAQ OMXS to test internal control reporting quality and accounting quality. We used proxies for internal control reporting quality: effectiveness statement of  internal control, internal control reporting score and internal control proportion. Simultaneously, we use discretionary accruals as a proxy of accounting quality. Our result showed a negative significant relationship between internal control reporting score and discretionary accruals but this relationship is quite weak and sensitive. It is broken with the presence of one more variable in regression, such as size variable. The result could not give any evidence for relationships between either effectiveness statements or extent of internal control reporting with discretionary accruals. Although, the relationship between internal control reporting score and discretionary accruals is not tight, it still encourage the  notion  that firms with good internal control report will improve their accounting quality. Our research contributes knowledge to wide-range of concerned parties. Moreover, it also suggests valuable ideas for further studies in the same area.</p>
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20

Ackerman, Christo. "Internal auditors perceptions of the impact of control elements on internal control systems." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008158.

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The objective of this research report was to determine which internal controls are perceived, by internal auditors, to be contributing to the effectiveness of an internal control structure. The Committee for Sponsoring Organisations (COSO) integrated internal control framework was used as a basis for the questionnaire construction and respondents were asked to rate the perceived control effectiveness of each of the components of internal control. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the basic meaning of the data. The questionnaire was completed by following a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) which was sent to two internal auditors in audit firms. Thirty one responses were obtained; all the respondents have experience in the evaluation and assessment of internal control systems. This research showed that control elements as outlined in COSOs integrated internal control framework, if implemented, could contribute to the effectiveness of the internal control system.
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Bayramov, Kamal <1995&gt. "Internal control and internal audit in non-profit organizations." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18322.

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As a result of the global crises experienced one after another in recent years, and the radical changes that have taken place in the public sector, a new understanding of public administration has emerged. As a requirement of this understanding, the state economy was replaced by a market economy, and the centralized structure was replaced by a more decentralized approach to governance. Thus, principles such as transparency, accountability, efficiency, efficiency, economy, strategic planning, performance management and oversight have gained importance in public administration. The practice of internal audit and internal control has become an indispensable management function for non-profit organizations, whose powers, duties and responsibilities increase with globalization and localization. For this reason, in non-profit organizations, internal auditors are responsible for internal audit activities, and senior managers are responsible for the functioning of the financial management and internal control system. Today, the practice of internal audit and internal control has been implemented in non-profit organizations, and systematic research on reporting and improvement has begun. This dissertation will examine how internal audit and internal control processes are implemented in non-profit organizations. Private sector entities have contributed significant added value through internal control and internal audit functions. As for government agencies and organizations, the functions of internal control and internal audit have just begun to take shape in the modern sense.
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Friedman, Rebecca E. "National Culture and Internal Control." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/738.

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How does National Culture impact the Financial Risk of a company? To begin answering this question, it is important to look at culture and risk. By understanding the opponents of both, through analysis of cultural aspects as well as cultural theory, it is shown that the National Culture effects the financial representation of a company. This has a very strong effect on Multinational Companies that must balance the culture of their headquarters with that of their regional locations.
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23

Bae, Dal Hyeoung. "Internal control in an EDI environment." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28303.

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VIDAL, DENISE SABOIA MEDEIROS. "UNDERSTANDING ACCOUNTABILITY IN INTERNAL CONTROL ROUTINES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=34341@1.

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O cenário do Brasil hoje está permeado por escândalos de corrupção, lavagem de dinheiro, formação de quadrilha, dentre outros crimes que envolvem grandes empresas e o poder público. Nesse sentindo, as rotinas de controle interno, bem como os procedimentos que envolvem um sistema de Controles Internos, surgem como instrumentos fundamentais para lidar com esse cenário. Utilizando o conceito de accountability fornecido por Pinho e Sacramento (2008) e sob o olhar das rotinas organizacionais e as peculiaridades do controle interno, o presente estudo pretendeu investigar a forma como os profissionais entendem a accountability nas rotinas de controles internos. A partir de uma abordagem fenomenográfica foram entrevistados 20 profissionais nomeados de agentes de Controles Internos em uma seguradora, localizada na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, no período de 09/08/2017 a 09/10/2017. As análises retornaram três concepções: a primeira relaciona-se ao respeito aos artefatos, a segunda envolve qualificar as rotinas e a terceira diz respeito a proteger a organização. Ademais, as dimensões explicativas das concepções foram identificadas de acordo com seguintes categorias: deferência à transparência; intensidade da interação dos aspectos; o senso de responsabilidade e o respeito ao controle. Os achados sugerem que há uma construção de concepções que evolui do instrumental à percepção de valor. Além disso, as evidências indicam que os profissionais possuem uma percepção significativa de responsabilidade nas rotinas de controles internos e, por fim, traz à luz a relação entre a melhoria dos processos e a intensidade da interação entre os aspectos ostensivo e performativo da rotina organizacional.<br>Brazil s today scenario is full of corruption scandals, money laundering, racketeering, among other crimes involving large corporations and public power. Bearing this in mind, the internal control routines, as well as the procedures that involve an Internal Control system, appear as fundamental tools to deal with this scenario. Using Pinho and Sacramento s concept of accountability (2008) and under the watch of organizational routines and peculiarities of internal control, the present study was aimed to investigate how professionals understand accountability in internal control routines. From a phenomenological approach 20 professionals were interviewed, all of them working in Internal Control department of an insurance company located in Rio de Janeiro City, from 09/08/2017 to 09/10/2017. The analyzes returned three concepts: the first is related to the respect with the artifacts, the second involves qualifying routines, and the third concerns to the organization protection. In addition, the explanatory dimensions of the concepts were identified according to the following categories: deference to transparency; intensity of interaction aspects; the sense of responsibility and respect for control. The findings suggest that there is a construction of concepts that evolves from instrumental to perception of value. In addition, the evidence indicates that professionals have a significant perception of responsibility in the routines of internal controls. And finally, brings to light the relationship between process improvement and the interaction intensity between the ostensible and performative aspects of organizational routines.
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Blaxter, Laurence. "Non-invasive monitoring of peripheral perfusion : an exploration of non-invasive peripheral perfusion monitoring for applications in research & healthcare." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28735/.

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The need for real-time, prognostic perfusion data has been widely recognised in clinical practice and academia. Perfusion, the volumetric blood low to tissue, is an important tool for haemodynamic monitoring, since perfusion adequacy is vital to tissue health. Perfusion can serve as both a diagnostic indicator and a fundamental research tool. However, lack of a low cost, easily applied, and non-invasive sensor technology capable of measuring peripheral perfusion in absolute volumetric units is clearly a major factor preventing the widespread clinical use of perfusion monitoring. This thesis explores and evaluates potential techniques for the non-invasive measurement of peripheral perfusion in absolute volumetric units. Following a review of applicable technologies, a small selection of complementary optical methods are selected for study based on economic and technology readiness arguments, and a series of volunteer studies conducted to evaluate these using both of the shelf and prototype apparatus. A study of healthy adult and child volunteers demonstrates that Laser Doppler flowmetry (LD) outperforms both pulse oximeter derived Perfusion Index (PI), and a novel Capillary Refill Time (CRT) measurement device by a considerable margin in a cold challenge test. The PI metric had the lowest correlation with temperature, suggesting it is the least effective perfusion analogue of the three. A novel filtering algorithm is presented for removal of artefacts from raw LD flowmetry data. CRT was found to significantly correlate with short period oscillations in LD perfusion. A second study combined CRT with NIRS, allowing tissue haemoglobin concentrations to be estimated. Studies of the palm of healthy volunteers hands using this device, in combination with cooling and/or venous and arterial occlusion, demonstrate both that capillary refill measures blood mobility within the capillary bed, and that NIRS with venous occlusion is an effective method for measurement of absolute perfusion. Although LD was the most effective existing solution, and CRT has potential, only thermal techniques and NIRS with venous occlusion allow practical, low cost quantification of absolute perfusion. Development of a thermal diffusion sensor is recommended.
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García, Salcedo Carlos Andrés. "Inventory Control in Supply Chains: An Internal Model Control Approach." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116201.

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Esta tesis se basa en el diseño de estrategias de gestión de inventario en cadenas de suministro usando la teoría de control. El principal objetivo es proponer un esquema de control para resolver los principales problemas que aparecen en el controla gestión de inventario de una cadena de suministro (incertidumbre en el retardo, el efecto látigo y el déficit de inventario). Este objetivo principal se divide en dos objetivos: 1. La neutralización de los efectos causados por el retardo de entrega de un pedido. 2. Diseño de políticas de inventario que permitan un balance entre el rechazo a la perturbación (demanda) y el seguimiento del inventario objetivo. Dado que el esquema de control por modelo interno (IMC) permite tratar los objetivos (1) y (2) bajo el mismo paradigma de control, pero de una manera disociada, éste se presenta en esta tesis como una nueva política de reposición de inventario en cadenas de suministro. Sin embargo, el IMC requiere el conocimiento del retardo para compensar sus efectos. Esta situación no es viable cuando el retardo cambia durante el proceso, situación común en las cadenas de suministro. Por lo tanto, la investigación empieza con la identificación del retardo. Así, en esta tesis se formula un algoritmo de identificación que permite estimar el verdadero valor de los retardos de la cadena de suministro. Estos valores se utilizan para adaptar el bloque de retardos en el esquema de control. De ese modo, el objetivo (1) se finaliza. El objetivo (2) se basa en el diseño de los controladores del esquema IMC. El objetivo de los controladores de IMC es mantener los niveles de inventario de la cadena de suministro cerca del inventario objetivo mitigando el efecto látigo. Cada entidad de la cadena de suministro puede operar en varios modos de trabajo durante el tiempo: suministro infinito y suficiente existencia, (SISE), suministro infinito y Bajas existencia, (SIBE), Suministro limitado, (SL). Cuando el tiempo de espera es demasiado largo y existe incertidumbre en la demanda, muchas empresas optan por utilizar una estrategia de inventario de seguridad para garantizar la satisfacción de la demanda del cliente. En virtud de esta estrategia de la cadena de suministro está siempre en el modo de trabajo (SISE). Cuando el inventario es insuficiente, la cadena de suministro puede trabajar en cualquiera de los modos de trabajo (SISE), (SIBE) o (SL). Por lo tanto, comenzamos proponiendo el diseño del sistema de control para una cadena de suministro bajo la estrategia de inventario de seguridad (SISE). El diseño está basado en las directrices del esquema IMC en el cual se realiza un balance entre la mitigación del efecto látigo y el seguimiento del inventario. Después de eso, el sistema de control se diseña para una cadena de suministro trabajando sin inventario de seguridad (es decir, en cualquier modo de funcionamiento (SISE), (SIBE) o (SL)). Por lo tanto, se propone un sistema de control de inventario conmutado bajo la estrategia de control descentralizado. Este consiste en un banco de controladores diseñados para cada posible caso de funcionamiento de cada entidad y una lógica de conmutación que selecciona el mejor controlador en cada instante de tiempo. Así, el objetivo (2) está terminado.<br>This thesis relies on the design of inventory management strategies in supply chain systems by using control theory approaches. The main objective is to propose a control scheme to solve the principal problems appearing in the inventory control of the supply chain (uncertainty in the lead time, the bullwhip effect and the inventory drift). This objective is divided in two particular objectives: 1. On the one hand, the counteraction of effects caused by the existing delay between the time at which an order is placed on the immediate supplier and the moment at which the petition is satisfied. 2. On the other hand, the design of inventory policies allowing a trade-off between the disturbance (demand) rejection and the inventory target tracking. Since the internal model control scheme (IMC) allows to tackle the objectives (1) and (2) under the same paradigm of control but in a decoupled way, the IMC scheme is presented in this thesis as a novel inventory replenishment policy for the entire supply chain. Nevertheless, the IMC requires the perfect knowledge of the lead time to compensate its effects. This situation is not viable when the delay changes during the process which is a common situation in supply chains. Hence, first of all, the research is focused on the identification of the lead time. As a result of this part of the research, an identification algorithm that allows to estimate the actual delay values of the entire supply chain at each time interval is formulated. The estimated delay values are used to adapt the delay block in the control scheme. Thereby, the particular objective (1) is finalised. The objective (2) relies on the design of the IMC scheme controllers. The aim of the IMC controllers is to keep the inventory levels of the supply chain close to the inventory target mitigating the bullwhip effect. Each echelon of the supply chain may operate under several working modes during the time: Infinite Supply and High stock, (ISHS), Infinite Supply and Low Stock, (ISLS), Limited Supply, (LS). When the lead time is too long and there exist uncertainty in the demand level, many companies choose to use a safety stock strategy to assure the customer demand satisfaction. Under this strategy the supply chain is always in the (ISHS) working mode. When the stock is insufficient, the supply chain may work under any of (ISHS), (ISLS) or (LS) working modes. Therefore, we start proposing the design of the control scheme for supply chain under safety stock strategy (ISHS). The design is based on the IMC guidelines where a trade-off between the bullwhip effect avoidance and inventory tracking is carried out, which is the second objective of the research. After that, the control scheme is designed for a supply chain working without safety stock (i.e. under any working mode (ISHS), (ISLS) or (LS)). Therefore, we propose a switched inventory control system for a serial multivariable supply chain under decentralized control strategy. This consists in a bank of controllers designed for each possible operation case of each echelon and a switching logic that selects the best controller at each instant time. Thus, the objective (2) is finalised.
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27

Lewandowski, Debra A. "The internal control system and control programs : a reference guide /." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 1990. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA232249.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Eberling, Glenn. Second Reader: McCaffery, Jerry L. "June 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on 19 October 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): management, internal control system, audits, command evaluation program, economy and efficiency reviews, theses, comptrollers, accounting. Author(s) subject terms: Internal control; internal control system; audits; reviews; command evaluation program, economy & efficiency reviews; inspection and investigative agencies. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87). Also available online.
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28

Horch, Alexander. "Condition Monitoring of Control Loops." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3050.

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29

Patel, Manish. "Wide area monitoring and control." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1263396500/.

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30

Castaldo, Rossana. "Monitoring cardiovascular and autonomic response in real-life settings." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/106454/.

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Shifting healthcare monitoring techniques from laboratory into real-life scenarios has always been very challenging. The current shift towards the use of advanced sensors into everyday objects (e.g., smartwatches) is actively increasing the need for reliable methods and tools to analyse healthcare information acquired in real-life settings for wellbeing applications. In fact, the diffusion of wearable sensors has opened new and unexplored scenarios for Cardiovascular System (CVS) and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) monitoring in real-life settings. As such, this thesis aims to develop methods and tools to monitor the relationship between CVS and ANS in real-life settings via biomedical signal processing and data-driven machine learning techniques, with the goal of predicting adverse healthcare events and automatically detecting the onset of unhealthy risky situations. Therefore, to investigate the relation between CVS and ANS, electrocardiogram signals and in particular Heart Rate Variability (HRV) were widely investigated in two case studies: acute mental stress detection and prediction of accidental falls in later-life via HRV. One of the main limitations of using wearable sensors for the detection of risky situations in real-life settings is the need to shorten the length of physiological signals below the standard recommendations, which may cause a loss of accuracy in the detection of adverse healthcare events. Therefore, this problem was investigated taking as an exemplar mental stress detection, which is a cogent problem for modern society and it is well-known that mental stress causes alterations in both CVS and ANS. Through a systematic review of the literature, it was demonstrated that little attention has been paid thus far to ultra-short term HRV analysis (i.e., less than 5 minutes) for mental stress detection. Consequently, four experiments were designed and carried out in real-life and in-lab environments to propose a systematic method combining both statistical and machine learning methods to select ultrashort HRV features that are reliable surrogates of 5min HRV features. As a consequence, this study proved that it is possible to automatically detect real mental stress with 1min recordings achieving accuracy rate of 88%. Another limitation of using wearable sensors is the need to improve machine learning techniques to enhance the prediction of rare events. In order to address this, an unbalanced dataset was investigated. In particular, a study was designed to apply data-driven machine learning techniques to an unbalanced dataset of ECG recordings acquired from 170 hypertensive elderly patients, of which 34 experienced an accidental fall. An experimental framework for data-driven machine learning techniques to detect rare events (i.e., falls) was developed to reduce the risk of overfitting problems in unbalanced datasets. This study was the first proving that short term HRV recordings could be used to identify future fallers with high accuracy. This research achieved novel results and significant knowledge advancement for both the investigated well-being and health problems as well as methodological techniques.
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Munsif, Vishal. "Internal Control Reporting by Non-Accelerated Filers." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/431.

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I examine three issues related to internal control reporting by non-accelerated filers. Motivation for the three studies comes from the fact that Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) continues to be controversial, as evidenced by the permanent exemption from Section 404(b) of SOX granted to non-accelerated filers by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. The Dodd-Frank Act also requires the SEC to study compliance costs associated with smaller accelerated filers. In the first part of my dissertation, I document that the audit fee premium for non-accelerated filers disclosing a material weakness in internal controls (a) is significantly lower than the corresponding premium for accelerated filers, and (b) declines significantly over time. I also find that in the case of accelerated filers remediating clients pay lower fees compared to clients continuing to report internal control problems; however, such differences are not observed in the case of non-accelerated filers. The second essay focuses on audit report lag. The results indicate that presence of material weaknesses are associated with increased audit report lags, for both accelerated and non-accelerated filers. The results also indicate that the decline in report lag following remediation of problems is greater for accelerated filers than for non-accelerated filers. The third essay examines early warnings (pursuant to Section 302 disclosures) for firms that subsequently disclosed internal control problems in their 404 reports. The analyses indicate that non-accelerated firms with shorter CFO tenure, presence of accounting experts on the audit committee, and more frequent audit committee meetings are more likely to provide prior Section 302 warnings. Overall the results suggest that there are differences in internal control reporting between the accelerated and non-accelerated filers. The results provide empirical grounding for the ongoing debate about internal control reporting by non-accelerated filers.
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Schwarzmann, Dieter. "Nonlinear internal model control with automotive applications." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2007. http://d-nb.info/987220764/04.

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Olanlokun, Kola Folorunsho. "Control of knee stability by internal devices." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325853.

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Abou, Zaid Ramy. "Internal Control application : Empirical evidence from Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Företagsekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-22479.

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Aim The aim of this study is to explore based on internationally recognised frameworks: 1. how internal control structures are applied in Sweden among different sectors; 2. how organizational size and environment affect internal control structures; and 3. the impact of internal control structures on organizational performance. Methods A quantitative method was used in the data collection and analysis. The sample consisted of 1117 organizations operating in Sweden. A mean analysis was conducted to measure the level of internal control structures among different industries, organizational sizes, and different choices of listing in the stock exchange market. Person’s correlation analysis was then used to explore possible correlations between external environmental factors and internal control structures, and internal control structures and organizational performance. Lastly, a structural model was built to measure the impact of internal control structures on organizational performance. The measurements of internal control structures and organizational performance are based on COSO framework’s principles and objectives. Results This study gives an insight on how internal control structures are applied across industrial sectors in Sweden, with financial institutions and manufacturing organizations having notably higher levels of internal control structures. Additionally, it provides evidence of the impact external environmental factors have on internal control structures. Furthermore, it shows that organizations that are listed in the Swedish stock exchange market have an equivalent level of internal control structures to those registered in the American stock exchange market. In contrast, organisations that are not listed in the stock exchange market have a notably lower level of internal control structures. Lastly, it illustrates the positive impact the presence of internal control structures has on organizational performance. 3 | P a g e Conclusion The results highlight a crucial role the supervisory authority Finansinspektionen (FI) has in regulating the Swedish financial market. They also show that the stability of the Swedish business environment has had a positive impact on the level of internal control structures.
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Bilel, Gaaloul. "Modeling of internal combustion engine control processes." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2021. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/86782.

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The control system has been suggested to convert the nonlinear model to a linearized plant model. Therefore, we characterized the engine model based on certain aspects and analyzed it accurately to fit in the system. Simulations were performed using the PID controller to regulate and maintain the output response while rejecting any input disturbance. An engine model of a control system shows an essential role in defining the correct parameters. Hence, Idle speed control is the principal of the highest confrontations for the automotive industry and developers as they were addressing many issues concerning engine at rest position and fuel-saving economy. We keep many experiments with changing values of the PID control system. Through Simulink graphs, we compared different results and were able to find the correct value for the Idle Speed Control of the engine model. Hence, this system control predicts the control change in the system for stable equilibrium. Via manual tuning of PID control parameters, we were able to linearize the plant model and determine the correct parameters of the plant model. This study also presents an AFR control for the engine model. The main contribution is that AFR regulation is reformulated as a tracking control for the required injected fuel. To obtain a better response, the output measurement is added to a predefined AFR control. The parameter tuning is straightforward, while better AFR control response and reduction can be achieved compared to the PID control. The AFR control has been studied for internal combustion engines based on the mean value model. The control design method based on nonlinear feedback control and their control performance has been investigated for different cases. The simulation results show that the controller applying the nonlinear feedback control could give satisfactory AFR regulation performances for our engine model with specific load disturbance.
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Melville, Robert. "Re-engineering internal audit : strategy and control, control models and control self assessment." Thesis, City, University of London, 2002. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/19755/.

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This thesis examines the role of internal auditors in three key areas: strategy, control models and control self assessment. Research findings are based on the results of a survey of a specialist group of professionals with an interest in Control Self Assessment. This group comprises both internal auditors and non-internal auditors. Membership is multinational and a full range of industries is represented. The actual and potential contribution that internal auditors can make to strategy is assessed and evaluated, with particular reference to the Balanced Scorecard. Control models were examined to identify use and effectiveness and the potential link with successful implementation of Control Self Assessment. Control Self Assessment was also examined as a specific activity. This part of the research addressed how it was perceived by the respondents and their organisations, and also to examine the importance of facilitation skills and IT support. The results show that internal auditors already play a significant role in strategic issues, and that there is a significant awareness of the potential benefits of the Balanced Scorecard to internal audit practice. Control models are seen as highly important to the effective implementation of Control Self Assessment, which can be seen to have developed into a mature and established audit tool.
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Tatovic, Danijela. "Optimising the delivery and monitoring of peptide immunotherapy : the delivery and monitoring of peptide immunotherapy for Type 1 diabetes." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/69686/.

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Peptide immunotherapy for Type 1 diabetes aims to restore tolerance to self, whilst leaving the rest of the immune system intact. Once the right peptide isdelivered to the right cell, it is important to closely monitor the effect of such atherapy, both in the regards to the immune and metabolic response. Clinical trials are designed to test the effect of a drug at the end of the trial period, which can be years later. Ex-vivo human models are not subject to extensive regulatory requirements, and can rapidly provide proof of principle on the efficacy of a treatment, which can be then translated to the clinic. I have shown that the skin organ bath culture is a useful system for studying treatment effects of variety of ex-vivo delivered agents. When used to optimise peptides delivery, it indicated a potential role of dry coated microneedles in targeting epidermal DCs, important because of their endogenous tolerogenic potential, which can be further modified by topical treatments and locally injected agents. Whether true tolerogenic potential can be achieved in such a way, is subject to further studies designed to optimise the type, dose and the duration of the treatment by the conditioning agent. My data also suggested that lymph node fine needle aspiration biopsy is a feasible non-invasive method suitable for monitoring the cellular immune responses after antigen skin delivery. Subject to confirmatory study, it has a potential to find immediate application as an efficient and reliable tool for monitoring immune response after antigen-specific immunotherapy in clinical trials. Once recognised as ‘immune responders’ in such a way, participants in clinical trials can be subjected to the monitoring of the metabolic response to the immune intervention, by measuring !-cell function via stimulated UCPCR as a non-invasive and more compliant-prone alternative to the standard MMTT.
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Lin, Shuo_Huei, and 林碩慧. "Coverage Interval, Multivariate Control Chart and Profile Monitoring." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77909517728651365981.

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博士<br>國立交通大學<br>統計學研究所<br>100<br>Classically the non-parametric coverage interval is estimated by empirical quantiles. We introduce an alternative way for estimating the coverage interval by symmetric quantiles of Chen and Chiang (1996). We further show that this alternative estimator has a better precision in the sense that its asymptotic variances are smaller than the classical one. In an attempt to develop a scheme for monitoring a vector of distributional quantiles, we propose a symmetric-quantiles-based control chart. Comparative studies in terms of the asymptotic covariance matrix and the average run length show that the proposed control chart is more efficient than the classical empirical-quantiles-based control chart. The monitoring of process/product profiles is presently a growing and promising area of research in statistical process control. We focus on developing monitoring schemes for nonlinear profiles with random effects in this study. We utilize the technique of principal components analysis to analyze the covariance structure of the profiles and propose monitoring schemes based on principal component (PC) scores. In the Phase I analysis of historical data, due to the dependency of the PC-scores, we adopt the usual Hotelling T2 chart to check the stability. For Phase II monitoring, we study individual PC-score control charts, a combined chart scheme that combines all the PC-score charts, and a T2 chart. Although an individual PC-score chart may be perfect for monitoring a particular mode of variation, a chart that can detect general shifts, such as the T2 chart and the combined chart scheme, is more feasible in practice. The performances of the schemes under study are evaluated in terms of the average run length.
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Cilliers, Charl. "Remote monitoring and diagnosis for control of EDM parameters." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/1730.

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M.Ing.<br>This thesis presents the concept of remote (Internet) data acquisition and processing for control of EDM parameters. It incorporates aspects of data analysis while performing diagnosis of process behavior. A working neuro-macro model of the EDM process is utilized for process correlation and diagnosis recommendations. The approach allows selective ways to vary the EDM process performance. The focus in this work is on the process efficiency. The process efficiency is related to the input parameters through the neuro-macro model of the EDM process. A comprehensive description of on-line monitoring and processing of data is included. Experimental results based on the suggested analysis and diagnosis for possible process adaptation particularly with respect to the EDM process efficiency is presented.
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Simões, Gonçalo Alexandre Rodrigues. "Smart system for control and monitoring of swimming pools." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/20208.

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Internet of Things emerged as one of the biggest promises of evolutional technologies, being increasingly identified as a dependency of the quotidian life. It is based on the connection of many devices that aims to simplify daily activities providing monitorization activities, remote control or the development of smart environments that aims to reduce the need of human intervention. Taking into consideration that the incorrect use of fresh water in daily activities is nowadays a big concern as well as the need to keep track of water quality in order to inform the user about potential risk situations, this dissertation proposes the appliance of IoT concept with a new scheme for monitoring and control of swimming pools quality through a low-cost system based on wireless sensor and actuator networks, which can reduce the requirements of human in the swimming pool maintenance. The main purpose of this system is to provide resources savings for the final user in financial and natural resources, contributing to a more sustainable environment. An Android mobile application was developed, providing users to monitor and remotely control swimming pool’s parameters in real time, providing an easier data analysis and the definition of thresholds to each parameter in order to notify the user when the imposed limits are exceeded. The remote control of some devices is possible to do in two modes: manually or automatically. The developed solution presents a system designed and implemented with a simple architecture and high efficiency level, with practical demonstrations of the obtained results.<br>A Internet das Coisas surgiu como uma das maiores promessas tecnológicas, sendo cada vez mais identificada como um fator de dependência no quotidiano. Esta baseia-se na conexão de dispositivos capazes de proporcionar atividades de monitorização, controlo remoto ou desenvolvimento de ambientes inteligentes que visam reduzir a necessidade da intervenção humana. Tendo em conta o uso incorreto de recursos como a água em atividades do dia-a-dia, cada vez mais existe uma grande preocupação e necessidade de acompanhar a qualidade da água para manter os seus utilizadores informados sobre possíveis situações de risco. Esta dissertação propõe a aplicação do conceito da Internet das Coisas com um novo esquema para monitorização e controlo da qualidade das piscinas, através de um sistema de baixo custo baseado numa rede sem fios de sensores e atuadores, reduzindo a requisição de recursos humanos na manutenção de piscinas. O principal objetivo deste sistema é proporcionar a poupança de recursos económicos e naturais aos seus utilizadores, contribuindo para um ambiente mais sustentável. Foi desenvolvida uma aplicação Android, que possibilita a monitorização e controlo remoto de dados recolhidos das piscinas em tempo real, fornecendo uma análise de dados e a definição de limites para cada um dos parâmetros, de modo a notificar o utilizador quando os limites definidos forem excedidos. O controlo de alguns dispositivos é possível através de dois modos: manualmente e automaticamente. A solução desenvolvida apresenta um sistema desenhado e implementado com uma arquitetura simples um alto nível de eficiência, com demonstrações práticas e resultados obtidos.
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Sousa, Rafael dos Santos. "Remote monitoring and control of a reservation-based public parking system." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/98147.

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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Mecânica apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia<br>Hoje em dia, tempo é um dos recursos mais preciosos que as pessoas possuem. Graças à evolução da tecnologia e juntando a revolução da indústria 4.0, vivida no momento, a procura de um lugar de estacionamento livre representa tempo perdido e um desafio para os engenheiros encontrarem uma solução. Problemas como congestionamento de tráfego, poluição do ar, lugares de estacionamento limitados e a segurança nas estradas, são alguns dos desafios mais importantes do século atual. Este projeto propõe um sistema de estacionamento inteligente, implementado em cada um dos lugares dos parques de estacionamento públicos. Composto por um circuito projetado para obter informações em tempo real sobre a disponibilidade de cada lugar e um futuro aplicativo móvel inteligente para o cliente usar e ser capaz de reservar um lugar escolhido.O objetivo do projeto é desenvolver um sistema de estacionamento inteligente que permita reduzir o tráfego, tornando mais fácil encontrar lugares de estacionamento livres, reduzindo assim o risco de distração enquanto procura um lugar ou até mesmo problemas relacionados com questões ambientais. Utilizando um Sistema Cyber-Físico, no qual um mecanismo é controlado e monitorizado por um software, é possível alterar o estado do mecanismo de acordo com a necessidade e contexto. Será possível concretizar a finalidade de bloqueio e desbloqueio de um lugar de estacionamento através de um simples pressionar do botão.A estratégia de desenvolvimento desta pesquisa foi separar o projeto em três sistemas principais. Uma forma bruta de cada subsistema foi alcançada com sucesso. O sistema mecânico criado, usando o software Solidworks, foi feito para corresponder a todos os requisitos encontrados ao longo do projeto. Na plataforma mecânica gerada encontramos todos os componentes do hardware escolhido. Por último, mas não menos importante, o sistema de software foi desenvolvido, onde podemos controlar a plataforma via WI-FI. Todas as etapas mencionadas foram desenvolvidas com sucesso e constituem a fase inicial de um sistema que visa facilitar o processo de encontrar um lugar de estacionamento disponível dentro de um período de tempo limitado.<br>Nowadays, time is one of the most precious resources that people have. Thanks to the evolution of technology and living on the revolution of the industry 4.0, searching for an available parking place represents wasted time and a challenge for the developers to find a solution for it. Problems such as traffic congestion, air pollution, limited parking spaces and safety on the roads are few of the most important challenges of the actual century. This project proposes a smart parking system, implemented on each slot of a parking facility. Composed by a circuit designed to gain real time information regarding availability of the slot and a future smart mobile application for the customer to use and beable to reserve a chosen slot.The purpose of the project is to develop a smart parking system that can reduce traffic by making it easier to find empty parking slots, thus lowering the risk of distracted driving or environmental issues. Using a Cyber-Physical System, in which a mechanism is controlled and monitored by a software, changing the status of the mechanism according with the need and context, it will be possible to concretize the purpose of blocking and unblocking a car slot through a simple press of a button.The strategy of developing this research was to seperate the project in three main systems. One raw shape of each subsystem was successfully achieved. The mechanical system created using Solidworks Software, was meant to correspond to all the requirements expressed alongside the project. On the platform generated we find all the chosen hardware componentes. Last but not least, the software system, where we have been able to control the platform via WI-FI. All the mentioned steps were succefully developed and constitutesthe initial stage of a system that is meant to facilitate the process of finding an available parking slot within a limited period of time.
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Chheta, Monil Vallabhbhai. "Design and Implementation of Energy Usage Monitoring and Control Systems Using Modular IIOT Framework." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/25582.

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)<br>This project aims to develop a cloud-based platform that integrates sensors with business intelligence for real-time energy management at the plant level. It provides facility managers, an energy management platform that allows them to monitor equipment and plant-level energy consumption remotely, receive a warning, identify energy loss due to malfunction, present options with quantifiable effects for decision-making, and take actions, and assess the outcomes. The objectives consist of: 1. Developing a generic platform for the monitoring energy consumption of industrial equipment using sensors 2. Control the connected equipment using an actuator 3. Integrating hardware, cloud, and application algorithms into the platform 4. Validating the system using an Energy Consumption Forecast scenario A Demo station was created for testing the system. The demo station consists of equip- ment such as air compressor, motor and light bulb. The current usage of these equipment is measured using current sensors. Apart from current sensors, temperature sensor, pres- sure sensor and CO2 sensor were also used. Current consumption of these equipment was measured over a couple of days. The control system was tested randomly by turning on equipment at random times. Turning on the equipment resulted in current consumption which ensured that the system is running. Thus, the system worked as expected and user could monitor and control the connected equipment remotely.
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(10063480), Monil Vallabhbh Chheta. "DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF ENERGY USAGE MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEMS USING MODULAR IIOT FRAMEWORK." Thesis, 2021.

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<div><div><div><p>This project aims to develop a cloud-based platform that integrates sensors with business intelligence for real-time energy management at the plant level. It provides facility managers, an energy management platform that allows them to monitor equipment and plant-level energy consumption remotely, receive a warning, identify energy loss due to malfunction, present options with quantifiable effects for decision-making, and take actions, and assess the outcomes. The objectives consist of:</p><ol><li><p>Developing a generic platform for the monitoring energy consumption of industrial equipment using sensors</p></li><li><p>Control the connected equipment using an actuator</p></li><li><p>Integrating hardware, cloud, and application algorithms into the platform</p></li><li><p>Validating the system using an Energy Consumption Forecast scenario</p></li></ol><p>A Demo station was created for testing the system. The demo station consists of equipment such as air compressor, motor and light bulb. The current usage of these equipment is measured using current sensors. Apart from current sensors, temperature sensor, pres- sure sensor and CO2 sensor were also used. Current consumption of these equipment was measured over a couple of days. The control system was tested randomly by turning on equipment at random times. Turning on the equipment resulted in current consumption which ensured that the system is running. Thus, the system worked as expected and user could monitor and control the connected equipment remotely.</p></div></div></div>
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Nóbrega, Luís Miguel Tomé. "IoT technologies for animal grazing and posture control." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/33217.

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The unwanted and adverse weeds that are constantly growing in vineyards, force wine producers to repeatedly remove them through the use of mechanical and chemical methods. These methods include machinery such as plows and brushcutters, and chemicals as herbicides to remove and prevent the growth of weeds both in the inter-row and under-vine areas. Nonetheless, such methods are considered very aggressive for vines, and, in the second case, harmful for the public health, since chemicals may remain in the environment and hence contaminate water lines. Moreover, such processes have to be repeated over the year, making it extremely expensive and toilsome. Using animals, usually ovines, is an ancient practice used around the world. Animals, grazing in vineyards, feed from the unwanted weeds and fertilize the soil, in an inexpensive, ecological and sustainable way. However, sheep may be dangerous to vines since they tend to feed on grapes and on the lower branches of the vines, which causes enormous production losses. To overcome that issue, sheep were traditionally used to weed vineyards only before the beginning of the growth cycle of grapevines, thus still requiring the use of mechanical and/or chemical methods during the remainder of the production cycle. To mitigate the problems above, a new technological solution was investigated under the scope of the SheepIT project and developed in the scope of this thesis. The system monitors sheep during grazing periods on vineyards and implements a posture control mechanism to instruct them to feed only from the undesired weeds. This mechanism is based on an IoT architecture, being designed to be compact and energy efficient, allowing it to be carried by sheep while attaining an autonomy of weeks. In this context, the thesis herein sustained states that it is possible to design an IoT-based system capable of monitoring and conditioning sheep’s posture, enabling a safe weeding process in vineyards. Moreover, we support such thesis in three main pillars that match the main contributions of this work and that are duly explored and validated, namely: the IoT architecture design and required communications, a posture control mechanism and the support for a low-cost and low-power localization mechanism. The system architecture is validated mainly in simulation context while the posture control mechanism is validated both in simulations and field experiments. Furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of the system and the contribution of this work towards the first commercial version of the system.<br>O constante crescimento de ervas infestantes obriga os produtores a manter um processo contínuo de remoção das mesmas com recurso a mecanismos mecânicos e/ou químicos. Entre os mais populares, destacam-se o uso de arados e roçadores no primeiro grupo, e o uso de herbicidas no segundo grupo. No entanto, estes mecanismos são considerados agressivos para as videiras, assim como no segundo caso perigosos para a saúde pública, visto que os químicos podem permanecer no ambiente, contaminando frutos e linhas de água. Adicionalmente, estes processos são caros e exigem mão de obra que escasseia nos dias de hoje, agravado pela necessidade destes processos necessitarem de serem repetidos mais do que uma vez ao longo do ano. O uso de animais, particularmente ovelhas, para controlar o crescimento de infestantes é uma prática ancestral usada em todo o mundo. As ovelhas, enquanto pastam, controlam o crescimento das ervas infestantes, ao mesmo tempo que fertilizam o solo de forma gratuita, ecológica e sustentável. Não obstante, este método foi sendo abandonado visto que os animais também se alimentam da rama, rebentos e frutos da videira, provocando naturais estragos e prejuízos produtivos. Para mitigar este problema, uma nova solução baseada em tecnologias de Internet das Coisas é proposta no âmbito do projeto SheepIT, cuja espinha dorsal foi construída no âmbito desta tese. O sistema monitoriza as ovelhas enquanto estas pastoreiam nas vinhas, e implementam um mecanismo de controlo de postura que condiciona o seu comportamento de forma a que se alimentem apenas das ervas infestantes. O sistema foi incorporado numa infraestrutura de Internet das Coisas com comunicações sem fios de baixo consumo para recolha de dados e que permite semanas de autonomia, mantendo os dispositivos com um tamanho adequado aos animais. Neste contexto, a tese suportada neste trabalho defende que é possível projetar uma sistema baseado em tecnologias de Internet das Coisas, capaz de monitorizar e condicionar a postura de ovelhas, permitindo que estas pastem em vinhas sem comprometer as videiras e as uvas. A tese é suportada em três pilares fundamentais que se refletem nos principais contributos do trabalho, particularmente: a arquitetura do sistema e respetivo sistema de comunicações; o mecanismo de controlo de postura; e o suporte para implementação de um sistema de localização de baixo custo e baixo consumo energético. A arquitetura é validada em contexto de simulação, e o mecanismo de controlo de postura em contexto de simulação e de experiências em campo. É também demonstrado o funcionamento do sistema e o contributo deste trabalho para a conceção da primeira versão comercial do sistema.<br>Programa Doutoral em Informática
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Moura, Tatiana Filipa Gomes. "Wireless communication support system for environmental monitoring." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/27267.

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Poor indoor air quality in classrooms can lead to decreased students’ performance, and affect the health and comfort of the occupants. The purpose of this dissertation is to deploy a system for environmental monitoring support through wireless communications technologies and long range networks. The prototype developed allows to collect continuous measurement of temperature, relative humidity, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), air pressure, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Evaluations were done using LoRaWAN protocol in selected classrooms during the winter semester at University of Aveiro. It demonstrates how to collect, integrate, analyse, and visualize real-time air quality data collected.<br>A má qualidade do ar no interior das salas de aula pode levar à diminuição do desempenho dos alunos, uma vez que a qualidade do ar é um factor fundamental a ser controlado para garantir a saúde e o conforto dos ocupantes. Esta dissertação tem como objectivo desenvolver um sistema de suporte à monitorização ambiental através de tecnologias de comunicação sem fios e de redes de longo alcance. O protótipo desenvolvido permite recolher medições contínuas de temperatura, humidade relativa, Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis (VOC), pressão do ar, oxigénio e dióxido de carbono. Foram realizados testes em salas de aulas selecionadas durante o semestre de inverno na Universidade de Aveiro usando o protocolo LoRaWAN. É demonstrado como recolher, integrar, analisar e visualizar em tempo real os dados obtidos.<br>Mestrado em Engenharia de Computadores e Telemática
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Moodley, Asogan. "Organisational performance management as a mechanism to improve service delivery in the South African public sector: the contribution of internal auditing as an enabler." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25546.

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The advent of democracy in 1994 prompted the South African government to provide public goods to the entire population as opposed to providing services along racial lines, as was the case during the apartheid era. Consequently, government expenditure increased considerably. However, continuous service delivery protests in recent years indicate that government has not been operating optimally. The Department of Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation and National Treasury introduced Organisational Performance Management (OPM) to improve service delivery. Government also adopted internal auditing as a mechanism to improve OPM because of internal auditing’s mandate, role and body of knowledge. This study explored the implementation of OPM as a management tool to assist national departments in effectively delivering goods and services to the public economically and efficiently. The study also explored the adoption of internal auditing by national departments as a mechanism to improve OPM. The study followed a sequential mixed methods approach. The chief audit executives of eighteen national departments participated in the quantitative phase. Interviews were held with employees from four national departments as well as two monitoring departments. Departmental officials included five deputy directors-general, three chief directors, four directors, one deputy director and one senior internal auditor. Seven focus group discussions were held with twenty-two internal auditors from the four departments. Sixty-four documents were analysed. The study found that national departments have implemented systems of OPM and the reporting of quarterly performance information but are at different levels of maturity. However, governance and reporting fatigue and a reluctance to implement effective consequence management for poor performance may be undermining optimal performance. National departments may be also preparing strategic plans, annual performance plans and annual reports simply for compliance rather than for optimal performance. The study also found that internal auditors may not have a thorough understanding of the department’s performance environment and consequently undertake limited assessments of OPM, focusing mainly on quarterly performance information (PI) and documentation rather than on organisational strategy. However, management’s expectations from internal auditing go beyond assessing the quarterly PI and require advice and guidance on strategic imperatives. The appropriate skills, knowledge and training of internal auditors therefore require review. Management expects assurance of sustainable future performance of the department. Internal auditing currently stands positioned to make an evolutionary transformation into becoming the most important strategic partner to management. However, under-theorisation and a restricted internal auditing approach inhibit its natural evolution.<br>College of Accounting Sciences<br>D. Phil. (Accounting Sciences)
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47

Singh, Aishvarya Pratap. "Multi-Tank Level Control Using Internal Model Control and Internal Model Cascade Control." Thesis, 2015. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/7872/1/2015_MT_multi-Tank_Pratap_Singh.pdf.

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This project deals with the study, design and application of IMC (Internal Model Control) and IMCC (Internal Model Cascade Control) strategies for an unconstrained single input and single output system. Both strategies have been studied by applying them on a Tank Level Control System under varying system as well as input parameters. The application of both strategies on the model of the system is done and step responses of the modeled system under different operating conditions are analyzed to deduce various conclusions. Based on various performance parameters a tuning rule for best tuning parameter to give optimal performance has been designed. It also consist the comparison of various control strategies like PID and PID cascade with above two strategies with different tank configurations. An improvement is also added to IMC for improvement in disturbance rejection. IMC consists of single tuning parameter which is filter coefficient of the main loop controller whereas IMCC consists two tuning parameters, one of primary loop and other for the secondary loop. An important thing is that for designing of IMC and IMCC controllers modeling of the experimental setup has been done. The MATLAB and SIMULINK software has been used for designing of the IMC and IMCC controllers, which were designed considering deduced process model as original process. For IMCC, the secondary process is taken to be control valve. At last an Empirical formula for IMC has been derived which gives the value of best tuning parameter for a given process, based on given performance indices like Rise Time, Settling Time, Peak Time and Peak Overshoot.
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48

Wright, Ronald MacEwan. "Internal Audit, Internal Control and Organizational Culture." Thesis, 2009. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1989/.

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For over a century the role of the internal auditor has been recognized as a special role within organizations that provided important support to the organization. The importance of this support has been growing over the century. In particular internal audit is considered to encompass the audit of both operational activities as well as purely financial activities. During the last few years there has been a growing interest in organizational culture. The purpose of this study is to look at the organizational culture of organizations and their internal audit operations from the perspective of operational audit. The study will use an organizational cultural model to see if operational internal audit has identical cultural to the organization, and if not what differences exist, and how these differences might be seen to mean that the operational internal audit with a particular cultural profile better achieves its goals, and assists the organization as a result. In conducting this study, because of the need for richer in depth data than could be achieved with a survey analysis, a multiple case approach has been taken. Three organizations within the same economic sector were examined to see how culture affected their use of operational internal audit, and how the operational internal audit responded. The results suggest that the operational internal audit of organizations generally have their own cultural orientation, and these orientations are independent of the organizations’ own cultural orientations. Further the results suggest that operational internal auditors with a strong cultural orientation towards rules and procedures will better serve their organizations.
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49

Wright, Ronald MacEwan. "Internal Audit, Internal Control and Organizational Culture." 2009. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1989/1/R-M-Wright-Thesis-2009.pdf.

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For over a century the role of the internal auditor has been recognized as a special role within organizations that provided important support to the organization. The importance of this support has been growing over the century. In particular internal audit is considered to encompass the audit of both operational activities as well as purely financial activities. During the last few years there has been a growing interest in organizational culture. The purpose of this study is to look at the organizational culture of organizations and their internal audit operations from the perspective of operational audit. The study will use an organizational cultural model to see if operational internal audit has identical cultural to the organization, and if not what differences exist, and how these differences might be seen to mean that the operational internal audit with a particular cultural profile better achieves its goals, and assists the organization as a result. In conducting this study, because of the need for richer in depth data than could be achieved with a survey analysis, a multiple case approach has been taken. Three organizations within the same economic sector were examined to see how culture affected their use of operational internal audit, and how the operational internal audit responded. The results suggest that the operational internal audit of organizations generally have their own cultural orientation, and these orientations are independent of the organizations’ own cultural orientations. Further the results suggest that operational internal auditors with a strong cultural orientation towards rules and procedures will better serve their organizations.
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50

Tsai, Shu-Ying, and 蔡淑瑩. "The Impact Factors of Internal Control Planning and Internal Control Execution." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30308504553243377022.

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碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>企業管理系<br>101<br>After the break-out of subsequent domestic and foreign financial fraud incidents, internal control has been increasingly valued by the business community and the government. The United States continually released research reports on internal control and enterprise risk management in 1994 and 2004. These reports have been adopted by many governments as one important reference to formulation of regulations on internal control. In Taiwan, the “Regulations Governing Establishment of Internal Control Systems by Public Companies” specifically states that a public company shall set out its internal control systems in writing and when the company goes public, it shall engage a CPA to conduct a special audit in order to understand whether the company’s internal control systems are effectively designed and operating. This study is based on data collection and literature research. By conducting a case study and in-depth interviews on Company B, the results are analyzed and summarized to explore the relationship between the factors of internal control planning and internal control execution. The study found that the factors of internal control planning are primarily clear division of labor in organizations, authorization, organizational culture, employee quality (ability to execute) and management styles of leaders; the impact factors of internal control execution include clear division of labor in organizations, authorization, organizational culture, employee’s ability to execute, attention and incentives from leaders. However, among the impact factors listed above, attention and incentives from leaders are most influential on execution. Keywords: internal control, execution
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