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Dorey, Pieter Johannes. "Genesis 2:24 - Locus Classicus vir monogamie? 'n Literêr-historiese ondersoek na perspektiewe op poligamie in die Ou Testament (Afrikaans)." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23492.
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Various Christian societies utilize Genesis 2:24 as locus classicus for monogamy. A literary - historical approach has been followed in this study to show that Genesis 2:24 cannot serve as locus classicus for monogamy only. Monogamy is not the only acceptable marriage form for the Christian faith. Chapter one constitutes the introduction with the problem setting, objectives, method and hypothesis. The hypothesis of this study therefore states that Genesis 2:24 cannot serve as locus classicus for the legitimation of an exclusive monogamous marriage only. This text might also be applicable to poligamous marriage forms. Practical and sosio – cultural considerations influenced Israel and determined their marriage customs. Diachronical perspectives of polygamy are being given in chapter two. Examples from about 2000 BC until 1753 AC of various types of marriages and marriage customs have been investigated to depict the influence of Israel’s practical and socio – cultural circumstances. Socio - cultural influences and demands led to various types of marriages like the levirate, polygamy, endogamy and exogamy. These types of marriages that existed were primarily determined by the demands of social circumstances rather than religious prescriptions. Polygamy was an useful type of marriage to guarantee care, propagation and survival of the family. Chapter three consists of an analytical investigation of the meaning of Genesis 2:24. It’s meaning was investigated in various literary – and historical contexts. Genesis 2-3 is a narrative about the dependent, fallible and mortal man of the earth. Various important themes like death, relationships, social issues, guilt, suffering, punishment etcetera are evident in this narrative. From the analysis it seems that the author(s) / redactor(s) / Bearbeiter(s) of the text had a specific focus with this narrative. He called on man to bow before Yahweh, God of creation. The text especially focused on all people with power and authority. The narrative illustrates that man can never be God or be like God. The post – exilic author(s) / redactor(s) confirm with Genesis 2:4b-3:24 that man should stay humble before and dependant upon God. The text calls on people with power and authority to humble themselves before God. One of the narrative’s functions is to describe man’s hubris and to counter attitude and the hierarchy in various social structures. Genesis 2:24 is probably a later insertion by a redactor / Bearbeiter(s)Thesis (PhD (Old Testament Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2003.Old Testament Studies
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Andersen, Veronika, and Mikael Matsson. "Måste en relation vara på bekostnad av en annan? : En sociologisk studie av polyamorösa relationer." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-29233.
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This study aims to explore and highlight alternative relationships in relation to the norm of monogamy. The perspective we have had with this study, is of a qualitative and investigative character. We have deeply interviewed four participants who are, or have been, in a polyamorous relationship. We have studied how the respondents see and handle their choices of life. We also wanted to know what kind of reactions they have faced from society. Another issue we have studied deeper is how the participants define jealousy and infidelity. We have anchored the discussion in different relation- and family-related theories to understand and problematize the norm of monogamy. What we come to understand is that the participants found different ways, to satisfy their desires and to fulfill their romantic needs. There have been differences in their desires and needs met in the relationship and we wanted to study how their delimitations seems to vary. Two of our participants have embraced both their romantic and lustful feelings for others and has had a very liberal approach to relationships. The other two participants has only accepted sexual contacts with other people, no feelings involved, and they needed to have an arrangement about this with their partner. Our participants have not experienced any major reactions from the society. However, we have been able to see that they have used various strategies to avoid stigmatization. We could also see that jealousy is often associated with a feeling of ownership.
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McKeever, Natasha. "Romantic love and monogamy : a philosophical exploration." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5666/.
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For many people, to love someone romantically entails being in a monogamous relationship with them. However, on reflection, it seems odd to make your love for someone conditional on them renouncing two things of great value – love and sex, with other people. This thesis seeks to explore whether monogamy is compatible with romantic love, and whether it ought to be the hegemonic norm that it is. I argue that romantic love is a distinct and valuable kind of love and that there might be advantages to sharing it with only one other person, but that it is possible for it to exist between more than two people. Furthermore, it makes sense that such a relationship will have a sexual element, since sex can act as a vehicle for some of the central goods we find in romantic love. Therefore, restricting sex to that relationship can be a way of affirming the value of the relationship and marking it out as distinct from friendships. Thus, monogamy is compatible with romantic love. Nonetheless, monogamy is not ceteris paribus morally superior to non-monogamous forms of sexual and loving relationship and it ought not to be a hegemonic norm. This is because, by being such a dominant norm, the potential value it can have is diminished, as people are robbed of the opportunity to choose it for the right reasons. Furthermore, the dominance of the norm can lead us to overlook the real point of sexual fidelity and mistakenly equate it with love, as well as under-emphasising other ways of being faithful to a romantic partner.
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Brotherton, Peter Nicholas Meade. "The evolution of monogamy in the Dik-dik." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361422.
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Wright, Harry. "Monogamy in the bat-eared fox, Otocyon megalotis." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2003. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/55819/.
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Mammalian monogamy is puzzling from and evolutionary perspective because it is unclear why males, which have the potential to father a great many offspring, should choose to associate with only one female. This project investigated the behaviour of a socially monogamous (pair-living) population of bat-eared foxes in Laikipia, Northern Kenya, and had two principal aims. The first aim was to identify the selective forces that operate to maintain social monogamy in the study population. The second aim was to determine whether bat-eared foxes mate exclusively with their social partners (i. e. if they are genetically as well as socially monogamous). Chapter I summarizes by background to the research: Broadly speaking, theories advanced to explain the evolution of monogamy fall into two categories; those that proposing that monogamy occurs when male assistance is required for successfW reproduction, and those that proposing that aspects of female spatial and/or temporal distribution make it impossible for even the most competitive males to gain more than one mate. Chapter 2 describes the study site and general methods employed. Chapter 3 examines whether a requirement for paternal care maintains social monogamy by investigating the parental roles of males and females: I found that females invest very heavily in reproduction, feeding at close to maximum rate throughout lactation and suffering increased mortality rates during this period. Consistent with previous studies of the species, I found that males are heavily involved in the rearing of young, spending significantly more time than females close to breeding dens, and contributing to all aspects of cub care. The importance of male care was revealed by the fact that, after statistically controlling for the confounding effects of territory quality, the male den attendance was significantly associated with cub survival. Chapter 4 investigates factors other than the requirement for male care that may prevent males from achieving polygynous status: Social monogamy was not enforced because males were incapable of defending sufficient resources to support more than one female, as some male territories contained sufficient food to support two or more females. I found, however, that because females occupied largely exclusive ranges and had synchronized fertile periods, it was probably impossible for even the most competitive males to successfully defend more than one fertile female. Chapter 5 investigates the mating tactics of bat-eared foxes by comparing their behaviour during and outside the mating season: Neither male nor female foxes increased their home range sizes during the mating season, demonstrating that they do not roam widely in search of extra-pair mates. Time-budget data suggest that this may be because bat-eared foxes have little time available to engage in activities other than foraging. The behaviour of mated partners wass highly coordinated, particularly during the mating season, and the close proximity of mated partners did not reduce their feeding rate. Chapter 6 uses DNA microsatellite analyses to establish the paternity of bat-eared fox cubs: We found that for the vast majority of cubs (42 of 44) social fathers were most likely to be their true fathers. These data demonstrate a high level of genetic monogamy in the study population. Chapter 7 summarizes data from the thesis: I conclude that, although male care enhances offspring survival, there are circumstances under which males may gain from polygyny. Males are probably unable to attain polygynous status, however, because the spatial and temporal distribution of females, combined with intense competition for mates makes it impossible for them to defend more than one mate. Consistent with observations of occasional polygynous breeding from other bat-eared fox populations, I conclude that polygyny could only a viable male strategy if compliant females were willing to co-ordinated their behaviour. I argue that the high levels of genetic monogamy observed are probably consequence of the species insectivorous diet, which leaves individuals with little time to engage in activities other than foraging, and makes it easy for males to guard their own partners.
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Dillard, Jacqueline Rae. "ECOLOGY, MONOGAMY, AND THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL FAMILIES." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/59.
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Family-living has been recognized as a necessary prerequisite for the evolution of advanced cooperative societies, yet the evolutionary and ecological processes that drive the coupling of different forms of cooperation in family-based societies are still poorly understood. In my dissertation, I investigate the correlated evolution of parental care, monogamy, and cooperative breeding in a variety of family-based taxa. I explore the mating and social behavior of family-living beetles with incipient cooperation to better understand the factors driving these social traits. Specifically, I evaluate different causes of extra-pair mating in socially monogamous beetles, the potential benefits that young adult offspring may gain from remaining in the family group, and how these behaviors correspond to different ecological niches. These studies demonstrated that many of the factors predicted to favor family-living in cooperatively breeding animals fail to explain delayed dispersal and family cohesion in this beetle group. In a phylogenetic comparative study of birds, I further evaluate how ecological selective pressures drive the correlated evolution of monogamy, biparental cooperation, and cooperative breeding. Taken together, these studies have implications for our general understanding of the evolution of cooperation, and suggest the action of previously unrecognized processes in shaping and pairing social behaviors.
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Kean, Jessica. "Intimate theory: mononormativity, negotiated non-monogamy and the politics of love." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12412.
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Increasingly described as a legislative inevitability in Australia, gay marriage is often heralded as the certain, if temporarily stalled, triumph of love and an overdue public symbol of the tolerance of sexual diversity. In this context it is worth renewing queer questions about the limits of legitimate intimacy in contemporary Western cultures – limits which may not be challenged by granting same-sex couples state recognition. Instead of adding another voice to debates about the potential consequences of same-sex marriage, this thesis approaches the contemporary politics of love from the perspective of those who do not march two by two, asking what we might learn from practices of negotiated non-monogamy. Analysing TV series, blogs, self-help books and first-person accounts alongside 23 qualitative interviews conducted with queer non-monogamists in and around Sydney, the thesis explores the way sex, love, friendship, emotion, and intimacy are currently theorised in relation to non-dyadic relationships. Friends who fuck, fictional polygamists, ‘ethical sluts’, swingers, and polyamorists are considered side by side in order to draw out the tensions (productive and otherwise) that animate stories of sex and love beyond the couple. The thesis considers non-monogamous scheduling strategies, taxonomic skirmishes, measures of significance and theories of jealousy in relation to queer and feminist thinking on intimacy. Idiosyncrasies and unexpected resonances within the material are used to map the political valencies of discourses surrounding these marginalised relationship styles, contributing to scholarship on how contemporary negotiated non-monogamy can be understood - an active concern as queers are increasingly encouraged to dream of wedding whites. Offering an extended conceptualisation of mononormativity - one entwined with but ultimately distinct from heteronormativity - the thesis also addresses broader patterns, ideals and institutions of intimacy, arguing that more people stand to benefit from the decentring of monogamy than those who actively pursue a life outside it.
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Muhlberger, Alana Hope. "The Evolution of Monogamy in Primates: A Phylogenetic Approach." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1302210482.
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Morley, Josephine Isabelle. "Intraspecific competition and monogamy in the cichlid fish, Eretmodus cyanostictus." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.621721.
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Lambert, Connor T. "ERa Expression and Monogamy in Prairie Voles: An Experimental Field Study." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1524835563594466.
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Lichter, James Bernard. "Examining tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons and their relationship with social and genetic monogamy in semi-natural populations of prairie voles Microtus ochrogaster." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1596098759357158.
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Cheperka, Ryan Anne. "Assessing Lesbians' Beliefs About and Attitudes Toward Bisexual Women: Does Valuing Monogamy Relate?" Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1796330231&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Munshi-South, Jason. "Asocial monogamy, extra-pair paternity, and dispersal in the large treeshrew (Tupaia tana)." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3467.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Nicholls, Kate. "Researching relationships : unpacking the discursive organisation of infidelity and monogamy in personal relationships." Thesis, City University London, 2009. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/12446/.
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This research employed a social constructionist paradigm and utilised discourse analysis to examine the discursive organisation of infidelity and monogamy in personal relationships. Twenty-five participants took part in this study, fifteen taking part in semi-structured interviews and ten participants taking part in group discussions (two groups of three, one group of four). The interviews and focus groups primarily explored participants’ views and experiences of monogamy and infidelity in relationships. The focus group participants were also convened for second meetings, where participants discussed the results and analysis generated from their first group meeting. The discursive analysis employed in this research was guided by a Discursive Psychology approach (Potter & Wetherell 1987) and a methodology developed to explore ‘discourse analysis in action’ by incorporating principles from Action Research. The results presented explored discursive constructions of monogamy, infidelity, relationship break-ups and also several broader relationship discourses. The findings suggest that although there is a grand discourse of monogamy often informing participants’ discussions of personal relationships, and participants draw on normative discourses in terms of labelling behaviour as in/fidelity. Participants also diversely rework discourses of monogamy and infidelity to present more contextualised accounts, varyingly constructed around their own lived experiences. The findings highlight the potential for confusion and interpersonal complications, as well as the complications for researchers, when negotiating and exploring the terrain of monogamy and infidelity in personal relationships. The findings further point to the theoretical importance of paying attention to the constructed nature of language and its role in constructing varying relationship realities. Further this thesis has contributed to a theoretical and methodological debate on the development of the use of discourse analysis as an appropriate methodology, the development of a framework to explore ‘discourse analysis in action’ posited the benefits of incorporating principles from action research into a discourse analysis method. This methodology component was theoretically interesting and also invaluable in terms of adding to the analysis and the understanding gained of infidelity and monogamy in personal relationships.
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Richmond, Ashley R. "The effects of avpr1a microsatellite length and population density on indices of social and genetic monogamy in male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1187962649.
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Marasco, Anna Carolina Milo. "Avaliação genética do sistema reprodutivo dos Pinguins-de-Magalhães (Spheniscus magellanicus) através de análises de paternidade." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41131/tde-17072015-152320/.
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Apesar de a monogamia social ser dominante entre as aves, análises genéticas revelaram relações de parentesco inesperadas, evidenciando diferentes estratégias de reprodução, como a paternidade extra-par e o parasitismo de ninho. Espécies de passeriformes estão entre as mais promíscuas, com altas taxas de paternidade extra-par, enquanto em aves marinhas esse comportamento demonstrou ser menos frequente. Pinguins (Família Spheniscidae) compõem um grupo de 18 espécies de aves marinhas pelágicas e que tem em comum a filopatria, fidelidade a um parceiro e intenso cuidado biparental. Portanto, espera-se que apresentem um comportamento estritamente monogâmico e taxas de paternidade extra-par insignificantes. Avaliamos pela primeira vez o sistema reprodutivo dos Pinguins-de-Magalhães através de uma abordagem genética, buscando investigar a existência e frequência de paternidade extra-par e parasitismo de ninho. O parentesco de 88 filhotes de 44 ninhos de uma colônia na Ilha Quiroga (Argentina) foi determinado com base em análises de 9 marcadores microssatélites. Encontramos baixas taxas de parasitismo de ninho (6%), mas altas taxas de paternidade extra-par (31% e 48% dos ninhos com pelo menos 1 filhote extra-par). Entre os dois anos coletados, encontramos uma pequena diferença na incidência de infidelidade (29% em 2010; 32% em 2011), mas não houve relação com as condições climáticas do período de reprodução da espécie. Além disso, apesar da alta taxa de filhotes extra-par, não encontramos diferença significativa na diversidade genética e nem viés da razão sexual secundária. Acreditamos que a alta taxa de paternidade extra-par encontrada possa ter relação com o comportamento reprodutivo em colônia, a densidade populacional, o sincronismo reprodutivo, ou que parte da paternidade que não correspondeu aos pais sociais seja resultado de troca de parceiros antes da definição final dos casais em cada estação reprodutiva. Nosso estudo pode ajudar a melhor entender e caracterizar o sistema reprodutivo dos Pinguins-de-Magalhães e indica que a espécie é socialmente, mas não geneticamente monogâmica.Despite the social monogamy being dominant among birds, genetic analysis revealed unexpected kinship relations, showing different reproductive strategies, such as extra-pair paternity and brood parasitism. Passerine species are among the most promiscuous, with high extra-pair paternity rates, while in seabirds this behavior is typically rather less frequent. Penguins (Spheniscidae Family) are a group of 18 species of pelagic seabirds that have in common philopatric behavior, faithfulness to one partner and intense biparental care. Therefore, they are expected to have a strictly monogamous behavior and insignificant rates of extra-pair paternity. For the first time, we evaluated the reproductive system of Magellanic Penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) through genetic analysis in order to investigate the existence and frequency of extra-pair paternity and brood parasitism. The kinship of 88 offspring of 44 nests from a colony on Quiroga Island (Argentina) was determined based on the analyses of 9 microsatellite markers. We found low rates of brood parasitism (6%), but high extra-pair paternity rates (31% and 48% of nests with at least one extra-pair offspring). Between the two years sampled, we found a small difference in the incidence of infidelity (29% in 2010; 32% in 2011), but no connection with the climatic conditions of each breeding season. In addition, despite the high rate of extra-pair offspring, we found no significant difference in the genetic diversity and no bias in the secondary sex ratio. We believe that the high rate of extra-pair paternity found in our study may be a result of their reproductive behavior of nesting in colonies, breeding synchrony, density, or that part of the mismatching paternity is due mate switching. Our study may help to better understand and characterize the reproductive system of Magellanic penguins and indicates that this species is socially but not sexually monogamous.
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Sserunjogi-Salongo, Eriezah Kabona. "Polygamy or monogamy challenges and ramifications for Christian marriage in the Anglican Church of Uganda today /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1992. http://www.tren.com.
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Gallagher, Robert Dale. "Pre-Expose Prophylaxis and Non-Monogamous, HIV Negative Gay Men in Serodiscordant Relationships." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5861.
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HIV transmission continues to increase for Gay men, especially for those Gay men in nonmonogamous serodiscordant relationships. As the use of PreExposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) increases, much less is known about how PrEP is creating social meaning and transforming the sexual behaviors of HIV negative, non-monogamous Gay men. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the meaning making experiences of Gay men in nonmonogamous serodiscordant relationships. Using the Minority Stress Model, Resiliency Theory, and Queer Theory as theoretical frameworks, the research question for the study focused on how HIV negative Gay men who are on PrEP and involved in nonmonogamous serodiscordant relationships navigate their sexual lives. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was employed within a purposeful sample of 13 Gay men. The two themes of resiliency and reframing emerged from the descriptive coding, member checking, and triangulation of the data. Of the two themes identified, participants noted pre-PrEP resiliency strategies including looks and trust, while current PrEP strategies included strategic positioning, getting educated about HIV and PrEP, and dating undetectable men. Reframing experiences included marketability, greater feeling of sexual freedom and responsibility, new rules around nonmonogamy, increased sexual confidence, and new masculine terms for condomless anal sex. Findings and recommendations from the study may advance positive social change when researchers and practitioners combat stigma, understand perceived lower risk of HIV transmission through new resiliency techniques, and facilitate the reframing of sex within an individual, relational, and Gay cultural context.
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Tokley, Anne-Marie. "Where is my Happy Ending and Why am I Looking for it? The Romance Myth in Contemporary Popular Australian Women’s Fiction." Thesis, Griffith University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366892.
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This thesis examines the presence of the romance myth in contemporary popular Australian women’s fiction. Even after decades of feminism, the repetition of the love story discourse presents readers with a single relationship ideal: heterosexual monogamy. This thesis performs a discourse analysis on a variety of texts published before 2000 to establish a context of Australian women’s fiction, and on four texts published after 2000, in order to ask the question: how is the love story represented in the twenty-first century? Romance is always examined as a genre; its construction within texts of other genres has never before been analysed.
The Introduction outlines the discourse analysis methodology, based on the work of Michel Foucault and James Gee. Chapter One provides a literature review and discussion of how romance has been treated by critics. Chapter Two examines second-wave feminist perspectives of romantic love and the perspectives of later feminists – ‘woman’ as sexualised object appears to be the current trend – as well as the significance of feminist literary theory to popular texts. Chapter Two also discusses the work of cultural studies in relation to this thesis.
Chapters Three and Four outline a brief history of Australian women’s writing in order to highlight the recurrence of the love story discourse communicated in 150 years of fiction. Chapter Three provides an historical overview of the presence of the romance story in Australian women’s writing. Chapter Four examines the use of fiction for a specific political purpose: short stories published in The Australian Women’s Weekly during the 1940s which supported the Weekly’s overall aim to steer women towards strictly gendered roles for the good of the nation; literature that conflicted with the heterosexual monogamous ideal was banned from publication and circulation in Australia because it was considered deviant and unpatriotic; and short stories in contemporary issues of The Australian Women’s Weekly which still focus on women as wives and mothers and as concerned only with romantic love.
Each of the remaining chapters considers a contemporary genre’s use of the romance myth. In Chapter Five, an examination of a Harlequin Mills & Boon novel, Dr Blake’s Angel, reveals romantic love as being an integral part of community life and a woman’s desire to nurture. Examined in Chapter Six is Three Wishes, a chick-lit novel that follows the romantic difficulties of a set of triplets. Each triplet must learn humility and, therefore, acceptable femininity, before they can achieve a successful heterosexual monogamous relationship.
Chapter Seven analyses The Tower of Ravens, a fantasy novel also advocating conservative femininity and demonstrating a close relationship to the love story discourse. Rhiannon, although uncivilised and violent, becomes a heroine through her total devotion to Lewen. Chapter Eight investigates a crime novel, Malicious Intent, where the love story discourse is employed to distract the heroine from solving the crime. Anya is seen to believe wholeheartedly in the romance plot, as are all the victims. All women, then, are presented as perpetual victims, and all women lose because all men pose a threat. Romantic love is something to aspire to, but it cannot be achieved.
Why am I looking for a heterosexual and monogamous happy ending? As this thesis shows, the love story discourse has been presented consistently through women’s fiction that focuses on relationships. Despite the decades of feminist intervention, contemporary popular Australian fiction constantly and consistently presents heterosexual, monogamous relationships that preferably lead to marriage. The heterosexual, monogamous happy ending, or its deliberate critique, is present not only in romance fiction but also in most texts written by women, in genres that do not require a love story plot.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Arts
Arts, Education and Law
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Beltran, S. "Monogamie et changements de partenaires chez un parasite monogame, Schistosoma mansoni." Phd thesis, Université de Perpignan, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00939328.
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La monogamie est un système d'appariement qui lie une seule femelle à un seul mâle. Cette monogamie peut être définie comme sociale et génétique (au-delà de l'observation du couple, la descendance est seulement issue de ce couple, aucun changement de partenaire n'apparaît), ou comme sociale et non génétique (dans ce cas, des infidélités ou des divorces peuvent être observés). Ce système d'appariement est très rare dans le monde animal. Il concerne moins de 1% des animaux et la majeure partie des études sur le monogamie a été réalisée sur des vertébrés (notamment sur les oiseaux dont 90% des espèces présentent ce système monogame). Plus rares sont les études réalisées sur les invertébrés (quelques cas de monogamie étudiée chez des crustacés, des insectes ...). Pourtant l'étude de la monogamie à un niveau taxonomique inférieur permet de comprendre ses caractéristiques en éliminant la complexité sociale (apprentissage, imitation ...) présente chez les vertébrés. Schistosoma mansoni est un parasite (responsable de la bilharziose) qui présente plusieurs aspects intéressants du point de vue système d'appariement : (1) la femelle vit dans le canal gynéchophore de son mâle, nous observons bien un couple formé d'une seule femelle et d'un seul mâle, il s'agit donc d'une monogamie sociale ; (2) S. mansoni est l'espèce monogame de rang taxonomique le plus bas à notre connaissance, ce qui permet d'éliminer au maximum les biais de complexité sociale cités précédemment ; (3) enfin, cette espèce parasite présente des avantages d'un point de vue expérimental : les sexes et génotypes des individus utilisés peuvent et sont contrôlés en laboratoire et des populations "naturellement" clonales sont à notre disposition. C'est pourquoi, nous nous sommes intéressés à la monogamie chez cet invertébré parasite monogame. Plusieurs questions sont développées durant cette thèse : qui est monogame parmi les Schistosomatidae et pourquoi ? Est-ce que une monogamie sociale et génétique ou sociale et non génétique (i.e. des changements de partenaires sont-ils observés) ? Quels sont les facteurs impliqués dans ces changements de partenaire (dissimilarité entre les partenaires du couple, biais de sex ratio en faveur des males, différences neutres, fonctionnelles et phénotypiques entre les mâles, effet du système immunitaire de l'hôte vertébré) ? C'est par l'association de réflexions et d'expérimentations que nous tentons de répondre à ces questions.
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Beltran-Bech, Sophie. "Monogamie et changements de partenaire chez un parasite monogame, Schistosoma mansoni." Perpignan, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00939328.
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Freitas, Monique Amaral de. "Narrativas de amor e luta : a constituição da oficialidade da monogamia e a luta contra a subjugação das mulheres." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/7993.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
In this dissertation it proposes to understand how is discursively constituted the relationship between monogamy and the subjugation of women. For that, it bases the theoretical assumptions developed by the Bakhtin Circle, guiding me in a dialogical perspective of language. In addition, over the analysis it establishes a link between the feminist theories of Simone de Beauvoir (1949/2015), Heleieth Saffioti (1996/2015), Ivone Reimer (2005), among others. Firstly, it analyzes how the official status of monogamy is constituted in the discourses of social institutions, here defined as the Church, the State and the media. In order to think the Christian religious discourse, it analyzes passages from the Holy Bible and the leaders' statements from the Catholic, Evangelical and Pentecostal denominations about marriage and the affective-sexual relationships. Regarding the State, it discusses through the Federal Constitution and two Law Projects how family and marriage are defined. Posteriorly, through discussion of some media products, especially the films Snow White (1938) and Fifty Shades of Grey (2015), it discusses how the media constitute monogamy as the official discourse. In the second chapter, it discusses historical data provided by the work História do amor no Brazil (2005/1015), by Mary Del Priore, and documents produced by the feminist movement of the second wave, to understand how the discursive changes in the official models of affective-sexual relationships changes the women's lives. In the third and last chapter, it discusses how is constituted the relationship among affective-sexual relationships models and the domination of women using three texts of self-described feminist blogs. After discussing the texts, it concludes that monogamy is constituted as a way of subjugating women because it has incorporated male domination into the core of it's official discourse. Therefore, the relationship between the discursive constitution of the official status of affective-sexual relationship models and female subjugation is related to the discourse of male domination, not the monogamy itself.
Neste trabalho propõe-se a compreensão de como se constitui discursivamente a relação entre monogamia e a subjugação das mulheres. Para tanto, parte-se dos pressupostos teóricos desenvolvidos pelo Círculo de Bakhtin, pautando-se em uma perspectiva dialógica da linguagem. Além disso, ao longo das análises estabelece-se diálogo com as teorias feministas de Simone de Beauvoir (1949/2015), Heleieth Saffioti (1996/2015), Ivone Reimer (2005), dentre outras. Em um primeiro momento, analisa-se como se constitui a oficialidade da monogamia nos discursos das aqui definidas instituições sociais, eleitas neste trabalho como a Igreja, o Estado e a Mídia. Para pensar o discurso religioso cristão, analisam-se trechos da Bíblia Sagrada e declarações dos líderes das denominações católica, evangélica e pentecostal sobre o casamento e as relações afetivo-sexuais. No que se refere ao Estado, discute-se por meio da Constituição Federal e de Projetos de Lei como se definem família e casamento. Posteriormente, por meio da discussão de alguns produtos midiáticos, com destaque para os filmes A Branca de Neve (1938) e Cinquenta tons de cinza (2015), analisa-se como a mídia vai constituindo a monogamia como discurso oficial. No segundo capítulo, discutem-se dados históricos fornecidos pela obra História do amor no Brasil (2005/1015) de Mary Del Priore, e documentos produzidos pelo movimento feminista da segunda onda, a fim de compreender como as alterações discursivas nos modelos oficiais de relações afetivosexuais alteram a vida das mulheres. No terceiro e último capítulo, analisa-se como se constitui a relação entre modelos de relacionamento afeito-sexuais e a dominação das mulheres em três textos de blogs auto denominados feministas. Após a discussão dos textos, conclui-se que a monogamia se constitui como meio de subjugação feminina ao ser incorporada ao discurso oficial, pois este tem como uma de suas bases o discurso de dominação masculina. Dessa forma, a relação entre a constituição discursiva da oficialidade de modelos de relacionamento afetivo-sexuais e a subjugação feminina está relacionada ao discurso da dominação masculina, e não à monogamia em si.
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Carmichael, Adam Burke. "The biopolitics of normative monogamy : a critical discourse analysis of the polygamy debate and Bountiful, British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28199.
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The issue of polygamy has become a political problem in the last twenty years in Canada, and in British Columbia specifically, because of legal ambiguity regarding the constitutionality of Canada's anti-polygamy law. This problem has been approached by academics primarily through a legal negotiation of women's rights versus religious minority rights. Popular polygamy discourse, however, is largely informed by a debate within the print media over core Canadian values regarding sexuality. This thesis examines the unequal power dynamics that serve as the preconditions for this debate and that are reinforced through the discourse. These dynamics form a complex web between various groups such as GLBTQ communities, social conservatives, secular feminists and those practising polygamy. I rely on a genealogical discourse analysis that traces the development of polygamy discourse in the mid-to-late nineteenth century, and the continuity of this discourse in the contemporary debate in Canada. Drawing on a critical analysis of Canadian print media, I argue that the contemporary polygamy debate reinforces a biopolitics of normalization in which a hetero-normative, monogamous and economically productive family unit is privileged at the expense of marginalized sexual-family structures that are characterized as a threat to the national population. I conclude that feminists concerned with equality within polygamous communities should take into account this exclusionary normalization while working against patriarchal forms of polygamy.
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Fye, Marissa A. "UNDERSTANDING HOW COUPLES MAINTAIN MONOGAMY:THE DEVELOPMENT OF A THEORY OF PROTECTIVE FACTORSUSING GROUNDED THEORY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1521372030824353.
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Cintra, Najla Lopes. "Uniões estáveis plúrimas e o reconhecimento do direito sucessório." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19377.
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This study aims to analyze the relationships that occur simultaneously among three or more people, with the consent of all of those involved and in a public way. The work's goal is to demonstrate that solutions brought by the lawmakers are not always capable to reach a group's aspiration, and these groups are compelled to search for the Judiciary System to see their rights ensured. However, many jurists' conservative thoughts prevent everyday's situations to be acknowledged, putting the cold letter of law above the individual's autonomy and human dignity. It will study monogamy and its usage as a principle or as an orientation rule. Family pillar principles will be brought up, as well as the comparison between the duties of fidelity and loyalty related to marriage and civil union. The analysis of possible effects resulting from these relationships will observe the good faith's existence and finally it will discuss succession matters concerning these arrangements
O presente estudo tem por objetivo a análise das uniões estáveis plúrimas, em que os relacionamentos se dão entre três ou mais pessoas, de forma pública e consentida. O trabalho tem por escopo demonstrar que nem sempre as alternativas trazidas pelo legislador conseguem responder aos anseios de uma coletividade, e que tais grupos se veem obrigados a buscar o judiciário para verem seus direitos resguardados. O posicionamento conservador de muitos juristas, contudo, impede que situações do dia-a-dia sejam reconhecidas, primando-se pela letra fria da lei em detrimento da autonomia da vontade e dignidade da pessoa humana. Analisar-se-á a monogamia e sua utilização como princípio ou regra de orientação. Serão abordados os princípios estruturantes da família, bem como comparados os deveres de fidelidade e lealdade relacionados ao casamento e à união estável. A atribuição de efeitos aos relacionamentos em questão passará, ainda, pela discussão da boa-fé, e discutir-se-á, por fim, a questão sucessória que permeia estes relacionamentos
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Smoczynski, Eva. "Poly - bejakandet av samtidigt begär och samtidig kärlek. : En genusvetenskaplig intervjustudie om att (vilja) ha flera kärleksfulla intima relationer samtidigt." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Gender, Culture and History, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-835.
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Poly, to live in several loving and intimate relationships at the same time, is one alternative to the mono norm. In Sweden polygamy is illegal yet in recent years poly has slowly started to enter the hetero normative political agenda and raise debate in the media. But what does poly mean, and how do those who identify with this type of relationship describe it in contrast to mono? The theoretical framework is based on a structural viewpoint of the changes in the organisation of the family and the growing de-traditionalism of society. Amongst other I use a Foucauldian perspective to explain the structural shift (yet not replacement) between an Alliance pattern and a Sexuality pattern. Other theories in use are that of the emerging ideal of The Pure Relationship and Queer Tendencies. The essay draws its empirical results from seven e-mail and/or face interviews with individuals who identify with poly. The results show that if poly and mono are both understood as expression of the pure relationship they are potentially not so different. Yet the stigma and the lack of role models show that there is much needed public debate about it to unleash it from old discourses that still seem to uphold the equation that love equals two partners. Drawing attention to queer mechanism and the initiated process of the decentralisation of the heterosexual norm, I speculate that in the future polygamy must not be a foreign concept in Swedish society.
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Andrews, Paul John Social Sciences & International Studies Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Gay men talk about the place of extra-relational sex in their committed relationships: orientations to the therapeutic terrain." Awarded By:University of New South Wales. Social Sciences & International Studies, 2010. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44847.
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Male couples place the issue of extra??relational sex (ERS) in their committed relationships at various points on a continuum between monogamy and non??monogamy. Further, many couples move about on this continuum over the course of the relationship, according to their changing wishes and desires. Making the right choice or transitioning from one relationship style to another is not always straightforward and unproblematic. Some male couples may benefit from therapeutic support at these crucial times. This research seeks to contribute to knowledge that could inform sensitive and respectful practice on the part of therapists and others who work with the relational concerns of gay men. Using qualitative methodology the research questions explored how gay men negotiate the place of ERS with their partners, the strategies they use to manage ERS, and their beliefs about the effects of their choices on themselves and their relationship. A purposive sample of 24 Sydney gay men (six single and 18 partnered) aged between 22 and 68 participated in the research. Data were collected through semi??structured interviews and subjected to thematic analysis. Despite diverse experiences of ERS, a core set of processes appeared central to relationship satisfaction and function. The knowledge produced by this research provides a number of ways for therapists to orient themselves to the therapeutic terrain of work with gay men and ERS while remaining alive to the unique and particular characteristics of the male couple relationship before them.
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Martin, Rowan O. "Long-term monogamy in a long-lived parrot : mating system and life-history evolution in the yellow-shouldered amazon parrot Amazona barbadensis." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.521839.
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Suhinina, Tanja. "Monogami - oavtalat avtalat." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24852.
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Monogami är normen för förhållanden i Sverige idag. Samtidigt är det relativt outforskat hur man väljer att vara monogam, vad monogami innebär för svenska monogama idag och vilka utmaningar den erbjuder. 20 svenska monogama intervjuades via chattprogram med stöd av intervjuguide för att besvara frågorna “Varför lever man monogamt?”, “Vilka känslomässiga utmaningar ställs man inför som monogam?” samt “Finns det kännetecknande psykologiska mönster för gruppen monogama?”. Tematisk analys av intervjuerna genomfördes. Resultaten pekar på att seriell monogami har en stark position som norm i Sverige. Informanterna framställde en generellt positiv bild av monogami där de var nöjda med sitt relationsval och inte upplevde stora känslomässiga utmaningar. Resultatanalysen komplicerar bilden genom att lyfta fram en framträdande inkongruens mellan vikten som informanter lägger vid överenskommelser kring monogamin i relationen och hur lite de pratar om monogami med sina partners. Ingångar till vidare forskning i ämnet föreslås.
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Kelley, Rebecca A. "avpr1a microsatellite length does not affect parental care in male prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster)." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1304103666.
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Villain, Avelyne. "Acoustic communication in female songbirds : functions, flexibility and plasticity in calls." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES069/document.
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La théorie de la sélection sexuelle a drastiquement orienté l’effort de recherche sur la communication acoustique chez les oiseaux : les mâles apprennent et produisent des chants élaborés et les femelles choisissent. Par conséquent (1) la production vocale chez les femelles a été négligée, (2) les cris (la majorité de la communication sociale) ont été peu étudiés. Contrairement aux chants, les cris ont été considérés comme innés et aucun effet de l’environnement sur leur structure n’était attendu. J’ai donc posé la question de la flexibilité vocale (court-terme) et de la plasticité vocale (au cours du développement) chez les femelles, en étudiant les cris majoritairement. J’ai étudié deux contextes où les deux sexes vocalisent: la communication dans le couple au nid et la communication parent-jeunes. Les vocalisations produites au nid par les couples montrent-elles de la flexibilité en réponse au bruit? Le développement des cris est-il influencé par l’environnement social ? J’ai travaillé sur deux espèces: le cincle plongeur, Cinclus cinclus et le diamant mandarin, Taeniopygia guttata. Chez les deux espèces, en réponse au bruit, les couples augmentent l’amplitude de leurs vocalisations. Chez le cincle une variation de la structure spectrale est observée dans les notes de chant mais pas dans les cris. Chez le diamant mandarin, les cris montrent des changements de leur structure spectrale: ils peuvent donc être flexibles en réponse au bruit. Les changements sont similaires chez les femelles et les mâles : la flexibilité n’est pas spécifique du sexe. Enfin, j’ai montré que l’environnement social précoce influence le développement des cris de quémande alimentaire chez le diamant mandarin : il existe une plasticité précoce des cris chez les mâles. J’ai montré que les femelles expriment des degrés de flexibilité similaires aux mâles mais que leur développement vocal peut prendre des trajectoires différentes. Les cris sont de bons objets de recherche pour étudier des variations de comportement vocal liées au sexeThe theory of sexual selection has drastically oriented research on acoustic communication in birds: males learn and sing conspicuous songs and females choose. Consequently, (1) female vocal production has been neglected, (2) birdcalls (most bird social communication) have been understudied. Birdcalls were supposed to be non-learned and no effect of the environment was expected on their structure (no flexibility, no learning). I thus focused my thesis on vocal flexibility (short-term) and vocal plasticity (developmental) of female vocalizations (mainly calls). I studied two contexts in which both sexes produce vocalizations: intrapair communication at the nest and parent-offspring communication. Do pairs express vocal flexibility in their calls in response to environmental noise? Is call development influenced by social environment? I studied two species: the white-throated dippers, Cinclus cinclus. (in which both sexes produce calls and songs) and the zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, (in which only males sing but both sexes use the same calls). I showed in both species, that in response to environmental noise, pairs increased the amplitude of their calls or song notes. In dippers, spectral flexibility was observed in song notes but not in calls. However, zebra finch calls showed spectral flexibility in response to noise. Both sexes showed similar changes in their calls: call spectral flexibility is not sex specific. Last, I showed that the structure of male begging calls changed in response to the early social environment, bringing evidence of early vocal plasticity in males. No change was found in females, showing that they either differ in their plasticity abilities or do not express plasticity because they receive different social feedbacks. My work showed that females and males show vocal flexibility but their vocal developmental trajectories may differ. Calls are thus good study objects to investigate sexual dimorphism in vocal behaviour
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García, de la Chica Alba Tamara. "Vocal, behavioral, and genetic correlates of pairliving and serial monogamy in owl monkeys (Aotus azarae) of northeast Argentina = Correlatos vocales, comportamentales y genéticos de la vida en pareja y la monogamia serial en los monos nocturnos (Aotus azarae) del noreste de Argentina." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671631.
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Understanding how a social organization and mating system can be beneficial, and hence, persist in populations, requires that we investigate the perspective of all individuals involved. However, in pair-living taxa, the role of solitary floaters, individuals that have dispersed f rom their groups and range unassociated with other reproductively mature individuals while seeking f or a reproductive position in a social group , has been largely ignored when developing hypotheses and theoretical models. This has been so even when the existence of solitary floaters influences the Operational and Adult Sex Ratio of a population and increases the intrasexual competition with mated individuals. In pair living sexually monogamous taxa, despite the f act that the variance in reproductive success likely depends on the relative number of floaters-to-established pairs, the intrasexual competition has usually been assumed to be low. This dissertation explores the role that intrasexual competition between floaters and pairs has in the social organization and mating system of wild Azara´s owl monkeys (Aotus azare), a cathemeral, pair living and sexually monogamous South American primate. In the past, intrasexual competition has been associated with sexual dimorphism in several taxa. In chapter two, focusing on identified individuals of known sex and age, I evaluated the degree of sexual dimorphism in loud calls while evaluating the hypothesis of sex -biased vocal behavior. The reduced sexual dimorphism present in sexually monogamous species often hampers to properly evaluate morphological or behavioral traits that may have been influenced by sexual selection. However, in such taxa the formation of new pairs requires individuals to be able to identify, at least, the sex of the caller.
This chapter presents evidence of sexual dimorphism in call structure, with females and males only emitting one type of call, each differing in dominant frequency and Shannon entropy. Further, the data support the hypothesis of sex-biased vocal behavior, with females emitting loud calls up to twice as much as males. Hence, I propose that Azara´s owl monkeys´ loud calls are sexually selected vocal traits that play a role in mate attraction. Likewise, my data suggest that this may be more important for females, likely because due to the extensive involvement of males in parental care in the species, females may f ace greater intrasexual competition in order to choose the best male. Based on this evidence of sexual dimorphism in loud calls, Chapter 3, explores the behavioral responses of mated pairs towards the simulated presence of male and female unfamiliar conspecific. As such, the main question of this chapter asks whether pairs primarily def end their territory or their mates. The data suggest that male and female owl monkeys guard their mates against competitors. Overall, males reacted more strongly than females and both sexes were more reactive to male than female unfamiliar calls, as evidenced by higher rates of sociosexual and vocal responses, movement towards the speaker, and intergroup encounters. Females guarding their partners against other males may be associated with their need to secure paternal investment. Likewise, the next chapter, f our, narrow the focus on this hypothesis even further, and evaluates the relationship between the replacement of a biological father and the age of death of young individuals. My results strongly suggest that the presence of a new unrelated male is associated with lower infant survival in Azara´s owl monkeys, and that this association seems to be more important if the replacement occurs during the first year of life of individuals, when infants are still dependent on direct parental care. I propose that in owl monkeys care by the male is required and, in the absence of direct attacks towards infants, those can still die f rom neglect or insufficient paternal care. Finally, my dissertation ends with a detailed narrative of one male´s life that shows the different forms of intrasexual competition that Azara´s owl monkeys f ace through their life. Together, my study adds to our knowledge of intrasexual competition in pair-living sexual monogamous animals by documenting some of the ways in which social pressures influence the mating and parenting strategies of the species. Specifically, my study emphasizes the need of biparental care in the maintenance of the social organization and mating system of Aotus azarae.Entender cómo una organización social y sistema de apareamiento puede n ser beneficiosos, y por lo tanto, persistir en una población, requiere que se estudien las perspectivas de todos los individuos involucrados. Sin embargo, en taxones que viven en parejas, el rol de los solitarios o flotadores, individuos sexualmente maduros que se han dispersado de sus grupos y que están buscando una oportunidad reproductiva, ha sido clásicamente ignorado a la hora de proponer y desarrollar hipótesis y modelos teóricos que expliquen dicha organización social. Esto ha sido así incluso cuando la existencia de estos solitarios influencia la proporción de machos y hembras en la población e incrementa la competición intrasexual con individuos emparejados. En especies que son sexualmente monógamas, generalmente se ha asumido que dicha competencia es baja, a pesar del hecho de que la variación en el éxito reproductivo de los individuos, probablemente depende del número relativo de flotadores que haya por cada pareja. Esta tesis explora el rol que tiene la competencia intrasexual entre flotadores e individuos emparejados en el mantenimiento de la organización social y el sistema de apareamiento de una población silvestre de monos nocturnos (Aotus azare), un primate sudamericano, caracterizado por ser sexualmente monógamo y formar vínculos de pareja relativamente estables en el tiempo . En el pasado, uno de los f actores más considerados a la hora de evaluar la competencia intrasexual ha sido el dimorfismo sexual presente en las especies. En el capítulo dos de mi tesis, evalué el grado de dimorfismo sexual en llamadas de larga distancia en Aotus azarae, mediante el análisis de datos acústicos provenientes de individuos identificados de sexo y edad conocidos. El dimorfismo sexual reducido presente en especies sexualmente monógamas, a menudo dificulta la evaluación adecuada de los rasgos morfológicos o de comportamiento que pueden haber sido influenciados por la selección sexual. Sin embargo, en tales taxones, la formación de nuevas parejas requiere que los individuos sean capaces de identificar, al menos, el sexo del individuo que vocaliza. Este capítulo presenta evidencia de dimorfismo sexual en la estructura de la llamada de los monos mirikiná, con machos y hembras emitiendo únicamente un tipo de llamada, cada uno diferente en su frecuencia dominante y entropía de Shannon. Además, los datos apoyan la hipótesis de un comportamiento vocal sexualmente sesgado, con hembras emitiendo el doble de llamadas de larga distancia que los machos. Por lo tanto, en este capítulo, propongo que las llamadas de larga distancia de los monos son rasgos vocales seleccionados sexualmente que juegan un papel importante en la atracción de pareja. Asimismo, mis datos sugieren que esta búsqueda activa de pareja podría ser más importante para las hembras, probablemente ya que debido a la amplia participación de los machos en el cuidado parental, las hembras podrían estar enfrentando una mayor competencia intrasexual a la hora de elegir al mejor macho. Con base en esta evidencia de dimorfismo sexual en las llamadas de larga distancia y con la implementación de un diseño semiexperimental en el campo, en el Capítulo 3 exploro las respuestas conductuales de parejas hacia la presencia simulada de individuos desconocidos de ambos sexos. Como tal, la pregunta principal de este capítulo es si las parejas defienden principalmente su territorio o sus parejas ante la presencia de un potencial competidor. Los datos sugieren que el recurso que machos y hembras más protegen de los competidores serían sus parejas. En general, las mayores reacciones fueron observadas en los machos, y ambos sexos reaccionaron más a las vocalizaciones de machos que de hembras, como lo demuestran las tasas más altas de respuestas sociosexuales y vocales, el movimiento hacia el altavoz y los encuentros intergrupales cuando se presentaron llamadas de machos. El hecho de que las hembras protejan a sus parejas ante la presencia de otros machos puede estar asociado con su necesidad de asegurar la inversión paternal. De este modo, el cuarto capítulo, estrecha aún más el enfoque de esta hipótesis y evalúa la relación entre el reemplazo de un padre biológico y la edad de muerte de las crías y juveniles. Mis resultados sugieren que la presencia de un nuevo macho, supuestamente no emparentado, se asociaría con una menor supervivencia infantil en los monos Aotus azarae, y esta asociación parece ser más importante si el reemplazo ocurre durante el primer año de vida de las crías, cuando éstas aún son dependientes del cuidado parental directo. Por lo tanto, en mi tesis propongo la necesidad de cuidado paterno en la especie, y que, en ausencia de ataques directos hacia las crías, éstas aún pueden morir por negligencia o cuidados insuficientes. Finalmente, mi tesis presenta una narración detallada de la vida de un macho , Fabian, que muestra las diferentes formas de competencia intrasexual que estos monos enfrentan a lo largo de su vida. En conjunto, mi estudio aporta a nuestro conocimiento de la competencia intrasexual en especies sexualmente monógamas que viven en pareja, al documentar algunas de las formas en que las presiones sociales influyen en las estrategias de apareamiento y crianza de la especie. Específicamente, mi estudio enfatiza la necesidad del cuidado biparental en el mantenimiento de la organización social y el sistema de apareamiento de Aotus azarae.
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Filenga, Daví. "Relações monogâmicas entre estados multipartidos e efeitos de memória em computação quântica baseada em medidas projetivas /." Bauru, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192390.
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Orientador: Felipe Fernandes FanchiniResumo: Na presente Tese realizou-se um estudo acerca das relações monogâmicas entre emaranhamento de formação (EF) e discórdia quântica (DQ) para sistemas quânticos multipartidos, bem como um estudo acerca da dinâmica dissipativa de operações lógicas de 1 (portas NOT e Z) e 2 (porta CNOT) qubits para uma computação quântica baseada em medidas projetivas (MBQC). Como resultado, expressões as quais generalizam relações de conservação entre EF e DQ puderam ser deduzidas, bem como relações de distribuição de DQ para sistemas de n partes. Ademais, ampliando os estudos referentes a sistemas multipartidos, uma pesquisa a respeito da influência dos canais amplitude damping (AD) e phase damping (PD) em uma MBQC considerando ambientes altamente não-Markovianos pôde ser desenvolvida. Nesse sentido, uma medida denominada fidelidade média (Fm) foi então proposta, a partir da qual expressões analíticas puderam ser deduzidas para os canais em questão, e sendo demonstrado que Fm resulta em valores idênticos para as portas X e Z. Além do mais, também foi possível realizar um estudo acerca dos tempos ótimos das medidas, segundo o qual pôde-se concluir que sua rápida execução não necessariamente implica em melhores resultados, tampouco sua lenta execução não necessariamente implica em piores. Nesse contexto, pôde-se também demonstrar que para o canal AD o conhecimento do mapa dissipativo já é o suficiente para intuitivamente determinar os melhores tempos de medidas, sendo que o mesmo não necessariamen... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In this work a study about the monogamous relations between entanglement of formation (EF) and quantum discord (QD) for multipartite quantum systems, as well the dissipative dynamics of 1 (NOT and Z gates) and 2 (CNOT gate) qubits for a measurement-based quantum computation (MBQC) could be developed. As a result, expressions which generalize conservation laws between EF and DQ could be deduced, as well as DQ distribution laws for n part quantum systems. In addition, expanding the multipartite systems studies, a research about the influence of the amplitude damping (AD) and phase damping (PD) channels in an MBQC considering highly non-Markovian environments also could be developed. In this sense, a measure called average gate fidelity (Fm) was proposed, from which we deduce analytical expressions for the channels and show that it is identical for the X and Z gates. In addition, we conducted a study of the optimal measurement times, where we conclude that neither fast application of the projective measurements necessarily implies better results, nor slow application necessarily implies worse results. Furthermore, it was also possible to demonstrate that while for the AD the knowledge of the dissipative map is sufficient to determine the best measurement times, the same is not necessarily true for the PD, where the time of the set of measures becomes crucial since a phase error in one qubit can fix the phase error that takes place in another. Finally, a study was carried out on ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Midnattssol, Ida. "Ett relationsanarkistiskt ställningstagande - en undersökning av subjektspositionering inom relationsanarki." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Umeå centrum för genusstudier (UCGS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-67448.
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This essay aims to examine what subject positions are possible within the discourse of relationship anarchy. Through semi-structured interviews with four people who define themselves as relationship anarchists I've made a discourse analysis to determine how these relationship anarchists explain what, in the discourse they’re in, is described as an relationship anarchistic way of being, what isn’t and how they relate to this. Relationship anarchy is described as an ideology based on freedom. It is about the right to define their relationships as they like, as something constantly changing and that does not hold a specific value based on its label. But it is apparent that the freedom is relative when it occurs in a discourse where other standards are created. Based on these standards, both the hegemonic discourse, where being a couple is the relationship standard, and the counter-hegemonic relationship anarchist discourse, the respondents are positioning themselves as something different from that, and that their way of practicing relationships are based on responsibility and communication. Based on this I find that there are three possible subject positions within relationship anarchy: the idealogical, the player and the responsible.
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Opie, Christopher Francis. "The evolution of social systems in human and non-human primates." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:572277ae-73cc-42f5-bffb-f49502379688.
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From a Darwinian perspective, both history and environment are causal factors for change in animal social behaviour. Because behaviour leaves no fossil evidence researchers have focused on how social systems help animals and humans adapt to their current environments and have only been able to make tentative suggestions about how such systems may have evolved. However, a new theoretical framework, based on Darwin’s insights, allows phylogenetic relatedness to be incorporated into comparative analyses to discover the ancestral states of social behaviour and the ultimate drivers of change in human and primate societies. This thesis uses these new methods to investigate the history and drivers of change in human and primate sociality and proposes a new model of primate social evolution. Analyses of mating systems suggest that social monogamy in humans and other primates is the result of infanticide risk brought about by life history changes. These methods were also able to reveal how changes in inheritance rules to matriliny among Bantu-speaking societies, contributed to a switch to matrilocal residence, which in turn contributed to a change from polygynous marriage to monogamy. Cultural history effects change in both descent and residence patterns, while geographical proximity also affects descent, but residence and environmental factors drive changes in marriage. This approach may provide a way for the various schools for the study of human and primate social behaviour to collaborate more closely and provide ultimate answers to the drivers of change in human society.
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Silva, Marcos Alves da. "Da superação da monogamia como princípio estruturante do estatuto jurídico da família." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4286.
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A tese propõe novos fundamentos para a abordagem da conjugalidade contemporânea, tendo como eixo de referência a superação da monogamia como princípio estruturante do estatuto jurídico da família. Alguns fios condutores perpassam a tese e norteiam o tratamento do tema: (i) o princípio jurídico da monogamia como mecanismo legitimador da dominação masculina; (ii) a preocupação com a construção de lugares de não-direito e de invisibilidade jurídica de determinadas pessoas, mormente, as concubinas, excluídas da condição de sujeito de direito; (iii) o concubinato, campo privilegiado de estudo, é referido e analisado como estatuto de exclusão; (iv) os fatores decisivos para a reconfiguração da conjugalidade contemporânea: a democracia, o pluralismo cultural e a laicização do Direito; (v) a perspectiva do Direito Civil constitucionalizado é tomada como referência para a problematização da questão central da tese, e os princípios constitucionais da dignidade humana, solidariedade, igualdade, liberdade e democracia prestam-se ao estabelecimento de um banco de provas a que é submetida a assertiva que constitui o enunciado da própria tese: a superação da monogamia como princípio estruturante do estatuto jurídico das famílias contemporâneas. O tratamento dado à matéria é necessariamente interdisciplinar, tendo-se mostrado indispensável a interlocução, ainda que pontual, com historiadores, antropólogos, e sociólogos e mesmo com autores das ciências naturais. O princípio da monogamia consolidado no Ocidente, por força do monopólio da regulação das relações familiares pelo Direito Canônico, especialmente, pelos decretos e cânones tridentinos, e transposto ao domínio jurídico do Estado, a partir das revoluções burguesas experimenta, na reconfiguração da conjugalidade contemporânea, efetivo arrefecimento. Fatores, como a superação da dominação masculina, a laicização do Estado e do Direito, a primazia alcançada pela autonomia privada no campo das situações subjetivas existenciais e coexistenciais, a consagração do princípio do pluralismo das entidades familiares, nítida expressão da democratização da intimidade, são indicados como razões decisivas para a superação da monogamia como princípio jurídico.The thesis proposes new foundations to approach the contemporaneous conjugality, specially referring to the overcoming of monogamy as a structural foundation for the juridical status of the family. Some essential ideas permeate the thesis and guide the discussion of the topic: (i) monogamy as the juridical institute able to legitimize the masculine domination; (ii) attention to the construction of no-Law zones and to the invisibility of some persons, mainly concubines, that are not entitled to the ownership of rights; (iii) the concubinage, an important field of study, is referred and analyzed as a exclusionist status; (iv) the decisive factors for the reconfiguration of contemporaneous conjugality: democracy, cultural pluralism and laicization of Law; (v) a constitutionally based Civil Law perspective is the foundation for the construction of the thesis discussions, and the constitutional principles of human dignity, solidarity, equality, freedom and democracy serve as tests to the main thesis proposal: the overcoming of monogamy as a structural basis for the juridical foundation of contemporaneous family. The perspective adopted in this study is perforce interdisciplinary, and the discussion, even if topical, with historians, anthropologists and sociologists and, also, with some authors from natural sciences, has been essential. The monogamy principle consolidated in the Occident by the Canonic Laws monopoly on the regulation of familiar relations, especially regarding decrees and Tridentine canons, and transported to the State juridical domination by the Bourgeois Revolutions is subjected to an effective loss of strength in the reconfiguration of contemporaneous conjugality. The overcoming of male domination, the laicization of the State and the Law, the primacy achieved by private autonomy regarding the field of existential and co-existential subjective situations, the consecration of the pluralism of familiar entities as a principle, a clear a expression of the democratization of the intimacy, are decisive factors for the overcoming of the monogamy as a juridical principle.
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Avanthay, Strus Jacqueline. "Manitoban Consensual Non-monogamous Couples' Conciliation of Their Parenting Role and Their Sexual Lifestyle During the Transition to Parenthood." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39589.
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Background: Consensual non-monogamous couples (CNMCs) are viewed less favourably than their heteromononormative counterparts by the general population and by healthcare providers. Research indicates that they are less likely to seek health care and are at greater risk for STIs and HIV. This stigma and judgment perceived by CNMCs can be even further compounded when these couples choose to have a child. No study to date has looked at consensual non-monogamous parenting couples (CNMPCs) during the transition to parenthood. The aim of the present study was to explore Manitoban CNMCs’ perceptions of the conciliation between their parenting role and their sexual lifestyle during the transition to parenthood.
Methodology: This mixed methods descriptive, exploratory study used a triangulation design-convergence model. Six participants identifying as CNMCs during the transition to parenthood were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide as well as completing an online questionnaire.
Results: The participants in this sample experienced challenges in regard to their transition to parenthood as many other parents do, yet this transition was more harmonious for some participants compared to others. Consensual non-monogamy (CNM) was a sexual lifestyle chosen either before or during this transition. However, the lifestyle did stop during conception and pregnancy, and was resumed several months after childbirth. Relationship breakdown may occur, but not necessarily associated with CNM. The conciliation of parenting and sexual roles is facilitated when communication and intimacy are present between partners. Participants emphasized the importance of family before their chosen sexual lifestyle. The relationship with health care providers is critical for participants of CNM as it impacts how they seek health care or disclose their lifestyle. This is more important during the transition to parenthood as more challenges can be present. Three phases that CNMCs pass through were also identified, contemplation, acting and incorporation, to integrate CNM as a lifestyle.
Discussion: These findings permitted a closer look at the conciliation of the parenting role and the sexual lifestyle of CNMPCs during their transition to parenthood. These findings demonstrated not only how CNMPCs were similar and different from participants in other studies, but also highlighted how they were uniquely distinct. This distinction appears to stem from a certain resilience gained from the three phases of the incorporation of CNM as a lifestyle that appears to buffer these couples in situations of stress. A new proposed model, CNMPCs’ Model of Resilience during the Incorporation of CNM as a Lifestyle While Parenting, is suggested. There is a need for more psychosexual education for perinatal nurses in regard to sexuality minorities such as CNMPCs in the context of the transition to parenthood.
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Carnes, Emma. "Navigating Polyamory and the Law." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1752402/.
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My research explores what laws, such as laws surrounding immigration, child custody, and divorce, negatively affect polyamorous individuals in the U.S. and how people's perceptions of barriers differ along lines of gender-sexual-racial-class identities. My applied research is conducted for my client, a CNM-friendly attorney in D.C. I investigate the experience of polyamorous people that use lawyers they perceive as consensually non-monogamous (CNM)-friendly. I probe what it means to be "CNM-friendly," how one promotes oneself as a CNM-friendly lawyer to potential clients and the world at large, and the relationship between being a CNM-friendly lawyer and activism.
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Čičelytė, Ieva. "Banguotųjų papugėlių (Melopsittacus undulatus L.) veisimasis, kintant lyčių santykiui grupėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20090908_193915-36401.
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Šis darbas yra skirtas banguotųjų papūgėlių veisimosi sistemos, kintant lyčių santykiui grupėje, tyrimams. Tyrimų rezultatai rodo, kad vyraujanti veisimosi sistema banguotųjų papūgėlių grupėje su vienodu lyčių santykiu, grupėje esant patinų trūkumui ir grupėje, kurioje trūksta patelių, yra monogamija. Poligamijos atveju, poliginiški patinai vieną savo patelių – dominantę - maitina geriau negu kitą, nedominuojančią patelę. Kopuliacijos su ne savo poros nariu yra retos. Patelės kopuliuoja su tais patinais, kurie geriausiai jas maitina. Ištirta, kad dominuojančios patelės veisiasi geriau negu nedominuojančios. Agonistinė šios rūšies paukščių elgsena jų veisimosi sistemos tiesiogiai neįtakoja. Monogamija yra vyraujantis banguotųjų papūgėlių veisimosi būdas, kadangi patinų tėviška globa yra labai svarbus veiksnys, įtakojantis patelių veisimosi sėkmę.The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of sex ratio on the reproductive system of the budgerigars. The main reproductive system in all the groups was monogamy, i.e. in the group of birds with the equal sex ratio, in the group with female-biased sex ratio and in the group with male-biased sex ratio. The polygynous males fed their primary females more often in comparison with secondary females. Extra-pair copulations were rare. The females copulated with those males which fed them the best in the group of polygamous birds. The reproductive success of primary females was higher in comparison to secondary females. The agonistic behaviour was not an immediate factor of the main reproductive system in budgerigars. Monogamy seems to be the optimum mating situation for female of this species, because the paternal investment of the male turns out to be very important to female’s breeding success.
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Thompson, Cynthia L. "Sex, Aggression, and Affiliation: The Social System of White-faced Saki Monkeys (Pithecia pithecia)." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1303399136.
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Nield, Jennifer. "Correlates and Predictors of Risky Sexual Partnering." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2977.
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Introduction: Sexually Transmitted Diseases, including HIV/AIDS, continue to be a major burden in the United States. Sexual partnering behaviors contribute to the spread of STDs. Sexual concurrency has been shown to exponentially increase STD prevalence in populations. Serial monogamy with short periods between sexual partners also introduces risk. Methods: We identified sexually active men and women from the 2006-2010 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and used sub sets for each particular study. Sexual partnering was defined as being concurrent, serially monogamous or monogamous in the previous year. Polytomous logistic regression models were developed to evaluate the associations between age of sexual debut among adult men, age of menarche and discordant heterosexual identity and behavior among all women and sexual partnering patterns. Descriptive, mediation, subpopulation and stratified analyses were also conducted. Results: Sexual debut < 15 and 15-17 years was associated with concurrency (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)<15: 2.19; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.36-3.55; aOR 15-17: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.04-2.75). This association was mediated by lifetime number of partners (further adjusted for lifetime partners: OR<15: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.74-2.22; OR15-17: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.67-1.92). Age of menarche was not associated with subsequent concurrent sexual partnering (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)early: 1.09; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.57-2.09; aORaverage: 1.13; 95% CI: 0.64-1.99) or serial monogamy (aORearly: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.41-1.38; aORaverage: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.39-1.29). A subanalysis among currently unmarried women did not alter this relationship. Heterosexually discordant women who had both male and female partners in the previous year were 5.5 times as likely to report having a concurrent relationship (95% CI: 2.77-11.09) and 2.43 times as likely to report engaging in serially monogamous relationships (95% CI: 1.19-4.97) with their male partners than concordant women. Conclusions: Sexual partnering behaviors are potentially modifiable and reducing risky partnerships will contribute to a decrease in STD acquisition and transmission. Our findings have important implications. Clinically, they support the provision of comprehensive services, regardless of sexual identity. For policy, they confirm the need for early, inclusive and thorough sexual and reproductive health programming for our youth, in particular focusing on the benefits of lifetime partner reduction.
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Godfrey, Lisa M. "Sexual Agreements in Young Male Same-Sex Couples: Associations with Relationship Quality and Stability." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1535466835884631.
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Glasper, Erica Renee. "Psychobiological factors alter health outcome." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1148415999.
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Calhoun-Shepard, Rebecca. "Polyamorous Millennials in Therapy: Interpreting Experiences to Inform Care." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1568762190955648.
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Quinard, Aurélie. "Diversité génétique individuelle, différenciation morphologique et comportementale entres les sexes, patterns d'appariement et paramètres démographiques chez une espèce d'oiseau tropicale et monogame, la tourterelle à queue carrée, Zenaida Aurita." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00995585.
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La recherche en écologie comportementale est affectée par un biais notoire en faveur des oiseaux des zones tempérées, en dépit de la plus grande diversité des espèces tropicales et des conditions naturelles radicalement éloignées qui rendent les connaissances sur les espèces tempérées peu pertinentes pour les espèces tropicales.Nous proposons de combler le manque d'informations concernant les oiseaux tropicaux via l'étude d'une espèce socialement monogame, se reproduisant et défendant un territoire toute l'année, la Tourterelle à queue carrée, Zenaida aurita. Pour commencer, nous avons cherché à déterminer le caractère sexuellement mono- ou dichromatique de la coloration du plumage et si celui-ci reflétait la qualité individuelle. Nous avons ensuite exploré les patterns d'appariements au sein des couples selon le degré d'hétérozygotie et la taille du corps. Afin d'établir la force des liens du couple, nous avons évalué le taux de divorce, les hypothèses pouvant expliquer les cas répertoriés, et les conséquences du changement de partenaire. Ceci a été suivi par la caractérisation des rôles des sexes au sein des couples selon diverses activités. Des analyses de capture-marquage-recapture ont permis d'estimer le taux de survie ainsi que l'influence du degré d'hétérozygotie et de la taille de l'aile sur la survie. La Tourterelle à queue carrée paraît suivre les spécificités comportementales, écologiques et démographiques caractérisant les espèces tropicales à monogamie pérenne
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Laubu, Chloé. "Emotions et personnalité : au cœur des décisions chez un poisson monogame." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCK049/document.
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Au cours de leur vie, les animaux doivent sans cesse prendre des décisions qui impactent leur survie et leur succès reproducteur. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’étudier le rôle de deux sources de variabilité dans la prise de décision — la personnalité et l’état émotionnel — en contexte sexuel chez un poisson monogame, le cichlidé zébré. Nos travaux sur la personnalité ont mis en évidence son importance sur la compatibilité comportementale et le succès reproducteur des partenaires. De plus, les individus les plus réactifs se sont ajustés à leur partenaire et ont augmenté leur succès reproducteur. Ceci supporte l’hypothèse d’une plus grande flexibilité de ces individus qui compenseraient ainsi leur faible compétitivité. Les différents profils de personnalité peuvent ainsi être considérés comme des stratégies alternatives. Le maintien de la variabilité interindividuelle pourrait ainsi s’expliquer par le succès équivalent de ces stratégies. Les émotions sont, elles, une cause de variabilité intra-individuelle souvent négligée qui pourrait pourtant représenter une information interne utilisée par l’individu pour prendre ses décisions. En transposant le test cognitif du biais de jugement aux poissons, nous avons pu observer un lien étroit entre leur état émotionnel et la présence/absence du partenaire. Ces résultats suggèrent un rôle des émotions dans les processus d’appariement et interrogent sur leur utilisation dans les prises de décision. Les individus se basent-ils sur leurs émotions pour choisir un partenaire ? Est-ce adaptatif ? À travers l’étude de ces sources de variabilité comportementale, nous avons observé que, loin d’être distribuée aléatoirement, la variabilité était liée à des stratégies décisionnelles et pouvait influencer le succès reproducteur des individus. Il serait donc crucial de la prendre en compte pour appréhender l’évolution des processus décisionnelsDuring their lives animals constantly need to make decisions that influence their survival and their reproductive success. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the role of two variability sources in decision-making — personality and emotional states — in a sexual context in a monogamous fish, the convict cichlid. Our work about personality highlights its importance on pair compatibility and reproductive success. We also observe that reactive individuals adjusted their behaviour to their partner and thus increased their reproductive fitness. This result supports the hypothesis that reactive individuals are more flexible and thus compensate for their weak competitiveness.Personality traits are thus to be considered as co-existing alternative strategies. The maintenance of this inter-individual variability can be results from their equal success on the long run. Emotional states are source of intra-individual variability that has been largely underestimate. However they may represent an internal information used by individuals to make choice. We developed a protocol of cognitive judgment bias test in fish to evaluate their emotional states, and we observed a strong relationship with the presence/absence of the preferred partner. These results suggest that emotions is a key component of pair-bonding and then question how animals use them to make decision. Do they choose a partner based on their emotional states in an adaptive way? Through these different studies, we have shown that behavioural variability is not randomly distributed. On the contrary, it is linked to different strategies and it can influence reproductive success. It is thus crucial to take this parameter into account in order to understand the evolution of decision processes
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Pineaux, Maxime. "Gènes immunitaires du CMH chez un oiseau monogame : fitness et stratégies de reproduction." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30275.
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Pendant la reproduction, les parents devraient ajuster leurs décisions en fonction des bénéfices qu'ils en tireront. La production de descendants de bonne qualité peut notamment être assurée par le choix d'un partenaire de bonne qualité génétique. Cependant, des contraintes peuvent limiter ce choix et entraîner un appariement sous-optimal, dont les coûts devraient avoir favorisé l'évolution de stratégies compensatoires après l'appariement. Dans cette thèse, je me suis intéressé aux gènes immunitaires du complexe majeur d'histocompatibilité de classe II (CMH-II) et à la consanguinité chez un oiseau marin monogame, la mouette tridactyle (Rissa tridactyla). Tout d'abord, la diversité au niveau du CMH-II des poussins était associée positivement à leur aptitude, mais cela n'était vrai que pour les femelles. En accord avec ces résultats, les parents avec un CMH-II fonctionnellement similaire, qui produisent des poussins peu divers au niveau du CMH-II, surproduisaient des fils, conformément aux attendus de la théorie de l'allocation au sexe. Concernant la consanguinité, elle réduisait la probabilité d'éclosion des œufs lorsque le sperme fécondant était âgé. Comme attendu, les couples consanguins exprimaient des comportements sexuels leur permettant d'éviter la fécondation par du sperme âgé. Dans l'ensemble, cette thèse montre que les parents peuvent ajuster certaines de leurs décisions reproductives en fonction de leur similarité génétique au niveau de gènes fonctionnellement importants et sur l'ensemble du génome, leur permettant ainsi de compenser en partie les coûts d'un appariement sous-optimalParents are expected to adjust their reproductive decisions depending on the future advantages they will gain. These advantages include increased offspring fitness through acquisition of genetic benefits from mates. However, constraints may force individuals to mate with suboptimal partners. The costs of suboptimal pairing should have created selective pressures inducing the evolution of counter strategies. In this thesis, I investigated whether individuals adjust some reproductive post-pairing decisions depending on the prospective genetic characteristics of their offspring, along with the fitness consequences of these genetic characteristics, using a monogamous seabird species, the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). First, I found that chick functional diversity at major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) genes, which play a pivotal role in vertebrate immunity, was positively associated with fitness-related traits in females, but not in males. Accordingly, parents with functionally similar MHC-II, that were more likely to produce chicks with low MHC-II-diversity, overproduced sons, in line with sex allocation theory expectations. Second, I report experimental evidence that genome-wide genetic similarity between mates decreased egg hatchability when the fertilizing sperm was old. In line with our expectations, genetically-similar pairs performed behaviors allowing avoidance of fertilization by old sperm. Overall, this thesis provides evidence that parents flexibly adapt some reproductive decisions in response to within-pair genetic similarity at key functional genes and over the whole genome, thereby partly compensating the detrimental consequences of suboptimal pairing
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Drygala, Frank. "Space use pattern, dispersal and social organisation of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides GRAY, 1834) an invasive, alien canid in Central Europe." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2009. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-25476.
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Abstract
Between October 1999 and October 2003, 30 adult and 48 young (< 1 year) raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were monitored using radio-telemetry in an area of Germany which has been occupied by this invasive alien species since the early 1990s. Additionally, three pairs of raccoon dogs were observed by continuous radio-tracking during the first six weeks after parturition in 2003. Furthermore 136 raccoon dog pubs were ear-tagged between June 1999 and August 2006.
No adult animals dispersed from the area during the study period and home ranges tended to be used for several years, probably for life. The average annual home range size, calculated using 95% fixed kernel, was 382.2 ha ± 297.4 SD for females (n = 30 seasonal home ranges) and 352.4 ha ± 313.3 SD for males (n = 32 seasonal home ranges). Paired raccoon dogs had home ranges of similar size, with pair sharing the same area all year round.
Raccoon dogs occupied large core areas (85% kernel) covering 81.2% of their home ranges. The home ranges were at their smallest during the mating season. The slightly larger size of home ranges in winter suggests that, due to the temperate climate, raccoon dogs do not hibernate in Germany. Males and females formed a long-term (probably lifelong) pair bond. Same-sex neighbours ignored each other and even adjacent males/females showed neither preference nor avoidance. Thus, it can be assumed that the raccoon dog in Central Europe is monogamous without exclusive territories, based on the results of home range overlap analysis and interaction estimations.
Habitat composition within home ranges and within the whole study area was almost equal. Although, percentage shares of farmland and meadow was 16.35% smaller and 12.06% higher within the home ranges, respectively. All nine habitat types (farmland, forest, settlement, water, meadows, maize fields, small woods, reeds and hedges) were used opportunistically by raccoon dogs. No significant, recognisable difference for habitat preferences between seasons was detected. Male and female raccoon dog showed equal habitat preference pattern. A comparison of active and inactive locations in different habitats found no remarkable differences. Habitat composition of individual home ranges was used to classify animals. If the percentage of forest within a home range exceeded 50% the individual was classified as a ‘forest type’ raccoon dog. If the percentage of forest habitats within a home range was less than 5%, the share of pastureland was mean 81.82% ± 16.92 SD. Consequently the individual was classified as a ‘agrarian type’ raccoon dog. Neither habitat preference nor habitat selection process differed between the two ‘types’. Habitat use and preference is discussed with relation to the ability of the raccoon dog to expand its range towards Western Europe.
Males spent noticeably more time (40.5% of the time ±11.7 SD) alone with the pups than females (16.4% of the time ±8.5 SD). Females had noticeably larger 95% kernel home ranges (98.24 ha ±51.71 SD) than males (14.73 ha ±8.16 SD) and moved much longer daily distances (7,368 m ±2,015 SD) than males (4,094 m ±2,886 SD) in six weeks postpartum. The raccoon dogs being studied left the breeding den in the 6th week after the birth of the pups. In situ video observation showed that the male carried prey to the den to provide the female and the litter with food. A clear division of labour took place among parents during the period in which the pups were nursed: males guarded the litter in the den or in close vicinity of it, while the females foraged to satisfy their increased energy requirements.
There were relocations of 59 (43.4%) ear-tagged young racoon dogs and mean distance from marking point was 13.5 km ±20.1 SD. Dispersal mortality rate was 69.5% among young raccoon dogs. Most animals (55.9%) were recovered nearer than 5 km from the marking point, whereas only 8.5% relocations were recorded further than 50 km from the marking point. There was no difference in the distances of relocations between sexes. Most (53.7%) relocations of ear-tagged young raccoon dogs were in August and September and, only 34.1% were recorded from October to April. Hunting (55 %) and traffic (27 %) were the major mortality factors. Radio-collared young raccoon dogs generally dispersed between July and September. The mean natal home range size (MCP 100%) with and without excursions was 502.6 ha ±66.4 SD (n = 9) and 92.1 ha ±66.4 SD (n = 17), respectively. There were no differences between sexes in the month of dispersal. The direction of travel for dispersing animals appeared to be random, with distances from 0.5 km to 91.2 km. A highly flexible dispersing behaviour is certainly one of the reasons which contribute to the high expansion success of the species.
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Culina, Antica. "With or without you : pair fidelity and divorce in monogamous birds." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6f2d3c09-712c-4f1f-838a-4a23fe5c85d1.
Full textAbstract:
The drivers of fidelity and divorce of pair-bonded individuals, along with their fitness consequences, are of great interest as they influence mating systems, population structure and productivity, and gene flow. Socially monogamous birds offer an ideal opportunity to study divorce since they show great variability in the extent to which pair bonds are maintained. However, there has been little consensus as to whether divorce is a behavioural adaptation to improve a mating situation, or a consequence of other processes. Moreover, the biological and ecological correlates of fidelity are difficult to address because previous work has been based on indirect and potentially biased methods. Finally, in terms of process, the link between the process of mate choice and subsequent mating decisions has been largely inaccessible to study. My doctoral thesis addressed these significant gaps in our understanding of cause, process and consequence in the formation and dissolution of pair bonds in socially monogamous birds. I accomplished this in three principal ways. First, I conducted a robust phylogenetic meta-analysis on 84 studies across 64 species to assess the existing empirical evidence that divorce in socially monogamous birds is adaptive (in terms of breeding success). This analysis revealed that divorce is, in general, adaptive as it is both triggered by relatively low breeding success and leads to improvement in success. Next, I developed a novel probabilistic multievent capture–mark–recapture framework that provides joint estimates of survival and fidelity while explicitly accounting for imperfect detection, capture heterogeneity, and uncertainty in pair status. By applying this model to breeding data on a wild great tit population I showed that birds that remain faithful to their partner exhibit higher survival rates and are more likely to remain faithful in the next breeding season than do birds that change partners. Subsequently, I confirmed the generality of a survival benefit by applying the model to breeding data on other tit populations. Then, by applying the model to data from a population of mute swans, I showed that fidelity decreases the likelihood of skipping breeding and mortality in this long-lived species, and that these effects depended on age, individual quality, and immigration status. Finally, I investigated how the timing of pair formation influences breeding success and divorce probability using five years of data on the over-winter social behaviour of great tits. I showed that early pair formation had a positive effect on fitness components, influencing the likelihood of divorce only indirectly, through breeding success. Further, my work revealed that males, but not females, with higher numbers of the female associates in winter, and males whose future breeding partners were ranked low amongst these, divorced more often. My research makes a significant contribution to our understanding of divorce and fidelity, and generates a number of important implications for future studies. First, my work establishes that divorce is adaptive for breeding success. Second, my results highlight that survival is an important (and likely, widespread) fitness consequence of pairing decisions. Third, I provide a novel statistically rigorous modelling framework for estimating fidelity-rates and testing hypothesis about fidelity that overcomes many of the inherent biases in traditional estimates. Fourth, it provides the first evidence for a selective advantage of early pair formation in wild, thus highlighting that there are benefits to pair familiarity that manifest via social associations of individuals prior to breeding. Finally, my work reveals the selective pressures operating via the social environment can ultimately influence the mating strategies individuals adopt.
50
Drygala, Frank. "Space use pattern, dispersal and social organisation of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides GRAY, 1834) an invasive, alien canid in Central Europe." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-39711.
Full textAbstract:
Between October 1999 and October 2003, 30 adult and 48 young (< 1 year) raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were monitored using radio-telemetry in an area of North-East Germany which has been occupied by this invasive alien species since the early 1990s. Additionally, three pairs of raccoon dogs were observed by continuous radio-tracking during the first six weeks after parturition in 2003. Furthermore 136 raccoon dog pubs were ear-tagged between June 1999 and August 2006.
No adult animals dispersed from the area during the study period and home ranges tended to be used for several years, probably for life. The average annual home range size, calculated using 95% fixed kernel, was 382.2 ha ± 297.4 SD for females (n = 30 seasonal home ranges) and 352.4 ha ± 313.3 SD for males (n = 32 seasonal home ranges). Paired raccoon dogs had home ranges of similar size, with pair mates sharing the same area all year round.
Raccoon dogs occupied large core areas (85% kernel) covering 81.2% of their home ranges. The home ranges were at their smallest during the mating season. The slightly larger size of home ranges in winter suggests that, due to the temperate climate, raccoon dogs do not hibernate in Germany. Males and females formed a long-term (probably lifelong) pair bond. Same-sex neighbours ignored each other and even adjacent males/females showed neither preference nor avoidance. Thus, it can be assumed that the raccoon dog in Central Europe is monogamous without exclusive territories, based on the results of home range overlap analysis and interaction estimations.
Habitat composition within home ranges and within the whole study area was almost equal. Although, percentage shares of farmland and meadow was 16.35% smaller and 12.06% higher within the home ranges, respectively. All nine habitat types (farmland, forest, settlement, water, meadows, maize fields, small woods, reeds and hedges) were used opportunistically by raccoon dogs. No significant, recognisable difference for habitat preferences between seasons was detected. Male and female raccoon dog showed equal habitat preference pattern. A comparison of active and inactive locations in different habitats found no remarkable differences. Habitat composition of individual home ranges was used to classify animals. If the percentage of forest within a home range exceeded 50% the individual was classified as a ‘forest type’ raccoon dog. If the percentage of forest habitats within a home range was less than 5%, the share of pastureland was mean 81.82% ± 16.92 SD. Consequently the individual was classified as a ‘agrarian type’ raccoon dog. Neither habitat preference nor habitat selection process differed between the two ‘types’. Habitat use and preference is discussed with relation to the ability of the raccoon dog to expand its range towards Western Europe.
Males spent noticeably more time (40.5% of the time ±11.7 SD) alone with the pups than females (16.4% of the time ±8.5 SD). Females had noticeably larger 95% kernel home ranges (98.24 ha ±51.71 SD) than males (14.73 ha ±8.16 SD) and moved much longer daily distances (7,368 m ±2,015 SD) than males (4,094 m ±2,886 SD) in six weeks postpartum. The raccoon dogs being studied left the breeding den in the 6th week after the birth of the pups. In situ video observation showed that the male carried prey to the den to provide the female and the litter with food. A clear division of labour took place among parents during the period in which the pups were nursed: males guarded the litter in the den or in close vicinity of it, while the females foraged to satisfy their increased energy requirements.
There were relocations of 59 (43.4%) ear-tagged young raccoon dogs and mean distance from marking point was 13.5 km ±20.1 SD. Dispersal mortality rate was 69.5% among young raccoon dogs. Most animals (55.9%) were recovered nearer than 5 km from the marking point, whereas only 8.5% relocations were recorded further than 50 km from the marking point. There was no difference in the distances of relocations between sexes. Most (53.7%) relocations of ear-tagged young raccoon dogs were in August and September and, only 34.1% were recorded from October to April. Hunting (55 %) and traffic (27 %) were the major mortality factors. Radiocollared young raccoon dogs generally dispersed between July and September. The mean natal home range size (MCP 100%) with and without excursions was 502.6 ha ±66.4 SD (n = 9) and 92.1 ha ±66.4 SD (n = 17), respectively. There were no differences between sexes in the month of dispersal. The direction of travel for dispersing animals appeared to be random, with distances from 0.5 km to 91.2 km. A highly flexible dispersing behaviour is certainly one of the reasons which contribute to the high expansion success of the species.