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Journal articles on the topic 'Monomer ratios'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Yu, Xinliang, Wenhao Yu, Bing Yi, and Xueye Wang. "Prediction of monomer reactivity ratios in radical copolymerization of vinyl monomers." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 74, no. 9 (2009): 1279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2008215.

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Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models are developed to predict monomer reactivity ratios (log r12) in radical copolymerization with monomers M1 (styrene, methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile) and M2 (vinyl monomers). The quantum chemical descriptors are calculated by the density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP level of theory with 6-31G(d) basis set. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis and artificial neural network (ANN) were used to generate Model S (monomer 1: styrene), Model MM (monomer 1: methyl methacrylate) and Model A (monomer 1: acrylonitrile). Simulatio
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2

Daswani, Pooja, and Alex van Herk. "Solubility Data of Comonomer Pairs Relevant to Aqueous-Phase Study in the Emulsion Copolymerization." Dataset Papers in Materials Science 2013 (December 12, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/610329.

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In emulsion copolymerizations, the two monomers might not be equally incorporated in the copolymers. Besides copolymerization in the particles, also copolymerization in the aqueous phase can take place which affects the formation of oligomeric radicals responsible for the entry of radicals into the particles. In describing copolymerization in emulsion polymerization, one can use the normal reactivity ratios in combination with the monomer feed ratios in the phase at hand (either water phase or particle phase). Most of the research works done were focused on the feed ratio of the monomers in th
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3

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi. "Studying Reactivity Relationships of Copolymers N-naphthylacrylamide with (Acrylicacid and Methylacrylate)." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 2 (2019): 0345. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.16.2.0345.

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The organation ⁄monomer N-naphthylacrylamide (NAA) was prepared; subsequently the synthesized monomer was successfully copolymerized with acrylicacid (AA) and methylacrylate (MA) by free radical technique using dry benzene as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 10% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized monomer and copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. K
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Mohammed, Ameen Hadi. "Studying Reactivity Relationships of Copolymers N-naphthylacrylamide with (Acrylicacid and Methylacrylate)." Baghdad Science Journal 16, no. 2 (2019): 0345. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.2.0345.

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The organation ⁄monomer N-naphthylacrylamide (NAA) was prepared; subsequently the synthesized monomer was successfully copolymerized with acrylicacid (AA) and methylacrylate (MA) by free radical technique using dry benzene as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 10% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized monomer and copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. K
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5

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi, Tamador Ali Mahmood, Selvana Adwar Yousif, Aminu Musa, and Nerodh Nasser Dally. "Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Ratios of Poly Phenyl Acrylamide-Co-Methyl Methacrylate." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.66.

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The monomer phenyl acrylamide was synthesized by reacting acrylamide with chloro benzene in the presence of pyridine. Copolymer of phenyl acrylamide (PAM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was synthesized by free radical technique using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 15% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scannin
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6

Ubukata, Y. "Kinetics of Polymeric Substrate Removal by Activated Sludge: Hydrolysis of Polymers is the Rate-Determining Step." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (1992): 2457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0761.

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A large portion of organic matter in primary effluent is polymers such as proteins and polysaccharides, and heterotrophic bacteria can directly take up only monomers such as amino acids and glucose that are produced from polymers by hydrolysis. Therefore it is assumed that the hydrolysis of polymers to monomers is the rate-determining step in activated sludge process. Activated sludges were acclimated to dextrin or peptone, and polymers (dextrin or peptone) and monomers (glucose or a mixture of free amino acids) were used as substrates for kinetics tests. Monomers were removed linearly, and th
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7

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid and Methylmethacrylate." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 1 (2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.11.1.123-127.

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Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP (monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA ) systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer
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8

Hamza, Rana R., Mahmoud A. Al-Issa, and Redha I. Al-Bayati. "Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid and Methylmethacrylate." Baghdad Science Journal 11, no. 1 (2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2014.11.1.123-127.

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Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP (monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA ) systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer
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9

Johari, Yanti. "Mechanical Properties of Newly Developed Flowable Composite Derived from Rice Husk at Different Monomer Ratios." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 21, no. 3 (2024): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/jmeche.v21i3.27347.

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An ideal flowable composite (FC) requires good mechanical properties to fulfill its role as a dental restorative material and ensure durability and clinical efficacy, with these properties being influenced by different monomer ratios. The study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the newly developed FC on Vickers hardness, flexural strength, and flexural modulus at different monomer ratios. The newly developed FC employed nanohybrid silica from rice husk and zirconia as fillers, and the ratio of urethane dimethacrylate to triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (UDMA:TEGDMA) at 20:80, 30:
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10

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Acrylic acid." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.2.285-288.

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Low conversion copolymerization of acrylamide AM (monomer-1) have been conducted with acrylic acid AA in dry benzene at 70°C , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.620, 0.996) for (AM / AA) systems , and found that the reactivity of the monomer AA is more than the monomer AM in the copolymerization of (AA/AM) system. The reactivity ratios values were used for microstru
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11

Al-Issa, Mahmoud A., and Ameen H. Mohammed. "Copolymerization of Acrylamide with Acrylic acid." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 2 (2012): 285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2012.9.2.285-288.

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Low conversion copolymerization of acrylamide AM (monomer-1) have been conducted with acrylic acid AA in dry benzene at 70°C , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical procedures. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) are: (0.620, 0.996) for (AM / AA) systems , and found that the reactivity of the monomer AA is more than the monomer AM in the copolymerization of (AA/AM) system. The reactivity ratios values were used for microstru
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12

Kolář, Martin, Jana Machotová, Martin Hájek, Jan Honzíček, Tomáš Hájek, and Štěpán Podzimek. "Application of Vegetable Oil-Based Monomers in the Synthesis of Acrylic Latexes via Emulsion Polymerization." Coatings 13, no. 2 (2023): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13020262.

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In this work, two bio-based raw materials, rapeseed oil and technical-grade oleic acid, were modified to yield acrylated monomers. Polymeric latexes designed for coating applications were synthesized using emulsion polymerization. Methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate were copolymerized with various ratios of the acrylated bio-based monomers (0–20 wt. % in the monomer mixture). The polymerization with high monomer conversion and low coagulum content was successfully performed up to the content of 15 wt. % of the bio-based monomers, leading to long-term stable latexes. The asymmetric flow fiel
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13

Kasem, Kasem K., Monica Schultz, and Sarah H. Osman. "Optical and Photoelectrochemical Investigation of Mixed Photoactive Poly 2,2’,5,2’’ ter-thiophene and Poly 2,2 bithiophene. Role of Intermixed Phases Created By the Co-electro-polymerization Process." International Journal of Chemistry 12, no. 1 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v12n1p49.

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Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes modified with polymeric films of poly 2,2 bithiophene (PBth) and/or poly 2,2’,5,2’’-terthiophene (PTerth) were subjected to optical, photoelectrochemical (PEC), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. Electropolymerization of mixed monomers containing bi-thiophene (Bth) and ter-thiophene (Terth) with different ratios resulted in the formation of intermixed phases. The recorded optical and PEC and EIS outcome data show that these intermixed polymer networks do not follow a monotonic relationship with the m
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14

Nishida, Takenori, Kotaro Satoh, and Masami Kamigaito. "Biobased Polymers via Radical Homopolymerization and Copolymerization of a Series of Terpenoid-Derived Conjugated Dienes with exo-Methylene and 6-Membered Ring." Molecules 25, no. 24 (2020): 5890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245890.

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A series of exo-methylene 6-membered ring conjugated dienes, which are directly or indirectly obtained from terpenoids, such as β-phellandrene, carvone, piperitone, and verbenone, were radically polymerized. Although their radical homopolymerizations were very slow, radical copolymerizations proceeded well with various common vinyl monomers, such as methyl acrylate (MA), acrylonitrile (AN), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and styrene (St), resulting in copolymers with comparable incorporation ratios of bio-based cyclic conjugated monomer units ranging from 40 to 60 mol% at a 1:1 feed ratio. The mon
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15

Sun, Yu, Guo Zheng, Hong Xiang Yang, Yan Jun Liu, and Xiao Ning Li. "Thermal Properties of Ester-Type Easy Cationic Dyeable Poly(ethylene Terephthalate) (ECDP) Polymers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 44-47 (December 2010): 2409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.44-47.2409.

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This study investigated the thermal properties of ester-type easy cationic dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ECDP) polymers using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), therogravimetric analysis (TGA). The mass ratios of 5-sodium sulfo bis(-hydroxyethyl) isophthalate(SIPE) for ECDP polymers were 2.8%, 5.5%, 6.8%, respectively. The fourth monomers were diethylene glycol adipate (DGA), diethylene glycol succinate (DGS) and diethylene glycol subacate (DES) with different contents. The results suggested that the Tg of ester-type ECDP decreased with the increasing the molecule weight of the f
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16

Li, Min, and Hen Mei Ni. "Study on the Precipitation Polymerization of Acrylamide and Methacrylic Acid in Ethanol by Conductimetry: Phase- Separation Prior to Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 639–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.639.

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Conductimetry was employed to investigate the precipitation polymerization of acrylamide/methacrylic acid (AAm/MAA) in ethanol (EtOH). The conductivity change vs. temperature of AAm/MAA-EtOH as well as the effects of monomer ratio and monomer concentration was studied. An abrupt decrease of conductivity in AAm/MAA-EtOH was observed at ca 25°C, indicating the phase separation of monomers and EtOH. As the ratios of AAm/MAA increased from 2/1 to 5/1 (wt/wt), the phase separation temperature increased from 22 to 31°C. The higher the monomers concentration, the temperature of phase separation is lo
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17

Ilic-Stojanovic, Snezana, Ljubisa Nikolic, Vesna Nikolic, et al. "Influence of monomer and crosslinker molar ratio on the swelling behaviour of thermosensitive hydrogels." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 18, no. 1 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq110711040i.

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The synthesis of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylate) hydrogel along with the analysis of the residual monomers content and influence of monomer and crosslinker molar ratios on the swelling behaviour was investigated. Synthesis of thermosensitive hydrogel based on N-isopropylacrylamide was carried out with the molar ratios of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol. % of monomer 2- hydroxypropyl-methacrylate, in the presence of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as a crosslinker (1, 1.5, 2 and 3 mol. %) and 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitril) as an initiator in acetone. The quantities of resi
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18

Tiu, Janine, Renan Belli, and Ulrich Lohbauer. "Characterization of Heat-Polymerized Monomer Formulations for Dental Infiltrated Ceramic Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (2021): 7370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167370.

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(1) Objectives: This work examined properties of dental monomer formulations of an aromatic dimethacylate (BisGMA), aliphatic urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA), and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA). The monomers were combined in different ratio formulations and heat-polymerized containing the initiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO) specifically for the purpose of infiltration into polymer-infiltrated composite structures. (2) Methods: The monomers were combined in different weight ratios and underwent rheological analysis (viscosity and temperature dependence), degree of conversion, and mechan
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19

Erol, Ibrahim. "Copolymerization of two new kinds of methacrylate monomers and determination of monomer reactivity ratios." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 100, no. 3 (2006): 1864–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.23134.

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20

Lv, Sheng Hua, Jian Ping Duan, Ming Ming Hou, Xiao Liang Yan, Gang Liu, and Rui Jun Gao. "Preparation of Grafting Starch by HRP Catalyst and it’s Application in Leather Tanning Process." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 3588–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.3588.

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Two grafting starch was obtained by grafting copolymerization of two synthetical vinyl monomers using HRP/H2O2 as catalyst. The structure of vinyl monomers was verified by 1H-NMR.The grafting polymer was proof by structures were verified by FTIR. The effect of mass ratio of starch and vinyl monomer on the grafting efficiency (GE) and grafting percentage (GP) was studied. The highest GE and GP of the first grafting starch was 35% and 32%, 59% and 50% for the second grafting starch when the vinyl monomer ratio was 9%. The molecular mass tested by GPC for the two kinds grafting starch with highes
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21

Cruz-Aguilar, Antonio, Juan Coreño-Alonso, and Ana María Herrera González. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Bifunctional Monomers Derived from Post-Industrial PET as Crosslinking Agents for Acrylic Monomers." Advanced Materials Research 976 (June 2014): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.976.59.

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Two bifunctional monomers, bis (acryloxyethyl) terephthalate (BAOET) and bis (allyloxycarboniloxyethyl) terephthalate (BAOCOET), derived from PET waste were tested as crosslinking agents for acrylic and methacrylic acids (AA and MA, respectively). BAOET and BAOCOET were obtained from the reactions of acryloyl chloride and allyl chloroformate, respectively, with bis (hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET). This was obtained from the glycolysis of postindustrial PET with ethyleneglycol (EG). Both bifunctional monomers were characterized by NMR 1H. Polymerizations of BAOET and BAOCOET with the acryli
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22

Schovanec, Martin, Jiří Horálek, Štěpán Podzimek, and Jaromír Šňupárek. "Copolymerization of 2-[3-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl Methacrylate with Styrene." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 72, no. 9 (2007): 1244–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20071244.

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Radical copolymerization of 2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate (M1) with styrene (M2) at 70 °C in 1,4-dioxane was investigated and the reactivity ratios were determined. The copolymerization was carried out as batch copolymerization to a low conversion or as copolymerization with a continuous addition of monomers at higher instantaneous conversion. The monomer reactivity ratios of the copolymerizable UV stabilizer 2-[3-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate with styrene were determined using the Finemann-Ross plot for both copolymeration technique
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23

Deb, P. C. "Monomer reactivity ratios in styrene/2-ethylhexylacrylate copolymer." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 97, no. 4 (2005): 1753–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.21873.

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24

Mohsen, Hassan Noori, Yehya Kamal Al-Bayati, and Rana Rasool Jalil. "Iron Ionic Imprinted Polymers IIps for Separation and Preconcentration of Iron from Crude and Fuel Oil." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 12, no. 2 (2022): 27–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v12i2.656.

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A novel Iron ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) was synthesized by bulk polymerization using different types of monomers such as 1-vinyl imidazole and Styrene, respectively. Molar ratios of monomer, template and cross-linking agent for polymerization, various monomers and solvents were studied to obtain the largest adsorption capacity for Iron. The prepared Iron-IIPs were characterized using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier - transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The three-dimensional network structure surfaces of Iron-IIPs are unaffected
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25

Nadtoka, Oksana, Anton Gerasimenko, and Vladimir Syromyatnikov. "Synthesis and Investigation of Polymerization Properties of Methacrylic Monomers with Chiral Fragments." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 3, no. 2 (2015): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv3i2p101-108.

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Methacrylic monomers containing chiral moieties and azobenzene derivatives were synthesized. As the chiral component was used menthol. The polymerization properties of monomer (5-methyl-2- (1-methyl)cyclohexanol with azomonomers were studied and the reactivity ratios as well as parameters Q and e characterizing the activity of the obtained monomers have been calculated. On basis of the synthesized monomers were synthesized chiral-photochromic copolymers and their absorption spectra were studied. It was shown that in the copolymers absorption spectra the absorption maxima are in the wavelength
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26

Holdsworth, Clovia I., Michael C. Bowyer, Chris Lennard, and Adam McCluskey. "Formulation of Cocaine-Imprinted Polymers Utilizing Molecular Modelling and NMR Analysis." Australian Journal of Chemistry 58, no. 5 (2005): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch04138.

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Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) have distinctive features that make them attractive as an inexpensive, reusable, and robust field-based detection system for illicit substances. Optimizing MIP performance is traditionally attained by the synthesis and evaluation of a plethora of individual formulations. A non-covalently imprinted polymer for cocaine has been prepared using a commercially available molecular modelling package (Spartan 02) to predict energetically favourable monomer–template interactions between the target (T) and two different functional monomers (FM)—methacrylic acid (MAA)
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27

G. S. Hassoon and Y. K. Al-Bayati. "PREPARATION, IDENTIFICATION AL (III) AND SELECTIVE ADSORPTION BY IMPRINTING POLYMER IN WATER IN BAGHDAD." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 56, no. 3 (2025): 1138–46. https://doi.org/10.36103/zyqfqr59.

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This research aimed to form a molecularly imprinted polymer by adding aluminum ion at the first step were to the allyl bromide monomer resulted was formation using bulk polymerization. To acquire the highest adsorption capacity, molar ratios of template, monomer, and cross-linking agent, as well as solvents and multiple monomers, were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the produced aluminum. the maximum adsorption capacity of Al-IIP were 0.1531 µmol/g and 0.2362 µmol/g respectively. aluminum adsorption followed a Langmuir isotherm model. Solid-phase extraction
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28

Nguyen, Van Hai, Thanh Danh Nguyen, Jongwoo Song, Jongdeok An, and Chan Im. "Influence of Block Ratio on Thermal, Optical, and Photovoltaic Properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(3-butylthiophene)-b-poly(3-octylthiophene)." Molecules 27, no. 23 (2022): 8469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238469.

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Efforts to improve the solar power conversion efficiencies of binary bulk heterojunction-type organic photovoltaic devices using an active layer consisting of a poly-(3-alkylthiophene) (P3AT) homopolymer and a suitable fullerene derivative face barriers caused by the intrinsic properties of homopolymers. To overcome such barriers, researchers might be able to chemically tailor homopolymers by means of monomer ratio-balanced block copolymerization to obtain preferable properties. Triblock copolymers consisting of three components—3-hexylthiophene (HT), 3-butylthiophene (BT), and 3-octylthiophen
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29

Lakard, Sophie, Emmanuel Contal, Karine Mougin, and Boris Lakard. "Electrodeposition and Characterization of Conducting Polymer Films Obtained from Carbazole and 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)acetic Acid." Electrochem 3, no. 2 (2022): 322–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electrochem3020022.

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Electrochemical oxidation of electrolyte solutions containing carbazole (Cz) and 2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)acetic acid (CzA) monomers was performed in acetonitrile solutions. Different Cz and CzA feed ratios were used to electrodeposit solid polymer films of various compositions, and to study the influence of the monomer ratio on the physicochemical properties (electroactivity, topography, adhesion, stiffness, wettability) of the polymer films. Thus, electrochemical oxidation led to the deposition of a solid film of micrometric thickness, but only for the solutions containing at least 30% of Cz. The
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30

Journal, Baghdad Science. "Reactivity Ratios of the Copolymerization Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate Using FT-IR Spectroscopy with Comparing to Mathematically Method." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 4 (2012): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.4.695-702.

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Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate were prepared chemically under Nitrogen ,which was investigated, in the present of Benzoyl Peroxide as Initiator at concentration of 2 × 10-3 molar at 70 °C, which was carried out in Benzene as solvent to a certain low conversion . FT-IR spectra were used for determining of the monomer reactivity ratios ,which was obtained by employing the conventional linearization method of Fineman-Ross (F-R) and Kelen-Tüdos (K- T). The experimental results showed the average value for the Styrene r1 / Methyl Methacrylate r2 system, Sty r1 = 0.45
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31

Abdul-Jaleel, Tariq, and Wajeeh Younis. "Reactivity Ratios of the Copolymerization Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate Using FT-IR Spectroscopy with Comparing to Mathematically Method." Baghdad Science Journal 9, no. 4 (2012): 695–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2012.9.4.695-702.

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Free Radical Copolymerization of Styrene/ Methyl Methacrylate were prepared chemically under Nitrogen ,which was investigated, in the present of Benzoyl Peroxide as Initiator at concentration of 2 × 10-3 molar at 70 °C, which was carried out in Benzene as solvent to a certain low conversion . FT-IR spectra were used for determining of the monomer reactivity ratios ,which was obtained by employing the conventional linearization method of Fineman-Ross (F-R) and Kelen-Tüdos (K- T). The experimental results showed the average value for the Styrene r1 / Methyl Methacrylate r2 system, Sty r1 = 0.45
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32

Y. K. Al-Bayati. "SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF MEETHAMPHETAMINE – IMPRINTED POLYMERIC SOLID-PHASE." IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 54, no. 4 (2023): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i4.1811.

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This study was determine methamphetamine by the addition to the glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomer resulting from bulk polymerization formation. To acquire the highest adsorption capacity, molar ratios of the template, monomer, and cross-linking agent, as well as solvents and multiple monomers were investigated. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to analyze the Methamphetamine polymer. The elution of Methamphetamine had a small effect on the surfaces of the three-dimensional network structure. Methamphetamine was successfully eluted
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33

Ekpenyong, Kieran I. "Monomer reactivity ratios: Acrylic acid-methylmethacrylate copolymerization in dimethylsulfoxide." Journal of Chemical Education 62, no. 2 (1985): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed062p173.

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34

Ameen, Hadi Mohammed, and Rasheed Jubair Susan. "Study of Copolymerization Acrylamide with Methyl Methacrylate." International Journal of Biology and Medicine 2, no. 1 (2020): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.36811/ijbm.2020.110018.

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Copolymer of acrylamide (AM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was synthesized by free radical technique using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 15% wt/wt) for all studies copolymer’s samples. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratio
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Liu, Zhongming, Gao Chao, Linlin Chen, et al. "Preparation of an amphoteric lignin copolymer and its value in the papermaking industry." BioResources 15, no. 4 (2020): 9625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9625-9641.

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Lignin biomass is an important renewable woody material that can be converted into high value-added products through physical and chemical reactions, such as paper strength additives. In this study, a cationic methacryloyloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride monomer (DMC) and anionic acrylic monomer (AA) were grafted onto softwood kraft lignin through free radical polymerization to prepare an amphoteric lignin copolymer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), elemental analysis, and charge density analysis methods confirmed that
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36

Czerwiński, Wojciech, and Rafał Malinowski. "The soluble copolymers of polyalkylthiophenes with different molar ratios of co-mers." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 3 (2015): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0101.

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Abstract Three novel soluble copolymers of poly(3-penthylthiophene) [P(3PT)] and poly(3-phosphate diethyl 3-thienylmethyl) [P(3FT)] of different molar ratios of co-mers (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3) have been chemically synthesised. The final copolymers were obtained by functionalisation of poly(3-penthylthiophene-co-3-bromomethylthiophene) [P(3PT-co-3BT)] copolymers, because P(3FT) monomer does not couple in position 2-5′ of the copolymers. The structure and physical-chemical properties of resulting polymer was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT
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Hüppe, Tobias, Dominik Lorenz, Felix Maurer, Tobias Fink, Ramona Klumpp, and Sascha Kreuer. "Quantification of Volatile Acetone Oligomers Using Ion-Mobility Spectrometry." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2021 (August 2, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6638036.

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Background. Volatile acetone is a potential biomarker that is elevated in various disease states. Measuring acetone in exhaled breath is complicated by the fact that the molecule might be present as both monomers and dimers, but in inconsistent ratios. Ignoring the molecular form leads to incorrect measured concentrations. Our first goal was to evaluate the monomer-dimer ratio in ambient air, critically ill patients, and rats. Our second goal was to confirm the accuracy of the combined (monomer and dimer) analysis by comparison to a reference calibration system. Methods. Volatile acetone inten
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Wasnik, Hemlata R., Deepali S. Kelkar, and Vikrant Y. Ganvir. "Yield analysis of copolymers: effect of temperature, feed ratio and initiator concentration on the copolymerization." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 2 (2015): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0027.

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Abstract Copolymerization of pyrrole and aniline was carried out using chemical methods. The synthesis was carried out at different temperatures for different proportions of the monomers. The monomer reactivity ratios for pyrrole and aniline were calculated as 5.2 and 0.19, respectively, by using the low conversion analysis method. In addition, the same was done for two different concentrations of the initiator. The graphs for percentage conversion were plotted for various combinations of temperature, feed ratio and initiator concentration. Thus, an effort was made to study the impact of vario
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Waode, Rustiah*1 Alfian Noor1 Maming1 &. Muhammad Lukman2. "ASSESSMENT OF TRANSPORT MATERIAL MAINLAND BASED ON THE COMPOSITION OF LIGNIN PHENOLS IN COASTAL WATER OF THE SPERMONDE ARCHIPELAGO, INDONESIA." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & RESEARCH TECHNOLOGY 7, no. 5 (2018): 446–53. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1252818.

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Measurements of lignin-phenols monomers from mainland effluents are used to tracing riverine inputs and diagenesis processes of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the riverine. The purpose of this study is to analyze the transport of mainland material on the west coast of South Sulawesi based on lignin phenols monomer composition, and bulk elemental (rasio C/N and stable isotope carbon values, d<sup>13</sup>C) on dissolved organic carbon material. Sea water samples were collected in October 2017 (dry season) and March 2018 (rainy season), from coastal waters of Tallo-Makassar river
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40

Liu, Qiang, Ge Xi, Tao Wu, et al. "Preparation of pH-Sensitive Poly (N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) Acrylamide-co-acrylic Acid) Hydrogels and Their Performance." Gels 11, no. 4 (2025): 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11040241.

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Drug-loaded hydrogels are promising for modern medicine due to their physical modifiability. However, most hydrogels suffer from poor swelling, which limits their drug encapsulation and release capabilities. In this study, Poly (N-(2-hydroxyethyl) acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) (Poly (HEAA-co-AA)) hydrogels with high swelling properties are synthesized via free radical polymerization of neutralized acrylic monomers. The effects of the material ratio and acrylic acid neutralization degree on the swelling properties of hydrogels in water are investigated, and the swelling properties of hydrogels pr
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Saif, Muhammad Jawwad, Jamil Anwar, Nazeran Idrees, Naveed Athir, Tanvir Hussain Bokhari, and Waheed uz-Zaman. "Acrylate copolymers containing benzimidazolium moieties: synthesis and antimicrobial applications." e-Polymers 14, no. 6 (2014): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2014-0151.

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AbstractThe allylic monomer N-allyl-N-butylbenzimidazolium bromide (ABBB) was synthesized by reacting allyl bromide with benzimidazole and subsequent quaternization with 1-bromobutane. Copolymers of ABBB with butyl acrylate (BA) were prepared in dimethyl formamide solution at 70°C using a free-radical polymerization technique with different monomer feed ratios. Monomer reactivity ratios for the ABBB-BA pairs were evaluated by the Fineman-Ross (r1=0.40; r2=1.49) and Kelen-Tüdõs (r1=0.36; r2=1.46) linearization methods. Thermal behavior of the copolymers of different compositions was evaluated b
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Wiacek, Malgorzata, Dorota Wesolek, Szymon Rojewski, Krzysztof Bujnowicz, and Ewa Schab-Balcerzak. "Halogeno-modified polystyrene: monomer reactivity ratios, thermal behaviour and flammability." Polymer International 63, no. 11 (2014): 1982–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4748.

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43

Wiles, K. B., V. A. Bhanu, A. J. Pasquale, T. E. Long, and J. E. McGrath. "Monomer reactivity ratios for acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate free-radical copolymerization." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 42, no. 12 (2004): 2994–3001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.20149.

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44

Yadav, Sarika, та A. K. Srivastava. "Kinetics and monomer reactivity ratios ofN-vinylpyrrolidone and α-terpineol". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 103, № 1 (2006): 476–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.24978.

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Wiacek, Malgorzata, Dorota Wesolek, Szymon Rojewski, Krzysztof Bujnowicz, and Ewa Schab-Balcerzak. "Boronated (co)polystyrene: monomer reactivity ratios, thermal behavior and flammability." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 26, no. 1 (2014): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.3418.

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Ramelow, Ulku S., and Qing Hua Qiu. "Monomer reactivity ratios in UV-initiated free-radical copolymerization reactions." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 57, no. 8 (1995): 911–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070570803.

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47

Kavousian, A., F. Ziaee, M. H. Nekoomanesh, M. J. Leamen, and A. Penlidis. "Determination of monomer reactivity ratios in styrene/2-ethylhexylacrylate copolymer." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, no. 5 (2004): 3368–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20338.

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48

Ranogajec, F., D. D. Fleš та R. Vuković. "High conversion polymerization of α-methylstyrene with maleimide at different monomer-to-monomer ratios in the feed". Polymer Bulletin 24, № 6 (1990): 597–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00300154.

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49

Yang, Xiulan, Minzhao Gu, Qunmei Wei, et al. "Photo-Embossed Surface Relief Structures with Improved Aspect Ratios and Their Applications in Liquid Crystal Devices." Polymers 14, no. 1 (2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010171.

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Photo-embossing has been developed as a convenient and economical method for creating complex surface relief structures in polymer films. The pursuit for large aspect ratios of the photo-embossed structures has never stopped. Here, we demonstrate a simple strategy to obtain improved aspect ratios by adding a quick solvent developing step into the photo-embossing process. A good solvent for the monomer is used to remove unreacted monomers from the unexposed region, resulting in deepened valleys of the surface reliefs. In a polymer film as thin as 2.5 µm, the height of the surface reliefs can be
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50

Dikalova, Anna, Judy L. Aschner, Mark R. Kaplowitz, Gary Cunningham, Marshall Summar, and Candice D. Fike. "Combined l-citrulline and tetrahydrobiopterin therapy improves NO signaling and ameliorates chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborn pigs." American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 318, no. 4 (2020): L762—L772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00280.2019.

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Newborn pigs with chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) have evidence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling. In this model, we showed that therapies that promote eNOS coupling, either tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a NOS cofactor, or l-citrulline, a NO-l-arginine precursor, inhibit PH. We wanted to determine whether cotreatment with l-citrulline and a BH4 compound, sapropterin dihydrochloride, improves NO signaling and chronic hypoxia-induced PH more markedly than either alone. Normoxic (control) and hypoxic piglets were studied. Some hypoxic piglets received sole tr
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