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Journal articles on the topic 'Monosemous'
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1
Bogaards, Paul, Elisabeth van der Linden, Tom de Wolf, and Lydius Nienhuis. "Polysemie En Vertaling In Een Vreemde Taal." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 50 (January 1, 1994): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.50.13bog.
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In this article we address the question whether polysemous words are more difficult to translate than monosemous words. If the two different meanings of a polysemous word have to be translated by two different words in the target language, the translator wil have to select the right one. We hypothesized that this choice would make the translation of polysemous words a more demanding task. In our investigation we operationalized the notion of difficulty in terms of response time: Does it take more time to translate polysemous words than to translate comparable monosemous words? We created an experimental setting permitting the measurement in milliseconds of the oral translation of words presented in small disambiguating contexts on a monitor. The experimental material consisted of polysemous words and the same number of monosemous words, which were comparable, by matching, in frequency and meaning. The results of our investigation induced us to adjust our hypothesis: Not all meanings of polysemous words seem to be more difficult to translate than monosemous words. The results showed that the more frequent meanings of the polysemous words were translated at about the same rate as their monosemous counterparts, whereas the translation of the less frequent ones took significantly more time than the translation of the comparable monosemous words. Probably, while translating a polysemous word, the translator goes straight to the translation of the most frequent meaning; when he sees that this translation doesn't fit in the given context, he continues his search for the translation that will fit better in the context.
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Nicolle, Steve. "Be going toandwill:a monosemous account." English Language and Linguistics 2, no. 2 (1998): 223–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674300000861.
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This paper provides an account ofbe going toandwillwithin the framework of Relevance Theory (Sperber & Wilson, 1986, 1995). Because of the range of interpretations derived from the use of these expressions in different contexts, many previous accounts have characterized them as polysemous. This polysemy has been attributed to semantic retention, whereby both old (lexical) and new (grammaticalized) meanings are recovered in certain contexts. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate: (i) that althoughbe going todoes exhibit semantic retention, in a relevance-theoretic framework this does not entail polysemy, and (ii) that interpretations ofwillpreviously attributed to semantic retention are, in fact, pragmatically derived, and hencewillis also monosemous.
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Casadei, Federica. "La monosemia nel lessico di alta frequenza: un’indagine sull’italiano." Linguistik Online 122, no. 4 (2023): 13–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.122.10197.
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It has long been known in statistical linguistics that there is a strong correlation between the frequency of a word and its polysemy, i. e. that more frequent words tend to have more meanings. There are, however, also high-frequency words that are monosemous. The aim of this work is to investigate how many and which monosemous words are found in the Italian high-frequency lexicon, i. e. in the about 7,700 words that constitute the basic vocabulary (Nuovo Vocabolario di Base, NVdB). Confirming the relationship between frequency and polysemy, only 8% of the words in the NVdB are monosemous according to the main Italian dictionary, and a subsequent check in other dictionaries and in corpora further reduces the amount of monosemous words to less than 6%. A semantic analysis shows that the majority of them are technical or technical-like words with a very specific and referentially restricted meaning. (e. g. elettrone, stendibiancheria); but there are also words with a generic meaning (funzionamento), and non-referential words such as grammatical words (sebbene) or interjections (boh). These three classes of words could be considered more or less central cases of monosemy, adopting a prototype definition of this notion.
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Cowper, Elizabeth A. "English Participle Constructions." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 40, no. 1 (1995): 1–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100015668.
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AbstractThis article provides an analysis of participial constructions in English, within the feature-checking approach to inflectional morphology. It argues for a unified treatment of the perfect, passive and adjectival uses of the past participle, involving a monosemous inflectional head checking a monosemous affix. There are two classes of constructions with -ing, each of which is given a unified treatment. The analysis requires the assumption that head-adjoined structures can be generated directly, rather than arising only as a result of movement. It also demonstrates that inflectional and derivational affixation are inherently different processes. An affix may in principle be attached by either process, with each process resulting in a different output structure. With these two provisos, it is possible to maintain both Johns’ (1992) One Form/One Meaning Principle and the more restrictive Strong Monosemy Principle proposed here.
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Krizhanovsky, Andrew. "A Quantitative Analysis of the English Lexicon in Wiktionaries and WordNet." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 8, no. 4 (2012): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jiit.2012100102.
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A quantitative analysis of the English lexicon was done in the paper. The three electronic dictionaries are under examination: the English Wiktionary, WordNet, and the Russian Wiktionary. It was calculated the quantity of English words and meanings (senses) in these dictionaries. The distribution of words for each part of speech, the quantity of monosemous and polysemous words and the distribution of words by number of meanings were calculated and compared across these dictionaries. The analysis shows that the average polysemy, the number and the distribution of word senses follow similar patterns in both expert and collaborative resources with relatively minor differences.
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Prażmo, Ewelina Maria. "“Leftie snowflakes” and other metaphtonymies in the British political discourse." Journal of Language and Politics 18, no. 3 (2019): 371–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.17073.pra.
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Abstract The present paper deals with the use of deliberate metaphors in the political discourse. The potential of dehumanising metaphors to create derogatory descriptions used to disparage one’s political opponents is analysed. Also, metaphorical descriptions prove to be very productive in creating polysemy in previously monosemous items which are used in a new capacity in order to create an effect of novelty and surprise. This function appears especially useful in the language of politics in general, and the language of British politics in particular. The paper is maintained within the methodological framework of cognitive linguistics, focusing on the theories of conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy.
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Angelina, Bolshina, and Natalia Loukachevitch. "All-words Word Sense Disambiguation for Russian Using Automatically Generated Text Collection." Cybernetics and Information Technologies 20, no. 4 (2020): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cait-2020-0049.
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AbstractThe limited amount of the sense annotated data is a big challenge for the word sense disambiguation task. As a solution to this problem, we propose an algorithm of automatic generation and labelling of the training collections based on the monosemous relatives concept. In this article we explore the limits of this algorithm: we employ it to harvest training collections for all ambiguous nouns, verbs and adjectives presented in RuWordNet thesaurus and then evaluate the quality of the obtained collections. We demonstrate that our approach can create high-quality labelled collections with almost full-coverage of the RuWordNet polysemous words. Furthermore, we show that our method can be applied to the Word-in-Context task.
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Bolshina, Angelina Sergeevna, and Natalia Valentinovna Loukachevitch. "Weakly Supervised Word Sense Disambiguation Using Automatically Labelled Collections." Proceedings of the Institute for System Programming of the RAS 33, no. 6 (2021): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.15514/ispras-2021-33(6)-13.
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State-of-the-art supervised word sense disambiguation models require large sense-tagged training sets. However, many low-resource languages, including Russian, lack such a large amount of data. To cope with the knowledge acquisition bottleneck in Russian, we first utilized the method based on the concept of monosemous relatives to automatically generate a labelled training collection. We then introduce three weakly supervised models trained on this synthetic data. Our work builds upon the bootstrapping approach: relying on this seed of tagged instances, the ensemble of the classifiers is used to label samples from unannotated corpora. Along with this method, different techniques were exploited to augment the new training examples. We show the simple bootstrapping approach based on the ensemble of weakly supervised models can already produce an improvement over the initial word sense disambiguation models.
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Kisiel, Anna. "Are Polish “DLA” and “KU” really synonymic purposive prepositions?" Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 58, no. 2 (2022): 227–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0013.
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Abstract “Dla” and “ku” are widely considered to be multifunctional and polysemous prepositions sharing at least some semantic components. While agreeing with their wide functional spectrum, the author argues for them to be monosemous: “dla” brings a positive evaluation of something from a given perspective, whereas “ku” points to something happening when something else occurs. By analysing their connectivity and interchangeability, the author proves that, against lexicographic descriptions, the semantic structures of these prepositions are not identical and, in fact, do not share any semantic components. The semantic differences between the two prepositions make them prone to different types of contexts. “Dla” appears in purposive-intentional and benefactive contexts and collocates with various types of nouns, from gerunds to personal nouns. “Ku” prefers resultative sentences, in which it introduces a special stylistic tone of sobriety. Due to this, possible collocations of this preposition are very limited, and many are reported to be undergoing lexicalization.
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Altabayeva, Elena V., Ivan F. Mazanko, and Sergey I. Scherbina. "To the formation issue of the adverbs of place in the Old Russian language." Neophilology, no. 1 (2022): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-6953-2022-8-1-6-15.
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We study formation the issue of the adverbs of place in the Old Russian language in historical aspect. The material for the research is the contexts with adverbs of place, extracted by the method of continuous sampling from the published Old Russian writing monuments. To identify the way of derived adverbs origin and to establish its initial derivational structure, as the main ones in the work there are used derivative and morphemic analyzes in a synchronous environment, as well as elements of contextual analysis, which made possible to identify and clarify the dependence of lexical meaning of the adverb on the context. We establish that the leading way of forming the adverbs of place in the Old Russian language was the prefix; the role of the generating base was played by the primary polysemous adverb, which, because of the meaning of derivative formant, was formed into a new monosemous adverb. We conclude that the reconstruction of real history of the adverbs is possible only on the basis of comparing contexts in connection with each other, on the basis of a derivative analysis of the structure of adverbs in a synchronous cut and on the basis of identifying derivative types of the adverbs in diachrony and synchronicity.
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Berman, Jules J. "Pathology Abbreviated: A Long Review of Short Terms." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 128, no. 3 (2004): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2004-128-347-paalro.
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Abstract Context.—Abbreviations are used frequently in pathology reports and medical records. Efforts to identify and organize free-text concepts must correctly interpret medical abbreviations. During the past decade, the author has collected more than 12 000 medical abbreviations, concentrating on terms used or interpreted by pathologists. Objective.—The purpose of the study is to provide readers with a listing of abbreviations. The listing of abbreviations is reviewed for the purpose of determining the variety of ways that long forms are shortened. Design.—Abbreviations fell into different classes. These classes seemed amenable to distinct algorithmic approaches to their correct expansions. A discussion of these abbreviation classes was included to assist informaticians who are searching for ways to write software that expands abbreviations found in medical text. Classes were separated by the algorithmic approaches that could be used to map abbreviations to their correct expansions. A Perl implementation was developed to automatically match expansions with Unified Medical Language System concepts. Measurements.—The abbreviation list contained 12 097 terms; 5772 abbreviations had unique expansions. There were 6325 polysemous abbreviation/expansion pairs. The expansions of 8599 abbreviations mapped to Unified Medical Language System concepts. Three hundred twenty-four abbreviations could be confused with unabbreviated words. Two hundred thirteen abbreviations had different expansions depending on whether the American or the British spellings were used. Nine hundred seventy abbreviations ended in the letter “s.” Results.—There were 6 nonexclusive groups of abbreviations classed by expansion algorithm, as follows: (1) ephemeral; (2) hyponymous; (3) monosemous; (4) polysemous; (5) masqueraders of common words; and (6) fatal (abbreviations whose incorrect expansions could easily result in clinical errors). Conclusion.—Collecting and classifying abbreviations creates a logical approach to the development of class-specific algorithms designed to expand abbreviations. A large listing of medical abbreviations is placed into the public domain. The most current version is available at http://www.pathologyinformatics.org/downloads/abbtwo.htm.
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CHEREVKO, Iryna. "NAMES OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL ACTS AND DOCUMENTS IN THE DICTIONARY OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE OF THE 16TH ‒ FIRST HALF OF THE 17TH CENTURIES." Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 37 (2023): 274–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2023-37-274-288.
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The article provides a linguistic analysis of the composition, semantics, origin, and the historical development of the terms used to denote the names of administrative and legal acts and documents in the Old Ukrainian language. The study was carried out on the basis of the «Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language of the 16th – First Half of the 17th Centuries». The Polish influence on the contemporary administrative and legal vocabulary, mainly represented in documentation, as well as in confessional, scientific, journalistic, and conversational styles, is traced. The phenomenon of polysemy and synonymy in the terminological system is revealed, and structural models of terminological compounds are also considered. It has been established that the names of administrative and legal acts and documents in the Old Ukrainian language are also terms-words that can be monosemous (интерцыза, контрактъ, инструкция etc.) and polysemous (записъ, мандатъ), and terminological phrases that are not characterized by polysemy. In addition to borrowed terms, lexemes of Slavic origin have also been recorded (листъ, записъ). A lot of nouns formed with the help of substantive-adjective phrases, in which nouns are the most active main words, have been recorded листъ (83), записъ (11), актъ (8). The order of words in terminological phrases can also be indirect, which gave us reason to single out inversion options (листъ веновный, вѣновный листъ; листъ вызнаный, вызнаный лист; запись продажный, продажный записъ etc.). Attention is also drawn to the fact that both words-terms and terminological phrases can enter into synonymous relations (контрактъ‒интерцыза; карта‒листъ; квитъ‒квитация‒записъ; записъ выдеркафовый‒ конътрактъ видеркафовый; квитовный записъ‒ квитовный листъ etc.). A morphological variant is also singled out квитъ ‒ квита. Having traced the historical development of the terms of the studied period, it was noted that most of them did not disappear from circulation, were replaced by orthographic or word-forming variants, but underwent mainly transformations of semantics, such as the expansion of the semantic structure, acquisition of additional meanings, narrowing of semantics, or disappeared from circulation, became obsolete and changed the scope of their use, living only in dialects or in colloquial style. Keywords: term, terminological combination, document, semantics, etymology, historical development, structure, system connections, style.
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Ochieng, Dunlop. "English-induced Semantic Expansion in Swahili." Jarida la Kiswahili 86, no. 1 (2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jk.v86i1.1.
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Equivalent lexical terms in different languages rarely match in all their shades of meanings. For example, a lexical term, which is a polyseme in language A, is not necessarily a polyseme in language B with which it is in contact. However, this study reports a context where equivalents in different languages influence each other’s scopes of meaning in a multilingual context. This corpus analysis reveals that a sizeable number of Swahili monosemes have changed to polysemes in emulating English polysemous equivalents with which they are in contact. The analysis reveals that this powerful language-induced meaning expansion starts in less formal media, such as the press, before spreading to formal media, such as the dictionary and the book.
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Skorupska-Raczyńska, Elżbieta. "Zapożyczenia niemieckie w XIX-wiecznym Dykcjonarzu Michała Amszejewicza (przyczynek do badań nad słownictwem obcego pochodzenia w polszczyźnie)." Białostockie Archiwum Językowe, no. 20 (2020): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/baj.2020.20.20.
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Michał Amszejewicz in Dykcjonarz, which was a record of vocabulary of foreign origin used in the Polish language in the middle of the 19th century, recorded more than eight hundred lexical units (838 in 633 entries, which comprise 511 monosemes and 122 polysemes with two or more meanings) present in the lexis as a result of interference between the Polish and the German languages. Their functional allocation is diversified, with specialist lexis being dominant. Analysed vocabulary in the middle of the 19th century was functionally allocated to various areas of activity, firstly to crafts – 155 lexical units (18.5%), next to military and its organisation – 93 lexical units (11.1%), merchant’s profession and its specifics, commercial and financial aspects – 72 lexical units (8.6%). The remaining 518 lexical units (61.8%) are scattered in the lexicon of another several dozens of specialties, such as rafting, mining, metallurgy, forestry, meteorology, gardening, fine arts and others. Until the beginning of the 21st century, out of 838 analysed lexical units a diversified life cycle was preserved by 321 (38.3%), and 517 (61.7%) were transferred to linguistic archives of the Polish Language. In analysed vocabulary of German origin, actively used in the most recent Polish Language, biased lexis is dominant – in terms of terminology and style; less frequently these are words with a neutral character, regarded as basic vocabulary. Analysed Germanisms have also undergone semantic changes, i.e. specialisation, generalisation, metaphorisation and partial transformations. Germanisms in the Polish Language of the 19th century are a cultural and linguistic fact, which is characterised by certain specific conditions, also in terms of the time of their use and functionality, which has been emphasised on numerous occasions by their researcher – Bogusław Nowowiejski.
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J.Sheraliyev, D.Ergasheva. "LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SINGLE-SEMAL AND MULTI-SEMAL LEXICAL SEMANTIC VALENCE IN THE WORKS OF O'TKIR HASHIMOV." May 12, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7929780.
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<em>In this article, the single-semal and multi-semal lexemes in the word combinations of the great Uzbek writer O'tkir Hashimov's "Inscriptions on the Margins of the Notebook" are analyzed linguistically. Brief information about polysemous and monosemous lexemes, what they are, is given.</em>
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Huyghe, Richard, Lucie Barque, François Delafontaine, and Justine Salvadori. "The ambiguous nature of complex semantic types: an experimental investigation." Language and Cognition, January 22, 2024, 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2023.73.
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Abstract Words with complex semantic types such as book are characterised by a multiplicity of interpretations that are not mutually exclusive (e.g., as a physical object and/or informational content). Their status with respect to lexical ambiguity is notoriously unclear, and it is debatable whether complex types are a particular form of polysemy (closely related to metonymy) or whether they belong to monosemy. In this study, we investigate the nature of complex types by conducting two experiments on ambiguous nouns in French. The first experiment collects speakers’ judgements about the sameness of meaning between different uses of complex-type, metonymic and monosemous words. The second experiment uses a priming paradigm and a sensicality task to investigate the online processing of complex-type words, as opposed to metonymic and monosemous words. Overall results indicate that, on a continuum of lexical ambiguity, complex types are closer to monosemy than to metonymy. The different interpretations of complex-type words are highly connected and fall under the same meaning, arguably in relation to a unique reference. These results suggest that complex types are associated with single underspecified entries in the mental lexicon. Moreover, they highlight the need for a model of lexical representations of ambiguous words that can account for the difference between complex types and metonymy.
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Ursini, Francesco-Alessio, and Haiping Long. "Polysemy and semantic relations in Aquilan prepositions." Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, no. 54 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.54.06.
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The goal of this paper is to offer an analysis of polysemy and related semantic relations emerging in prepositions belonging to Aquilan, a dialect of Italian. The data are based on fieldwork research, in which different polysemy tests where used in an experimental setting. Two key results emerged from the study. First, Aquilan prepositions display a degree of polysemy inversely proportional to their morphological complexity, with some prepositions being monosemous (e.g. a, a destra de, ‘ngima a). Second, prepositions’ senses can stand in relations of colexification, partial synonymy, or hyponymy. Colexification holds when related senses become part of a preposition’s sense range; hyponymy and partial synonymy (overlap) when one preposition denotes all or some of the places denoted by a second preposition. The work thus offers a paradigmatic view of the polysemy of Aquilan prepositions that sheds light on seldom attested polysemy patterns, and contributes novel insights on the ongoing debate on this phenomenon.
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Ingham, Richard. "Loanwords and polysemy: An investigation of specialized domain lexis in Middle English." Lexis HS 3 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/12izc.
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This study investigates the polysemy of French loanwords in Middle English, analysing the attested senses of loan lexis in three occupational domains. Senses recorded in the Dictionnaire du moyen français and the Anglo-Norman dictionary were compared with corresponding lexical entries in the Middle English dictionary. Out of over 100 Middle English items borrowed from French, it is found that the great majority were polysemous in ways reflecting the source language semantics. This outcome contrasts with the usual finding that foreign borrowing in modern contexts produces monosemous loanwords. The conclusion is therefore drawn that the process of borrowing from French was of a different nature in the English medieval period. It is argued that bilingual users of French were agents of borrowing who replicated source word polysemy in their English. The likelihood that senses matching those of the French etymon arose in Middle English independently of source language polysemy is considered, but rejected.
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Salvadori, Justine, and Richard Huyghe. "Affix polyfunctionality in French deverbal nominalizations." Morphology, December 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-022-09401-4.
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AbstractThis article investigates the semantic polyfunctionality of affixes, i.e. their ability to serve a variety of distinct semantic functions. Based on the analysis of a sample of 3,091 deverbal nouns ending with 46 different suffixes in French, the study examines the diversity of semantic functions realized by deverbal suffixes, the distribution of these functions across suffixes and the relationships that may exist between different functions. It appears that polyfunctionality is widespread among French deverbal suffixes and involves a large number of semantic functions, with highly variable realization frequency. Several fundamental aspects of affix polyfunctionality are further highlighted. A probabilistic analysis shows that polyfunctionality can be driven by non-arbitrary semantic associations between functions. A hierarchy of functions can also be postulated depending on whether they can be instantiated by monosemous or only polysemous derivatives. In addition, polyfunctionality appears to be inseparable from rivalry relationships and to determine the degree of rivalry between affixes. Overall, the study illustrates that affix polyfunctionality is governed by systematic organizing principles whose ramifications touch on lexical ambiguity and morphological competition.
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Malmgren, Sven-Göran. "Svenska Akademiens ordlista genom 140 år: mot fjortonde upplagan." LexicoNordica, no. 21 (October 10, 2016). https://doi.org/10.7146/ln.v0i21.24439.
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Physically speaking, the Glossary of the Swedish Academy (SAOL, Svenska Akademiens ordlista) is not an imposing dictionary. It is, however, a minor classic within Swedish lexicography. Beginning in 1874 with a small word list of about 35,000 lemmas, it is now a more dictionary-like product with about 125,000 entries (13th edition 2006). This paper gives a historical survey of the SAOL focused on the upcoming 14th edition (2015). Apart from the increase in the number of lemmas, the improvement of the semantic descriptions is worth noting. The main task of the SAOL is still to function as an orthographic and inflectional norm, but since the 10th edition, the need for more – and somewhat more elaborate – definitions has gradually grown stronger. In the 14th edition, this trend will continue. Thus, apart from a set of very basic (and monosemous) words, every entry word should have some kind of explanation, explicitly or implicitly (by means of references etc.). To achieve this within the limited space available, certain default conventions are necessary.
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Shermo'minova, Mahliyo D.Ergasheva. "LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE METHODS OF COMBINATION OF SINGLE-SEMBLE AND MULTI-SEMBLE WORDS IN THE WORKS OF OTKIR HASHIMOV ON THE BASIS OF THE LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC VALENCE." May 2, 2023. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7886689.
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<em>In this article, the theory of valence in Uzbek linguistics and the method of its application in speech situations, its study into internal layers, and here, in the works of our well-known writer O'tkir Hoshimov, single-semal and multi-semal words combined on the basis of valence are discussed. Brief information on the representation of z is given.</em>
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Frank, Patrick. "Sexual Harassment, Sexual Abuse, and the Serial Offender Personality: Derivations and Predictions from Evolutionary Psychology." Open Psychology Journal 18, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.2174/0118743501347954250102063703.
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Purpose Interrogation of Evolutionary Psychology to bring the study of sexual harassment (SH) fully into science and to apply the causal connection of genes and personality to the social incidence of violent crime. The definition of SH within science is expected to bring focus and objective coherence to its study and adjudication. Background The notion of sexual harassment (SH) remains subjective and almost whimsical. Shultz has noted that “despite forty years of activism and legal reform ... an adequate theoretical framework [of sexual harassment] to guide action remains as pressing as ever.” Despite the need for objective specificity in study and law, SH in regard presently finds itself co-extensive with Art: no one can define it but everyone knows it when they see it. Nevertheless, sexually-based harrying remains an on-going social and criminal problem, as indicated by the currency of analyses, case-reports, and legal initiatives. Objective To bring the study of SH fully into science. The primary task is to deduce a monosemous and falsifiable description of SH from Evolutionary Psychology. Further, to query whether the distribution of gene-based personalities produces durable and statistically valid subsidiary fractions of a large population. Sub-populational cohorts are to be examined to determine whether they robustly manifest genetically grounded criminal personalities and, in aggregate, produce behavioral trends rising to social significance. Methods Evolutionary constructs of human mating behavior are queried to define SH. The HEXACO Personality Inventory and Barratt Impulsivity Scale are quantitatively applied to derive the sub-populational fractions prone to SH or violent crime. Results Sexual harassment is the abusive imposition of evolutionarily endogenous mating behaviors. HEXACO-PI predicts that 9% of males and 4% of females have harassment personalities. Upon including Barratt Impulsivity, 0.6% of males and 0.2% of females are prone to violent crime, including rape. U.S. felony statistics for 2009 or 2019 confirm that 0.53% of males and 0.08% of females, ages 18-64, committed violent crimes, while 0.4% of males perpetrated felony rape. These statistical fractions consistently emerge from the college-level to nationwide. Campus sexual offense is dominated by male serial offenders, averaging five victims each. The great majority of campus rape involves alcohol or drugs. Among academic staff, the 0.23% of males and 0.10% of females with abuse-prone personalities fully explain rates of campus sexual maltreatment. Conclusion The inevitability of personality-trait extremes determines the base-line of personality-driven societal incidence of violent crime and rape, limns the small cohorts of offenders, and provides an objective basis for safety awareness. However, epigenetics and neuronal plasticity together falsify the notion of genetic determination of personality or behavior. Individual choice remains open. It is hoped that the new understanding of SH as the abusive imposition of evolutionarily endogenous mating behaviors will bring objective equality to policy and jurisprudence, and a coherent clarity to its study.
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Harm, Volker. "Gibt es eine Monosemierungstendenz in der Wortgeschichte des Neuhochdeutschen? überlegungen zur sprachhistorischen Interpretation lexikographischer Befunde [Does a Tendency toward Monosemes exist in the Lexical History of New High German? Considerations on the Interpretation of Lexicographical Findings from the Perspective of the History of Language]." Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik 29, no. 3 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zfgl.2001.024.
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