Journal articles: 'Monotonic switching'

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Wang, Hao, Lungui Zhong, and Guocheng Zhang. "Low-Power Capacitor-Splitting DAC with Mixed Switching Schemes for SAR ADCs." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 27, no. 10 (May 24, 2018): 1850161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661850161x.

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A low-power capacitor-splitting digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) for successive approximation register (SAR) analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) is proposed. During the first three bit cycles, with proper switching, there is no average switching power consumption. From the fourth bit cycle, one-side double-level switching scheme or the monotonic one is utilized based on the first two bits. When the first two bits are the same, one-side double-level switching scheme is chosen. Otherwise, the monotonic one is adopted. Thus, the proposed switching method only requires 5.27 CV[Formula: see text] average switching energy, 75.29% less compared to the Sanyal and Sun proposed one.

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Song, Hyeonho, and Minjae Lee. "Asymmetric monotonic switching scheme for energy-efficient SAR ADCs." IEICE Electronics Express 11, no. 12 (2014): 20140345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.11.20140345.

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Zhu, Zhangming, Yu Xiao, and Xiaoli Song. "V CM ‐based monotonic capacitor switching scheme for SAR ADC." Electronics Letters 49, no. 5 (February 2013): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2012.3332.

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Chen, Yushi, Yiqi Zhuang, and Hualian Tang. "An Ultra-Low Power Consumption High-Linearity Switching Scheme for SAR ADC." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 06 (August 2, 2019): 2050086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620500863.

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An ultra-low power consumption high-linearity switching scheme for successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is presented with a mixed switching method. Based on the combination of C-2C dummy capacitors, the charge sharing technique and monotonic switching method, the proposed switching method achieves high-energy saving and high linearity. Compared with the conventional SAR ADC, the proposed method consumes no reset energy and achieves 98.9% less switching energy and 87.2% reduction in capacitor area. Moreover, the proposed scheme obtains good performance in linearity. Furthermore, the common-mode voltage variation of the proposed scheme is smaller than other published schemes, which is important for decreasing input-dependent offset of the comparator.

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Chang, Ke, Pei Liu, Lei Dong, and Guohe Zhang. "A two-step asymmetric alternate monotonic switching scheme for SAR ADCs." Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing 102, no. 3 (March 2020): 625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10470-020-01615-y.

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Моргунов, Р. Б., А. И. Безверхний, О. С. Дмитриев, and M. В. Бахметьев. "Условия возникновения спонтанной осциллирующей магнитной релаксации в синтетических ферримагнетиках Pt/Co/Ir/Co/Pt." Физика твердого тела 62, no. 3 (2020): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/ftt.2020.03.49005.583.

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We had established that the non-monotonic magnetic relaxation appeared, when two or three magnetic fields, switching between stable magnetization states, coincide with each other, in Pt/Co/Ir/Co/Pt synthetic ferrimagnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Switching fields between stable magnetization states depend on sum of exchange interlayer energy, Zeeman energy and magnetization reversal energy barrier of each layer. This total energy depends on layers thickness and temperature. We had shown that with choose of temperature and free layer thickness we can achieve double or triple points on energy states diagram, which is reason of nonmonotonic magnetization relaxation.

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HSU, CHENG-HSIUNG, CHUN-HSIEN LI, and SUH-YUH YANG. "DIVERSITY OF TRAVELING WAVE SOLUTIONS IN DELAYED CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 18, no. 12 (December 2008): 3515–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127408022561.

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This work investigates the diversity of traveling wave solutions for a class of delayed cellular neural networks on the one-dimensional integer lattice ℤ1. The dynamics of a given cell is characterized by instantaneous self-feedback and neighborhood interaction with distributed delay due to, for example, finite switching speed and finite velocity of signal transmission. Applying the monotone iteration scheme, we can deduce the existence of monotonic traveling wave solutions provided the templates satisfy the so-called quasi-monotonicity condition. We then consider two special cases of the delayed cellular neural network in which each cell interacts only with either the nearest m left neighbors or the nearest m right neighbors. For the former case, we can directly figure out the analytic solution in an explicit form by the method of step with the help of the characteristic function and then prove that, in addition to the existence of monotonic traveling wave solutions, for certain templates there exist nonmonotonic traveling wave solutions such as camel-like waves with many critical points. For the latter case, employing the comparison arguments repeatedly, we can clarify the deformation of traveling wave solutions with respect to the wave speed. More specifically, we can describe the transition of profiles from monotonicity, damped oscillation, periodicity, unboundedness and back to monotonicity as the wave speed is varied. Some numerical results are also given to demonstrate the theoretical analysis.

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Bonança, Marcus V. S. "Non-Monotonic Behavior of the Thermodynamic Work as a Function of Switching Time." Brazilian Journal of Physics 46, no. 3 (October 7, 2015): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13538-015-0370-7.

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Verma, Deeksha, Khuram Shehzad, Danial Khan, Sung Jin Kim, Young Gun Pu, Sang-Sun Yoo, Keum Cheol Hwang, Youngoo Yang, and Kang-Yoon Lee. "A Design of Low-Power 10-bit 1-MS/s Asynchronous SAR ADC for DSRC Application." Electronics 9, no. 7 (July 6, 2020): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071100.

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A design of low-power 10-bit 1 MS/s asynchronous successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) is presented in this paper. To improve the linearity of the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and energy efficiency, a common mode-based monotonic charge recovery (CMMC) switching technique is proposed. The proposed switching technique consumes only 63.75 CVREF2 switching energy, which is far less as compared to the conventional switching technique without dividing or adding additional switches. In addition, bootstrap switching is implemented to ensure enhanced linearity. To reduce the power consumption from the comparator, a dynamic latch comparator with a self-comparator clock generation circuit is implemented. The proposed prototype of the SAR ADC is implemented in a 55 nm CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) process. The proposed architecture achieves a figure of merit (FOM) of 17.4 fJ/conversion, signal-to-noise distortion ratio (SNDR) of 60.39 dB, and an effective number of bits (ENOB) of 9.74 bits with a sampling rate of 1 MS/s at measurement levels. The implemented SAR ADC consumes 14.8 µW power at 1 V power supply.

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Dyda, Alexander A., Nguyen Van Thanh Van Thanh, and Ksenya N. Chumakova. "Vessel heading control systems with switchable regulators." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 67 (June 15, 2021): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi67.188.

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The purpose of this work is to study the possibilities of improving the quality of the processes of controlling the movement of the vessel along the course by combining individual standard controllers. Of the known scientific directions devoted to the problem being solved, the closest is the theory of systems with variable structure, in which, due to switching, a unique useful property is achieved, which are not possessed by individual switched structures. The article is devoted to the approach to the construction of the ship course control system, which is based on the principle of switching regulators during the transient process. This makes it possible to improve the quality of control processes in the system by using the features of individual regulators, in particular, the application of the switching principle made it possible to significantly increase the speed of the system in comparison with systems without switching and ensure the desired monotonic nature of the control process. The proposed approach is illustrated based on switchable P-controllers. The results of modeling the developed ship course control system are presented and discussed.

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11

Ouerfelli, H. E. "Monotonic Switching Iterative Learning Control Method for a Class of Discrete Time Switched System." International Journal of Automation and Smart Technology 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5875/ausmt.v7i4.1313.

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12

Liu, Chun-Cheng, Soon-Jyh Chang, Guan-Ying Huang, and Ying-Zu Lin. "A 10-bit 50-MS/s SAR ADC With a Monotonic Capacitor Switching Procedure." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 45, no. 4 (April 2010): 731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jssc.2010.2042254.

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13

AUGELLO, G., D. VALENTI, and B. SPAGNOLO. "EFFECTS OF COLORED NOISE IN SHORT OVERDAMPED JOSEPHSON JUNCTION." International Journal of Quantum Information 06, supp01 (July 2008): 801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219749908004134.

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We investigate the transient dynamics of a short overdamped Josephson junction with a periodic driving signal in the presence of colored noise. We analyze noise induced phenomena, specifically resonant activation and noise enhanced stability. We find that the positions both of the minimum of RA and maximum of NES depend on the value of the noise correlation time τc. Moreover, in the range where RA is observed, we find a non-monotonic behavior of the mean switching time as a function of τc.

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14

Wang, Hao, and Zhangming Zhu. "Energy-efficient and reference-free monotonic capacitor switching scheme with fewest switches for SAR ADC." IEICE Electronics Express 12, no. 7 (2015): 20141202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.12.20141202.

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15

Xie, Yun, Jiwei Wen, and Li Peng. "Robust H∞ Filtering for Average Dwell Time Switching Systems via a Non-monotonic Function Approach." International Journal of Control, Automation and Systems 17, no. 3 (February 22, 2019): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12555-018-0223-6.

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Mr. Nikhil Surkar, Ms. Shriya Timande. "Analysis of Analog to Digital Converter for Biomedical Applications." International Journal of New Practices in Management and Engineering 1, no. 03 (September 30, 2012): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijnpme.v1i03.6.

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This paper presents an ADC which can be used for biomedical application like pacemaker. For the low-power operation, monotonic switching scheme and operating voltage reduction have been implemented in the design. The 10bit 1.8V rail-to-rail (SAR) ADC is realized using UMC 0.18µm CMOS process. Simulations are performed by spectre simulation. From static performance, offset error and full scale error are noticed. This performance issue can be corrected by reducing discharge in capacitor by implementing sampling switch as bootstrapped switch and proper selection of common-mode voltage where 20fF is used as unit capacitance.

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Anufriev, Mikhail, and Cars Hommes. "Evolutionary Selection of Individual Expectations and Aggregate Outcomes in Asset Pricing Experiments." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 4, no. 4 (November 1, 2012): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.4.4.35.

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In recent “learning to forecast” experiments (Hommes et al. 2005), three different patterns in aggregate price behavior have been observed: slow monotonic convergence, permanent oscillations, and dampened fluctuations. We show that a simple model of individual learning can explain these different aggregate outcomes within the same experimental setting. The key idea is evolutionary selection among heterogeneous expectation rules, driven by their relative performance. The out-of-sample predictive power of our switching model is higher compared to the rational or other homogeneous expectations benchmarks. Our results show that heterogeneity in expectations is crucial to describe individual forecasting and aggregate price behavior. (JEL C53, C91, D83, D84, G12)

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MARINOV, O., and M. JAMAL DEEN. "PHYSICAL MODEL FOR LOW FREQUENCY NOISE IN AVALANCHE BREAKDOWN OF PN JUNCTIONS." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 04, no. 02 (June 2004): L287—L296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477504001896.

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A physically-based transient model for low frequency noise of both microplasma and impact ionization in PN diodes is discussed and implemented in the SPICE simulator. The simulation indicates that the model correctly describes the non-monotonic behavior of both the DC and the noise characteristics of diode at the onset of avalanche breakdown. The model is based on a new microplasma switching theory, and the results of simulation confirm the findings of this theory. The microplasma switching threshold is the condition of equality of free- to space charge concentration in the depletion layer. The microplasma turn-on is initialized by the charge generation due to few recombination centers in the microplasma region at high avalanche multiplication due to impact ionization. The microplasma on-current is approximately twice the threshold current and the on-current sustains until the low, but larger than 1, avalanche multiplication compensates for the carrier diffusion from microplasma region into the depletion layer. When the multiplication becomes lower than the diffusion, the microplasma switches off.

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19

Bartoszewicz, A., and A. Nowacka. "Switching Plane Design for the Sliding Mode Control of Systems with Elastic Input Constraints." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 219, no. 6 (September 1, 2005): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095965105x33518.

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In this paper a new sliding mode control algorithm for the third-order non-linear, time-varying, uncertain system subject to unknown disturbance is proposed. Since the conventional input constraints expressed by inequalities are often impractical, in this paper the situation is considered where the input signal is subject to elastic constraint. It is assumed that the threshold value of the system input signal is known and exceeding this value is undesirable but possible if justified by essential improvement of the system performance. The proposed algorithm employs a time-varying switching plane. At the initial time the plane passes through the point determined by the system initial conditions in the error state space and afterwards moves with a constant velocity to the origin of the space. The plane is designed in such a way that fast error convergence is achieved using limited control input. By this means, the reaching phase is eliminated, insensitivity of the system to external disturbance is ensured from the very beginning of the control action, and fast, monotonic error convergence to zero is achieved. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the conventional input constraint expressed by an inequality is a limit case of the elastic constraint considered in the paper.

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Kotipalli, Siva, Yong-Bin Kim, and Minsu Choi. "Asynchronous Advanced Encryption Standard Hardware with Random Noise Injection for Improved Side-Channel Attack Resistance." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/837572.

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This work presents the design, hardware implementation, and performance analysis of novel asynchronous AES (advanced encryption standard) Key Expander and Round Function, which offer increased side-channel attack (SCA) resistance. These designs are based on a delay-insensitive (DI) logic paradigm known as null convention logic (NCL), which supports useful properties for resisting SCAs including dual-rail encoding, clock-free operation, and monotonic transitions. Potential benefits include reduced and more uniform switching activities and reduced signal-to-noise (SNR) ratio. A novel method to further augment NCL AES hardware with random voltage scaling technique is also presented for additional security. Thereby, the proposed components leak significantly less side-channel information than conventional clocked approaches. To quantitatively verify such improvements, functional verification and WASSO (weighted average simultaneous switching output) analysis have been carried out on both conventional synchronous approach and the proposed NCL based approach using Mentor Graphics ModelSim and Xilinx simulation tools. Hardware implementation has been carried out on both designs exploiting a specified side-channel attack standard evaluation FPGA board, called SASEBO-GII, and the corresponding power waveforms for both designs have been collected. Along with the results of software simulations, we have analyzed the collected waveforms to validate the claims related to benefits of the proposed cryptohardware design approach.

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FEMIA, N., G. SPAGNUOLO, and V. TUCCI. "INTERVAL ANALYSIS IN POWER ELECTRONICS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 05, no. 03 (September 1995): 317–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126695000205.

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The use of Interval Analysis for numerical simulation of power electronic circuits is discussed in this paper. It is shown that Interval Analysis is an optimal tool for such kind of applications since switching circuits operate upon sequences of time intervals bounded by instants that are zeros of non-linear non-monotonic functions. The main advantages offered by Interval Analysis are pointed out in the context of a new approach proposed to solve the problems of steady-state and transient analysis. In particular, it is shown that for steady-state analysis a robust and fast IA-based method can be adopted which generates a sequence of virtual solutions that converges towards the right steady-state solution within few iterations, without any prior knowledge about the mode of operation of the circuit. Some examples of applications are proposed, including chaos, subharmonics and circuit collapse.

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Van Oyen, Mark P. "Monotonicity of Optimal Performance Measures for Polling Systems." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 11, no. 2 (April 1997): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964800004770.

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We consider scheduling a single server in a multiclass queue subject to setup times and setup costs. We examine the issue of whether or not reductions in the mean and variance of the setup time distributions can lead to degraded system performance. Provided that setups are reduced according to a stochastically smaller ordering, we show that if an optimal policy is used both for the original system and for the system with reduced setup times, then an improvement in performance is guaranteed. Even in cases for which a truly optimal policy is unknown, idling can be employed to avoid degradation of performance as setup times are cut. We extend this approach to show that system performance is monotonic with respect to service time distributions, switching costs, holding costs, and uniform reductions in the arrival rates. Extensions to sequencedependent setups and job feedback are noted.

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Brkić, Dejan, and Pavel Praks. "Unified Friction Formulation from Laminar to Fully Rough Turbulent Flow." Applied Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8112036.

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This paper provides a new unified formula for Newtonian fluids valid for all pipe flow regimes from laminar to fully rough turbulent flow. This includes laminar flow; the unstable sharp jump from laminar to turbulent flow; and all types of turbulent regimes, including the smooth turbulent regime, the partial non-fully developed turbulent regime, and the fully developed rough turbulent regime. The new unified formula follows the inflectional form of curves suggested in Nikuradse’s experiment rather than the monotonic shape proposed by Colebrook and White. The composition of the proposed unified formula uses switching functions and interchangeable formulas for the laminar, smooth turbulent, and fully rough turbulent flow regimes. Thus, the formulation presented below represents a coherent hydraulic model suitable for engineering use. This new flow friction model is more flexible than existing literature models and provides smooth and computationally cheap transitions between hydraulic regimes.

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Lü, Wei, Duona Luo, Fengcheng Mei, Jiaqi Yang, Libin Yao, Lin He, and Fujiang Lin. "A 0.6 V 10 bit 1 MS/s monotonic switching SAR ADC with common mode stabilizer in 0.13 μm CMOS." Journal of Semiconductors 35, no. 5 (May 2014): 055006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/35/5/055006.

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25

Wang, Wei, Yan Liang, Minghui Zhang, Fang Lin, Feng Wen, and Hongxing Wang. "Mechanism Analysis of Dynamic On-State Resistance Degradation for a Commercial GaN HEMT Using Double Pulse Test." Electronics 10, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 1202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10101202.

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The dynamic on-resistance (RON) behavior of one commercial GaN HEMT device with p-GaN gate is investigated under hard-switching conditions. The non-monotonic performance of dynamic RON with off-state voltage ranging from 50 to 400 V is ascribed to the “leaky dielectric” model. The highest normalized RON value of 1.22 appears at 150 and 200 V. The gradual increase and following maximum of dynamic RON are found when the device is exposed to a stress voltage for an extended stress time under 100 and 200 V, which is due to a much longer trapping time compared to detrapping time related to deep acceptors and donors. No obvious RON degradation, thanks to the suppressed trapping effect, is observed at higher VDS. From the multi-pulse test, the dynamic RON is seen to be insensitive to the frequency. It is demonstrated that the leakage, especially under source and drain contact, is a key issue in the dynamic resistance degradation.

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Hsieh, Sung-En, and Chih-Cheng Hsieh. "A 0.3-V 0.705-fJ/Conversion-Step 10-bit SAR ADC With a Shifted Monotonic Switching Procedure in 90-nm CMOS." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs 63, no. 12 (December 2016): 1171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsii.2016.2605139.

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Arcuri, Alesandro, and Nicolas Lanchier. "Stochastic spatial model for the division of labor in social insects." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 27, no. 01 (January 2017): 45–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202517400024.

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Motivated by the study of social insects, we introduce a stochastic model based on interacting particle systems in order to understand the effect of communication on the division of labor. Members of the colony are located on the vertex set of a graph representing a communication network. They are characterized by one of two possible tasks, which they update at a rate equal to the cost of the task they are performing by either defecting by switching to the other task or cooperating by anti-imitating a random neighbor in order to balance the amount of energy spent in each task. We prove that, at least when the probability of defection is small, the division of labor is poor when there is no communication, better when the communication network consists of a complete graph, but optimal on bipartite graphs with bipartite sets of equal size, even when both tasks have very different costs. This shows a non-monotonic relationship between the number of connections in the communication network and how well individuals organize themselves to accomplish both tasks equally.

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Lalik, Sebastian, Olaf Stefańczyk, Dorota Dardas, Natalia Górska, Shin-ichi Ohkoshi, and Monika Marzec. "Modifications of FLC Physical Properties through Doping with Fe2O3 Nanoparticles (Part I)." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 4722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164722.

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The aim of this paper is to show, by systematic studies, the influence of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the physical parameters of the liquid crystalline matrix, exhibiting a ferroelectric phase in a wide temperature range. The detailed research was carried out by using diffraction (PXRD), microscopic (OM, SEM, FCPM, POM), thermal (DSC), optical (TLI), electric and spectroscopic (FTIR) methods. We show that even the smallest concentration of γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles largely modifies the parameters of the ferroelectric SmC* phase, such as spontaneous polarization, switching time, tilt angle, rotational viscosity, dispersion anchoring energy coefficient and helix pitch. The admixture also causes a significant reduction in the temperature of phase transitions, broadening the SmA* phase at the expense of the SmC* phase and strong streaking of the texture. We present and explain the non-monotonic modification of these parameters with an increase in the nanoparticle concentration. The influence of oleic acid admixture on these parameters is also widely discussed. We have shown that certain parameters of organic-metal nanocomposites can be controlled by the appropriate amount of metal admixture.

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Vaughan, Thomas E., Catherine B. Pratt, Katie Sealey, Andrew Preston, Norman K. Fry, and Andrew R. Gorringe. "Plasticity of fimbrial genotype and serotype within populations of Bordetella pertussis: analysis by paired flow cytometry and genome sequencing." Microbiology 160, no. 9 (September 1, 2014): 2030–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.079251-0.

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The fimbriae of Bordetella pertussis are required for colonization of the human respiratory tract. Two serologically distinct fimbrial subunits, Fim2 and Fim3, considered important vaccine components for many years, are included in the Sanofi Pasteur 5-component acellular pertussis vaccine, and the World Health Organization recommends the inclusion of strains expressing both fimbrial serotypes in whole-cell pertussis vaccines. Each of the fimbrial major subunit genes, fim2, fim3, and fimX, has a promoter poly(C) tract upstream of its −10 box. Such monotonic DNA elements are susceptible to changes in length via slipped-strand mispairing in vitro and in vivo, which potentially causes on/off switching of genes at every cell division. Here, we have described intra-culture variability in poly(C) tract lengths and the resulting fimbrial phenotypes in 22 recent UK B. pertussis isolates. Owing to the highly plastic nature of fimbrial promoters, we used the same cultures for both genome sequencing and flow cytometry. Individual cultures of B. pertussis contained multiple fimbrial serotypes and multiple different fimbrial promoter poly(C) tract lengths, which supports earlier serological evidence that B. pertussis expresses both serotypes during infection.

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Frattarelli, John L., Lazar Z. Krsmanovic, and Kevin J. Catt. "The relationship between pulsatile GnRH secretion and cAMP production in immortalized GnRH neurons." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 300, no. 6 (June 2011): E1022—E1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00081.2011.

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In perifused immortalized GnRH neurons (GT1–7), simultaneous measurements of GnRH and cAMP revealed that the secretory profiles for both GnRH and cAMP are pulsatile. An analysis of GnRH and cAMP pulses in 16 independent experiments revealed that 25% of pulses coincide. Inversion of the peak and nadir levels was found in 33% and random relationship between GnRH and cAMP found in 42% of analyzed pulses. The random relation between GnRH and cAMP pulse resets to synchronous after an inverse relation between pulses occurred during the major GnRH release, indicating that GnRH acts as a switching mechanism to synchronize cAMP and GnRH release in perifused GT1–7 neurons. Activation of GnRH receptors with increasing agonist concentrations caused a biphasic change in cAMP levels. Low nanomolar concentrations increased cAMP production, but at high concentrations the initial increase was followed by a rapid decline to below the basal level. Blockade of the GnRH receptors by peptide and nonpeptide antagonists generated monotonic nonpulsatile increases in both GnRH and cAMP production. These findings indicate that cAMP positively regulates GnRH secretion but does not participate in the mechanism of pulsatile GnRH release.

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Stocker, Jennifer R., and Peter W. Duck. "Stationary perturbations of Couette–Poiseuille flow: the flow development in long cavities and channels." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 292 (June 10, 1995): 153–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112095001479.

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We consider stationary perturbations to Couette–Poiseuille flows. These may be considered to be related to far downstream/upstream entry/end effects in flow inside long cavities and channels. Three distinct classes of basic flow are considered, all of which are exact solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. We first study the problem in the case of Poiseuille flow, and are able to explain a previous discrepancy between fully numerical results, and asymptotic theory valid for large Reynolds numbers, R. The second case, which may be derived from a combination of an imposed streamwise pressure gradient and sliding of the upper channel wall, is for the particular situation where the flow on the lower surface is on the verge of reversing direction. The third case is relevant to the flow inside a long driven cavity (with closed ends, no imposed streamwise pressure gradient and no net mass flux). The flow is driven exclusively by a sliding top wall and mass conservation demands that the flow is no longer unidirectional.For low Reynolds numbers, the stationary eigenvalues in all cases considered are complex (and hence are not monotonic in the streamwise direction). Indeed as R → 0 the eigenvalues become completely independent of the base profile. As the Reynolds number is increased, the eigenvalues generally undergo a number of branching processes switching between being complex and real (and vice versa) in nature, and at large Reynolds numbers fall broadly into three distinct categories, namely O(1), O(R−1/7) and O(1/R). In this limit the eigenvalues may be either complex or real (tending to monotonic eigensolutions in the streamwise direction).Of particular interest are certain of the O(1) eigensolutions for the ‘driven-cavity’ problem, in the high-Reynolds-number limit; these turn out to be highly oscillatory (WKB-type) over much of the cavity section.In all three cases, we use a combination of numerical and asymptotic techniques, and a thorough comparison between results thus obtained is made.

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Lee, Jae-Hun, Dasom Park, Woojin Cho, Huu Phan, Cong Nguyen, and Jong-Wook Lee. "A 1.15 μW 200 kS/s 10-b Monotonic SAR ADC Using Dual On-Chip Calibrations and Accuracy Enhancement Techniques." Sensors 18, no. 10 (October 16, 2018): 3486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103486.

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Herein, we present an energy efficient successive-approximation-register (SAR) analog-to-digital converter (ADC) featuring on-chip dual calibration and various accuracy-enhancement techniques. The dual calibration technique is realized in an energy and area-efficient manner for comparator offset calibration (COC) and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) capacitor mismatch calibration. The calibration of common-mode (CM) dependent comparator offset is performed without using separate circuit blocks by reusing the DAC for generating calibration signals. The calibration of the DAC mismatch is efficiently performed by reusing the comparator for delay-based mismatch detection. For accuracy enhancement, we propose new circuit techniques for a comparator, a sampling switch, and a DAC capacitor. An improved dynamic latched comparator is proposed with kick-back suppression and CM dependent offset calibration. An accuracy-enhanced bootstrap sampling switch suppresses the leakage-induced error <180 μV and the sampling error <150 μV. The energy-efficient monotonic switching technique is effectively combined with thermometer coding, which reduces the settling error in the DAC. The ADC is realized using a 0.18 μm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) process in an area of 0.28 mm2. At the sampling rate fS = 9 kS/s, the proposed ADC achieves a signal-to-noise and distortion ratio (SNDR) of 55.5 dB and a spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 70.6 dB. The proposed dual calibration technique improves the SFDR by 12.7 dB. Consuming 1.15 μW at fS = 200 kS/s, the ADC achieves an SNDR of 55.9 dB and an SFDR of 60.3 dB with a figure-of-merit of 11.4 fJ/conversion-step.

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Anufriev, Mikhail, and Cars Hommes. "Evolution of market heuristics." Knowledge Engineering Review 27, no. 2 (April 26, 2012): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888912000161.

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AbstractThe time evolution of aggregate economic variables, such as stock prices, is affected by market expectations of individual investors. Neoclassical economic theory assumes that individuals form expectations rationally, thus forcing prices to track economic fundamentals and leading to an efficient allocation of resources. However, laboratory experiments with human subjects have shown that individuals do not behave fully rationally but instead follow simple heuristics. In laboratory markets, prices may show persistent deviations from fundamentals similar to the large swings observed in real stock prices.Here we show that evolutionary selection among simple forecasting heuristics can explain coordination of individual behavior, leading to three different aggregate outcomes observed in recent laboratory market-forecasting experiments: slow monotonic price convergence, oscillatory dampened price fluctuations, and persistent price oscillations. In our model, forecasting strategies are selected every period from a small population of plausible heuristics, such as adaptive expectations and trend-following rules. Individuals adapt their strategies over time, based on the relative forecasting performance of the heuristics. As a result, the evolutionary switching mechanism exhibits path dependence and matches individual forecasting behavior as well as aggregate market outcomes in the experiments. Our results are in line with recent work on agent-based models of interaction and contribute to a behavioral explanation of universal features of financial markets.

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Figueroa-Santos, Miriam A., Jason B. Siegel, and Anna G. Stefanopoulou. "Leveraging Cell Expansion Sensing in State of Charge Estimation: Practical Considerations." Energies 13, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13102653.

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Measurements such as current and terminal voltage that are typically used to determine the battery’s state of charge (SOC) are augmented with measured force associated with electrode expansion as the lithium intercalates in its structure. The combination of the sensed behavior is shown to improve SOC estimation even for the lithium ion iron phosphate (LFP) chemistry, where the voltage–SOC relation is flat (low slope) making SOC estimation using measured voltage difficult. For the LFP cells, the measured force has a non-monotonic F–SOC relationship. This presents a challenge for estimation as multiple force values can correspond to the same SOC. The traditional linear quadratic estimator can be driven to an incorrect SOC value. To address these difficulties, a novel switching estimation gain is used based on determining the operating region that corresponds to the actual SOC. Moreover, a drift in the measured force associated with a shift of the cell SOC–expansion behavior over time is addressed with a bias estimator for the force signal. The performance of Voltage-based (V) and Voltage and Force-based (V&F) SOC estimation algorithms are then compared and evaluated against a desired ± 5 % absolute error bound of the SOC using a dynamic stress test current protocol that tests the proposed estimation scheme across wide range of SOC and current rates.

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König, Niklas, and Matthias Nienhaus. "A Solution to Ambiguities in Position Estimation for Solenoid Actuators by Exploiting Eddy Current Variations." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 18, 2020): 3441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123441.

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Position estimation techniques for solenoid actuators are successfully used in a wide field of applications requiring monitoring functionality without the need for additional sensors. Most techniques, which also include standstill condition, are based on the identification of the differential inductance, a parameter that exhibits high sensitivity towards position variations. The differential inductance of some actuators shows a non-monotonic dependency over the position. This leads to ambiguities in position estimation. Nevertheless, a unique position estimation in standstill condition without prior knowledge of the actuator state is highly desired. In this work, the eddy current losses inside the actuator are identified in terms of a parallel resistor and are exploited in order to solve the ambiguities in position estimation. Compared to other state-of-the-art techniques, the differential inductance and the parallel resistance are estimated online by approaches requiring low implementation and computation effort. Furthermore, a data fusion algorithm for position estimation based on a neural network is proposed. Experimental results involving a use case scenario of an end-position detection for a switching solenoid actuator prove the uniqueness, the precision and the high signal-to-noise ratio of the obtained position estimate. The proposed approach therefore allows the unique estimation of the actuator position including standstill condition suitable for low-cost applications demanding low implementation effort.

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Derets, O., O. Sadovoi, and H. Derets. "ALGORITHM FOR SYNTHESIS OF QUASI-OPTIMAL IN SPEED THIRD-ORDER SYSTEMS WITH APERIODIC SLIDING MODE." Collection of scholarly papers of Dniprovsk State Technical University (Technical Sciences) 1, no. 38 (September 8, 2021): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.31319/2519-2884.38.2021.6.

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The relevance of the work is due to the growing requirements for the dynamic characteristics of electric drives. In particular, together with the requirements of ensuring high accuracy and maximum at given speed limits, a typical task of designing such systems is the mandatory formation of transition diagrams in the form of monotonic time functions. The purpose of this study is to develop an adaptive algorithm for the synthesis of the third-order sliding mode control systems based on the method of N-i switching. Changing the shape of transient trajectory depends on the magnitude of the movement, which requires adaptation of the settings of the control system of the electric drive to the features of the current positioning mode. On the basis of the N-i switching method, an algorithm for synthesizing the parameters of a re-lay control system with cascade-subordinated structure, ensures non-oscillatory initiation of a sliding mode at various positioning modes, has been created. It is constructed by integrating the results of a number of previous works, in which the synthesis of relay control systems based on the analysis of the roots of the sliding equation of the position regulator is performed. This algorithm cannot be formally considered as an optimization tool due to the incompatibility of this problem with the aperiodization taken as the purpose, which comes about for certain forms of transient trajectories. But for such cases, the loss of performance relatively optimal one is negligible. Thus, the result of the application of the proposed algorithm in most practically significant cases is an optimal third-order system with aperiodic entry into the sliding mode. When controlling the electric drive, such a system will ensure the monotonous nature of the movement of the working body of the electromechanical system. The developed block diagram is focused on the practical implementation of the algorithm by the software of controllers of precision electric drives.

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Khan, Fazeel, and Erhard Krempl. "Amorphous and Semicrystalline Solid Polymers: Experimental and Modeling Studies of Their Inelastic Deformation Behaviors." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 128, no. 1 (March 9, 2005): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1925289.

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The study of the inelastic deformation behavior of six amorphous and semicrystalline polymers was performed to develop and verify the capabilities of a constitutive material model. The test conditions consisted of piecewise constant strain rates for loading and unloading. Immediate control mode switching capability permitted using load control for creep and recovery tests. Positive, nonlinear rate sensitivity was observed in all cases for monotonic loading and the prior loading rate was found to have a strong influence on creep, relaxation and strain recovery (emulating creep at zero stress) tests. In particular, a fast prior rate engenders a larger change in the output variable: strain in conditions of creep and stress drop in relaxation. Based on the absence of any distinctive deformation traits, the preponderance of data collected in the experimentation program suggests that both categories of polymers can be modeled using the same phenomenological approach. Modeling of the experimental data is introduced with a uniaxial form of the Viscoplasticity Theory Based on Overstress for Polymers (VBOP). Simulations and model predictions are provided for various loading histories. Additional modifications necessary to extend the theory to finite deformation and inelastic compressibility are then presented. An objective formulation is obtained in the Eulerian framework together with the recently proposed logarithmic spin by Xiao [Xiao, H., Bruhns, O., and Meyers, A., 1997, “Hypoelesticity Model Based Upon the Logarithmic Stress Rate,” J. Elast., 47, pp. 51–68].

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Delibašić, Boris, Sandro Radovanović, Miloš Jovanović, Zoran Obradović, and Milija Suknović. "Ski injury predictive analytics from massive ski lift transportation data." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 232, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337117728600.

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Ski injury research is traditionally studied on small-scale observational studies where risk factors from univariate and multivariate statistical models are extracted. In this article, a large-scale ski injury observational study was conducted by analyzing skier transportation data from six consecutive seasons. Logistic regression and chi-square automatic interaction detection decision tree models for ski injury predictions are proposed. While logistic regression assumes a linearly weighted dependency between the predictors and the response variable, chi-square automatic interaction detection assumes a non-linear and hierarchical dependency. Logistic regression also assumes a monotonic relationship between each predictor variable and the response variable, while chi-square automatic interaction detection does not require such an assumption. In this research, the chi-square automatic interaction detection decision tree model achieved a higher odds ratio and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in predicting ski injury. Both logistic regression and chi-square automatic interaction detection identified the daily time spent in the ski lift transportation system as the most important feature for ski injury prediction which provides solid evidence that ski injuries are early-failure events. Skiers who are at the highest risk of injury also exhibit higher lift switching behavior while performing faster runs and preferring ski slopes with higher vertical descents. The lowest injury risk is observed for skiers who spend more time in the ski lift transportation system and ski faster than the average population.

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SCHAUBEL, DOUGLAS E., and STANLEY S. A. FENTON. "Trends in Mortality on Peritoneal Dialysis: Canada, 1981-1997." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 11, no. 1 (January 2000): 126–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.v111126.

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Abstract. Several technical and nontechnical improvements in peritoneal dialysis (PD) have occurred during recent years. Since few previous studies have examined trends in PD mortality over time, and to determine whether enhancements in PD have translated into improved patient outcomes, mortality rates among the 17,900 patients receiving PD in Canada during the period 1981-1997 were analyzed. Mortality rate ratios (RR) were estimated using Poisson regression, adjusting for age, race, gender, primary renal diagnosis, follow-up time, and type of PD (continuous ambulatory/cyclic versus intermittent). Adjusted mortality rates decreased significantly by calender period, the reduction being monotonic: RR = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75 to 0.87 for 1986-1989; RR = 0.73, 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.78 for 1990-1993; RR = 0.63, 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.67 for 1994-1997, with 1981-1985 serving as the reference period (RR = 1, fixed). The improvement in mortality was fairly consistent across patient subpopulations. When analyzed separately by follow-up time window, the mortality decrease was strongest in the first 12 mo after renal replacement therapy initiation. Supplementary analysis revealed that the trend in mortality rates was not attributable to corresponding trends in transplantation or technique failure rates, or modality switching patterns. Results were quite similar whether based on an “as-treated” or “intent-to-treat” analysis. More extensive data on practice patterns would empower future studies to elucidate the cause/effect relationship between PD practice patterns and patient survival.

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Farjami, Saeed, Ryan P. D. Alexander, Derek Bowie, and Anmar Khadra. "Bursting in cerebellar stellate cells induced by pharmacological agents: Non-sequential spike adding." PLOS Computational Biology 16, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): e1008463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008463.

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Cerebellar stellate cells (CSCs) are spontaneously active, tonically firing (5-30 Hz), inhibitory interneurons that synapse onto Purkinje cells. We previously analyzed the excitability properties of CSCs, focusing on four key features: type I excitability, non-monotonic first-spike latency, switching in responsiveness and runup (i.e., temporal increase in excitability during whole-cell configuration). In this study, we extend this analysis by using whole-cell configuration to show that these neurons can also burst when treated with certain pharmacological agents separately or jointly. Indeed, treatment with 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP), a partial blocker of delayed rectifier and A-type K+ channels, at low doses induces a bursting profile in CSCs significantly different than that produced at high doses or when it is applied at low doses but with cadmium (Cd2+), a blocker of high voltage-activated (HVA) Ca2+ channels. By expanding a previously revised Hodgkin–Huxley type model, through the inclusion of Ca2+-activated K+ (K(Ca)) and HVA currents, we explain how these bursts are generated and what their underlying dynamics are. Specifically, we demonstrate that the expanded model preserves the four excitability features of CSCs, as well as captures their bursting patterns induced by 4-AP and Cd2+. Model investigation reveals that 4-AP is potentiating HVA, inducing square-wave bursting at low doses and pseudo-plateau bursting at high doses, whereas Cd2+ is potentiating K(Ca), inducing pseudo-plateau bursting when applied in combination with low doses of 4-AP. Using bifurcation analysis, we show that spike adding in square-wave bursts is non-sequential when gradually changing HVA and K(Ca) maximum conductances, delayed Hopf is responsible for generating the plateau segment within the active phase of pseudo-plateau bursts, and bursting can become “chaotic” when HVA and K(Ca) maximum conductances are made low and high, respectively. These results highlight the secondary effects of the drugs applied and suggest that CSCs have all the ingredients needed for bursting.

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Nicholson, Gavin, Amedeo Pugliese, and Pieter-Jan Bezemer. "Habitual accountability routines in the boardroom: how boards balance control and collaboration." Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal 30, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 222–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aaaj-07-2015-2143.

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Purpose Corporate accountability is a complex chain of reporting that reaches from external stakeholders into the organization’s management structure. The transition from external to internal accountability mechanisms primarily occurs at the board of directors. Yet outside of incentive mechanisms, we know surprisingly little about how internal actors (management) are held to account by the representatives of external shareholders (the board). The purpose of this paper is to explore the process of accountability at this transition point by documenting the routines used by boards to hold the firm’s management to account. In doing so, we develop the understanding of the important transition between internal and external firm accountability. Design/methodology/approach An inductive, case-based approach identifies recurrent behaviour patterns in two matched boards over three video-taped meetings. Sequential analysis of coded group and individual behaviours provides insight into boards’ accountability routines. Findings The boards engaged in clear, recurrent accountability routines. Individuals on the boards play different roles in these routines depending on the issue before the board, allowing both directors and managers to hold each other to account. The outsiders (directors) both challenge and support the insiders (managers) during board discussions, switching their behaviours with different agenda items but maintaining a consistent group level of support and scepticism across the meeting. This allows for the simultaneous development of trust and verification at the group level, a necessary condition for effective accountability. Research limitations/implications As board relationships and organisational context are highly variable, future research should concentrate on testing the generalizability of the results across different board and shareholder structures. Practical implications The results call into question the current governance focus on the independence of the individual director, as the authors identify that all directors appear to act as agents at one time or another in a meeting. Accountability at the boardroom level requires an effective group process not usually addressed in governance recommendations or regulation. Originality/value This study provides unique insights into board dynamics, documenting the accountability implications of group behaviours. By focussing on the group process, the authors highlight the potential mismatch of monotonic, individual-level approaches to governance and accountability prevalent in current agency approaches.

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42

Potechin, Aaron. "Bounds on Monotone Switching Networks for Directed Connectivity." Journal of the ACM 64, no. 4 (September 7, 2017): 1–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3080520.

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Yang, Xuan. "A PD-Type Iterative Learning Control for a Class of Switched Discrete-Time Systems with Model Uncertainties and External Noises." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/410292.

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A PD-type iterative learning control algorithm is applied to a class of linear discrete-time switched systems for tracking desired trajectories. The application is based on assumption that the switched systems repetitively operate over a finite time interval and the switching rules are arbitrarily prespecified. By taking advantage of the super-vector approach, a sufficient condition of the monotone convergence of the algorithm is deduced when both the model uncertainties and the external noises are absent. Then the robust monotone convergence is analyzed when the model uncertainties are present and the robustness against the bounded external noises is discussed. The analysis manifests that the proposed PD-type iterative learning control algorithm is feasible and effective when it is imposed on the linear switched systems specified by the arbitrarily preset switching rules. The attached simulations support the feasibility and the effectiveness.

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Yung, Siu Pang. "Differential game with switching controls on Hilbert space." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 39, no. 2 (October 1997): 230–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0334270000008821.

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AbstractWe study differential game problems in which the players can select different maximal monotone operators for the governing evolution system. Setting up our problem on a real Hilbert space, we show that the Elliott-Kalton upper and lower value of the game are viscosity solution of some Hamilton-Jacobi-Isaacs equations. Uniqueness is obtained by assuming condition analogous to the classical Isaacs condition, and thus the existence of value of the game follows.

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Topolewski, Mateusz. "Systems of BSDES with oblique reflection and related optimal switching problems." Stochastics and Dynamics 19, no. 04 (June 30, 2019): 1950030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219493719500308.

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We consider systems of backward stochastic differential equations with càdlàg upper barrier [Formula: see text] and oblique reflection from below driven by an increasing continuous function [Formula: see text]. Our equations are defined on general probability spaces with a filtration satisfying merely the usual assumptions of right continuity and completeness. We assume that the pair [Formula: see text] satisfies a Mokobodzki-type condition. We prove the existence of a solution for integrable terminal conditions and integrable quasi-monotone generators. Applications to the optimal switching problem are given.

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Yuniati, Ira. "Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Pengajaran Bahasa Indonesia Kelas XI SMAN 6 Kabupaten Bengkulu Tengah." Silampari Bisa: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Bahasa Indonesia, Daerah, dan Asing 1, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.31540/silamparibisa.v1i1.14.

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The objective of this research was to obtain get empirical data about some aspect displace code and mingle code, and describe factors which was happening of code switching and code mixing. This research represented qualitative method with content analysis technique by using sociolinguistics approach. Data collecting technique was done through observation, note book, internet, journal, related to research object especially sosiolinguistics science explaining about code switching and code mixing. From result of investigation, it was found out that there were some reasons why teachers did code switching and code mixing. They were: 1. teachers define again situation that have been mentioned previously redefinition to be student more is comprehending of intention from its utterance, 2. teachers try to liquefy class atmosphere which monoton by using displacing code and mingle code to evoke humorous impression, and 3. the teacher must reinforce his command so that students better understand that what the teacher instructed must be followed. The social phenomenon that underlies many or at least cases of code transfers and code mixes in Indonesian language teaching is the level of language skills of the teachers who teach the language. The higher the language capability, the less cases of code change occur, and vice versa. Keywords: code switching, code mixing, teaching Indonesian language

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Lan, Guijie, Ziyan Lin, Chunjin Wei, and Shuwen Zhang. "A stochastic SIRS epidemic model with non-monotone incidence rate under regime-switching." Journal of the Franklin Institute 356, no. 16 (November 2019): 9844–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2019.09.009.

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TAWBE, K. "RECONSTRUCTION OF TWO SUBCLASSES OF 2L-CONVEX POLYOMINOES." Discrete Mathematics, Algorithms and Applications 02, no. 01 (March 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793830910000437.

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A polyomino P is called 2L-convex if for every two cells there exists a monotone path included in P with at most 2 changes of direction. This paper studies the geometrical and the tomographical aspects of two subclasses of 2L-convex polyominoes called δ2L and [Formula: see text]. In a first part, we give the characterization of each class. The unicity results are investigated using the switching components (that is the elements of these subclasses that have the same projections). In a second part, using the unicity results and some other properties we are able to reconstruct directly 2L-convex polyominoes in the classes δ2L and [Formula: see text].

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Tawbe, K. "Two subclasses of 2-convex polyominoes: properties for reconstruction." Applicable Analysis and Discrete Mathematics 4, no. 1 (2010): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/aadm1000007t.

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A polyomino P is called 2-convex if for every two cells there exists a monotone path included in P with at most 2 changes of direction. This paper studies the tomographical aspects of two subclasses of 2-convex polyominoes called ?2L and ??2L. In the first part, the uniqueness results of the two subclasses of HV - convex polyominoes ? and ?? are investigated using the switching components (that is the elements of these subclasses that have the same projections). In the second part, using the uniqueness results and the algorithm by Chrobak and D?rr, two paths connecting the feet and a tomographical condition are given to verify whether P is in ?2L or ??2L.

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Kim, Jonghoek. "Intruder capture algorithms considering visible intruders." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 3 (May 1, 2019): 172988141984673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419846739.

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In this article, we consider the problem of using multiple robots (searchers) to capture intruders in an environment. Assume that a robot can access the position of an intruder in real time, that is, an intruder is visible by a robot. We simplify the environment so that robots and worst-case intruders move along a weighted graph, which is a topological map of the environment. In such settings, a worst-case intruder is characterized by unbounded speed, complete awareness of searcher location and intent, and full knowledge of the search environment. The weight of an edge or a vertex in a weighted graph is a cost describing the clearing requirement of the edge or the vertex. This article provides non-monotone search algorithms to capture every visible intruder. Our algorithms are easy to implement, thus are suitable for practical robot applications. Based on the non-monotone search algorithms, we derive the minimum number of robots required to clear a weighted tree graph. Considering a general weighted graph, we derive bounds for the number of robots required. Finally, we present switching algorithms to improve the time efficiency of capturing intruders while not increasing the number of robots. We verify the effectiveness of our approach using MATLAB simulations.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Monotonic switching'

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