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Journal articles on the topic 'Monotremes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Krubitzer, Leah. "What can monotremes tell us about brain evolution?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (1998): 1127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0271.

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The present review outlines studies of electrophsyiological organization, cortical architecture and thalmocortical and corticocortical connections in monotremes. Results of these studies indicate that the neocortex of monotremes has many features in common with other mammals. In particular, monotremes have at least two, and in some instances three, sensory fields for each modality, as well as regions of bimodal cortex. The internal organization of cortical fields and thalamocortical projection patterns are also similar to those described for other mammals. However, unlike most mammals investig

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2

Ecroyd, Heath, Brett Nixon, Jean-Louis Dacheux, and Russell C. Jones. "Testicular descent, sperm maturation and capacitation. Lessons from our most distant relatives, the monotremes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09081.

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The present review examines whether monotremes may help to resolve three questions relating to sperm production in mammals: why the testes descend into a scrotum in most mammals, why spermatozoa are infertile when they leave the testes and require a period of maturation in the specific milieu provided by the epididymides, and why ejaculated spermatozoa cannot immediately fertilise an ovum until they undergo capacitation within the female reproductive tract. Comparisons of monotremes with other mammals indicate that there is a need for considerable work on monotremes. It is hypothesised that te

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3

Temple-Smith, Peter, and Tom Grant. "Uncertain breeding: a short history of reproduction in monotremes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 13, no. 8 (2001): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd01110.

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Although much is known about the biology of monotremes, many important aspects of their reproduction remain unclear. Studies over the last century have provided valuable information on various aspects of monotreme reproduction including the structure and function of their reproductive system, breeding behaviour, sex determination and seasonality. All three living genera of monotremes have been successfully maintained in captivity, often for long periods, yet breeding has been rare and unpredictable. When breeding has occurred, however, significant gains in knowledge have ensued; for example a

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4

Wong, Emily S. W., Anthony T. Papenfuss, Robert D. Miller, and Katherine Belov. "Hatching time for monotreme immunology." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09042.

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The sequencing of the platypus genome has spurred investigations into the characterisation of the monotreme immune response. As the most divergent of extant mammals, the characterisation of the monotreme immune repertoire allows us to trace the evolutionary history of immunity in mammals and provide insights into the immune gene complement of ancestral mammals. The immune system of monotremes has remained largely uncharacterised due to the lack of specific immunological reagents and limited access to animals for experimentation. Early immunological studies focussed on the anatomy and physiolog

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5

Pettigrew, J. D. "Electroreception in monotremes." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 10 (1999): 1447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.10.1447.

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I will briefly review the history of the bill sense of the platypus, a sophisticated combination of electroreception and mechanoreception that coordinates information about aquatic prey provided from the bill skin mechanoreceptors and electroreceptors, and provide an evolutionary account of electroreception in the three extant species of monotreme (and what can be inferred of their ancestors). Electroreception in monotremes is compared and contrasted with the extensive body of work on electric fish, and an account of the central processing of mechanoreceptive and electroreceptive input in the

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6

Stannard, Hayley J., Robert D. Miller, and Julie M. Old. "Marsupial and monotreme milk—a review of its nutrient and immune properties." PeerJ 8 (June 23, 2020): e9335. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9335.

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All mammals are characterized by the ability of females to produce milk. Marsupial (metatherian) and monotreme (prototherian) young are born in a highly altricial state and rely on their mother’s milk for the first part of their life. Here we review the role and importance of milk in marsupial and monotreme development. Milk is the primary source of sustenance for young marsupials and monotremes and its composition varies at different stages of development. We applied nutritional geometry techniques to a limited number of species with values available to analyze changes in macronutrient compos

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7

Tsend-Ayush, Enkhjargal, Shu Ly Lim, Andrew J. Pask, Diana Demiyah Mohd Hamdan, Marilyn B. Renfree, and Frank Grützner. "Characterisation of ATRX, DMRT1, DMRT7 and WT1 in the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09090.

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One of the most puzzling aspects of monotreme reproductive biology is how they determine sex in the absence of the SRY gene that triggers testis development in most other mammals. Although monotremes share a XX female/XY male sex chromosome system with other mammals, their sex chromosomes show homology to the chicken Z chromosome, including the DMRT1 gene, which is a dosage-dependent sex determination gene in birds. In addition, monotremes feature an extraordinary multiple sex chromosome system. However, no sex determination gene has been identified as yet on any of the five X or five Y chromo

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8

Messer, M., D. C. Shaw, A. S. Weiss, P. Rissmiller, and M. Griffiths. "Estimation of Divergence Dates for Monotremes From Comparisons of A-Lactalbumin Amino Acid Sequences." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 2 (1998): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am98323.

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cx-Lactalbumins were isolated from milk of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and the echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Their amino acid sequences were determined and compared with those of the cx- lactalbumins often eutherian and two marsupial species, using the computer programme ("Distances") to calculate the number of differences (substitutions) between a total of 36 pairs of cx-lactalbumins. As expected, the amino acid sequences of the monotreme cx-lactalbumins were more similar to each other than to those of other mammals, as were the sequences of the marsupial and the eutherian cx-

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9

Kirsch, John A. W., and Gregory C. Mayer. "The platypus is not a rodent: DNA hybridization, amniote phylogeny and the palimpsest theory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (1998): 1221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0278.

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We present DNA–hybridization data on 21 amniotes and two anurans showing that discrimination is obtained among most of these at the class and lower levels. Trees generated from these data largely agree with conventional views, for example in not associating birds and mammals. However, the sister relationships found here of the monotremes to marsupials, and of turtles to the alligator, are surprising results which are nonetheless consistent with the results of some other studies. The Marsupionta hypothesis of Gregory is reviewed, as are opinions about the placement of chelonians. Anatomical and

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10

Lefèvre, Christophe M., Julie A. Sharp, and Kevin R. Nicholas. "Characterisation of monotreme caseins reveals lineage-specific expansion of an ancestral casein locus in mammals." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 1015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09083.

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Using a milk-cell cDNA sequencing approach we characterised milk-protein sequences from two monotreme species, platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) and found a full set of caseins and casein variants. The genomic organisation of the platypus casein locus is compared with other mammalian genomes, including the marsupial opossum and several eutherians. Physical linkage of casein genes has been seen in the casein loci of all mammalian genomes examined and we confirm that this is also observed in platypus. However, we show that a recent duplication of β-casein o

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11

Choi, Charles Q. "Extreme Monotremes." Scientific American 301, no. 6 (2009): 21–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1209-21.

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12

Newman, Janet, Julie A. Sharp, Ashwantha Kumar Enjapoori, et al. "Structural characterization of a novel monotreme-specific protein with antimicrobial activity from the milk of the platypus." Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 74, no. 1 (2018): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x17017708.

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Monotreme lactation protein (MLP) is a recently identified protein with antimicrobial activity. It is present in the milk of monotremes and is unique to this lineage. To characterize MLP and to gain insight into the potential role of this protein in the evolution of lactation, the crystal structure of duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) MLP was determined at 1.82 Å resolution. This is the first structure to be reported for this novel, mammalian antibacterial protein. MLP was expressed as a FLAG epitope-tagged protein in mammalian cells and crystallized readily, with at least three

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13

Neff, Ellen P. "Genomes for monotremes." Lab Animal 50, no. 3 (2021): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41684-021-00736-9.

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14

Warren, Wesley C., and Frank Grützner. "The enigma of the platypus genome." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09051.

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Over two centuries after the first platypus specimen stirred the scientific community in Europe, the whole-genome sequence of the duck-billed platypus has been completed and is publicly available. After publication of eutherian and marsupial genomes, this is the first genome of a monotreme filling an important evolutionary gap between the divergence of birds more that 300 million years ago and marsupials more than 140 million years ago. Monotremes represent the most basal surviving branch of mammals and the platypus genome sequence allows unprecedented insights into the evolution of mammals an

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15

Watson, JM. "Monotreme Genetics and Cytology and a Model for Sex-Chromosome Evolution." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890385.

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The protherian mammals consist of three species: the platypus, the Australian echidna and the Niugini echidna. These mammals diverged from the therian line of descent about 150-200 million years ago; hence comparisons of gene arrangements and gene control mechanisms between prototherian and therian mammals may yield significant data about gene rearrangements during mammalian evolution and about the evolution of complex genetic control systems. The chromosome complements of the three monotreme species are highly conserved. In particular, the X (or X1) chromosomes are G-band identical and share

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16

Woodburne, Michael O. "Monotremes as Pretribosphenic Mammals." Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10, no. 3 (2003): 195–248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jomm.0000015104.29857.f0.

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17

Proske, U., J. E. Gregory, and A. Iggo. "Sensory receptors in monotremes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1372 (1998): 1187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0275.

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This is a summary of the current knowledge of sensory receptors in skin of the bill of the platypus, Ornithorhynchus anatinus , and the snout of the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus . Brief mention is also made of the third living member of the monotremes, the long–nosed echidna, Zaglossus bruijnii . The monotremes are the only group of mammals known to have evolved electroreception. The structures in the skin responsible for the electric sense have been identified as sensory mucous glands with an expanded epidermal portion that is innervated by large–diameter nerve fibres. Afferent recordings

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18

Watson, JM, and JAM Graves. "Monotreme Cell-Cycles and the Evolution of Homeothermy." Australian Journal of Zoology 36, no. 5 (1988): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880573.

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We have studied the effects of temperature on the phases of the cell cycle in cells derived from the monotreme mammals, platypus and echidna, which have the unusually low body temperature of 32�C. We report here that M phase and the cycle time conform to expectations, but in the case of cycle time this is due to different effects of high and low temperatures on GI, G2 and S phases. The finding that the G2 and S phases apparently have an inverse linear relationship with temperature up to 37�C (the upper lethal temperature) suggests that the low body temperature of the monotremes is not primitiv

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19

Grutzner, F., A. Casey, and T. Daish. "105. MEIOTIC ACROBATS: MONOTREME SEX CHROMOSOME ORGANISATION DURING SPERMATOGENESIS." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, no. 9 (2010): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb10abs105.

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Monotremes feature an extraordinarily complex sex chromosome system which shares extensive homology with bird sex chromosomes but no homology to sex chromosomes of other mammals (1,2,3). At meiotic prophase I the ten sex chromosomes in platypus (nine in echidna) assemble in a sex chromosome chain. We previously identified the multiple sex chromosomes in platypus and echidna that form the meiotic chain in males (1,2,4). We showed that sex chromosomes assembly in the chain in a specific order (5) and that they segregate alternately (1). In secondary spermatocytes we observed clustering of X and

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20

Sinclair, Andrew H., Jacyln M. Wrigley, and Jennifer A. Marshall Graves. "Autosomal assignment of OTC in marsupials and monotremes: implications for the evolution of sex chromosomes." Genetical Research 50, no. 2 (1987): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300023533.

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SummaryThe OTC gene coding for ornithine transcarbamylase is sex linked and subject to X inactivation in humans and mice. We have used a rat cDNA probe to localize OTC by in situ hybridization in marsupials and monotremes. The gene maps to an autosomal site in two distantly related marsupial species and in one monotreme (the platypus); the first demonstration that a gene X-linked in one mammalian species may be autosomal in another. Since the conservation of the mammalian X is thought to be a consequence of its isolation by the inactivation mechanism, we propose that an autosomal or pseudoauto

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21

Behringer, Richard R., Guy S. Eakin, and Marilyn B. Renfree. "Mammalian diversity: gametes, embryos and reproduction." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 18, no. 2 (2006): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05137.

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The class Mammalia is composed of approximately 4800 extant species. These mammalian species are divided into three subclasses that include the monotremes, marsupials and eutherians. Monotremes are remarkable because these mammals are born from eggs laid outside of the mother’s body. Marsupial mammals have relatively short gestation periods and give birth to highly altricial young that continue a significant amount of ‘fetal’ development after birth, supported by a highly sophisticated lactation. Less than 10% of mammalian species are monotremes or marsupials, so the great majority of mammals

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22

Rowe, M. J., D. A. Mahns, R. C. Bohringer, K. W. S. Ashwell, and V. Sahai. "Tactile neural mechanisms in monotremes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 136, no. 4 (2003): 883–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2003.06.001.

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23

Snipes, RL, H. Snipes, and FN Carrick. "Morphometric data on the intestines of five Australian marsupials (Marsupialia)." Australian Mammalogy 25, no. 2 (2003): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am03193.

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THE nutritional biology of marsupials has been a subject of numerous studies, culminating in valuable compilations covering a wide range of aspects (Osman Hill and Rewell 1954; Walton and Richardson 1989; Hume 1982, 1999; Kerle 2001). Despite this thorough coverage, there remains a scarcity of morphometric data on the intestines of monotremes and marsupials. In an attempt to approach this need, an effort was initiated to provide morphometric data on monotremes (Snipes et al. 2002) and marsupials (Snipes et al. 1993, 2003).

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24

Hayward, John S., and Paul A. Lisson. "Evolution of brown fat: its absence in marsupials and monotremes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 1 (1992): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-025.

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Species from all extant families of marsupials and monotremes were examined to clarify whether these mammalian subclasses possess brown adipose tissue. To optimize the chance of finding this tissue, special emphasis was given to sampling species adapted to colder regions, species with small adult body size, and individuals at a stage of development equivalent to the newborn stage of placentals (late pouch life in the case of marsupials). Evidence based on gross morphology and light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy failed to show the presence of brown adipose tissue in any marsupial or mo

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25

Ashwell, Ken W. S., and Boaz Shulruf. "Vestibular development in marsupials and monotremes." Journal of Anatomy 224, no. 4 (2013): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12148.

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26

Pridmore, Peter A. "Terrestrial locomotion in monotremes (Mammalia: Monotremata)." Journal of Zoology 205, no. 1 (2009): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1985.tb05613.x.

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27

Hill, W. C. Osman, and R. E. Rewell. "The caecum of monotremes and marsupials." Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 28, no. 2 (2010): 185–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1954.tb00234.x.

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28

Dobrovic, A., and Marshall Graves. "Gene mapping in marsupials and monotremes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 41, no. 1 (1986): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000132189.

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29

Dawson, G. W., and Marshall Graves. "Gene mapping in marsupials and monotremes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 42, no. 1-2 (1986): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000132256.

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30

Dawson, G. W., P. G. Johnston, and Marshall Graves. "Gene mapping in marsupials and monotremes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 45, no. 1 (1987): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000132415.

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31

Wong, Emily SW, Anthony T. Papenfuss, and Katherine Belov. "Immunome database for marsupials and monotremes." BMC Immunology 12, no. 1 (2011): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2172-12-48.

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32

Haynes, Julie Irene. "Parathyroids and ultimobranchial bodies in monotremes." Anatomical Record 254, no. 2 (1999): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(19990201)254:2<269::aid-ar13>3.0.co;2-g.

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33

Cooper, D. W., P. G. Johnston, J. M. Watson, and J. A. M. Graves. "X-inactivation in marsupials and monotremes." Seminars in Developmental Biology 4, no. 2 (1993): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/sedb.1993.1014.

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34

Hope, RM, S. Cooper, and B. Wainwright. "Globin Macromolecular Sequences in Marsupials and Monotremes." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890289.

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We have reviewed published data on haemoglobin and myoglobin DNA and protein sequences from marsupial and monotreme mammals, and drawn attention to the difficulties that have been encountered in using these data to estimate dates of evolutionary divergence. We argue that continuing studies of marsupial and monotreme globins, particularly molecular studies on gene organisation and regulation, are likely to contribute significantly to our understanding of gene and organismal evolution. In this context we suggest that studies on the globin genes of a monotreme and a South American marsupial would

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35

Buschiazzo, E., and N. J. Gemmell. "Evolutionary and phylogenetic significance of platypus microsatellites conserved in mammalian and other vertebrate genomes." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09038.

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Building on the recent publication of the first monotreme genome, that of the platypus, and the discovery that many platypus microsatellites are found in the genomes of three mammals (opossum, human, mouse) and two non-mammalian vertebrates (chicken, lizard), we investigated further the evolutionary conservation of microsatellites identified in the monotreme lineage and tested whether the conservation of microsatellites we observe in vertebrates has phylogenetic signal. Most conserved platypus microsatellites (75%) were found in one species, with the platypus sharing many more microsatellites

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36

Asahara, Masakazu, Masahiro Koizumi, Thomas E. Macrini, Suzanne J. Hand, and Michael Archer. "Comparative cranial morphology in living and extinct platypuses: Feeding behavior, electroreception, and loss of teeth." Science Advances 2, no. 10 (2016): e1601329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601329.

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The modern platypus,Ornithorhynchus anatinus, has an eye structure similar to aquatic mammals; however, platypuses also have a “sixth sense” associated with the bill electro- and mechanoreception that they use without opening their eyes underwater. We hypothesize thatOrnithorhynchusand the Miocene taxonObdurodonhave different sensory capacities, which may have resulted from differences in foraging behavior. To estimate differences in foraging, sensory systems, and anatomical divergence between these monotremes, we compared their skull morphologies. Results indicate that the bill ofObdurodonis

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37

Jenkins, Farish A. "Monotremes and the Biology of Mesozoic Mammals." Netherlands Journal of Zoology 40, no. 1-2 (1989): 5–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854289x00165.

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38

Pascual, Rosendo, Michael Archer, Edgardo Ortiz Jaureguizar, José L. Prado, Henk Godthelp, and Suzanne J. Hand. "First discovery of monotremes in South America." Nature 356, no. 6371 (1992): 704–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/356704a0.

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Finkel, E. "Genome Speaks to Transitional Nature of Monotremes." Science 320, no. 5877 (2008): 730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.320.5877.730.

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40

Brice, Peter H. "Thermoregulation in monotremes: riddles in a mosaic." Australian Journal of Zoology 57, no. 4 (2009): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09039.

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The three extant genera of the Monotremata have evolved, probably from a pre-Cretaceous Gondwanan origin, independently of the Theria to display a variety of ancestral and derived features. A comparison of their thermoregulation reveals a diversity of physiology that might represent both plesiomorphic and apomorphic elements within this mosaic. In the tachyglossids, the echidnas Tachyglossus and Zaglossus, body temperature is often labile, rising as a result of activity and allowed to decline during inactivity. This daily heterothermy, which is not necessarily torpor, may combine with typical

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41

Graves, JAM. "Sex-Chromosome Function in Marsupials and Monotremes." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 3 (1989): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890409.

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42

Peel, E., and K. Belov. "Immune-endocrine interactions in marsupials and monotremes." General and Comparative Endocrinology 244 (April 2017): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.026.

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43

Parkinson, A. L., A. T. Whittington, P. B. S. Spencer, et al. "Comparative erythrocyte metabolism in marsupials and monotremes." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology 110, no. 3 (1995): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0742-8413(95)00010-l.

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44

Graves, J. A. M. "Gene Maps of Monotremes (Mammalian Subclass Prototheria)." ILAR Journal 39, no. 2-3 (1998): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.39.2-3.225.

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45

Sarker, Subir, Saranika Talukder, Ajani Athukorala, and Pam L. Whiteley. "The Spleen Virome of Australia’s Endemic Platypus Is Dominated by Highly Diverse Papillomaviruses." Viruses 17, no. 2 (2025): 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020176.

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The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), a unique monotreme, represents a pivotal point in mammalian evolution with its distinctive traits, such as electroreception and venom production. Despite its evolutionary significance, the viral diversity within platypuses remains poorly understood. This study employed next-generation sequencing to investigate the virome of the dead platypuses, uncovering a range of novel and divergent viruses. Among the identified viruses were four complete genomes of papillomaviruses (OaPV1–4) exhibiting substantial divergence from known strains, suggesting a novel ge

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46

Antonsson, Annika, and Nigel A. J. McMillan. "Papillomavirus in healthy skin of Australian animals." Journal of General Virology 87, no. 11 (2006): 3195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.82195-0.

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Papillomaviruses are a group of ubiquitous viruses that are often found in normal skin of humans, as well as a range of different vertebrates. In this study, swab samples collected from the healthy skin of 225 Australian animals from 54 species were analysed for the presence of papillomavirus DNA with the general skin papillomavirus primer pair FAP59/FAP64. A total of five putative and potential new animal papillomavirus types were identified from three different animal species. The papillomaviruses were detected in one monotreme and two marsupial species: three from koalas, and one each from

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47

M McKay, Lynette, Jaclyn M Wrigley, and Jennifer A MarshalI Graves. "Evolution of Mammalian X-chromosome Inactivation: Sex Chromatin in Monotremes and Marsupials." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 40, no. 4 (1987): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9870397.

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The inactive mammalian X-chromosome is always late-replicating, and in eutherian mammals it is heterochromatic and hypermethylated. We propose that this multistep system has evolved from a more primitive system, remnants of which may be found in marsupials and monotremes.

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48

Westerman, M., and D. Edwards. "The relationship between echidna (Monotremata: Tachyglossidae) and platypus (Monotremata: Ornithorhynchidae) - new data from DNA studies." Australian Mammalogy 14, no. 2 (1991): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am91011.

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DNA-DNA hybridizations have been used to assess the relationship between two living monotremes, Ornithorhynchus anatinus and Tachyglossus aculeatus. Differences between the unique DNA sequences of these two animals are consistent with a divergence date in the late Cretaceous - early Tertiary period.

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Spratt, David M. "New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860." Zootaxa 2860, no. 1 (2011): 1–61. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2860.1.1.

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Spratt, David M. (2011): New records of filarioid nematodes (Nematoda: Filarioidea) parasitic in Australasian monotremes, marsupials and murids, with descriptions of nine new species 2860. Zootaxa 2860 (1): 1-61, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2860.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.2860.1.1

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Morrissey, Kimberly A., Maximilian Stammnitz та Robert D. Miller. "The biology and evolution of the unconventional γμ T cell in non-eutherian mammals." Journal of Immunology 210, № 1_Supplement (2023): 225.02. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.225.02.

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Abstract There are three lineages of T cells in mammals, αβ, γδ and γμ T cells, classified by the composition of their T cell receptors (TCR). γμ T cells are present only in marsupials and monotremes. The γμTCR has a number of unique features, most distinctly is the three extracellular-domain TCRμ chain. In this study we investigate the evolution of the TCRμ genes and characteristics of γμ T cells in different species. γμ T cells appear to have tissue specific residency. In adult opossums, Monodelphis domestica, they are restricted to the spleen, liver, throughout the gut, and mesenteric lymph

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