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Journal articles on the topic 'Montane grasslands'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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1

Valkó, Orsolya, Rocco Labadessa, and Stephen Venn. "Conservation, restoration and biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands – Editorial to the 6th EDGG special issue in Hacquetia." Hacquetia 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2021-0008.

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Abstract This special issue is a collection of articles about the conservation, restoration and biodiversity of Palaearctic grasslands and was initiated by the Eurasian Dry Grassland Group at the 15th Eurasian Dry Grassland Conference (EDGC), held at Graz, Austria in 2019. The papers in this special issue cover a range of grassland habitats from montane dry grasslands to lowland sandy grasslands, feathergrass steppes and meadow steppes, and focus on the biodiversity values, conservation issues and restoration prospects of Palaearctic grasslands. We hope that the articles in this special issue will contribute to a better understanding of the ecology of grasslands and support their more effective conservation.

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2

Ibañez, M., N. Altimir, A. Ribas, W. Eugster, and M. T. Sebastià. "Phenology and plant functional type dominance drive CO2 exchange in seminatural grasslands in the Pyrenees." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 1-2 (March 2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859620000179.

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AbstractUnderstanding the mechanisms underlying net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) in mountain grasslands is important to quantify their relevance in the global carbon budget. However, complex interactions between environmental variables and vegetation on NEE remain unclear; and there is a lack of empirical data, especially from the high elevations and the Mediterranean region. A chamber-based survey of CO2 exchange measurements was carried out in two climatically contrasted grasslands (montane v. subalpine) of the Pyrenees; assessing the relative contribution of phenology and environmental variables on CO2 exchange at the seasonal scale, and the influence of plant functional type dominance (grasses, forbs and legumes) on the NEE light response. Results show that phenology plays a crucial role as a CO2 exchange driver, suggesting a differential behaviour of the vegetation community depending on the environment. The subalpine grassland had a more delayed phenology compared to the montane, being more temperature than water constrained. However, temperature increased net CO2 uptake at a higher rate in the subalpine than in the montane grassland. During the peak biomass, productivity (+74%) and net CO2 uptake (NEE +48%) were higher in the subalpine grassland than in the montane grassland. The delayed phenology at the subalpine grassland reduced vegetation's sensitivity to summer dryness, and CO2 exchange fluxes were less constrained by low soil water content. The NEE light response suggested that legume dominated plots had higher net CO2 uptake per unit of biomass than grasses. Detailed information on phenology and vegetation composition is essential to understand elevation and climatic differences in CO2 exchange.

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3

Scheer, Maurício Bergamini, and Alan Yukio Mocochinski. "Upper montane grassland structure within six subranges of Serra do Mar, Southern Brazil." Hoehnea 43, no. 3 (September 2016): 401–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-90/2015.

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ABSTRACT The phytosociological structure of upper montane grasslands (high altitude grasslands) was studied in six subranges of Serra do Mar. Throughout 324 (1 m2) plot samples, we identified 195 taxa out of 280 taxa previously found in a floristic survey. Besides the general analysis of these communities, five physiognomies (synusiae) of these grasslands were previously determined based upon the species with greater cover. Cryptangium triquetrum and Croton mullerianus had the highest phytosociological importance value among the upper montane grasslands sampled in the present study. The first species was the most important of the grassy physiognomy of all sampled subranges and the second one of the shrubby physiognomy within three subranges. Chusquea pinifolia, Machaerina austrobrasiliensis, Deschampsia caespitosa, Gleichenella pectitata, Tibouchina dubia, Xyris stenophylla, Eryngium koehnearum and Eriochrysis holcoides were also structurally important. Although considerable species richness has been observed, the dominance of one or few species in the community was common in all subranges and physiognomies. In a brief comparison with upper montane vegetation studies (mainly on rocky outcrops) carried out in Southeastern Brazil, a low sharing of species was verified. Furthermore, the scarcity of studies in the literature regarding floristic and sociological structure of upper montane grasslands hampers a deeper analysis at level of species.

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Zistl-Schlingmann, Marcus, Steve Kwatcho Kengdo, Ralf Kiese, and Michael Dannenmann. "Management Intensity Controls Nitrogen-Use-Efficiency and Flows in Grasslands—A 15N Tracing Experiment." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040606.

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The consequences of land use intensification and climate warming on productivity, fates of fertilizer nitrogen (N) and the overall soil N balance of montane grasslands remain poorly understood. Here, we report findings of a 15N slurry-tracing experiment on large grassland plant–soil lysimeters exposed to different management intensities (extensive vs. intensive) and climates (control; translocation: +2 °C, reduced precipitation). Surface-applied cattle slurry was enriched with both 15NH4+ and 15N-urea in order to trace its fate in the plant–soil system. Recovery of 15N tracer in plants was low (7–17%), while it was considerably higher in the soil N pool (32–42%), indicating N stabilization in soil organic nitrogen (SON). Total 15N recovery was only 49% ± 7% indicating substantial fertilizer N losses to the environment. With harvest N exports exceeding N fertilization rates, the N balance was negative for all climate and management treatments. Intensive management had an increased deficit relative to extensive management. In contrast, simulated climate change had no significant effects on the grassland N balance. These results suggest a risk of soil N mining in montane grasslands under land use intensification based on broadcast liquid slurry application.

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5

Butler, Don William, Russell James Fairfax, and Roderick John Fensham. "Impacts of tree invasion on floristic composition of subtropical grasslands on the Bunya Mountains, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 54, no. 3 (2006): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt05070.

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The effect of ongoing forest invasion on floristic composition of subtropical montane grasslands was considered by examining vascular plant species frequencies across 13 adjoining areas of grassland, invaded grassland (eucalypt forest <50 years old) and eucalypt forest (>50 years old) on the Bunya Mountains in subtropical eastern Australia. Tree invasion of grasslands over the last 50 years has had substantial facilitative or antagonistic net impacts on populations of many plant species. Increases in species frequency, indicating net facilitation, generally appear to occur earlier in forest development than do decreases in frequency, indicative of net antagonism. Although more than 20% of the flora showed substantial association with either grassland or forest, the dominant ground-stratum species in each habitat were quite similar and very few grassland species were not recorded in grassy forests. Forb species composition appears to change more rapidly after tree invasion than grass species composition. Relatively few forbs preferred forest to grassland, whereas shrubs, trees or lianes were substantially more frequent in forests. Replacement of grasslands by grassy forests would reduce landscape diversity and impact on other values in the Bunya Mountains. However, this study suggests that most, if not all, vascular plants that currently occur on the grasslands will persist in the area provided the grassy character of the eucalypt forests is maintained.

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6

Seddon, Julian, Mark Bourne, Danielle Murphy, Stuart Doyle, and Sue Briggs. "Assessing vegetation condition in temperate montane grasslands." Ecological Management & Restoration 12, no. 2 (July 24, 2011): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2011.00584.x.

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7

Scheer, M. B., G. R. Curcio, and C. V. Roderjan. "Carbon and Water in Upper Montane Soils and Their Influences on Vegetation in Southern Brazil." ISRN Soil Science 2013 (February 24, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/348905.

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Considering the many environmental functions of the upper montane soils, the aims of this study were (1) to verify if the soils of upper montane forests and grasslands of Caratuva Peak (1850 m a.s.l.) have similar characteristics to those found in other highlands in southern and southeastern Brazil; (2) to reinforce the geomorphological and pedological factors that impose the establishment of each type of vegetation in these highlands; and (3) to estimate potential soil carbon stocks and potential soil water retention. Folic and haplic histosols were found in the grasslands, and dystrophic regosols were found in the forests. The soils were dystrophic, extremely acidic, and saturated with Al and total organic carbon. In contrast to the grasslands, the upper montane forests were prevalent in valleys and subjected to morphogenetic processes resulting in soils that contained thicker mineral horizons. The grasslands occupied ridges and divergent convex ramps, and the pedogenetic processes in these regions promoted thicker histic horizons. The potential water retention capacities were high and strongly related to the high porosities of histic horizons associated with the gleyic horizons. In particularly, the carbon stocks were two- to three-fold higher than those found in soil ecosystems from the same latitude but lower altitude.

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8

Kean, J. M. "Potential distribution of hawthorn in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 62 (August 1, 2009): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2009.62.4880.

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Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) a birddispersed introduced shrub is becoming increasingly weedy in parts of New Zealand North America Australia and elsewhere In order to identify areas threatened by this species an ecoclimatic model for its potential global distribution was constructed using CLIMEX software The model was based on the native range of hawthorn in Europe and validated against the invaded range elsewhere in the world It suggests that hawthorn could potentially invade most lowland and montane areas of New Zealand In lowland areas invasion is likely to be limited by grazing pressure but changes in the management of South Island montane grasslands as a result of the current tenure review process may favour hawthorn invasion in some areas Preemptive action to identify and remove infestations from montane grasslands is recommended

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9

Longhi-Wagner, Hilda Maria, Cassiano Aimberê Dorneles Welker, and Jorge Luiz Waechter. "Floristic affinities in montane grasslands in eastern Brazil." Systematics and Biodiversity 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 537–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772000.2012.753487.

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10

Zhang, F., J. Qi, F. M. Li, C. S. Li, and C. B. Li. "Quantifying nitrous oxide emissions from Chinese grasslands with a process-based model." Biogeosciences Discussions 7, no. 2 (March 5, 2010): 1675–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-1675-2010.

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Abstract. As one of the largest land cover types, grassland can potentially play an important role in the ecosystem services of natural resources in China. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas emitted from grasslands. Current N2O inventory at regional or national level in China relies on the emission factor method, and is based on limited measurements. To improve inventory accuracy and capture the spatial variability of the N2O emissions under the diverse climate, soil and management conditions across China, we adopted an approach that uses a process-based biogeochemical model, DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) in this study, to map the N2O emissions from China's grasslands. The DNDC was linked to a GIS database of spatially distributed information of climate, soil, vegetation and management at county-level for all grasslands in China. Daily weather data from 2000–2007 based on the national network of 670 meteorological stations were utilized in the model simulations. The results were validated against observations from several grasslands in China and from other countries. The modelled results showed a clear geographic pattern of N2O emissions from China's grasslands. A high-emission strip was found that stretched from northeast to central China, along the eastern boundary of the temperate grassland region adjacent to the major agricultural regions. The grasslands in the western mountain regions, however, emitted much less N2O. The regional average of N2O emission rates was 0.23, 0.11 and 0.39 kg N ha−1y−1 for the temperate, montane and tropical/subtropical grasslands, respectively. The national N2O emission was 76.5 Gg N from the 337 million ha of grasslands in China. The modelled results were in good agreement with observations (R2=0.64 for 11 datasets), suggesting that the process-based model can be used to capture the spatial dynamics of N2O emissions as an effective alternative to statistical method currently used in China.

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Zhang, F., J. Qi, F. M. Li, C. S. Li, and C. B. Li. "Quantifying nitrous oxide emissions from Chinese grasslands with a process-based model." Biogeosciences 7, no. 6 (June 28, 2010): 2039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2039-2010.

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Abstract. As one of the largest land cover types, grassland can potentially play an important role in the ecosystem services of natural resources in China. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a major greenhouse gas emitted from grasslands. Current N2O inventory at a regional or national level in China relies on the emission factor method, which is based on limited measurements. To improve the accuracy of the inventory by capturing the spatial variability of N2O emissions under the diverse climate, soil and management conditions across China, we adopted an approach by utilizing a process-based biogeochemical model, DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC), to quantify N2O emissions from Chinese grasslands. In the present study, DNDC was tested against datasets of N2O fluxes measured at eight grassland sites in China with encouraging results. The validated DNDC was then linked to a GIS database holding spatially differentiated information of climate, soil, vegetation and management at county-level for all the grasslands in the country. Daily weather data for 2000–2007 from 670 meteorological stations across the entire domain were employed to serve the simulations. The modelled results on a national scale showed a clear geographic pattern of N2O emissions. A high-emission strip showed up stretching from northeast to central China, which is consistent with the eastern boundary between the temperate grassland region and the major agricultural regions of China. The grasslands in the western mountain regions, however, emitted much less N2O. The regionally averaged rates of N2O emissions were 0.26, 0.14 and 0.38 kg nitrogen (N) ha−1 y−1 for the temperate, montane and tropical/subtropical grasslands, respectively. The annual mean N2O emission from the total 337 million ha of grasslands in China was 76.5 ± 12.8 Gg N for the simulated years.

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12

Mworia Maitima, Joseph. "Vegetation Response to Climatic Change in Central Rift Valley, Kenya." Quaternary Research 35, no. 2 (March 1991): 234–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(91)90070-l.

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AbstractPollen analysis of a 15.5-m sediment core from Lake Naivasha, central Rift Valley of Kenya, reveals that the vegetation from before 20,290 to nearly 12,000 yr B.P. was dominated by open grassland, indicating arid conditions. Within this period a moderately wetter climate existed between 17,000 and 15,000 yr B.P., shown by relatively slight increase in both the montane and lowland forest vegetation. From approximately 12,000 to 6500 yr B.P., a change toward more trees and forests started at lower altitudes around the basin of Lake Naivasha, and later in the higher montane regions. After 6000 yr B.P. a decline in forest and lowland trees opened the vegetation into more grasslands and by 4000 yr B.P. a vegetation similar to the present was attained and has persisted to the present. During this period shallow-water aquatic plants became abundant in Lake Naivasha.

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13

Dakskobler, Igor, and Andrej Seliškar. "Two new montane grassland communities from the SE Alps (N Slovenia)." Hacquetia 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hacq-2016-0008.

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Abstract On very steep dolomite slopes in the western foothills of the Kamnik Alps (Ravni hrib, Javorov vrh, Zaplata, Kriška gora) and southwestern Karavanke Mountains (Dobrča) we conducted a phytosociological study into montane grasslands (former hay meadows, partly pastures) where Gladiolus palustris, a species of European conservation concern, also occasionally occurs. They were compared with similar montane grasslands (former hay meadows) on sunny slopes of the Stol ridge above Breginj in the southwestern foothills of the Julian Alps. Based on this comparison we described three new syntaxa: Centaureo julici-Laserpitietum sileris gladioletosum palustris, Festuco amethystinae-Seslerietum calcariae and Pediculari julici-Bromopsietum transsilvanicae. Both new associations are classified into the alliance Caricion austroalpinae and treated as a long-term successional stage in the belt of altimontane beech forests from the association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum.

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14

Hopkins, J. J., and J. S. Rodwell. "British Plant Communities Vol. 3. Grasslands and Montane Communities." Journal of Ecology 81, no. 3 (September 1993): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261544.

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15

Gibson, David J., and J. S. Rodwell. "British Plant Communities, Volume 3: Grasslands and Montane Communities." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 121, no. 4 (October 1994): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2997013.

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16

Welch, David, and J. S. Rodwell. "British Plant Communities. Vol. 3. Grasslands and Montane Communities." Journal of Applied Ecology 31, no. 1 (February 1994): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404616.

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17

Everson, T. M., G. P. Y. Clarke, and C. S. Everson. "Precision in monitoring plant species composition in montane grasslands." Vegetatio 88, no. 2 (August 1990): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00044830.

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18

Woodell, S. R. J. "British plant communities, volume 3: Grasslands and Montane communities." Biological Conservation 67, no. 1 (1994): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90016-7.

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19

Martín, Claudia M., Christian A. Zanotti, and Gustavo J. Scrocchi. "Aa (Orchidaceae) of Southern Central Andes: Taxonomy, Nomenclature, and a New Species with Dark Flowers." Systematic Botany 45, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364420x16033962925178.

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Abstract—A new species, Aa tenebrosa, from the Yungas Montane Grasslands is described, illustrated, and compared to similar species. Descriptions, brief taxonomic notes, and data on the ecology of Aa species from the Southern Central Andes (Argentina) are provided.

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20

Everson, C. S., and Theresa M. Everson. "Factors Affecting the Timing of Grassland Regrowth after Fire in the Montane Grasslands of Natal." South African Forestry Journal 142, no. 1 (September 1987): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1987.9630283.

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21

Crous, Casparus J., Michael J. Samways, and James S. Pryke. "Grasshopper assemblage response to surface rockiness in Afro-montane grasslands." Insect Conservation and Diversity 7, no. 2 (June 21, 2013): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/icad.12044.

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22

Everson, Theresa M., F. R. Smith, and C. S. Everson. "Characteristics of fire behaviour in the montane grasslands of natal." Journal of the Grassland Society of Southern Africa 2, no. 3 (January 1985): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02566702.1985.9648006.

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23

Fairfax, Russell, Rod Fensham, Don Butler, Kelvin Quinn, Bernice Sigley, and James Holman. "Effects of multiple fires on tree invasion in montane grasslands." Landscape Ecology 24, no. 10 (August 7, 2009): 1363–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-009-9388-y.

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24

Dorrough, J., C. Watson, R. Martin, S. Smith, D. Eddy, and L. Farago. "Identifying and testing conservation decision thresholds in temperate montane grasslands." Ecological Indicators 118 (November 2020): 106710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106710.

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25

Gharun, Mana, Lukas Hörtnagl, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Shiva Ghiasi, Iris Feigenwinter, Susanne Burri, Kristiina Marquardt, et al. "Physiological response of Swiss ecosystems to 2018 drought across plant types and elevation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1810 (September 7, 2020): 20190521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0521.

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Using five eddy covariance flux sites (two forests and three grasslands), we investigated ecosystem physiological responses to the 2018 drought across elevational gradients in Switzerland. Flux measurements showed that at lower elevation sites (below 1000 m.a.s.l.; grassland and mixed forest) annual ecosystem productivity (GPP) declined by approximately 20% compared to the previous 2 years (2016 and 2017), which led to a reduced annual net ecosystem productivity (NEP). At the high elevation sites, however, GPP increased by approximately 14% and as a result NEP increased in the alpine and montane grasslands, but not in the subalpine coniferous forest. There, increased ecosystem respiration led to a reduced annual NEP, despite increased GPP and lengthening of the growing period. Among all ecosystems, the coniferous forest showed the most pronounced negative stomatal response to atmospheric dryness (i.e. vapour pressure deficit, VPD) that resulted in a decline in surface conductance and an increased water-use efficiency during drought. While increased temperature enhanced the water-use efficiency of both forests, de-coupling of GPP from evapotranspiration at the low-elevation grassland site negatively affected water-use efficiency due to non-stomatal reductions in photosynthesis. Our results show that hot droughts (such as in 2018) lead to different responses across plants types, and thus ecosystems. Particularly grasslands at lower elevations are the most vulnerable ecosystems to negative impacts of future drought in Switzerland. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale’.

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Dalmolim, Emilaine Biava, and Ana Zannin. "A new species of Bothriochloa (Poaceae, Andropogoneae) endemic to montane grasslands of Santa Catarina, Brazil." Phytotaxa 183, no. 1 (October 15, 2014): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.183.1.5.

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Bothriochloa catharinensis, a new species of Andropogoneae (Poaceae: Panicoideae, Andropogoneae) endemic to montane grasslands associated with araucaria forest in the state of Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, is described and illustrated. Morphological similarities between the new taxon and other species of Bothriochloa are discussed. Comments on habitat, morphology, distribution and conservation status are provided.

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Abiem, Iveren, Gabriel Arellano, David Kenfack, and Hazel Chapman. "Afromontane Forest Diversity and the Role of Grassland-Forest Transition in Tree Species Distribution." Diversity 12, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12010030.

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Local factors can play an important role in defining tree species distributions in species rich tropical forests. To what extent the same applies to relatively small, species poor West African montane forests is unknown. Here, forests survive in a grassland matrix and fire has played a key role in their spatial and temporal dynamics since the Miocene. To what extent these dynamics influence local species distributions, as compared with other environmental variables such as altitude and moisture remain unknown. Here, we use data from the 20.28 ha montane forest plot in Ngel Nyaki Forest Reserve, South-East Nigeria to explore these questions. The plot features a gradient from grassland to core forest, with significant edges. Within the plot, we determined tree stand structure and species diversity and identified all trees ≥1 cm in diameter. We recorded species guild (pioneer vs. shade tolerant), seed size, and dispersal mode. We analyzed and identified to what extent species showed a preference for forest edges/grasslands or core forest. Similarly, we looked for associations with elevation, distance to streams and forest versus grassland. We recorded 41,031 individuals belonging to 105 morphospecies in 87 genera and 47 families. Around 40% of all tree species, and 50% of the abundant species, showed a clear preference for either the edge/grassland habitat or the forest core. However, we found no obvious association between species guild, seed size or dispersal mode, and distance to edge, so what leads to this sorting remains unclear. Few species distributions were influenced by distance to streams or altitude.

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Dakskobler, Igor, and Jernej Peljhan. "Viola Pyrenaica Ramond Ex Dc in the Northern Part of the Dinaric Mountains (The Plateaus of Trnovski Gozd and Nanos, Slovenia)." Hacquetia 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10028-007-0009-5.

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Viola PyrenaicaRamond Ex Dc in the Northern Part of the Dinaric Mountains (The Plateaus of Trnovski Gozd and Nanos, Slovenia)The article describes new localities of a south-European montane speciesViola pyrenaicain the Julian Alps and in the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus (the northern part of the Dinaric mountains). It has been established that in the localities known so far in Slovenia, the species grows on similar sites as elsewhere in the Alps and other mountain ranges of the Balkan Peninsula, above all on overgrown screes, stony grasslands, on forest edges, in light forests on stony ground and in tall herb communities on calcareous bedrock in the submontane, montane and subalpine belt (450 to 1600 m a.s.l.). The floristic composition of the communities in which it grows is presented in four tables. On the Trnovski gozd plateau it was found in various successional stages of abandoned pastures or grasslands of the associationGenisto sericeae-Seslerietum kalnikensisand in open coppice stands of hop hornbeam and flowering ash, which are classified into the associationSeslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae.

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SCHEER, MAURICIO B., GUSTAVO R. CURCIO, and CARLOS V. RODERJAN. "The Late Holocene upper montane cloud forest and high altitude grassland mosaic in the Serra da Igreja, Southern Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 85, no. 2 (June 2013): 769–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652013000200020.

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Many soils of the highlands of Serra do Mar, as in other mountain ranges, have thick histic horizons that preserve high amounts of carbon. However, the age and constitution of the organic matter of these soils remain doubtful, with possible late Pleistocene or Holocene ages. This study was conducted in three profiles (two in grassland and one in forest) in Serra da Igreja highlands in the state of Paraná. We performed δ13C isotope analysis of organic matter in soil horizons to detect whether C3 or C4 plants dominated the past communities and 14C dating of the humin fraction to obtain the age of the studied horizons. C3 plants seem to have dominated the mountain ridges of Serra da Igreja since at least 3,000 years BP. Even though the Serra da Igreja may represents a landscape of high altitude grasslands in soils containing organic matter from the late Pleistocene, as reported elsewhere in Southern and Southeastern Brazil, our results indicate that the sites studied are at least from the beginning of the Late Holocene, when conditions of high moisture enabled the colonization/recolonization of the Serra da Igreja ridges by C3 plants. This is the period, often reported in the literature, when forests advanced onto grasslands and savannas.

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Loydi, Alejandro, Sergio M. Zalba, and Roberto A. Distel. "Vegetation change in response to grazing exclusion in montane grasslands, Argentina." Plant Ecology and Evolution 145, no. 3 (October 31, 2012): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2012.730.

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31

Woodman, R. F., W. L. Lowther, R. F. Horrell, and R. P. Littlejohn. "Establishment of legumes and grasses overdrilled intoHieracium ‐infested montane tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 3 (January 1997): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1997.9513251.

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Stein, Claudia, Harald Auge, Markus Fischer, Wolfgang W. Weisser, and Daniel Prati. "Dispersal and seed limitation affect diversity and productivity of montane grasslands." Oikos 117, no. 10 (August 12, 2008): 1469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16766.x.

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Diem, Torsten, Nicholas J. Morley, Adan Julian Ccahuana Quispe, Lidia Priscila Huaraca Quispe, Elizabeth M. Baggs, Patrick Meir, Mark I. A. Richards, Pete Smith, and Yit Arn Teh. "Complex controls on nitrous oxide flux across a large-elevation gradient in the tropical Peruvian Andes." Biogeosciences 14, no. 22 (November 15, 2017): 5077–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5077-2017.

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Abstract. Current bottom–up process models suggest that montane tropical ecosystems are weak atmospheric sources of N2O, although recent empirical studies from the southern Peruvian Andes have challenged this idea. Here we report N2O flux from combined field and laboratory experiments that investigated the process-based controls on N2O flux from montane ecosystems across a large-elevation gradient (600–3700 m a.s.l.) in the southern Peruvian Andes. Nitrous oxide flux and environmental variables were quantified in four major habitats (premontane forest, lower montane forest, upper montane forest and montane grassland) at monthly intervals over a 30-month period from January 2011 to June 2013. The role of soil moisture content in regulating N2O flux was investigated through a manipulative, laboratory-based 15N-tracer experiment. The role of substrate availability (labile organic matter, NO3−) in regulating N2O flux was examined through a field-based litter-fall manipulation experiment and a laboratory-based 15N–NO3− addition study, respectively. Ecosystems in this region were net atmospheric sources of N2O, with an unweighted mean flux of 0.27 ± 0.07 mg N–N2O m−2 d−1. Weighted extrapolations, which accounted for differences in land surface area among habitats and variations in flux between seasons, predicted a mean annual flux of 1.27 ± 0.33 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1. Nitrous oxide flux was greatest from premontane forest, with an unweighted mean flux of 0.75 ± 0.18 mg N–N2O m−2 d−1, translating to a weighted annual flux of 0.66 ± 0.16 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1. In contrast, N2O flux was significantly lower in other habitats. The unweighted mean fluxes for lower montane forest, montane grasslands, and upper montane forest were 0.46 ± 0.24 mg N–N2O m−2 d−1, 0.07 ± 0.08 mg N–N2O m−2 d−1, and 0.04 ± 0.07 mg N–N2O m−2 d−1, respectively. This corresponds to weighted annual fluxes of 0.52 ± 0.27 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1, 0.05 ± 0.06 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1, and 0.04 ± 0.07 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Nitrous oxide flux showed weak seasonal variation across the region; only lower montane forest showed significantly higher N2O flux during the dry season compared to wet season. Manipulation of soil moisture content in the laboratory indicated that N2O flux was significantly influenced by changes in water-filled pore space (WFPS). The relationship between N2O flux and WFPS was complex and non-linear, diverging from theoretical predictions of how WFPS relates to N2O flux. Nitrification made a negligible contribution to N2O flux, irrespective of soil moisture content, indicating that nitrate reduction was the dominant source of N2O. Analysis of the pooled data indicated that N2O flux was greatest at 90 and 50 % WFPS, and lowest at 70 and 30 % WFPS. This trend in N2O flux suggests a complex relationship between WFPS and nitrate-reducing processes (i.e. denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium). Changes in labile organic matter inputs, through the manipulation of leaf litter-fall, did not alter N2O flux. Comprehensive analysis of field and laboratory data demonstrated that variations in NO3− availability strongly constrained N2O flux. Habitat – a proxy for NO3− availability under field conditions – was the best predictor for N2O flux, with N-rich habitats (premontane forest, lower montane forest) showing significantly higher N2O flux than N-poor habitats (upper montane forest, montane grassland). Yet, N2O flux did not respond to short-term changes in NO3− concentration.

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Ornellas, Thales, Gustavo Heiden, Bruna Nunes de Luna, and Claudia Franca Barros. "Comparative leaf anatomy of Baccharis (Asteraceae) from high-altitude grasslands in Brazil: taxonomic and ecological implications." Botany 97, no. 11 (November 2019): 615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0035.

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Baccharis L. is an important genus in the high-altitude environments of South America. In the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, the greatest richness is found at montane and high-montane ecological refuges, known as high-altitude grasslands. The high altitude provides several environmental factors that turn the high-altitude grasslands into singular tropical habitats. In this article we describe the leaf anatomy of six shrubby species of Baccharis, pointing out ecological aspects of the structures, and testing the use of statistical analyses to compare the species. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we compared the anatomical features of the leaves and performed a cluster and principal component analyses. The results show novel features in the leaf anatomy for the genus, such as an undulated cuticle, three secretory ducts in the midrib, secretory ducts associated with the xylem, and biseriate glandular trichomes with an irregular organization of the cells. Our statistical analyses indicate that the anatomical features of the leaves, especially trichomes, are useful for distinguishing the different species, whereas others, such as isobilateral mesophyll, amphistomatic leaves, and an epidermis with thick cell walls correlate with their high-elevation habitat.

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35

Schlingmann, Marcus, Ursina Tobler, Bernd Berauer, Noelia Garcia-Franco, Peter Wilfahrt, Martin Wiesmeier, Anke Jentsch, Benjamin Wolf, Ralf Kiese, and Michael Dannenmann. "Intensive slurry management and climate change promote nitrogen mining from organic matter-rich montane grassland soils." Plant and Soil 456, no. 1-2 (September 4, 2020): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-020-04697-9.

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Abstract Aims Consequences of climate change and land use intensification on the nitrogen (N) cycle of organic-matter rich grassland soils in the alpine region remain poorly understood. We aimed to identify fates of fertilizer N and to determine the overall N balance of an organic-matter rich grassland in the European alpine region as influenced by intensified management and warming. Methods We combined 15N cattle slurry labelling with a space for time climate change experiment, which was based on translocation of intact plant-soil mesocosms down an elevational gradient to induce warming of +1 °C and + 3 °C. Mesocosms were subject to either extensive or intensive management. The fate of slurry-N was traced in the plant-soil system. Results Grassland productivity was very high (8.2 t - 19.4 t dm ha−1 yr−1), recovery of slurry 15N in mowed plant biomass was, however, low (9.6–14.7%), illustrating low fertilizer N use efficiency and high supply of plant available N via mineralization of soil organic matter (SOM). Higher 15N recovery rates (20.2–31.8%) were found in the soil N pool, dominated by recovery in unextractable N. Total 15N recovery was approximately half of the applied tracer, indicating substantial loss to the environment. Overall, high N export by harvest (107–360 kg N ha−1 yr−1) markedly exceeded N inputs, leading to a negative grassland N balance. Conclusions Here provided results suggests a risk of soil N mining in montane grasslands, which increases both under climate change and land use intensification.

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NAVEED, HASSAN, and YALIN ZHANG. "First report of an economically important genus Euscelidius (Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae: Athysanini) from the Indian subcontinent, with description of a new species." Zootaxa 4767, no. 3 (April 28, 2020): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4767.3.5.

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The economically important genus Euscelidius Ribaut, 1942 is reported first time from the Palearctic temperate coniferous forests and montane grasslands and shrublands of Pakistan with the new species Euscelidius cornix sp. nov. Photographic illustrations and a description are provided for the habitus and male genitalia. A key and aedeagal illustrations are provided to distinguish all the species of the genus Euscelidius Ribaut worldwide along with their distribution.

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Teh, Y. A., T. Diem, S. Jones, L. P. Huaraca Quispe, E. Baggs, N. Morley, M. Richards, P. Smith, and P. Meir. "Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from the tropical Andes." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2013): 17397–438. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17397-2013.

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Abstract. Remote sensing and inverse modelling studies indicate that the tropics emit more CH4 and N2O than predicted by bottom-up emissions inventories, suggesting that terrestrial sources are stronger or more numerous than previously thought. Tropical uplands are a potentially large and important source of CH4 and N2O often overlooked by past empirical and modelling studies. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated spatial, temporal and environmental trends in CH4 and N2O fluxes across a~long elevation gradient (600–3700 m a.s.l.) in the Kosñipata Valley, in the southern Peruvian Andes that experiences seasonal fluctuations in rainfall. The aim of this work was to produce preliminary estimates of CH4 and N2O fluxes from representative habitats within this region, and to identify the proximate controls on soil CH4 and N2O dynamics. Ecosystems across this altitudinal gradient were both atmospheric sources and sinks of CH4 on an annual basis. Montane grasslands (or, puna; 3200–3700 m a.s.l.) were strong atmospheric sources, emitting 56.94 ± 7.81kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1. Upper montane forest (2200–3200 m a.s.l.) and lower montane forest (1200–2200 m a.s.l.) were net atmospheric sinks (−2.99 ± 0.29 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1 and −2.34 ± 0.29 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1, respectively); while premontane forests (600–1200 m a.s.l.) fluctuated between source or sink depending on the season (wet season: 1.86 ± 1.50 CH4-C ha−1 yr−1; dry season: −1.17 ± 0.40 CH4-C ha−1 yr−1). Analysis of spatial, temporal and environmental trends in CH4 flux across the study site suggest that soil redox was a dominant control on net CH4 flux. CH4 emissions were greatest from elevations, landforms and during times of year when soils were sub-oxic, and CH4 efflux was inversely correlated with soil O2 concentration (r2 = 0.82, F1, 125 = 588.41, P < 0.0001). Ecosystems across the region were net atmospheric N2O sources. N2O fluxes declined with increasing elevation; N2O emissions from premontane forest, lower montane forest, upper montane forest and montane grasslands averaged 2.23 ± 1.31 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, 1.68 ± 0.44 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, 0.44 ± 0.47 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1 and 0.15 ± 1.10 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. N2O fluxes from premontane and lower montane forests exceeded prior model predictions for the region. Comprehensive investigation of field and laboratory data collected in this study suggest that N2O fluxes from this region were primarily driven by denitrification; that nitrate (NO3−) availability was the principal constraint on N2O fluxes; and that soil moisture and water-filled porosity played a secondary role in modulating N2O emissions. Any current and future changes in N management or anthropogenic N deposition may cause shifts in net N2O fluxes from these tropical montane ecosystems, further enhancing this emission source.

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Wolf, Joy J., Susan W. Beatty, and Greg Carey. "Invasion by Sweet Clover (Melilotus) in Montane Grasslands, Rocky Mountain National Park." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 93, no. 3 (September 2003): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.9303001.

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39

Woodman, R. F., and W. L. Lowther. "Establishment and growth of grasses overdrilled into clover‐developed, montane tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 4 (January 1998): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1998.9513330.

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40

Woodman, R. F. "Trifolium ambiguum(Caucasian clover) in montane tussock grasslands, south island, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 3 (January 1999): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1999.9513372.

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41

Thomas, S., and M. Palmer. "The montane grasslands of the Western Ghats, India: Community ecology and conservation." Community Ecology 8, no. 1 (June 2007): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/comec.8.2007.1.9.

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42

Everson, TM, RI Yeaton, and CS Everson. "Seed dynamics of Themeda triandra in the montane grasslands of South Africa." African Journal of Range & Forage Science 26, no. 1 (February 2009): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajrfs.2009.26.1.3.698.

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Tardella, Federico Maria, Alessandro Bricca, Irina Gabriela Goia, and Andrea Catorci. "How mowing restores montane Mediterranean grasslands following cessation of traditional livestock grazing." Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 295 (June 2020): 106880. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2020.106880.

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44

Torresani, Loris, Jianshuang Wu, Roberta Masin, Mauro Penasa, and Paolo Tarolli. "Estimating soil degradation in montane grasslands of North-eastern Italian Alps (Italy)." Heliyon 5, no. 6 (June 2019): e01825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01825.

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45

Anderson, Jacynta, Gunnar Keppel, Sophie-Min Thomson, Anthony Randell, Jone Raituva, Iliesa Koroi, Ramokasa Anisi, Tanya Charlson, Hans Juergen Boehmer, and Sonia Kleindorfer. "Changes in climate and vegetation with altitude on Mount Batilamu, Viti Levu, Fiji." Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, no. 5 (September 2018): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000299.

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Abstract:To investigate changes in vegetation and climate with altitude, we established forest plots and recorded climatic data at 100-m intervals between 550–1100 m asl on the western slopes of Mount Batilamu, Mount Koroyanitu range, Viti Levu, Fiji. Trees with a dbh ≥10 cm were identified and measured in 21 10 × 10-m plots, starting at 750 m altitude. Temperature and relative humidity sensors were deployed in two habitats, leaf litter and 50 cm above the ground, and two vegetation types, grasslands and forest, at six altitudes over a 48-h period. Two significantly distinct forest types, lowland and montane, were present. Montane forest was found at higher elevations (>950 m asl) and had significantly higher stem density. Mean temperature decreased significantly with altitude and was strongly moderated by vegetation type (lower average and less variation in forest). While average relative humidity significantly increased with altitude, it was strongly moderated by both habitat and vegetation type (higher average and less variation in leaf litter and forest). The lapse rate varied with time of day (higher during the day) and vegetation type (higher in grasslands). Therefore, vegetation and microhabitats create unique microclimates, and this should be considered when investigating current or future climatic patterns along altitudinal gradients on forested mountains.

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46

Hunter, John T., and Vanessa H. Hunter. "Tussock and sod tussock grasslands of the New England Tablelands Bioregion of eastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 1 (2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15037.

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We surveyed temperate montane natural grasslands across the New England Tablelands Bioregion (NETB) and assessed the phytosociology, occurrence and threats to these assemblages. In total, 123 full floristic survey plots were placed within natural grasslands across the NETB. Mapping was undertaken within a subset of the NETB using ADS40 imagery. Analysis of the floristic data was performed using the Kulzynski association measure and UPGMA fusion strategy. Canonical correspondence analysis was performed with species data in association with 42 environmental variables. An estimated 25 000 ha of native tussock and sod tussock grasslands within six floristic assemblages were found within the NETB. The maximum extent of predicted high-quality stands may only be 2500 ha with most occurrences degraded and threatened by agricultural practices, exotic species and changes in above- and below-ground water resources. Native taxa were significantly associated with altitude, rock type and differential temperature tolerances. Altitude, eastness (longitude) and radiation of the wettest period were significant drivers of exotic species occurrence.

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47

Teh, Y. A., T. Diem, S. Jones, L. P. Huaraca Quispe, E. Baggs, N. Morley, M. Richards, P. Smith, and P. Meir. "Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes across an elevation gradient in the tropical Peruvian Andes." Biogeosciences 11, no. 8 (April 25, 2014): 2325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-2325-2014.

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Abstract. Remote sensing and inverse modelling studies indicate that the tropics emit more CH4 and N2O than predicted by bottom-up emissions inventories, suggesting that terrestrial sources are stronger or more numerous than previously thought. Tropical uplands are a potentially large and important source of CH4 and N2O often overlooked by past empirical and modelling studies. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated spatial, temporal and environmental trends in soil CH4 and N2O fluxes across a long elevation gradient (600–3700 m a.s.l.) in the Kosñipata Valley, in the southern Peruvian Andes, that experiences seasonal fluctuations in rainfall. The aim of this work was to produce preliminary estimates of soil CH4 and N2O fluxes from representative habitats within this region, and to identify the proximate controls on soil CH4 and N2O dynamics. Area-weighted flux calculations indicated that ecosystems across this altitudinal gradient were both atmospheric sources and sinks of CH4 on an annual basis. Montane grasslands (3200–3700 m a.s.l.) were strong atmospheric sources, emitting 56.94 ± 7.81 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1. Upper montane forest (2200–3200 m a.s.l.) and lower montane forest (1200–2200 m a.s.l.) were net atmospheric sinks (−2.99 ± 0.29 and −2.34 ± 0.29 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1, respectively); while premontane forests (600–1200 m a.s.l.) fluctuated between source or sink depending on the season (wet season: 1.86 ± 1.50 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1; dry season: −1.17 ± 0.40 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1). Analysis of spatial, temporal and environmental trends in soil CH4 flux across the study site suggest that soil redox was a dominant control on net soil CH4 flux. Soil CH4 emissions were greatest from habitats, landforms and during times of year when soils were suboxic, and soil CH4 efflux was inversely correlated with soil O2 concentration (Spearman's ρ = −0.45, P < 0.0001) and positively correlated with water-filled pore space (Spearman's ρ = 0.63, P <0.0001). Ecosystems across the region were net atmospheric N2O sources. Soil N2O fluxes declined with increasing elevation; area-weighted flux calculations indicated that N2O emissions from premontane forest, lower montane forest, upper montane forest and montane grasslands averaged 2.23 ± 1.31, 1.68 ± 0.44, 0.44 ± 0.47 and 0.15 ± 1.10 kg N2O-N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Soil N2O fluxes from premontane and lower montane forests exceeded prior model predictions for the region. Comprehensive investigation of field and laboratory data collected in this study suggest that soil N2O fluxes from this region were primarily driven by denitrification; that nitrate (NO3−) availability was the principal constraint on soil N2O fluxes; and that soil moisture and water-filled porosity played a secondary role in modulating N2O emissions. Any current and future changes in N management or anthropogenic N deposition may cause shifts in net soil N2O fluxes from these tropical montane ecosystems, further enhancing this emission source.

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48

HEMP, CLAUDIA, and KLAUS-GERHARD HELLER. "The genus Phlesirtes Bolivar, 1922 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae, Conocephalini; Karniellina), a review of the genus with data on its bioacoustics and the description of new species." Zootaxa 4244, no. 4 (March 22, 2017): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4244.4.1.

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Species of the genus Phlesirtes are reviewed in this paper and 16 new species described. A key is provided to the species of Phlesirtes. Among the subtribe Karniellina of Conocephalini members of the genus Phlesirtes occupy habitats of montane to afroalpine grasslands in East Africa. All recorded species produced long-lasting, trill-like calling songs, consisting of sequences of continuously repeated syllables or syllable pairs with the peak of the carrier frequency in the low ultrasound.

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Díaz, Sandra, Alicia Acosta, and Marcelo Cabido. "Community structure in montane grasslands of central Argentina in relation to land use." Journal of Vegetation Science 5, no. 4 (August 1994): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3235974.

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50

Uhlířová, Eva, Miloslav Šimek, and Hana Šantrůčková. "Microbial transformation of organic matter in soils of montane grasslands under different management." Applied Soil Ecology 28, no. 3 (March 2005): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2004.08.002.

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