Academic literature on the topic 'Montanism. Montanisme'

On his journey, the Church faces many heresies which try to deviate the orthodoxy teaching. One of these heresies was founded by Montanus and his teaching is known as Montanism. Montanus together with Maximilla and Priscilla claimed that they were filled by Holy Spirit and called themselves as a prophet and prophetesses who had to be followed and heard. The main teaching of this heresy is the promise of the second coming of Jesus Christ, and the promise of the end of the world. This theme is always interested by many people. The reason people attracted to the teaching of this heresy is the establishment of the coming of Jesus Christ which was promised by himself. Many of their followers became disappointed, because though the promised date had passed, Jesus Christ did not come yet. The other teaching of Montanism is about prophecy of the future which actually blinded the followers. If the prophecy failed to happen, it was because of the fault of the followers who lived less ascetic life and did many sins. The Prophets of Montanism had enthusiasm given by the Holy Spirit. It made them have to be obeyed and heard. They even claimed that the absolute truth was on their hand. Therefore, the hierarchy of the Church had to submit themselves to their teaching. Maximilla and Priscilla are two false prophetesses who had great influence in the Montanism period. In this heresy time, the Church had to work hard to fight Montanism teaching and prophecy, especially to defend its orthodoxy teaching of the Church from the false prophetesses. Sepanjang perjalanan, Gereja menghadapi banyak eresi yang berusaha mendefiasikan ajaran resmi. Salah satu di antara eresi yang banyak itu dikembangkan oleh Montanus yang alirannya dikenal dengan Montanisme. Ia bersama dengan Maximilla dan Priscilla mengaku kepenuhan Roh Kudus dan menyebut diri mereka sebagai Nabi yang harus diikuti dan didengarkan. Ajaran pokok mereka adalah menjanjikan kedatangan Kristus yang mau tidak mau juga menjanjikan akhir dunia yang biasanya diminati oleh banyak orang. Salah satu alasan ketertarikan orang lebih akan ajaran eresi ini adalah penetapan kedatangan Kristus yang dijanjika-Nya, walau akhirnya banyak orang menjadi kecewa, karena waktu yang ditetapkan tidak kunjung datang. Ajaran mereka lainnya adalah ramalan masa yang akan datang yang berusaha mengelabui pengikutnya. Jika ramalan tidak terpenuhi atau tidak kunjung datang, maka kesalahan berdada di tangan para pemohon karena kurang askese dan disposisi diri tidak baik. Para nabi ini memiliki sikap antusiasme berlebihan yang menekankan peran Roh Kudus yang mereka terima. Dengan alasan ini, mereka harus ditaati dan didengarkan. Bahkan kebenaran absolut berada di tangan mereka, bahkan pemimpin Gereja sendiri harus tunduk pada pengajaran mereka ini. Maximilla dan Priscilla adalah dua nabi perempuan yang sesat. Mereka sangat berpengarauh pada periode Montanisme. Gereja harus berjuang keras pada periode mereka untuk meluruskan ajaran dan ramalan Montanisme, terlebih membela ortodox Gereja dari nabi perempuan yang palsu tersebut.

AbstractIn early Christian culture, prophets went into ecstasies while having visions and speaking by means of a spirit (enthusiasm). With the waning of prophetic activity in the second century, enthusiasm was not seen in many communal gatherings. When enthusiasm reemerged in Montanism during the late second century, church leaders claimed that speaking in ecstasy never existed as true prophecy in early Christian culture. They argued that true prophets always prophesied with a sound mind. The ecstasy of Montanism exhibited an unsound mind and looked like demonic possession; thus, Montanist prophecy was rejected as false. This paper theorizes that enthusiasm's absence contributed to the critics of Montanist ecstasy who were not used to enthusiasm and therefore did not recognize it as an early Christian practice.

AbstractOver the past decade and a half, William Tabbernee, the world’s leading authority on Montanism or the New Prophecy, has written four major works on the subject. Three of them are reviewed in this article. One looks at Montanism through the eyes of church and state; a second provides documentation for the identification of the headquarters city of the Montanists; and the third puts the two together in a creative narrative. These three volumes are placed within the context of larger issues surrounding the history of this powerful prophetic movement that originated in late second-century Asia Minor and subsequently spread throughout the Roman Empire up until the sixth century. The reactions and responses of various orthodox Christian leaders and secular government officials to the claims of this highly independent prophetic movement, which called for more reliance upon the spontaneity of the Holy Spirit and a more conservative personal ethic, suggest strong parallels between Montanism and what might be found in today’s Charismatic, New Apostolic, and Emerging Church movements.

The second half of the second century saw the development of a more hierarchical institutionalized church and of a theology of the Holy Spirit (Pneuma) reflecting this development. A driver of this development was a higher educational level among church leaders and Christians participating in theological discourse. In fact, ‘higher education’ (paideia) became a guiding value of Christian living, including for the study and interpretation of Scripture and for theology and church leadership. Yet the same period also saw a new wave of ‘inspired’, ‘pneumatic prophecy’, later known as ‘Montanism’, which was perceived as a threat in an increasingly institutionalized church and attacked and suppressed. This article sees a paradox here, and asks how Pneuma could be promoted as a source of Christian leadership under the banner of paideia, when the Spirit (Pneuma) at work in the ‘New Prophecy’ was perceived as such a threat. One area of investigation which may provide answers to this question is the controversial role women played both as educated participants in theological discourse and leading figures in the Montanist movement.

The object of this article is to describe the social and theological setting of primitive Montanism within second-century Asia in order to account for its appearance and its subsequent condemnation. According to an anonymous source employed by Eusebius the prophecy appeared in the middle of the second century under the leadership of a recent convert called Montanus, and the faithful of Asia gathered and condemned the movement at its outset. Clearly this is a propagandist account but we may accept its broad outlines none the less, in that there was a prophetic movement in which Montanus was a prime mover, and which failed to receive acceptance in the wider Asian Church.It should be made clear that this article restricts itself to the earliest period of the prophecy and therefore to primary sources which are directly germane to that period. These sources are both preserved by Eusebius, and consist of an unnamed writer known as the anonymous, and an otherwise unknown Apollonius. A further possibly ancient source is employed by Epiphanius, but we shall observe below that its understanding of prophecy is hardly consistent with a second-century Asian origin, whereas both the anonymous and Apollonius reveal their Asian provenance in their extant writings. Although there is a degree of bias in the presentation of the charges, we should none the less accept that there is a factual basis behind the assertions of the opponents, and that their opposition was motivated by a genuine belief that the prophecy did not conform with the tradition and the succession of the Church.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Through the eyes of the Catholic Church, one usually looks at Montanism as a second-century heretical sect. This prevailed orthodox view has devalued the Catholic Tertullian as a schismatic when he had accepted Montanism as his theological verification. The recent scholarship, however, has challenged that Tertullian’s transition to Montanism had not necessarily resulted from his theological conclusion. Rather this suggests that Tertullian, from the very beginning, was much more sympathetic to the new prophets than to the Catholic priests; the Montanist Tertullian had always taken precedence over the Catholic Tertullian. Given this new perspective, the thesis is developed as follows; Chapter 1, the topic and title are introduced with four critical research questions; (1) Why were the original Montanists condemned? (2) Why did Tertullian become a Montanist? (3) Why does Montanism exclude the present day Pentecostalism as Neo- Montanism? (4) Why does Montanism include the present day Pentecostalism as Neo- Montanism? Here particular interest is Tertullian’s intermediate position; as a point of contact, Tertullian stands not only between the Montanists and the Catholics, but also between the original Montanists and the present day Pentecostals as Neo-Montanism. Chapter 2 seeks to find an answer to the first research question of “Why were the original Montanists condemned?” Then, the researcher focuses on the root cause of the original condemnation of Montanism in three aspects. (1) Montanism was condemned as the victim of the institutionalization of the church, (2) Montanism was condemned as the pagan inspiration including controversial manifestations, such as ecstatic prophecy (and speaking in tongues), fanatical millenarianism, and strict puritanism, and (3) Montanism was condemned as the power struggle between the urban and rural church leadership. The point is that these three reasons are interrelated as a whole and, not as a separate entity. Yet, the conflict in the church regarding church government had taken the lead in the original condemnation of Montanism. The victory of urban church leadership had justified the victimization of the Montanists, the representative of the rural leadership. Chapter 3, the thesis has dealt with the second question; “Why did Tertullian become a Montanist?” The researcher acknowledges of the uneasy connection between the apologist Tertullian and the Montanist Tertullian. Yet, if Montanism was accused of its political conflict, not of its theological deviances, the relationship of Tertullian with Montanism needs to be reconsidered. Then, the researcher tries to vindicate Tertullian’s position through two methodological approaches. First, the researcher reconstructs the new image of Tertullian as the lay leader born into Montanism by deconstructing the conventional portrayal of Tertullian; (1) as the son of an officer of the Roman army, (2) as the professional Jurist, (3) as the Catholic priest at Carthage, and (4) as the schismatic. Second, the researcher also takes into account of Tertullian’s identity in the concept of the transitional correlation. By applying Tertullian’s transitional period as the Pagan-Catholic-Montanist to the concentric circles of concern, the previous view of Tertullian can be transformed into the new formula of Pagan as caterpillar- Catholic as cocoon-Montanist as butterfly. This three-fold structure then opens the way for a newborn image of Tertullian. Chapter 4 is dealing with the relationship between Montanism, the Montanist Tertullian, and the present-day Pentecostalism in order to answer the final question; “Why does Montanism include/exclude the present-day Pentecostalism as Neo-Montanism?” Tertullian’s Montanism, like a hinge, closely interconnects the present-day Pentecostalism to the original Montanism in historical, theological and ecclesiological sense of the word. First, the first generation of Pentecostals, regardless of whether they are the proponents of the Azusa Street or Topeka revival, they find their historical identity in the first generation of the apostolic church and this includes the second-century Montanists and the Montanist Tertullian. Second, from the theological point of view, the Montanist distinctive theological fashions, such as ecstatic prophecy, speaking in tongues, and the impending eschatological hope, has clearly re-echoed in the diadem of the current Pentecostal theology.. Third, the original Montanists and the present-day Pentecostals are both ecclesiologically the strong advocates of the pneumatological theocracy. For both, the priority is to return to the apostolic primitive church.. So, the current Pentecostals is convinced that they trace their root from the second-century spirit-filled Montanists. Chapter 5 summarizes the relationship between Montanism, the Montanist Tertullian, and the present day Pentecostalism by answering to the following four research questions; (1) “Why were the original Montanists condemned?” The answer is the ecclesiastical power struggle between the urban and rural leadership made the Montanist crisis a highly politically charged affair rather than a theologically controversial issue. (2) “Why did Tertullian become a Montanist?” The answer is Tertullian, as natural born Montanist, is determined to be a self-sacrificing mediator in order to bring reconciliation between the two rivals, namely, the city-priest and the countryside prophets. (3) “Why does Montanism include/exclude the present-day Pentecostalism as Neo- Montanism?” The answer is Montanism is the antecedent of the present-day Pentecostalism.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die oë van die Rooms Katolieke Kerk is Montanisme niks anders nie as ʼn tweede-eeuse ketterse sekte. Hierdie ortodokse seining het die Katolieke Tertullianus as skismatikus gedevalueer, in besonders toe hy Montanisme as sy teologiese standpuntname aanvaar het. Deesdae is geleerdes van mening dat Tertullianus se oorgang na Montanisme is nie noodwendig die gevolg van sy teologiese stellingname nie. Dit suggereer eerder dat Tertullianus van die begin af, meer simpatiekgesind teenoor die nuwe profete as teenoor die Katolieke priesters was. Dit blyk dat die Montanus Tertullianus altyd voorkeur bo die Katolieke Tertullianus gekry het. Gegewe hierdie perspektief, het die tesis soos volg ontwikkel: Hoofstuk 1, die onderwerp en titel word ingelei met vier kritiese navorsing vrae; (1) Hoekom was die oorspronklike Montanisme veroordeel? (2) Hoekom het Tertullianus 'n Montanus geword? (3) Hoekom sluit Montanisme die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme Neo -Montanisme uit? (4) Hoekom sluit Montanisme die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme Neo-Montanisme in? Hier is veral van belang Tertullianus se intermediêre posisie as 'n punt van kontak. Tertullianus staan nie net tussen die Montanisme en die Katolieke nie, maar staan ook tussen die oorspronklike Montanisme en die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme as Neo-Montanisme. Hoofstuk 2 beoog om 'n antwoord op die eerste navorsingsvraag te vind: “Hoekom is die oorspronklike Montanisme veroordeel?" Die navorser het vervolgens drie aspekte wat betrekking het op die oorsaak van die oorspronklike veroordeling van Montanisme gefokus. (1) Montanisme was veroordeel as die slagoffer van die institusionalisering van die kerk, (2) die Montanisme was veroordeel as ʼn heidense inspirasie, byvoorbeeld die omstrede manifestasies: soos in ekstase, profesie (spreek in tale), fanatiese millennialisme, en streng Puritanisme, en (3) Montanisme was veroordeel as die stryd tussen leierskap in die stedelike en plattelandse kerk. Hierdie drie redes is interafhanklik van mekaar as 'n geheel en is dus nie 'n aparte entiteit nie. Die oorwinning van die stedelike kerk leierskap die veroordeling van die Montanisme, wat die landelike leierskap verteenwoordig het, geregverdig. Hoofstuk 3 handel oor die tweede vraag, "Hoekom het Tertullianus ʼn Montanus geword?" Die navorser erken die ongemaklike verband tussen die apologeet Tertullianus en die Montanus Tertullianus. Tog, as Montanisme daarvan beskuldig word van politieke konflik en nie van teologiese afwykings nie, dan behoort die verhouding van Tertullianus met Montanisme in heroorweging geneem te word. Die navorser het Tertullianus se posisie deur middel van twee metodologiese benaderings probeer verdedig. Eerstens, het die navorser die nuwe beeld van Tertullianus gerekonstrueer as leke leier wat in die tydperk van Montanisme gebore deur die konvensionele uitbeelding van Tertullianus te dekonstrueer; (1) as die seun van die Romeinse offisier, (2) as die professionele regsgeleerde, (3) as die Katolieke priester van Kartago, en (4) as die skismatikus. Tweedens, die navorser het ook Tertullianus se identiteit insake die konsep van die oorgang korrelasie in ag geneem. Deur Tertullianus se oorgang as die Heiden – Katolieke – Montanus in konsentriese sirkels aan te dui, kan die vorige siening van Tertullianus omskep word in die nuwe formule van die ruspe Katoliek – kokon – Montanus na vlinder. Hierdie drieledige struktuur baan die weg vir 'n nuwe beeld van Tertullianus. Hoofstuk 4 hanteer die verhouding tussen die Montanisme, die Montanus Tertullianus en die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme om sodoende die laaste twee vrae te beantwoord: "Hoekom is Montanisme in/uit gesluit in die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme as Neo-Montanisme?" Tertullianus se Montanisme, soos 'n skarnier, verbind die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme aan die oorspronklike Montanisme in historiese, teologiese en ekklesiologiese sin van die woord met mekaar. Eerstens, die eerste generasie van Pentekostalisme, ongeag of hulle voorstanders van die Azusa Straat herlewing of die Topeka herlewing is, vind hulle hul historiese identiteit in die eerste generasie van die apostoliese kerk en dit sluit in die tweede-eeuse Montanisme asook die Montanus Tertullianus. Tweedens, uit ʼn teologiese vertrekpunt, die Montanus se eiesoortige teologiese modes: soos in ekstase, profesie, spreek in tale, en die eskatologiese hoop, eggo duidelik die hedendaagse Pinkster teologie. Derdens, die oorspronklike montanisme en hedendaagse Pentekostalisme is beide ekklesiologies sterk voorstanders van die Pneumatologiese teokrasie. Vir beide van hulle is dit die prioriteit om na die primitiewe apostoliese kerk terug te keer. So, is die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme is daarvan oortuig dat hul, hul ontstaan kan terugspoor van die tweede-eeuse geesvervulde Montaniste. Hoofstuk 5 som die verhouding tussen die Montanisme, die Montanus Tertullianus en die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme op en beantwoord die volgende vier navorsingsvrae; (1) Hoekom was die oorspronklike Montaniste veroordeel? Die antwoord lê daarin opgesluit dat die kerklike magstryd tussen die stedelike en landelike leierskap het Montanisme ʼn hoogs polities gelaaide aangeleentheid gemaak eerder as 'n teologies omstrede kwessie. (2) Hoekom het Tertullianus 'n Montanus geword? Tertullianus, as gebore Montanus, was vasbeslote om 'n selfopofferende bemiddelaar te wees om sodoende versoening te bring tussen die twee opponerende groepe, naamlik, die stedelike – priester en die plattelandse profete. (3) Hoekom sluit Montanisme die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme Neo -Montanisme uit? (4) Hoekom sluit Montanisme die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme Neo -Montanisme in? Montanisme is die voorloper van die hedendaagse Pentekostalisme.

The purpose of this research is to provide an alternative lens to use in the study of Montanism than is offered by the dominant paradigm developed during the last two centuries. Most scholars assume or assert that the earliest Montanists in Phrygia, in ancient Turkey, sprung from within the local, rural Christian community of Pepouza. As such, most modern research has omitted considerations of anything beyond incidental contact with so called âpaganâ cults in the surrounding area. I will argue that Phrygian Montanism can be viewed from its inception as a religion with several parental contributors, embodied as an eclectic amalgam of multiple forms of Christianity, the cult of Cybele and Attis, the cult of Dionysius, the oracle cult of Apollo, and other sources including Judaism. In this sense, it rather resembled not merely a Christian âheresyâ as several Ante and Post Nicene fathers asserted in their polemical tracts, nor an offshoot of a polytheistic cult, but instead a unique mystery religion, neither wholly âpaganâ nor Christian in composition. In other words, Montanism might be viewed alternately, regardless of what its founder(s) believed this âNew Prophecyâ represented, as an independent mystery religion, separately practiced while simultaneously overlapping the various Anatolian Christianities, âpaganâ cults, and state sponsored religions of the eastern Roman Empire. Within this context, arguments about its source, placement, acceptance and religious validity within the âpaganâ or Christian historical worlds become tangential. Seen as an island, a new vision of Montanism arises, one defined more comprehensively by the social, cultural and religious traditions of Anatolia and a Christianity that began with Pauline missionary activity 100 years prior to Montanismâs rise in Phrygia. I intend to argue this thesis by presenting an outline of Anatolian culture and religion as it relates to the emergence of Montanism in rural Phrygia before showing how it represents a uniquely structured hybrid mystery religion with both Christian and âpaganâ elements.

Os alcaloides têm apresentado diversas atividades biológicas. Entre eles, a montanina vem demonstrando um bom desempenho nesse sentido, como, atividade antioxidante, ação inibitória do crescimento de culturas bacterianas e importante atividade de inibição do crescimento de linhagens tumorais. Atualmente, não existem muitos relatos da sua caracterização ou métodos analíticos quantitativos disponíveis na literatura para atribuir seu teor. Assim, após purificação, a caracterização da montanina foi realizada por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), espectroscopia na região do ultravioleta (UV), infravermelho (IV), espectrometria de massas (CLAE-EM), ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN1H), de carbono (RMN13C) e em 2D homo e heteronucleares tais como COSY (nJH-H, escalar), NOESY (nJH-H, dipolar), HSQC (1JH-C, escalar) e HMBC (nJH-C, escalar). Na sequência, foram desenvolvidos métodos empregando a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) acoplada aos detectores ultravioleta e aerossol carregado (CLAE- UV/DAC) para a quantificação da montanina. Os mesmos foram validados, avaliando-se os parâmetros de especificidade, linearidade, intervalo, limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, precisão, exatidão e robustez. Os resultados obtidos foram avaliados por estatística descritiva e os métodos comparados pelo resultado da análise de variância (ANOVA). Desse modo, foram desenvolvidos procedimentos que podem ser aplicados para aprimorar o controle de qualidade, contribuindo para assegurar a eficácia terapêutica da montanina.
Alkaloids have several biological activities. Among them, montanine have shown antioxidant activity, inhibitory effect on bacterial growth and important activity inhibiting growth of some tumor cell lines. Currently, there are a few reports about its characterization as well as quantitative analytical methods to determine its purity. Thus, after a purification step, montanine will be characterized by its differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance of proton (NMR1H), carbon (NMR13C) and 2D homo and heteronuclear such as COSY (nJH-H, scalar), NOESY (nJH-H, dipolar), HSQC (1JH-C, scalar) and HMBC (nJH-C, scalar). Further, quantitation methods will be developed employing high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet and charged aerosol detectors (HPLC-UV/CAD). These methods will be validated regarding the parameters specificity, linearity, range, detection limit, quantitation limit, precision, accuracy and robustness. The results will then be evaluated by descriptive statistics and the developed methods will be compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Therefore, tests will be developed that can be used to improve quality control, helping to ensure the therapeutic efficacy of montanine.

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of History, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF document. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], iii, 89 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-89).

Base teórica: A artrite reumatoide (AR) é uma doença autoimune sistêmica onde a inflamação crônica da sinóvia articular e a subsequente erosão óssea e da cartilagem resultam em destruição articular, dor e incapacidade funcional. Apesar dos recentes progressos no tratamento da AR, estes ainda apresentam limitações e significativos efeitos adversos, salientando a necessidade de novas estratégias terapêuticas. Plantas da família das Amarilidáceas apresentam em seus bulbos um conjunto de alcaloides muito característicos e exclusivos com atividades farmacológicas, tais como atividade antiviral, anti-inflamatória e atividade anticolinérgica. A montanina é um alcaloide isolado da Rhodophiala bífida, uma planta da família das amarilidáceas utilizada na medicina popular, mas nunca antes testada como terapia para doenças inflamatórias. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da montanina como uma terapia anti-inflamatória in vivo em dois modelos de artrite e in vitro sobre a proliferação de linfócitos e sobre a invasão de fibroblastos sinoviais (FLS). Métodos: Artrite induzida por antígeno (AIA) foi realizada em camundongos Balb/C com albumina bovina sérica metilada e a nocicepção e a migração de leucócitos para a articulação do joelho foram os parâmetros avaliados. Artrite induzida por colágeno (CIA) foi realizada em camundongos DBA/1J e o desenvolvimento e severidade da artrite foi avaliado através de escore clínico, nocicepção articular e escore histológico. Montanina foi administrada via intraperitoneal, duas vezes ao dia. A proliferação de linfócitos estimulados por concanavalina A (conA) foi realizada pelo método de MTT e invasão de FLS em 24 horas foi avaliada em um sistema de insertos de Matrigel. Resutados: A administração de montanina diminuiu a migração articular de leucócitos (p0,001) e a nocicepção (p0,01) em camundongos com AIA. Em camundongos com CIA, o tratamento com montanina reduziu a severidade da artrite e o dano articular avaliado pelos escores clínico (p0,01) e histológico (p0,05) e melhorou a nocicepção articular (p0,05), sem causar nenhum dano hepático. Além disso, montanina inibiu in vitro a proliferação de linfócitos estimulados com conA (p0,01) e diminuiu a invasão de FLS (p0,05) em 54%, com uma ação independente de citotoxicidade. Conclusão: Esses resultados indicam que a montanina pode ser explorada para se tornar um possível fármaco para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias e autoimunes, como a AR.
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and systemic disease where the chronic inflammation of articular synovia and the subsequent bone and cartilage erosion results in joint destruction, pain and functional disability. Despite recent progress in RA treatments, its still have limitations and significant side effects, emphasizing the need of new therapeutic strategies. Amaryllidaceae plants presenting at its bulbs a set of very characteristics and exclusives alkaloids with pharmacological activities such as antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anticholinergic activity. Montanine is an alkaloid isolated from the Rhodophiala bifida, an Amaryllidaceae plant used in alternative medicine but never before tested as a therapy for inflammatory diseases. Objective: To evaluate the effect of montanine as an in vivo anti-inflammatory therapy in two arthritis models and in vitro on lymphocytes proliferation and fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) invasion. Methods: Antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) was performed in Balb/C mice with methylated bovine serum albumin and nociception and leukocytes migration into the knee joint were evaluated. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was performed in DBA/1J mice and arthritis development and severity were assessed by clinical scoring, articular nociception and histological scoring. Montanine was administered intraperitoneally twice a day. Lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by concanavalin A in 48 hours was performed with MTT assay and FLS invasion in 24 hours was assayed in a Matrigel-coated transwell system. Results: Administration of montanine decreased leukocyte articular migration (p0.001) and nociception (p0.01) in mice with AIA. In mice with CIA, treatment with montanine reduced severity of arthritis and joint damage assessed by clinical (p0.01) and histological score (p0.05) and ameliorates articular nociception (p0.05), without causing any hepatic damage. Moreover, montanine inhibited in vitro lymphocyte proliferation stimulated with ConA (p0.01) and decreased FLS invasion by 54% (p0.05), with an action independent of cytotoxicity. Conclusion: These findings suggest that montanine can be explored to become a possible medicament to treat inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as arthritis.

博士
國立清華大學
化學系
87
The thesis consists of two chapters. The first chapter describes a detailed synthetic study of perhydroindole. We have identified 2-cyclohexen-1-one 43 as starting material, which underwent sequential Johnson iodination, Luche reduction, Mitsunobu reaction and anionic cyclization to give perhydroindole 58 in 52% overall yield. Thus we have developed an efficient methodology for the synthesis perhydroindole 58. The perhydroindole 58, which is otherwise difficult to prepare, can serve as an important intermediate for the total syntheses of (-)-brunsvigine (3) and (-)-pancracine (73) of montanine-type alkaloids. The second chapter deals with a new approach toward the syntheses of montanine-type alkaloids. In this approach, the key starting material perhydroindole 58 was synthesized as disclosed in the previous chapter. Compound 58 was then reduced with NaBH4 in the presence of CeCl3˙7H2O, followed by esterification to form allylic pivalate 151. Regioselective alkylation of allylic pivalate 151 gave an inseparable mixture of 149 and 150 in 1:1 ratio. Cleavage of sulfonamide in 149 and 150 with sodium naphthalenide followed by conventional Pictet-Spengler cyclization afforded the 5,11-methanomorphanthridine 161. The molecule 161 obtained by our methodology is identical to that previously reported by Overman and Shim. Thus we have completed the formal synthesis of (+)-pancracine (73). These results stimulated us to synthesize optically active (-)-brunsvigine (3). For this purpose, we have selected optically pure enone 162 as starting material which was prepared from commercially available D-(-)-quinic acid in four chemical operations. The transformation of enone 162 to enantiomerically pure perhydroindole 164 was carried out according to the synthetic sequence discribed in the previous chapter. Treatment of compound 164 with NaBH4 in the presence of CeCl3˙7H2O, followed by subsequent esterification with pivaloyl chloride in pyridine, furnished the allylic pivalate 180. The structure of compound 180, containing the correct stereogenic centers required for (-)-brunsvigine (3), was confirmed by X-ray analysis. Regioseletive alkylation of allylic pivalate 180 with 3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenylmagnesium bromide in the presence of 10% CuI obtained the main product 166 in 76% yield. Treatment of 166 with sodium naphthalenide in 1,2-dimethoxyethane gave the secondary amine 185. Compound 185 was cyclized with Eschenmoser''s salt to afford 5,11-methanomorphanthridine 186 in 62% yield. Finally, deprotection of acetonide 186 with HCl in THF and methanol finished the synthesis of (-)-brunsvigine (3). The total synthesis of (-)-brunsvigine (3) has been achieved in ten chemical operations in 12% overall yield from optically pure enone 162. In order to synthesize (-)-pancracine (73), the key compound 166 was hydrolyzed with HCl to give diol 191. Regioselective monobenzylation of diol 191 with benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal in the presence of catalyst CSA, followed by reduction with DIBALH provided the monobenzyl ether 192 in 95% yield. Inversion of configuration at the carbon atom attached hydroxy moiety of 192 was achieved by the treatment of trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride and pyridine in CH2Cl2 to give the unstable triflate 193. Reaction of 193 with cesium acetate and 18-crown-6 in toluene produced acetate 188. Further efforts have to be made to utilize the compound 188 for the total synthesis of (-)-pancracine (73).

M. Tech. Veterinary Technology.
Aims of this study were to: determine the suitable buffers and optimal concentrations of these buffers, to be used in the ISA 206 B oil-based vaccine formulations that will ensure pH levels of ≥%x; 7.0; consistent emulsion type and particle sizes following a storage period of at least 24 months at 4 C ; determine the effects of temperature on the stability of the vaccine formulation during storage ; determine the optimal buffer antigen ratio in the water phase of the ISA 206 B oil-adjuvanted FMD vaccine containing SAT serotypes ; determine the effects of saponin (Q-Vac trade mark) on the buffering capacity during storage, in the ISA 206 B oil-adjuvanted FMD vaccine containing the SAT serotypes; and determine the shelf life of this improved (stabilised) oil vaccine. Previous research by the ARC scientists has shown that the immunity elicited by the ISA 206 oil adjuvanted vaccines could persist up to 50 weeks post vaccination in cattle (Cloete et al., 2008; Hunter, 1996). However, they did not show if this immunity was protective or not. Although it is known within the FMD field that sometimes immunity levels do not always translate into protection against an infection, if protection can be shown - even after vaccination using a stored vaccines - achievement of the above mentioned objectives could enable a once-a-year vaccination regimen in the control zone of RSA. Moreover, this once-a-year vaccination regimen could also substantially reduce the logistical costs involved during vaccination campaigns, compared to the current biannual vaccination regimen. Once the shelf life of the vaccine has been established, the vaccine could also be registered as a stock remedy under the Fertilisers, Farm Feed, Agricultural Remedies and Stock Remedies Act, 36 of 1947, administered by DAFF. The registration of this vaccine could in turn enable the RSA to supply the vaccine to neighbouring South African Development Community (SADC) countries and the rest of African countries where the SAT serotypes occur.

The volume then moves to the evidence of the Montanists in Phrygia. This chapter explores the role of women as invested with religious authority, leaders, prophets, ordained, and objects of reverence in Montanist communities, in the light both of literary sources and epigraphic evidence. It considers key issues, for example whether the designation presbytera on the tombstone of Ammion in ancient Temenothyrai, now Uşak, Turkey, means ‘elderly woman’, ‘the wife of a presbyter (or bishop)’, or a ‘female presbyter’. In the latter case, was this title simply honorific or involve holding of an actual office? It decides ultimately this was an actual office for a woman that functioned in an entirely Catholic community, perhaps in a proto-Catholic house-church at Temenothyrai, influenced by the attested practices of the Montanists. The Montanists, founding their gender theory on Paul’s assertion in Gal. 3:28 (so Epiphanius, Panarion 49.2.5), rejected the dichotomy of public and private spheres for the ministry of men and women, and women were included as office holders serving both.