Academic literature on the topic 'Monthly maximum temperature'
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Journal articles on the topic "Monthly maximum temperature"
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AHMED, F. K., and A. MOBASSHER. "An investigation of monthly mean maximum and absolute maximum temperatures of Bangladesh." MAUSAM 42, no. 4 (2022): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v42i4.3267.
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Using synoptic and climatological data for 27 years (1951-1977) of 16 stations of Bangladesh, temporal and spatial variations of the ab3olute maximum temperature of Bangladesh have been studied. Empirical probabilities for the interval 35.loC-40.o0C and 40,1° -45.0°C of absolute maximum temperature have been examined. Some correlation characteristics between some pairs of station for some selected months have been analysed. An attempt has been made to explain the cause of temporal and spatial variations of maximum and absolute maximum temperatures from the point of view of synoptic meteorology.
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MOBASSHER, A., MD AMINUR ISLAM, and SOPAN DAS. "Some climatological characteristics of the changing pattern of temperature in Bangladesh – A diagnostic approach." MAUSAM 67, no. 2 (2021): 441–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v67i2.1350.
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Based on climatological data of maximum and minimum temperatures of seventeen stations for a period of 60 years (1949 - 2008), obtained from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD), the changing pattern of temperature in Bangladesh has been investigated. Some characteristics of annual variation and spatial distribution of mean monthly minimum, mean monthly maximum and mean monthly temperature, annual variation and spatial distribution of mean monthly amplitude of temperature have been explained. The characteristics of changing pattern of temperature such as standard deviation, coefficient of variation, ratio between mean monthly maximum and mean monthly minimum temperatures have been studied. The run of the temperature in different stations for the years 1949-2008, the periodicity of mean annual temperature and mean decade deviations have been discussed. The integral curve of mean annual temperature for Dhaka has been prepared and explained. Regression analysis for mean monthly temperature of January, April, July and October for the stations Sylhet, Chittagong, Khulna and Rangpur with Dhaka have been analyzed. Some linear correlation equations have been deduced. In the investigation, attempts (as far as possible) have been made to explain the synoptic cause of the changing pattern of temperature in Bangladesh.
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Овсепян, Азатуи А., Анаит Н. Хлгатян, Рима А. Аветисян, Ваагн С. Мурадян та Шушаник Г. Асмарян. "ДИСТАНЦИОННОЕ ЗОНДИРОВАНИЕ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ ВОДЫ ОЗЕРА СЕВАН С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ ДАННЫХ COPERNICUS GLOBAL LAND SERVICE". Proceedings of the YSU C: Geological and Geographical Sciences 57, № 3 (261) (2023): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/pysu:c/2023.57.3.255.
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Water surface temperature is an important factor influencing the ecological state of the lake. Remote sensing techniques are an important tool for obtaining lake surface water temperature, which provides periodic information from the entire surface of the lake. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatiotemporal change of Lake Sevan surface water temperature based on remote sensing data and to analyze the relationship between the surface temperature of the lake water and the air temperature of the lake basin. The results confirm the relationship between the water surface temperature of Lake Sevan and the air temperature in the lake basin. Under conditions of reliability p<0.01, the following correlation results were obtained: between average ten-day water surface temperatures and ten-day air temperatures with coefficient r=0.929, between average monthly water surface temperatures and monthly maximum air temperatures with coefficient r=0.918, between the monthly maximum water surface temperature and the monthly maximum air temperature with a coefficient of r=0.961. Analysis of remote sensing data shows both patterns and anomalous behavior of lake surface water temperature.
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Wang, Shunjiu. "Variations in Maximum and Minimum Temperature in Mount Qomolangma during 1971–2020." Atmosphere 15, no. 3 (2024): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030358.
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Based on the daily maximum and minimum temperature observational data during 1971–2020, the variabilities of the maximum and minimum temperature of Mount Qomolangma are analyzed. The daily maximum temperature is 25.8 °C and the daily minimum temperature is −31.4 °C during the study period in Mount Qomolangma. Overall, there has been an upward trend with decadal laps for both maximum and minimum temperature. On monthly, seasonal, and annual scales, neither maximum temperature nor minimum temperature time series exhibit an increasing trend from 1971 to 2020. The increasing trends in monthly minimum temperature are even more pronounced than those in maximum temperature. Abrupt changes are noted in both monthly, seasonal, and annual maximum and minimum temperature time series. Specifically, an abrupt change in annual maximum temperature occurred in the 1980s, while an abrupt change in annual minimum temperature occurred in the 1990s. Differences between the north and south slope of Mount Qomolangma are evident, with temperature fluctuations of the north slope being more extreme than those of south slope. The seasonal and annual maximum temperature of the north slope is higher than that of the south slope, except for winter, and the seasonal and annual minimum temperatures of the north slope are all lower than those of the south slope. The tendences of maximum and minimum temperatures in the north slope are more dominant than those in the south slope. The findings are beneficial for understanding the characteristics of local climate change on the Tibetan plateau and to underscore the significant role of Mount Qomolangma in the context of global warming.
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Jahan, Md Sarwar, Sanjida Akter Nishita, Afifa Tamim, and S. M. Abdullah Al Mamun. "ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE TREND IN KHULNA DISTRICT OF BANGLADESH." Environment & Ecosystem Science 8, no. 2 (2024): 134–42. https://doi.org/10.26480/ees.02.2024.134.142.
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This study examines the trends in monthly maximum, minimum, and average temperatures over a 20-year period (2003-2022) in Khulna district, Bangladesh. The temperature data were sourced from the Regional Inspection Center (R.I.C) of the Bangladesh Meteorological Department, Gollamary, Khulna. The aim was to assess temperature deviations in the district over time. Using linear trend analysis, long-term temperature changes were evaluated. The annual mean maximum, minimum, and average temperatures showed increasing trends when plotted against the years, though the year-to-year variability was not statistically significant. The regression equations obtained for maximum, minimum, and average temperatures were: (y = 0.0251x – 19.006, R² = 0.1525), (y = 0.0177x – 8.789, R² = 0.1492), and (y = 0.0098x + 2.5477, R² = 0.0476), respectively. A bimodal dispersion pattern was observed across all three temperature aspects throughout the months during 2003-2022. Monthly temperatures (maximum, minimum, and average) did not follow a consistent pattern, as shown by the linear regression analysis, with both increasing and decreasing trends identified over the two decades. May was found to be the warmest month, while January was the coldest when considering mean monthly maximum and average temperatures. Furthermore, the highest upsurge in mean monthly average temperature was recorded in July (0.05390C), while the bulk reduction was detected in February (0.03670C). Principal component analysis indicated that the first two components accounted for 93% of the total variation. The study recommends further temperature monitoring methods due to observed instability in temperature.
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Hughes, Gillian L., Suhasini Subba Rao, and Tata Subba Rao. "Statistical analysis and time-series models for minimum/maximum temperatures in the Antarctic Peninsula." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 463, no. 2077 (2006): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2006.1766.
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It is now widely known that Antarctic air is warming faster than the rest of the world, and the Antarctic Peninsula has experienced major warming over the last 50 years. The monthly mean near surface temperature at the Faraday/Vernadsky station has increased considerably, at a rate of 0.56°C per decade over the year and at 1.09°C per decade over the winter. The increase is not the same over all the stations in the Antarctic region, and the increase is very significant at the Faraday/Vernadsky station. Only at this station are the minimum/maximum monthly temperatures, for the period 1951–2004, separately available, and we believe that the increase in mean surface temperature at this station is mainly due to the increases in minimum temperatures. Therefore, our object in this paper is to study the variations in the minimum/maximum temperatures using a multiple regression model with non-Gaussian correlated errors. By separately analysing the minimum and maximum temperatures, we could clearly identify the source of increase. The average temperature (usually calculated as (max+min)/2) smooths out any variation, and may not be that informative. We model the correlated errors using a linear autoregressive moving average model with innovations, which have an extreme value distribution. We describe the maximum-likelihood estimation methodology and apply this to the datasets described earlier. The methods proposed here can be widely used in other disciplines as well. Our analysis has shown that the increase in the minimum monthly temperatures is approximately 6.7°C over 53 years (1951–2003), whereas we did not find any significant change in the maximum temperature over the same period. We also establish a relationship between the minimum monthly temperatures and ozone levels, and use this model to obtain monthly forecasts for the year 2004 and compare it with the true values available up to December 2004.
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Christy, John R. "Monthly Temperature Observations for Uganda." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52, no. 10 (2013): 2363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-012.1.
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AbstractThe International Surface Temperature Initiative is a worldwide effort to locate weather observations, digitize them for public access, and attach provenance to them. As part of that effort, this study sought documents of temperature observations for the nation of Uganda. Although scattered reports were found for the 1890s, consistent record keeping appears to have begun in 1900. Data were keyed in from images of several types of old forms as well as accessed electronically from several sources to extend the time series of 32 stations with at least 4 yr of data back as far as data were available. Important gaps still remain; 1979–93 has virtually no observations from any station. Because many stations were represented by more than one data source, a scheme is described to extract the “best guess” values for each station of monthly averages of the daily maximum, minimum, and mean temperature. A preliminary examination of the national time series indicates that, since the early twentieth century, it appears that Uganda experienced essentially no change in monthly-average daily maximum temperature but did experience a considerable rise in monthly-average daily minimum temperature, concentrated in the last three decades. Because there are many gaps in the data, it is hoped that readers with information on extant data that were not discovered for this study will contact the author or the project so that the data may be archived.
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Yehia, Mohamed A., Osama T. Al-Taai, and Morwa K. Ibrahim. "Spatiotemporal Distribution of Minimum-Maximum Temperature over Iraq for the Period (1980-2017)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1060, no. 1 (2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1060/1/012026.
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Abstract Climate behavior study analysis of the values of the famous temperature variables for each of the (minimum and maximum) temperatures that were studied in four main stations in Iraq (Mosul, Baghdad, Rutbah, Basra) during the period 1980-2017. The research aims to know the increase in the monthly rates of minimum and maximum temperature values and their impact on global warming, as the data were taken from satellites registered by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Mann-Kendall statistical tests were used to calculate the important trends in the minimum and maximum temperature rates for each of the four previously mentioned stations. The results showed that there is a noticeable increase in the monthly average of minimum and maximum temperatures and that the general behavior of the trend of minimum and maximum temperatures tends to rise in its values in all regions of Iraq.
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Queiroz, Túlio Barroso, Cristian Rodrigo Montes, and Otávio Camargo Campoe. "A New Method to Calibrate Cardinal Temperatures for Eucalyptus Plantation." Forests 14, no. 8 (2023): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14081631.
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Developing a good understanding of the interactions between forest plantation growth and climate is essential for predicting the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems and for assessing the adaptation and vulnerability of tree species. One such interaction, the response in growth rate of a forest stand to changes in temperature, may be described mathematically. Some models that run on monthly time steps assume a yearly optimum, minimum, and maximum temperature for simplicity, which may not represent well to actual forest growth. Here, we developed a finer-resolution methodology that encompasses monthly growth rates and temperature limits to calibrate the parameters for an envelope curve in Eucalyptus plantations in South America. Several polynomial curves were tested to determine temperature patterns, and their yearly tree growth patterns demonstrated that responses to temperature differed by as much as 10 °C among seasons. The best curve was a second-degree polynomial curve, whose extreme values indicated the optimum temperature and whose real roots limited the minimum and maximum temperatures for growth. This polynomial was fitted every month to describe yearly changes in optimum, maximum, and minimum temperatures. When fitted to annual data, it determined 7 °C, 19 °C, and 31 °C as the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures for tree growth, respectively. The monthly model predictions indicated that the minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures lay between 8 °C and 16 °C, 18 °C and 22 °C, and 27 °C and 30 °C, respectively. These monthly temperature ranges can improve the estimation of productivity in process-based models. Our results contribute to the understanding of tree growth dynamics and its relationship to changes in temperature. Accurate ranges of temperature can be used to improve productivity predictions in new expanding planting regions with no previous information or to suggest a regionalization for potential species.
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Nasher, NM Refat, and MN Uddin. "Maximum and Minimum Temperature Trends Variation over Northern and Southern Part of Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 6, no. 2 (2015): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i2.22101.
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Temperature is one of the pivotal climatic variables in our world climate literature. In the present study monthly, seasonal and yearly highest maximum and lowest minimum temperatures of two cities were analyzed. Mann-Kendall test and Sens Slope Estimator were used to determine the trend and slope magnitude. Chittagong, as the coastal city and Rajshahi, as Barind track were selected as a study area due to its respective geographical location. Such types of data of 52 years for Chittagong as well as 48 years for Rajshahi were collected from Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD). Monthly highest maximum and lowest minimum temperature data from 1950-2002 for Chittagong and 1964-2012 for Rajshahi were used for analysis. In Rajshahi, significant rising trends were found in highest maximum post-monsoon temperature, lowest minimum monsoon temperature and highest maximum temperature from July to October, June and August for lowest minimum temperature. Falling trends were found in annual highest maximum and lowest minimum temperatures, pre-monsoon highest maximum temperature, lowest minimum winter temperature and January lowest minimum temperature. For Chittagong, significant increasing trends found in post-monsoon highest maximum temperature, June to December highest maximum temperature except July and December lowest minimum temperature. No significant decreasing trend was found in Chittagong.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i2.22101 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(2): 83-88 2013
Books on the topic "Monthly maximum temperature"
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Rees, David. Insects of Stored Grain. CSIRO Publishing, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643094673.
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A pocket reference that allows the non-specialist to identify major insect and arachnid pests found in stored cereal grains, grain products and grain legumes. It describes most storage pests found worldwide and provides concise information on the biology, distribution, damage and economic importance of each species. 
 Each entry contains at least one colour photograph. The notes for each species tell the nature of the pest or beneficial and the commodity affected; temperature and humidity conditions at which the species can survive; optimum conditions at which eggs take the shortest time to develop into adults; and maximum population growth rate per month. 
 This new edition has twice as many species in it and more detail on distribution, host range and pest status than the previous edition. Short introductory sections on insect biology, principles of control and concepts of pest status evaluation have also been added.
Book chapters on the topic "Monthly maximum temperature"
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Iyiola-Tunji, Adetunji Oroye, James Ijampy Adamu, Paul Apagu John, and Idris Muniru. "Dual Pathway Model of Responses Between Climate Change and Livestock Production." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_230.
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AbstractThis chapter was aimed at evaluating the responses of livestock to fluctuations in climate and the debilitating effect of livestock production on the environment. Survey of livestock stakeholders (farmers, researchers, marketers, and traders) was carried out in Sahel, Sudan, Northern Guinea Savannah, Southern Guinea Savannah, and Derived Savannah zones of Nigeria. In total, 362 respondents were interviewed between April and June 2020. The distribution of the respondents was 22 in Sahel, 57 in Sudan, 61 in Northern Guinea Savannah, 80 in Southern Guinea Savannah, and 106 in Derived Savannah. The respondents were purposively interviewed based on their engagement in livestock production, research or trading activities. Thirty-eight years’ climate data from 1982 to 2019 were obtained from Nigerian Metrological Agency, Abuja. Ilela, Kiyawa, and Sabon Gari were chosen to represent Sahel, Sudan, and Northern Guinea Savannah zone of Nigeria, respectively. The data contained precipitation, relative humidity, and minimum and maximum temperature. The temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated using the formula: THI = 0.8*T + RH*(T-14.4) + 46.4, where T = ambient or dry-bulb temperature in °C and RH=relative humidity expressed as a proportion. Three Machine Learning model were built to predict the monthly minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and relative humidity respectively based on information from the previous 11 months. The methodology adopted is to treat each prediction task as a supervised learning problem. This involves transforming the time series data into a feature-target dataset using autoregressive (AR) technique. The major component of the activities of livestock that was known to cause injury to the environment as depicted in this chapter was the production of greenhouse gases. From the respondents in this chapter, some adaptive measures were stated as having controlling and mitigating effect at reducing the effect of activities of livestock on the climate and the environment. The environment and climate on the other side of the dual pathway is also known to induce stress on livestock. The concept of crop-livestock integration system is advocated in this chapter as beneficial to livestock and environment in the short and long run. Based on the predictive model developed for temperature and relative humidity in a sample location (Ilela) using Machine Learning in this chapter, there is need for development of a web or standalone application that will be useable by Nigerian farmers, meteorological agencies, and extension organizations as climate fluctuation early warning system. Development of this predictive model needs to be expanded and made functional.
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Kabbilawsh, P., D. Sathish Kumar, and N. R. Chithra. "Infilling Missing Monthly Maximum and Minimum Temperature Dataset by EM Algorithm Followed by Distribution Based Statistical Assessment Using Eight Absolute Homogeneity Tests." In Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64202-0_43.
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Tesfaye, Argaw, and Arragaw Alemayehu. "Climate Change and Variability on Food Security of Rural Household: Central Highlands, Ethiopia." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_188.
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AbstractThis chapter analyzes the impact of climate change and variability on food security of rural households in the central highlands of Ethiopia taking Basona Werana district as a case study site. Data were obtained from 123 households selected using simple random sampling from three agro ecological zones. Key informant interviews and focus group discussion (FDG) were used to supplement the data obtained from household survey. The monthly rainfall and temperature data are for 56 points of 10 × 10 km grids reconstructed from weather stations and meteorological satellite observations, which cover the period between 1983 and 2016. Standardized rainfall anomaly (SRA), linear regression (LR), and coefficient of variation (CV) are used to examine inter-annual and intra-annual variability of rainfall. Annual and seasonal rainfalls show decreasing trends over the period of observation. The decreasing trends in annual and March–May (Belg) rainfall totals exhibit statically significant decreasing trends at p = 0.05 level. Kiremt (June–September) shows statically significant decreasing trends at p = 0.1 level. Mean annual maximum and minimum temperatures show statically significant increasing trends at p = 0.05 level. More than 80% of households perceived that the climate is changing and their livelihoods (crop and livestock production) are impacted. The district belongs to one of the most vulnerable areas to climate change and variability in the country where large proportions of households (62%) are under different food insecurity classes. Results suggest that local level investigations are useful in developing context-specific climate change adaptation.
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Hanssen-Bauer, Inger, Rasmus E. Benestad, Julia Lutz, Dagrun Vikhamar-Schuler, Pavel Svyashchennikov, and Eirik J. Førland. "Comparative Analyses of Local Historical and Future Climate Conditions Important for Reindeer Herding in Finnmark, Norway and the Yamal Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia." In Reindeer Husbandry. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17625-8_8.
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AbstractIn Finnmark, average winter (Dec-Jan-Feb) temperatures in the period 1961–1990 were about −5 °C at the coast, slightly lower in the fjords, and typically 10 °C lower inland. In the Yamal Nenets Autonomous Okrug (YNAO) average winter temperatures were even lower, ranging from −20 to −25 °C. Temperatures are presently increasing in the area, and towards the end of this century, winter temperatures in the YNAO may, under a medium high emission scenario, resemble the previous conditions in the interior of Finnmark, while inland Finnmark may experience conditions that were earlier found along the fjords. The snow season in 1961–1990 typically lasted from 6 to 8 months in Finnmark. Higher temperatures lead to a reduced snow season and model calculations indicate a 3-month reduction along the coast, where it is shortest today, while the inland snow season may be one month shorter towards the end of the century. Along the coast, a 60% reduction in the winter maximum snow amount is projected towards the end of the century. In the interior of Finnmark, considerably smaller changes are projected in maximum snow amounts, as average precipitation is projected to increase, implicating increased snowfall during winter. Maximum snow amounts may even increase slightly at some inland sites. Higher winter temperatures will lead to changes in the snow structure. Compared to herders’ reports, the SNOWPACK model successfully reproduced high-density snow layers during the past decades. To describe future snow structures of relevance for reindeer grazing conditions in Finnmark and YNAO, more detailed climate projections are needed.
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Eldridge, Ken, John Davidson, Chris Harwood, and Gerrit Van Wyk. "Eucalyptus deglupta." In Eucalypt Domestication and Breeding. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198541493.003.0007.
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Abstract Australia. The natural distribution (Fig. 7.2) is markedly discontinuous from Mindanao in the Philippines, through Sulawesi, Ceram and Irian Jaya in Indonesia, and parts of mainland Papua New Guinea and most of New Britain (Heather 1955; Davidson 1973b, 1978b; Turnbull 1974). Best development of the species is to be found in riverain situations at altitudes mainly below 150 m in New Britain. Full altitudinal range is from sea level to about 1800 m. Throughout its natural range the climatic region in which E. deglupta occurs is the humid tropics (Fig. 4.2, p. 41). Mean annual rainfall is typically 2500-3500 mm but some areas receive up to about 5000 mm. Seasonal distribution varies according to local monsoon patterns. Except for a rainshadow in south-eastern Papua New Guinea, rainfall is seldom less than 100-150 mm per month in the driest part of the year. In the lowlands mean monthly maximum temperature is around 30-32°C, while in the highlands the mean monthly maximum of the coolest month may be only 24°C.
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Sajjan, Preeti, Dr K. Krupavathi, and C. Aparna. "PROJECTION OF FUTURE CLIMATE DATA USING GLOBAL CIRCULATION MODELS." In Futuristic Trends in Agriculture Engineering & Food Sciences Volume 3 Book 10. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bcag10p3ch1.
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The accurate prediction of future climate patterns is of paramount importance in understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate change on various ecosystems and human societies. This study focuses on the utilization of Global Circulation Models (GCMs) to project forthcoming climate data. GCMs are indispensable tools that simulate the Earth's atmospheric and oceanic processes, enabling us to gain insights into the complex interactions driving climatic shifts. 2 climate models namely HadGEM2-ES and MIROC-ESM were selected to generate future climate data for the period 2010-2090 from MarkSim daily weather generator and also generated climate data compared with the observed data for the period 2010-2021. By comparing model predictions with observed trends, it helps to validate the performance of GCMs and identify potential areas of improvement. Results reveals that both RCP 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios predicted substantial rise in precipitation and temperature for future years. HadGEM2-ES with RCP 8.5 show very high temperature whereas MIROC-ESM with RCP 4.5 shows very low temperature. There is an increasing trend in prediction of climate data from 2010 to 2090 with highest precipitation and temperature in 2090 and lowest in 2010. From the prediction it is expected to increase in rainfall from 49.75 mm to 1341.66 in the future and maximum and minimum temperature about 32.98-36.84 °C and 24.37-28.58°C. It was also observed that minimum temperature was increasing drastically compared to the maximum temperature. Mean monthly observed and predicted precipitation and temperature was compared for the period 2010-2090. Statistical analysis was done to compare both data. RCP 8.5 scenario is more correlated with observed data. Models had underestimated 1-3°C temperature and 30-49.7 mm rainfall this bias has to be corrected. RCP 8.5 scenario was having highest R2 about 0.88 for precipitation and 0.97 for temperature low correlation was observed for RCP 4.5 scenario compared to 8.5. Statistical analysis results confirms that data obtained from MIROC-ESM with RCP 8.5 scenario are in close agreement with the observed data with low bias in data, hence this model and scenario can be used for future projection of climate data. The findings provide crucial insights for policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders working towards a comprehensive understanding of the Earth's changing climate and the formulation of effective strategies to address its far-reaching consequences.
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Singh, Ajay Kumar, Ravindra Singh, and Richa Singh. "Modelling the Impact of Climate Change on Milk Production in India." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies. IGI Global, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-5898-6.ch002.
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This study measures the sensitivity in total milk production (TMP) due to frequency of climate change in India. TMP of a respective state is considered as an output, while monthly average maximum and minimum temperature, precipitation, and annual actual rainfall are used as climatic factors in empirical investigation. Thereupon, specific agricultural inputs like fertilizer and credit facilities from the banking sector are employed as control variables in the empirical model. The coefficients of independent variables with TMP are observed using a log-linear regression equation. Thereupon, it estimates the predicted milk production of India in different climate change perceptions. Projected results indicate a declining trend in TMP in different climate change perspectives. Irrigated area, credit facilities, gross cropped area and fertilizer application showed a positive impact on TMP. Dairy farmers should adopt appropriate mitigation practices to abate negative impact of climate change on milk production.
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Burt, Stephen, and Tim Burt. "October." In Durham Weather and Climate since 1841. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870517.003.0013.
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Abstract Like September, October is another transitional month, and it ushers in shorter, cloudier days, more frequent rainfall, and lower temperatures. Furthermore, the mean daily maximum temperature can be expected to fall more than 5 °C during this month, there is increased precipitation, and autumn’s first air frosts can normally be expected before the month is out. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall, and fog at Durham during the month of October. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month.
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Prakash Yadav, Ram, Suresh Chandra Panday, Jitendra Kumar, et al. "Climatic Variation and Its Impacts on Yield and Water Requirement of Crops in Indian Central Himalaya." In Agrometeorology [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94076.
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Climate is most important factor affecting agriculture, and issues related to climate and its implications have attracted attention of policy makers globally. The farm sector, particularly marginal ecosystems in mountains are vulnerable because of unpredictable variation and severe sink limitations. Efforts to impart resilience to farm and its allied sector are an urgent need. The climatic parameters play very important role to determine type of crops, cattle rearing and the life style adopted by the people. Moreover, weather has a significant impact on crop growth and development. Weather plays a vital role and affects the production and productivity of the crops. According to an estimate, weather contributes 67% variation in productivity and rest of the factors (soil, nutrient and management practices etc.) accounts for 33%. Therefore, there is a need of in-depth analysis of each meteorological parameters and identification of their trend over the years in order to identify and adapt suitable agriculture practices, better adaptable crops, varieties and their duration, time of field preparation, sowing time and irrigation as per the climatic conditions of the region. This will lead farming community to plan strategies of agriculture operation to obtain optimum yield. The climatic data from the meteorological observatory of ICAR-VPKAS, Hawalbagh located at mid hill condition (1250 m amsl) were analyzed for different periods (annual, seasonal, monthly, weekly). It was revealed that rainfall is decreasing over the years but significant (P < 0.05) decrease was recorded at mid hills. The maximum temperature is increasing significantly (P < 0.05) during post-monsoon and winter season however decreasing in monsoon season whereas minimum temperature is decreasing round the year. These changes in rainfall and temperatures are affecting production and productivity of the crops, as hills are largely rainfed. In terms of crop water demand, there is no need to apply irrigation during the rainy season except the transplanted rice. However, during the winter season as there is more than 60% of water deficit to irrigate the crops. The proper understanding of climate is necessary to bring sustainability in hill agriculture by adjusting crop sowing window and other operations as per suitability of the climate.
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Burt, Stephen, and Tim Burt. "February." In Durham Weather and Climate since 1841. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870517.003.0005.
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Abstract This chapter examines the long-term records (including both averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall, and fog at Durham during the month of February. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month of February. It covers how it is during the month of February that mean temperatures begin their seasonal rise, but also how February holds the record for both the coldest month and the coldest night in Durham’s record-keeping history. It also provides tables showing maximum, minimum, and mean temperatures recorded at the Durham Observatory.
Conference papers on the topic "Monthly maximum temperature"
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Meyer, J. F., B. North, and V. P. Deodeshmukh. "Long-Term Cyclic Oxidation Performance of High-Temperature Alloys in Still Air at 982°C." In CORROSION 2014. NACE International, 2014. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2014-4294.
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Abstract The durability and reliability of high-temperature components is critically linked to long-term cyclic oxidation performance of the alloy. There are several factors such as temperature, thermal cycling frequency, and still or flowing environmental conditions that can influence long-term oxidation performance of high-temperature alloys. Of particular importance, in this study, is long-term oxidation performance of alloys exposed for 360 days in still air for relatively short thermal cycle length (once-a-week) than previously reported in the literature. The alloys selected for this study are N07214, N06230, N06617, N06002, N08120, N08811, N12160, R30188, R30556 and N06625. Alloy performances were ranked by assessing weight-change behavior and metal recession measurements which includes metal loss, average internal penetration, and maximum internal penetration. It was found that the alumina-forming N07214 outperformed rest of the alloys, and N06230, N06617, and R30188 were among the best performing chromia-forming alloys. The types of oxide scales evolved and Cr depletion behavior were studied using SEM equipped with EDS. In this paper, effect of thermal cycle length (weekly vs. bi-monthly thermal cycling) on the long-term oxidation performance of selected high-temperature alloys was also studied. It was found that increase in thermal cycling frequency adversely affected long-term oxidation performance of certain high-temperature alloys.
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Kurlekar, Arun R., George T. Bayer, and Gerald E. Gapinski. "Effect of ID Surface Modification on Carburization of Ethylene Furnace Tubes." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01388.
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Abstract Results are presented of a metallurgical evaluation of diffusion coated, micro-alloyed HP-Nb (HP-Nb MA) ethylene furnace tubes after 27 months in service in a furnace. The diffusion coating system applied to the ID surfaces of the tubes by a modified pack cementation process was a bi-diffused aluminum-chromium-silicon system. Results indicate that the coating was thermally stable and successful at eliminating carburization at temperatures exceeding the maximum design temperature for the furnace. Tube sections excised from a coil section exhibiting flame impingement damage confirmed the coating prevented carbon ingress at tube metal temperatures of at least 2050° F (1121° C). Earlier published work verified the ability of the coating system in reducing coke formation during the first 14 months of service. Details of additional research to determine detailed phase characterization and the mechanisms of protective action are discussed.
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Ohashi, Kenya, Reo Kobayashi, James F. D. Stott, and Michael J. Schofield. "Marine Crevice Corrosion of Stainless Steel Alloys under Biofilmed and Sterile Conditions." In CORROSION 2016. NACE International, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2016-07109.
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Abstract Seawater exposure tests of five stainless steel alloys were undertaken for up to six month duration under microbially active and sterile conditions. Coupons that included crevices were exposed to marine conditions at a temperature of 30°C in the presence of natural biofilm, containing marine sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), under laboratory conditions. Identical sets of coupons were exposed to nominally sterile seawater under the same conditions. Very severe crevice corrosion, of 1 to 2 mm depth in 6 months, was observed on alloys UNS S30403, UNS S31603 and lean duplex UNS S32101 exposed to the biofilm condition. A lesser, but still severe, amount of crevice corrosion, to a maximum depth of ~0.5 mm was observed on duplex alloy UNS S31803 exposed biofilmed conditions over the same period. Crevice corrosion to maximum depth of 0.26 mm was observed on the UNS S32750 superduplex material. The results for the nominally sterile tests were very different to those of the biofilmed specimens: Only the UNS S30403 coupon specimens exhibited any crevice corrosion, to a maximum depth of only 0.065 mm. The other materials either showed very minor pitting or were free of any visible corrosion. Photographs and photo-micrographs are presented illustrating the damage and the remarkable differences between specimens exposed in the biofilmed and sterile seawater environments.
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Mitschke, Howard. "Effects of Chloride Contamination on Performance of Tank and Vessel Linings." In SSPC 2000. SSPC, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2000-00033.
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Abstract Nine, commercially available, ambient cured, thin-film lining systems were evaluated for their tolerance to various levels of natural and artificially applied chloride contamination on steel substrates. The linings were tested by immersion in water or hydrocarbon/water at various temperatures for a duration of 13 and 6 months respectively. The tolerances to chloride were found to vary significantly among the linings. In addition, the maximum service temperatures of the linings were progressively reduced as the chloride levels increased.
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Minarik, Martin, Vladimir Kiss, Martin Prcik, Jan Cimo, and Maros Turna. "IMPACT OF THE BUILT-UP AREA OF A CITY ON THE DIURNAL PATTERN OF TEMPERATURES DURING TROPICAL DAYS." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 24. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/4.1/s19.54.
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Approximately 5% of the area of Slovakia is made up of built-up areas and courtyards. These represent land where buildings and courtyards, motorways, roads, local roads, railways, airports, and water structures are built. To compare the influence of the urbanized part of the country on the daily air temperature, the city of Nitra, located in the western part of Slovakia, was selected. Meteorological stations are in the territory of the city, from which air temperature data were obtained. For the comparison of the "non-urbanised" part, a meteorological station located in the experimental garden and a station located at the Nitra-Janikovce airport were selected. The summer months from 15 June to 15 September in 2021 and 2022 were selected for comparison. In both years, four periods of heat with temperatures above 30-degree Celzius lasting at least three days were recorded during this period. The onset of temperature after night-time cooling is about the same, but the station in the experimental garden has a delayed onset. Also, the maximum temperature at noon, even during the heat wave, did not reach the same value as at the other stations. The temperature drop arrives identically, but the temperatures in the city do not drop to the same level as the temperatures at the base stations in the evening. It is also interesting to compare the average temperature differences. For the most part, there are larger differences in temperatures between the stations in the city and the station in the experimental garden. The differences between the stations in the city and the station at the airport are noticeable, but not to that extent. Thus, our hypothesis is only partially confirmed. The built-up area affects the diurnal temperature course, especially when it cools down in the evening, but an area with a regularly mowed lawn does not have as much of a positive effect as the public thinks. From our comparison, the experimental garden comes out best, where all stages are represented, including trees and shrubs. These create a more suitable microclimate that better mitigates the effects of climate change.
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Schwentenwein, Sandra, Gregor Mori, and Herbert Zitter. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Semi-hard DHP-Copper Tubes in Potassium Nitrite Solution." In CORROSION 2002. NACE International, 2002. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2002-02432.
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Abstract Stress corrosion susceptibility SCC of semi-hard DHP-copper tubes (deoxygenated high residual phosphorus content) in potassium nitrite solution has been investigated. Tubes with different levels of internal stresses emanating from the production process (henceforth in this paper termed “eigenstresses”) were industrially produced. After measurement of stress levels samples were tested in a laboratory heating circuit. Potentiostatic tests in aerated solution were done at a anodic potential of 100 mVSCE after measuring free corrosion potential for 1 h and by variation of temperature between 45 and 75 °C, tangential eigenstresses from 5 to 50 MPa and concentration of potassium nitrite between 0.1 and 1 mol/l. Breakthrough time has been measured as a function of eigenstress level, nitrite concentration of solution and temperature. Maximum duration of an experiment was 1 month. Stress corrosion cracking occurred only at high stress levels above 20 MPa and at temperatures above 50 °C. Cracking was always intergranular mainly in longitudinal direction. At the outer surface of the tubes a black layer of Cu2O was formed, which is necessary for SCC initiation. The mechanism of SCC formation is described.
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Nair, Jayant R., Naif Al Abri, and Muhammad Bilal Akhtar. "Case Study on the Application of Ceramic Coatings to Extend Fired Heater Tube Life and Improving Operational Efficiency with Cost Benefit Analysis." In CORROSION 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2019-13115.
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Abstract The aromatics plant is an important downstream petrochemical unit that produces various aromatic hydrocarbons such as xylenes, benzene, and toluene which are the basic building blocks for production of polyester and polymers resulting in different consumer goods. The heart of aromatics plant is a licensed high-performance Naphtha Reforming unit that operates at low pressure and high temperatures required to promote chemical reactions that improve aromatics production. To achieve the required heat there are 4no. of fired heaters with arbor type coil configuration that raise the feed naphtha temperature to around 545 °C. The radiant tubes of the heaters are of 9Cr-1Mo (ASTM(1) A335 Gr P9) metallurgy with a maximum tube wall temperature of 652 °C. The tubes are prone to excessive scaling due to high temperature oxidation and scale thickness of up to 1-2mm were found in the tubes. The problem arising due to scaling affect not only the mechanical integrity of the radiant tubes but also lead to multiple operational constraints. The scaling apart from consuming the metal at 0.25 mm/year, acts as an insulator hindering the heat transfer across the tubes, resulting in radiant heat loss and preventing rise of process fluid temperature to desired levels. Moreover, severe scaling also prevents accurate on-stream monitoring of tube skin temperatures. Following a detailed root cause analysis, it was recommended to apply ceramic coating on the radiant tube and extend it to refractory in the furnace box to improve operational and thermal efficiency, while maintaining metallurgical integrity and reliability. Post coating (applied in March 2017), the unit is capable to run at more than 100% at the same heater load with the assurance of long term integrity of heater tubes. The payback from the investment was within 6 months of project execution. This case study, highlights the observations of the radiant tubes along with cost benefit analysis achieved by the application of ceramic coatings to extend tube life and improve operational efficiency.
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Lee, Jeih-Ing, Paul Chung, and Chuen-Horng Tsai. "A Study of Hydriding of Titanium in Sea Water under Cathodic Polarization." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86259.
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Abstract This paper describes the phenomena of the hydriding of titanium observed under the potentiostatic cathodic polarization (-650 — -1000 mV SCE) in natural sea water at various environmental conditions. Both direct measurement of the hydrogen content and metallographic determination of the thickness of the titanium hydride layer have been adopted to investigate the hydrogen uptake. In the temperature range of 25-80°C, the pH values of the solution had the most pronounced effect on the rate of hydrogen absorption among three variables investigated. No hydrogen absorption in titanium was detected after 8-month charging at -650 mV(SCE), and only a small amount of hydrogen absorption (33, 13ppm) was measured at -1.0V, -0.8V(SCE) respectively in natural sea water (pH 8.2) at room temperature. Metallographic inspection showed that hydride precipitations formed a continuous surface layer to a maximum depth of 19 μm for only 42-hour charging at -1.0V(SCE) in acidic sea water (pH 2.0) at room temperature. After four-month charging at -1.0V(SCE), the hydrogen content up to 3100 ppm was detected in acidic sea water (pH 2.0) at 60°C. The effect of surface hydride layer on mechanical properties of titanium was evaluated using tensile tests, and the morphology of fractured surface was inspected by using the SEM after tensile tests.
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Krishnan, Karthik. "Case Histories of Low Alloy Steel Used for Completion Tools in High-H2S and -CO2 Environments." In CORROSION 2018. NACE International, 2018. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2018-10899.
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Abstract Low-alloy steels with less than 1% nickel content and having 22 HRC (Hardness Rockwell C) maximum hardness can be used for sour (H2S) service at any temperature in all regions, as per NACE MR0175/ISO 15156-2 guidelines.1 They provide resistance to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) and therefore can be used in downhole completion tools for many oil- and gas-producing environments. However, low-alloy steels can experience general and localized corrosion during medium- to longer-term use in production environments. The corrosion rate is dependent on multiple factors, such as H2S partial pressure, CO2 partial pressure, temperature, in-situ pH, etc. One derived factor that can significantly influence the corrosion rate is the H2S/CO2 ratio. This paper discusses two case histories in which 41XX low-alloy steel, quenched and tempered to 22 HRC maximum hardness, was used in longer-term downhole completion tools. The first case discusses a packer assembly installed near the bottom hole that provided 14 years of good long-term service in an oil- producing environment having high-H2S and -CO2 conditions. The second case discusses a plug assembly installed in a flow control device near the surface during shut-in of a gas well having high-H2S and -CO2 conditions, where the components experienced pitting type corrosion after 18 months of service.
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Mitzithra, Maria Eleni, Shiladitya Paul, John Rothwell, and Fabricio Pinheiro dos Santos. "Exploring High Pressure CO2 Annular Corrosion in Flexible Pipes." In CORROSION 2020. NACE International, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2020-14740.
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Abstract This paper focuses on the corrosion behaviour of high strength flexible wire material immersed in de-aerated 3.5% NaCl solution under 40bar CO2 partial pressure at different test temperatures: 30°C, 40°C and 60°C; different CO2 fluxflux: 0.1ml/min/cm2 and 0.0008ml/min/cm2; different volume of solution to surface area of sample (V/S) ratios: 1ml/cm2 and 0.3ml/cm2 and test durations: 2 and 4 months. The tests were carried out in a lab-scale test system designed and built at TWI Ltd for the simulation of complex annulus environments. The corrosion rates and the maximum depth of the localized attack for tests at different temperatures were recorded as: 30°C&gt;60°C&gt;40°C. This is linked with the stability, structure and thickness of the precipitated iron carbonate scaling. The lowest corrosion rate was recorded for the test with the lowest V/S and slowest CO2 flux, linked with a thin and compact iron carbonate layer. The effect of the flow and degree of confinement are significant at high CO2 partial pressures.
Reports on the topic "Monthly maximum temperature"
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Osadchyi, Volodymyr, Olesya Zavaliy, Liudmyla Palamarchuk, et al. Ukrainian gridded monthly air temperature (min, max, mean) and atmospheric precipitation data (1946-2020). Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute (UHMI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/uhmi.report.02.
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The dataset contains long gridded time series of monthly minimum, maximum and mean air temperature and atmospheric precipitation for Ukraine, covering the period of 1946-2020. The dataset was built through the thorough historical climate data processing, which included all mandatory steps: data rescue/digitization of missing values and/or periods in station time series from paper sources, their quality control and homogenization, and interpolation on 0.1x0.1 grid. The station data comprised monthly values of 178 stations for air temperature (for each of three parameters) and 224 stations for atmospheric precipitation. The quality assurance and homogenization were performed by means of the widely used homogenization software HOMER (HOMogEnization in R), while the well-known interpolation software MISH (Meteorological Interpolation based on Surface Homogenized data basis) was used to perform the gridding.
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Wright, Wendy. Fixed-station water-quality monitoring at Cumberland Island National Seashore: 2013–2014 data summary. National Park Service, 2017. https://doi.org/10.36967/2246110.
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n 2005 the National Park Service (NPS) Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Inventory and Monitoring Program began collecting water-quality data in the estuarine waters near Cumberland Island National Seashore (CUIS) as part of the NPS Vital Signs monitoring program. The continuous-monitoring data station is located on the Sea Camp dock. This station collects pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, conductivity, turbidity, and water level data every 15 minutes. Southeast Coast Network staff make additional water-quality measurements, which include monthly measurements of water-clarity conditions, nutrient concentrations, and chlorophyll a levels. Network staff follow methods that were adapted from the water-quality monitoring program established by the National Estuarine Research Reserve Program (Wenner and Geist 2001). Data and results are compared to EPA criteria (EPA 2012) which rate conditions as good, fair, or poor. The Cumberland Island National Seashore fixed-station water-quality monitoring site is part of the SECN estuarine water- and sediment-quality monitoring effort, which routinely collects data in the vicinity of seven coastal park units located along the southeastern U.S. coast (DeVivo et al. 2008, Gregory et al. 2013). Information collected by this monitoring program will be used to help managers make better-informed decisions by understanding trends and variability related to water-quality conditions in park waters. Summary data are presented in annual data reports published by the Southeast Coast Network. Monthly water-quality data collected during 2013–2014 at the SECN site near Cumberland Island National Seashore reflected good to fair conditions throughout the two-year period. Chlorophyll a concentrations were fair (12 visits) to good (12 visits) for the period of record, ranging from 2.98 µg/L to 9.19 µ/L. Water clarity was mostly good (17 visits) to fair (6 visits) for the period of record. Over the period of record, seven samples were pulled for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP). Six of the seven DIN concentrations were rated as good, with one fair. Three of the DIP concentrations were good, and four were fair. Mean monthly dissolved oxygen levels were fair to good throughout the period, ranging from 4.4 mg/L to 8.5 mg/L. Individual values ranged from 2.0 mg/L in May 2013 to 9.4 mg/L in January 2014. Mean monthly pH values ranged from 7.4 to 8.3. Individual readings ranged from 7.1 in September 2014 to 8.5 in January and February 2013. Monthly mean turbidity values were highest during February 2013 at 10.9 NTUs. The lowest individual turbidity reading for any given month was 0.0 NTUs, and a maximum reading of 627.9 NTUs was recorded in January 2013. Water temperatures in 2013–2014 ranged from a minimum monthly mean of 11.5°C (52.7°F) in January 2014 to a maximum monthly mean of 29.6°C (85.3°F) in August 2014. Individual temperatures ranged from a minimum of 7.4°C (45.3°F) in January 2013 to a maximum of 31.9°C (89.4°F) in July 2014. The tidal range at the Sea Camp dock at Cumberland Island National Seashore is 3.7 meters (12.1 feet).
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Rinehart, Aaron, M. Gregory, and Wendy Wright. Fixed-station water-quality monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2012 data summary. National Park Service, 2013. https://doi.org/10.36967/2195212.
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In 2005 the National Park Service (NPS) Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Inventory and Monitoring Program began collecting water-quality data in the estuarine waters near Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA) as part the NPS Vital Signs monitoring program. The continuous-monitoring data station is located at a dock at the Ocracoke Village boat ramp. This station collects pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, conductivity, turbidity and water-level data every 30 minutes. Additional water-quality measurements are made by SECN staff and include monthly measurements of water-clarity conditions, nutrients, and chlorophyll a levels. Methods used are adapted from the water-quality monitoring program established by the National Estuarine Research Reserve Program. The Cape Hatteras National Seashore fixed-station water-quality monitoring site is part of the SECN estuarine water and sediment quality monitoring efforts, which routinely collects data in the vicinity of seven coastal parks located along the southeastern U.S. coast. Information collected by this monitoring program will be used to help managers make better-informed decisions by understanding trends and variability related to water-quality conditions in park waters. This report presents data from the 2012 sampling year at Cape Hatteras National Seashore. Monthly water-quality data collected at the Southeast Coast Network site near Cape Hatteras National Seashore during 2012 reflect good to fair conditions throughout the year, with water-clarity rating good in the spring and early summer and fair in the late summer. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus indicated good conditions when available. Chlorophyll a levels rated fair during the late summer months, and good in June and October. Data were not available for the first five months, and last two months of the year. Mean monthly dissolved oxygen levels were good throughout the entire year, ranging from a high of 9.6 mg/L in February to a low of 6.4 mg/L in July and August. No daily average dissolved oxygen levels dipped below 5 mg/L. Mean monthly pH values ranged from a low of 7.9 in January to a high of 8.3 in June with very little variability throughout the year. Monthly mean turbidity values were highest during April at 18.9 NTUs. The lowest individual turbidity reading for any given month was ≤ 2.2 NTUs and a maximum reading of 175.4 NTUs was recorded in September. Water temperatures in 2012 were similar to those in 2011. The monthly mean high in July was 28.5 ºC (83.3 ºF) and 28.1 ºC (82.3 ºF) for 2012 and 2011, respectively. The lowest monthly average for both years occurred in January with 2012 readings approximately 5 ºC (9 ºF) degrees higher.
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Wright, Wendy, M. Gregory, and Aaron Rinehart. Fixed station water quality monitoring at Cape Hatteras National Seashore: 2010 data summary. National Park Service, 2012. https://doi.org/10.36967/2190306.
Full textAbstract:
In 2005 the National Park Service (NPS) Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Inventory and Monitoring Program began collecting water-quality data in the estuarine waters near Cape Hatteras National Seashore (CAHA) as part the NPS Vital Signs monitoring program. The continuous monitoring data station is located at a dock at the Ocracoke Village boat ramp. This station collects pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, conductivity, turbidity and water level data every 30 minutes. Additional water quality measurements are made by SECN staff and include monthly measurements of water clarity conditions, nutrients, and chlorophyll a levels. This report summarizes data collected during 2010. Monthly water quality sampling indicated good water clarity, good to fair chlorophyll levels, good dissolved oxygen and fair levels of both nitrogen and phosphorus in the vicinity of Ocracoke Island during 2010. Dissolved oxygen levels briefly dropped below 2 mg/L several times during a brief three day period between November 4 and November 6. Values ranged from 0.13 mg/L during this period in November to 13.22 mg/L during February. Mean monthly values ranged from to 11.4 mg/L in February to 5.6 mg/L during September. Mean daily values were generally higher during the cooler winter months and dipped to their lowest level during late summer and fall. pH values ranged from 7.58 in January to 9.05 in May. Mean monthly pH levels range from 7. 9 to 8.2 and did not exhibit any discernible seasonal variation during 2010. Turbidity levels ranged from near 0 NTUs across all months to maximum reading readings of 238 NTUs and 346 NTUs in May and June, respectively. Daily mean values were generally higher during late spring and lowest in the summer months.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Chiricahua National Monument, Coronado National Memorial, and Fort Bowie National Historic Site: Water year 2019. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293370.
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Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in southern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Chiricahua National Monument (NM), Coronado National Memorial (NMem), and Fort Bowie National Historic Site (NHS) during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Overall annual precipitation at Chiricahua NM and Coronado NMem in WY2019 was approximately the same as the normals for 1981–2010. (The weather station at Fort Bowie NHS had missing values on 275 days, so data were not presented for that park.) Fall and winter rains were greater than normal. The monsoon season was generally weaker than normal, but storm events related to Hurricane Lorena led to increased late-season rain in September. Mean monthly maximum temperatures were generally cooler than normal at Chiricahua, whereas mean monthly minimum temperatures were warmer than normal. Temperatures at Coronado were more variable relative to normal. The reconnaissance drought index (RDI) indicated that Chiricahua NM was slightly wetter than normal. (The WY2019 RDI could not be calculated for Coronado NMem due to missing data.) The five-year moving mean of annual precipitation showed both park units were experiencing a minor multi-year precipitation deficit relative to the 39-year average. Mean groundwater levels in WY2019 increased at Fort Bowie NHS, and at two of three wells monitored at Chiricahua NM, compared to WY2018. Levels in the third well at Chiricahua slightly decreased. By contrast, water levels declined in five of six wells at Coronado NMem over the same period, with the sixth well showing a slight increase over WY2018. Over the monitoring record (2007–present), groundwater levels at Chiricahua have been fairly stable, with seasonal variability likely caused by transpiration losses and recharge from runoff events in Bonita Creek. At Fort Bowie’s WSW-2, mean groundwater level was also relatively stable from 2004 to 2019, excluding temporary drops due to routine pumping. At Coronado, four of the six wells demonstrated increases (+0.30 to 11.65 ft) in water level compared to the earliest available measurements. Only WSW-2 and Baumkirchner #3 have shown net declines (-17.31 and -3.80 feet, respectively) at that park. Springs were monitored at nine sites in WY2019 (four sites at Chiricahua NM; three at Coronado NMem, and two at Fort Bowie NHS). Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included modifications to flow, such as dams, berms, or spring boxes. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails, scat, or evidence of flooding. Crews observed 0–6 facultative/obligate wetland plant taxa and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed six non-native plant species: common mullein (Verbascum thapsus), spiny sowthistle (Sonchus asper), common sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus), Lehmann lovegrass (Eragrostis lehmanniana), rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and water chemistry were collected at all nine sites. It is likely that that all nine springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019, though temperature sensors failed at two sites. The seven sites with continuous sensor data had water present for most of the year. Discharge was measured at eight sites and ranged from < 1 L/minute to 16.5 L/minute.
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Kingston, A. W., and O. H. Ardakani. Diagenetic fluid flow and hydrocarbon migration in the Montney Formation, British Columbia: fluid inclusion and stable isotope evidence. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330947.
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The Montney Formation in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada is an early Triassic siltstone currently in an active diagenetic environment at depths greater than 1,000 m, but with maximum burial depths potentially exceeding 5,000 m (Ness, 2001). It has undergone multiple phases of burial and uplift and there is strong evidence for multiple generations of hydrocarbon maturation/migration. Understanding the origin and history of diagenetic fluids within these systems helps to unravel the chemical changes that have occurred since deposition. Many cores taken near the deformation front display abundant calcite-filled fractures including vertical or sub-vertical, bedding plane parallel (beefs), and brecciated horizons with complex mixtures of vertical and horizontal components. We analyzed vertical and brecciated horizons to assess the timing and origin of fluid flow and its implications for diagenetic history of the Montney Fm. Aqueous and petroleum bearing fluid inclusions were observed in both vertical and brecciated zones; however, they did not occur in the same fluid inclusion assemblages. Petroleum inclusions occur as secondary fluid inclusions (e.g. in healed fractures and along cleavage planes) alongside primary aqueous inclusions indicating petroleum inclusions post-date aqueous inclusions and suggest multiple phases of fluid flow is recorded within these fractures. Raman spectroscopy of aqueous inclusions also display no evidence of petroleum compounds supporting the absence or low abundance of petroleum fluids during the formation of aqueous fluid inclusions. Pressure-corrected trapping temperatures (&amp;gt;140°C) are likely associated with the period of maximum burial during the Laramide orogeny based on burial history modelling. Ice melt temperatures of aqueous fluid inclusions are consistent with 19% NaCl equiv. brine and eutectic temperatures (-51°C) indicate NaCl-CaCl2 composition. Combined use of aqueous and petroleum fluid inclusions in deeply buried sedimentary systems offers a promising tool for better understanding the diagenetic fluid history and helps constrain the pressure-temperature history important for characterizing economically important geologic formations.
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, Cheryl McIntyre, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Saguaro National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2288717.
Full textAbstract:
Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystems. They dramatically shape ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, and water quality and quantity is central to assessing the condition of park biota and key cultural resources. The Sonoran Desert Network collects data on climate, groundwater, and surface water at 11 National Park Service units in south-ern Arizona and New Mexico. This report provides an integrated look at climate, groundwater, and springs conditions at Saguaro National Park (NP) during water year 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). Annual rainfall in the Rincon Mountain District was 27.36" (69.49 cm) at the Mica Mountain RAWS station and 12.89" (32.74 cm) at the Desert Research Learning Center Davis station. February was the wettest month, accounting for nearly one-quarter of the annual rainfall at both stations. Each station recorded extreme precipitation events (>1") on three days. Mean monthly maximum and minimum air temperatures were 25.6°F (-3.6°C) and 78.1°F (25.6°C), respectively, at the Mica Mountain station, and 37.7°F (3.2°C) and 102.3°F (39.1°C), respectively, at the Desert Research Learning Center station. Overall temperatures in WY2019 were cooler than the mean for the entire record. The reconnaissance drought index for the Mica Mountain station indicated wetter conditions than average in WY2019. Both of the park’s NOAA COOP stations (one in each district) had large data gaps, partially due to the 35-day federal government shutdown in December and January. For this reason, climate conditions for the Tucson Mountain District are not reported. The mean groundwater level at well WSW-1 in WY2019 was higher than the mean for WY2018. The water level has generally been increasing since 2005, reflecting the continued aquifer recovery since the Central Avra Valley Storage and Recovery Project came online, recharging Central Arizona Project water. Water levels at the Red Hills well generally de-clined starting in fall WY2019, continuing through spring. Monsoon storms led to rapid water level increases. Peak water level occurred on September 18. The Madrona Pack Base well water level in WY2019 remained above 10 feet (3.05 m) below measuring point (bmp) in the fall and winter, followed by a steep decline starting in May and continuing until the end of September, when the water level rebounded following a three-day rain event. The high-est water level was recorded on February 15. Median water levels in the wells in the middle reach of Rincon Creek in WY2019 were higher than the medians for WY2018 (+0.18–0.68 ft/0.05–0.21 m), but still generally lower than 6.6 feet (2 m) bgs, the mean depth-to-water required to sustain juvenile cottonwood and willow trees. RC-7 was dry in June–September, and RC-4 was dry in only September. RC-5, RC-6 and Well 633106 did not go dry, and varied approximately 3–4 feet (1 m). Eleven springs were monitored in the Rincon Mountain District in WY2019. Most springs had relatively few indications of anthropogenic or natural disturbance. Anthropogenic disturbance included spring boxes or other modifications to flow. Examples of natural disturbance included game trails and scat. In addition, several sites exhibited slight disturbance from fires (e.g., burned woody debris and adjacent fire-scarred trees) and evidence of high-flow events. Crews observed 1–7 taxa of facultative/obligate wetland plants and 0–3 invasive non-native species at each spring. Across the springs, crews observed four non-native plant species: rose natal grass (Melinis repens), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), crimson fountaingrass (Cenchrus setaceus), and red brome (Bromus rubens). Baseline data on water quality and chemistry were collected at all springs. It is likely that that all springs had surface water for at least some part of WY2019. However, temperature sensors to estimate surface water persistence failed...
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Raymond, Kara, Laura Palacios, and Evan Gwilliam. Status of climate and water resources at Big Bend National Park: Water year 2019. Edited by Tani Hubbard. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294267.
Full textAbstract:
Climate and hydrology are major drivers of ecosystem structure and function, particularly in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. Understanding changes in climate, groundwater, streamflow, and water quality is central to assessing the condition of park resources. This report combines data collected on climate, groundwater, and springs at Big Bend National Park (NP) to provide an integrated look at climate and water conditions during water year (WY) 2019 (October 2018–September 2019). However, this report does not address the Rio Grande or its tributaries. Annual precipitation was higher than normal (1981–2010) for Big Bend NP at four of the five National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Cooperative Observer Program weather stations: 111% of normal for Chisos Basin, 122% of normal for Panther Junction, 155% of normal for Persimmon Gap, and 124% of normal for Rio Grande Village. Castolon had 88% of normal annual precipitation. All five stations had higher than normal rainfall in October and December, while rainfall totals were substantially below normal at all stations in November, February, and March. Monthly precipitation totals for April through September were more variable from station to station. Mean monthly maximum air temperatures were below normal in the fall months, with Panther Junction as much as 7.5°F below normal in October. Monthly temperatures from January through July were more variable. Temperatures in August and September were warmer than normal at every station, up to +9.4°F at Rio Grande Village and +8.7°F at Chisos Basin in July. The reconnaissance drought index values indicate generally wetter conditions (based on precipitation and evaporative demand) at Chisos Basin since WY2016 and at Panther Junction and Persimmon Gap since WY2015, except for WY2017. This report presents the manual and automatic groundwater monitoring results at nine wells. Five wells had their highest water level in or just before WY2019: Panther Junction #10 peaked at 99.94 ft below ground surface (bgs) in September 2018, Contractor’s Well peaked at 31.43 ft bgs in November 2018, T-3 peaked at 65.39 ft bgs in December 2018, K-Bar #6 Observation Well peaked at 77.78 ft bgs in February 2019, and K-Bar #7 Observation Well peaked at 43.18 ft bgs in February 2019. This was likely in response to above normal rainfall in the later summer and fall 2018. The other monitoring wells did not directly track within-season precipitation. The last measurement at Gallery Well in WY2019 was 18.60 ft bgs. Gallery Well is located 120 feet from the river and closely tracked the Rio Grande stage, generally increasing in late summer or early fall following higher flow events. Water levels in Gambusia Well were consistently very shallow, though the manual well measurement collected in April was 4.25 ft bgs—relatively high for the monitoring record—and occurred outside the normal peak period of later summer and early fall. The last manual measurement taken at TH-10 in WY2019 was 34.80 ft bgs, only 0.45 ft higher than the earliest measurement in 1967, consistent with the lack of directional change in groundwater at this location, and apparently decoupled from within-season precipitation patterns. The last water level reading in WY2019 at Oak Springs #1 was 59.91 ft bgs, indicating an overall decrease of 26.08 ft since the well was dug in 1989. The Southwest Network Collaboration (SWNC) collects data on sentinel springs annually in the late winter and early spring following the network springs monitoring protocol. In WY2019, 18 sentinel site springs were visited at Big Bend NP (February 21, 2019–March 09, 2019). Most springs had relatively few indications of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Natural disturbances included recent flooding, drying, and wildlife use. Anthropogenic disturbances included flow modifications (e.g., springboxes), hiking trails, and contemporary human use. Crews observed one to seven facultative/obligate wetland plant...
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Rans. PR-352-11703-R01 Maintenance and Test Intervals for Primary and Secondary Measurement Equipment. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010801.
Full textAbstract:
This report summarizes the work done to investigate existing maintenance and test intervals for primary and secondary measurement equipment. Advances in the accuracy and reliability of current measurement technology and the ability to apply Statistical Process Control (SPC) techniques to identify abnormal operating conditions that need to be investigated is changing the way we need to look at maintenance. Test intervals are determined based on four factors which are discussed in more detail in Section 3.4.2 Determination of Test Intervals and Tolerance Bands. Ignore Routine Variability � e.g.: Don�t continually zero adjust an instrument which is experiencing small changes due to normal operating condition changes such as ambient temperature. Determine a Test Frequency Based on Equipment Degradation with Time � Use equipment reliability information to determine if the equipment routinely drifts. Determine a Test Frequency Based on How Long an Exception/Unexpected Meter Problem Can be Tolerated � The frequency is often related to the financial impacts and the size of the facility. Determine a Test Frequency Based on Contractual or Commercial Requirements � For example if the maximum period a measurement correction can be applied is 6 months, a test frequency of 6 to 12 months may be required to meet the requirement. The primary and secondary test interval is determined from the shortest test frequency determined by following these four steps.
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Weissinger, Rebecca. Trends in water quality at Bryce Canyon National Park, water years 2006–2021. Edited by Alice Wondrak Biel. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2294946.
Full textAbstract:
The National Park Service collects water-quality samples on a rotating basis at three fixed water-quality stations in Bryce Canyon National Park (NP): Sheep Creek, Yellow Creek, and Mossy Cave Spring. Data collection began at Sheep Creek and Yellow Creek in November 2005 and at Mossy Cave in July 2008. Data on in-situ parameters, fecal-coliform samples, major ions, and nutrients are collected monthly, while trace elements are sampled quarterly. This report analyzes data from the beginning of the period of record for each station through water year 2021 to test for trends over time. Concentrations are also compared to relevant water-quality standards for the State of Utah. Overall, water quality at the park’s monitoring stations continues to be excellent, and park managers have been successful in their goal of maintaining these systems in unimpaired condition. Infrequent but continued Escherichia coli exceedances from trespass livestock at Sheep and Yellow creeks support the need for regular fence maintenance along the park boundary. High-quality conditions may qualify all three sites as Category 1 waters, the highest level of anti-degradation protection provided by the State of Utah. Minimum and maximum air temperatures at the park have increased, while precipitation remains highly variable. Increasing air temperatures have led to increasing water temperatures in Sheep and Yellow creeks. Sheep Creek also had a decrease in flow across several quantiles from 2006 to 2021, while higher flows decreased at Yellow Creek in the same period. Surface flows in these two creeks are likely to be increasingly affected by higher evapotranspiration due to warming air temperatures and possibly decreasing snowmelt runoff as the climate changes. The influx of ancient groundwater in both creek drainages helps sustain base flows at the sites. Mossy Cave Spring, which is sampled close to the spring emergence point, showed less of a climate signal than Sheep and Yellow creeks. In our record, the spring shows a modest increase in discharge, including higher flows at higher air temperatures. An uptick in visitation to Water Canyon and the Mossy Cave Trail has so far not been reflected by changes in water quality. There are additional statistical trends in water-quality parameters at all three sites. However, most of these trends are quite small and are likely ecologically negligible. Some statistical trends may be the result of instrument changes and improvements in quality assurance and quality control over time in both the field sampling effort and the laboratory analyses. Long-term monitoring of water-quality stations at Bryce Canyon NP suggests relatively stable aquatic systems that benefit from protection within the park. To maintain these unimpaired conditions into the future, park managers could consider: Regular fence checks and maintenance along active grazing allotments at the park boundary to protect riparian areas and aquatic systems from trespass livestock. Developing a springs-monitoring program to track changes in springflow at spring emergences to better understand bedrock-aquifer water supplies. These data would also help quantify springflow for use in water-rights hearings. Supporting hydrogeologic investigations to map the extent and flow paths of groundwater aquifers. Working with the State of Utah to develop groundwater-protection zones to protect groundwater aquifers from developments that would affect springs in the park. Prioritizing watershed management with proactive fire risk-reduction practices. Explicitly including watershed protection as a goal in plans for fire management and suppression. Using additional data and analyses to better understand the drivers of trends in water quality and their ecological significance. These could include higher-frequency data to better understand relationships between groundwater, precipitation, and surface flows at the sites. These could also include watershed metrics...