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1
Amana, Idorenyin Edet. "The Montreal convention of 1999 : problems and prospects." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32793.
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After international transportation by air became a reality, the need to fashion out an appropriate global regime to govern the new relationships created by this development led to the signing of the Warsaw Convention in 1929. As time went on, the need to adjust this original Convention to contemporary technological and legal realities necessitated the enactment of several other instruments that were not new Conventions in themselves, but were merely welded to the original 1929 Convention. With the absence of consolidation, the undesirable result was total confusion created by the concurrent operation of the multiple regimes of the Warsaw System. The overwhelming need to modernise and consolidate all instruments of the Warsaw system into a single uniform text culminated in the signing of the Montreal Convention on 28 May 1999.This thesis attempts to x-ray the Montreal Convention in the light of its potentials to alleviate the numerous problems of the Warsaw system, including the prospects of its ratification. In the same vein, the inherent deficiencies and imperfections of this new instrument, which might militate against its ratification, have been overtly highlighted for reference. This treatise also analysed the need for developing and African nations to ratify the new convention notwithstanding that their interests were given minimal considerations. The conclusion is a call to all nations, particularly the US, to ratify this new convention without further procrastination, in order to enable it come into force without further delay, lest it become just another relic in the kitty of the very Warsaw System that it sought to replace.
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Naboush, Eman. "The concept of 'bodily injury' under the Montreal Convention 1999." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500350.
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A perennial problem in applying international conventions is terminology - especially where consistency of application is important in preserving the uniformity of intemational law. Not only is the meaning of the words an issue, especially where there is an authentic version in more than one official language, but also those words must be given meaning within the jurisdiction where they are to be applied. In jurisdictions without a common law background, (the English version is one of six authentic versions), the temi would include psychiatric disorder or mental injury. In common law jurisdictions, most prominently English law the term 'bodily injury' is not used elsewhere than in these conventions, although it appears in insurance policies. The sue of protecting the consumer is a key issue under Montreal Convention. The theme of this thesis is to predict the future interpretation of the Montreal's term 'bodily injury' in the light of the spirit of the twenty-first century and the existing medical and legal sciences at the time of agreeing the Montreal Convention should include both physical and mental injuries.
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Serrao, Jacqueline Etil. "The Montreal Convention of 1999 : a "well-worn" restructuring of liability and jurisdiction." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ64304.pdf.
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Yodmani, Suvongse. "The Warsaw System : a case for Thailand to ratify the Montreal Convention 1999 or not." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78232.
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The Warsaw Convention 1929 is the first international instrument relating to private international air law. It established a certain uniform set of regulations in the field of international carriage by air. This widely accepted Convention was later amended and supplemented by several instruments in order to adjust and adapt this uniform set of rules to the rapid growth of aviation industry. With the absence of consolidation, the result was total confusion created by the coexistence of multiple legal regimes of the Warsaw System. To modernize and consolidate the instruments of the Warsaw System into one single instrument, the Montreal Convention was adopted on May 28, 1999.The first two chapters of this thesis explore the Warsaw System and the Montreal Convention. The merits and demerits of the instruments are discussed as well as the future of the Montreal Convention 1999.
In the last chapter, the related legal regimes of Thailand are introduced. A comparative study of the Thai laws and the international Conventions are carried out, with a view to determine the advantages and disadvantages for Thailand of becoming a party to the Conventions governing the international carriage by air.
The conclusion is a call for Thailand to ratify the Montreal Convention 1999 which will soon come into force, as soon as possible.
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González, Jeanny Romero. "The survival of the Warsaw system and the new Montreal convention governing certain rules for international carriage by air : are the conflicts solved?" Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81473.
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The year 2003 marks the entering into force of the new Montreal Convention governing certain rules for international carriage by air. This, however, does not mean that the international community, including States, air carriers and their agents, passengers, shippers and consignors, insurance companies and the legal community in general (specially aviation lawyers and judges) shall only rely on this instrument. The Warsaw Convention and its complementary instruments, known as the Warsaw System, is still applicable and in certain circumstances, may be the only existing relation binding States and air carriers, especially in terms of liability and compensatory damages arising from an accident or delay. Good knowledge of the conflicts that may arise within the existing international legal framework is an asset for a successful civil aviation case consultancy or trial.
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Knotková, Martina. "Ochrana spotřebitele v letecké dopravě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-7684.
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The thesis is focused on dynamically developing field of the air transportation. It is based on rights and duties of airlines and consumers. It is mapping the most important current law moves of Czech Republic which has been changed and agreed for a consumer protection. It describes consumer rights in the case of a flight delay and cancellation, refusal of entry on the plane and in the case of baggage problems. It also touches the issues of advertised price of plane tickets. It is followed by the analysis of current situation of the observance of consumer rights and their point of view on some controversial topics.
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Unlu, Ayse Nihan. "The Montreux Convention and the development of the legal regime of the Turkish Straits." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247090.
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Chassot, Laurent. "L'article 29 de la convention de Montréal : clef de voûte de la responsabilité du transporteur aérien international." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=87018.
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The present thesis deals with Article 29 of the Convention for Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, signed at Montreal on 28 May 1999 ("Montreal Convention"). Article 29 is a central provision in the scheme of liability of the international air carrier, because it assigns the respective roles of treaty and domestic law in this area. The provision exercises its interface-function between the Convention and the underlying domestic law in three ways: firstly, it deals with the basis of the claims in international carriage by air; secondly and mainly, it sets the principle of exclusivity of the Convention's liability scheme, with regard to any other basis of claim however founded; thirdly, as an exception to the former principle, it reserves the application of domestic law as to the questions of the standing to sue and the definition of recoverable damages under the Convention. The present work will examine in turns these three aspects and the legal issues they raise.Le présent mémoire a pour objet l'étude de l'article 29 de la Convention pour l'unification de certaines règles relatives au transport aérien international, conclue le 28 mai 1999 à Montréal (« Convention de Montréal »). Cette disposition occupe une place centrale dans la responsabilité du transporteur aérien international, que régit le traité précité, en ce qu'elle répartit en la matière les rôles entre droit conventionnel et droit interne. L'article 29 exerce cette fonction d'interface de trois manières : premièrement, il traite du fondement de la responsabilité du transporteur aérien international ; deuxièmement et principalement, il prévoit l'exclusivité du régime mis en place par la Convention à l'égard de tout autre titre de responsabilité ; exception à ce principe d'exclusivité, il opère troisièmement renvoi au droit supplétif applicable pour la détermination de la qualité pour agir et du préjudice réparable. Cette étude se propose d'examiner tour à tour ces trois aspects et les questions qu'ils soulèvent.
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Gokcicek, Bulent. "The Montreux Convention regarding the Turkish Straits and its importance after the South Ossetia War." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/March/09Mar%5FGokcicek.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2009.Thesis Advisor(s): Russell, James A. "March 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 23, 2009. Author(s) subject terms: The Turkish Straits, Istanbul Strait, Canakkale Strait, The Montreux Convention, Passage Regime in the Turkish Straits. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-76). Also available in print.
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Wiedemann, Stefan J. "Modular prefabrication versus conventional construction as a cost effective alternative for the construction of single family detached housing in the Montreal area." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59854.
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The affordability crisis in the North American housing market has prompted the construction industry to reexamine technologies designed to lower cost through the factory mass production process. This thesis concentrates on modular prefabricated housing in the Province of Quebec in order to determine if this housing option can supply a less expensive alternative to comparable conventionally built housing. As issues of construction cost are allied with the quality of construction, a comparison between the conventional and the manufactured building industries, at this level, is also essential. Surveys evaluating sales cost and quality of construction have been developed for the modular prefabricated and conventional single family detached housing industry for the Province of Quebec. Fifteen prefabricated home builders and six conventional home builders were surveyed in order to facilitate the comparison between the two industries. It was found, based on the builders surveyed, that the average level of construction quality was consistent in both industries. The prefabricated residential home builders, however, proved on average to be approximately ten percent more expensive than the conventional home builders surveyed. Reasons for these cost discrepancies have been found to be related to the high start-up costs inherent in the manufactured housing industry, the overall cyclical market demand for housing, as well as price protection for distributors of manufactured housing.
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Guillon, Vincent. "Mondes de coopération et gouvernance culturelle dans les villes : une comparaison des recompositions de l'action publique culturelle à Lille, Lyon, Saint Etienne et Montréal." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00675684.
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La culture se retrouve au coeur de stratégies de villes comme ressource mobilisée et articulée au sein de projets urbains, économiques et sociaux. Ainsi de nouveaux modèles et concepts apparaissent-ils, véhiculant un discours sur ses vertus territoriales : le cultural planning, la ville créative, la métropole culturelle, le quartier artistique, etc. La culture est alors considérée comme une dimension du développement territorial, faisant perdre au " secteur culturel " une partie de son autonomie. Ces recompositions de l'action publique culturelle sont directement liées à la formation de modes de gouvernance fondés sur une logique politique du territoire. Les principes conventionnels qu'ils génèrent mettent à l'épreuve les acteurs locaux et les équilibres préexistants. Du gouvernement de la culture à la gouvernance culturelle des villes, ce sont les mécanismes d'émergence et d'institutionnalisation de mondes de coopération spécifiques à Lille, Lyon, Saint-Étienne et Montréal qui sont ici observés. Cette thèse entend contribuer au débat sur la constitution des villes en acteurs collectifs, tel qu'il se configure à partir de l'action culturelle
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Wessels, Heinrich Pieter. "Liability claims under the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions : a case study of a fictitious South African passenger of the German Wings Flight 9525 of 24 March 2015." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60112.
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Bourgoin, Céline. "La convention sur le marquage des explosifs plastiques et en feuilles aux fins de détection (Montréal, le 1er mars 1991), ou, Etude d'un des moyens de prévention du sabotage aérien /." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27445.
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The aim of this thesis is to view the convention on the marking of plastic explosives for the purpose of detection as a preventive means against aerial sabotage. After having identified the terrorist phenomenon (Preliminary chapter), we have to know if the studied convention can fight against these well-organized groups who have already showed their violence with deadly success.A preventive and deterrent action seems to be the best legal way to improve the detection of the explosives these groups use (First chapter). The institution of an international criminal law can be envisaged as a means of intimidation but I.C.A.O. has developped other measures and the convention is one of them. To be effective, this convention and its annex have to have a universal and compulsory application but these are conditions that they don't fulfill. Such negative observation is also to presented with regard to the conventional actors in the fight against sabotage (Chapter II). Indeed the international commission created by the convention still doesn't have the necessary supranational jurisdiction. Thus the sovereign States are keen on keeping their influence on the control of the marking. Obviously these States and other actors like U.N.O. can act in many ways on the international scene to fight against the aerial terrorism but new actors should exist. An international inquiring authority and an international court could reinforce this struggle.
Then this thesis has showed the gaps of the studied convention and consequently, the weakness of the detection systems in airports.
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Bourgoin, Céline. "La convention sur le marquage des explosifs plastiques et en feuilles aux fins de détection, Montréal, le 1er mars 1991, ou, Étude d'un des moyens de prévention du sabotage aérien." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ29820.pdf.
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Terrenoire, Olivier Mathieu. "De l'influence communautaire dans la protection du voyageur." Lyon 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005LYO33015.
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La présente these entend souligner l'influence du droit communautaire dans la protection du voyageur aérien. A cette fin, nous analyserons l'évolution intervenue en droit international avec le remplacement de la Convention de Varsovie par la Convention de Montréal du 28 mai 1999. Nos développements permettront de constater l'influence de la réglementation communautaire de 1997 relative à la responsabilité des transporteurs aériens sur le nouveau système de responsabilité applicable en droit international et intégré depuis peu en droit communautaire. Par ailleurs, nous analyserons les principales caractéristiques des régimes de responsabilité désormais applicables en matière de transports aériens de passagers. Afin de comprendre la réglementation élaborée initialement par les Communautés européennes, nous rappellerons également les bases juridiques ainsi que l'évolution dans l'utilisation des compétences externes des Communautés en matière de transport aérien.
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Yücel, Kurtuluş [Verfasser], Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Kadelbach, Rainer [Gutachter] Hofmann, and Stefan [Gutachter] Kadelbach. "The legal regime of the Turkish Straits: regulation of the Montreux Convention and its importance on the international relations after the conflict of Ukraine / Kurtuluş Yücel ; Gutachter: Rainer Hofmann, Stefan Kadelbach ; Betreuer: Stefan Kadelbach." Frankfurt am Main : Universitätsbibliothek Johann Christian Senckenberg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1187833509/34.
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Makaya-Batchi, Roméo Boris. "La portée de l'évolution de la nature juridique des annexes à la convention relative à l'aviation civile internationale pour les états africains." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1009.
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Les textes dénommés, par commodité, annexes à la convention relatives à l'aviation civile internationale, dite Convention de Chicago, ne sont pas, au regard du droit international des annexes à ladite convention car elles n'ont pas la même valeur juridique que celle-ci. Elles n'acquièrent force juridique qu'une fois transposées dans le droit interne des Etats qui peuvent d'ailleurs y déroger. Pendant des années, la non transposition des annexes dans le droit positif des Etats a été tolérée. Cependant, depuis l'instauration du système des audits de sécurité et de sûreté, l'absence de transposition peut entrainer le placement des Etats sur le site sécurisé de l'organisation de l'aviation civile internationale (oaci) et/ou sur la liste noire de l'Union Européenne. Par ces deux faits, les annexes ont acquis une évolution ayant des conséquences significatives la majorité des Etats, notamment africains, où le taux de non conformité aux annexes est le plus élevé de tous les continents ; ce qui ne va sans conséquence pour les relations aériennes internationales et pour le développement de l'industrie de l'aviation civile pour le continent africainThe texts referred to, for convenience, annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, known as the Chicago Convention, are not, under international law annexes to the Convention because they lack the same legal status as it. They acquire legal force once transposed into national law of States which may also be waived. For years, the non transposition of annexes in the positive law of states was tolerated. However, since the introduction of the system safety audits and safety, the lack of transposition may result in the placement of states on the secure site in the organization of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and / or the list black of the European Union. By these two facts, the annexes have gained significant changes that impact the majority of states, particularly in Africa, where the rate of non-compliance with Schedules is the highest of all continents, what is wrong without consequence for aviation relations international and development industry of civil aviation for the African continent
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Nien-Ju, Ho, and 何念儒. "Unification of International Air Carrier''s Liability---1999 Montreal Convention." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/38926835363003093272.
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Ho, Gwo Shiung, and 何國雄. "The research on the integration of the liability system of international air carrier----1999 Montreal Convention." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28389494200732138541.
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CHENG, YU-KAI, and 鄭聿凱. "A Study of Aviation Security Law under International Aviation Law: Focus on the 2010 Beijing Convention, the 2010 Beijing Protocol Supplementary to the Hague Convention of 1970 and the 2014 Montreal Protocol to Amend the Tokyo Convention of 1963." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3meyde.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
105
In the aviation industry, “Air Transport Safety” has always been the central issue without exception. The various events under this concept, according to the difference of the subjective consciousness of individuals, can be divided into “Aviation Safety Incidents”, which are mainly “non-intentional”; and “Aviation Security Incidents”, which are mainly “intentional”. What this Thesis discusses is the various International Legal Regulations which regulate the latter. The so-called “Aviation Security Incidents”, that is, means the criminal acts which are aircraft-related. In the early days, the common target of the suspects was the passengers and cargo carried on board, mostly through the form of “hijacking” to achieve its purpose. The typical cases were the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) hijacked aircraft and the passengers carried on board to require the relevant States to release its members. Therefore, the International Aviation Security Legal Regulations in early days were made based on this type of cases, like the “1944 Chicago Convention”, the “1963 Tokyo Convention” and the “1970 Hague Convention”. And since 1970, the Aviation Security Incidents had gradually developed to the destruction to the aircraft itself and the associated aviation facilities, such as placing the explosive into the aircraft or attacking airport facilities and the persons inside. So the International Aviation Security Legal Regulations corresponding to this type of cases were the “1971 Montreal Convention” and the “1988 Montreal Supplementary Protocol”. The International Aviation Security Legal Regulations above constitute the currently in force system of International Aviation Security Law, and most of them do not go beyond the scope of the criminal target are the aircraft itself, or the passengers and cargo on board, or the associated aviation facilities. Since 1994, the Terrorist Organizations are gradually rising. The characteristic of “Huge Damage in Single Incident” in aviation incident makes the aircraft not only been the target of the terrorist, but also been the tool or medium of attacking another target which can take the September 11 Attacks (2001) as the representative. In response to this new type of Aviation Security Incidents, through the driving of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Community adopted the “2010 Beijing Convention”, the “2010 Beijing Protocol Supplementary to the Hague Convention of 1970” and the “2014 Montreal Protocol to Amend the Tokyo Convention of 1963” after 2010. The three International Aviation Security Legal Regulations adopted after 2010 are the core of this Thesis. However, please be noted that the three International Aviation Security Legal Regulations adopted after 2010 are still not in force officially at present (May 10, 2017). This Thesis takes the three International Aviation Security Legal Regulations adopted after 2010 as the core. In additional to comparing with the currently in force system of International Aviation Security Law, this thesis also takes “Lockerbie Case (1988)”, “September 11 Attacks (2001)” and “Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (2014)” for example to make commentaries separately on the “2010 Beijing Convention”, the “2010 Beijing Protocol Supplementary to the Hague Convention of 1970” and the “2014 Montreal Protocol to Amend the Tokyo Convention of 1963 after 2010”. In addition, due to Taiwan is an island country, ocean transportation and air transportation are indispensable to Taiwan; both of them are the lifelines of Taiwan. Therefore, whether Taiwan's currently Domestic Aviation Security Legal Regulations are in line with the relevant International Aviation Security Legal Regulations and whether Taiwan's currently Domestic Aviation Security Legal Regulations has ability to deal with the new types of Aviation Security Incidents are the questions which are worth exploring and thinking. Based on the above reasons, this Thesis also compares Taiwan's currently Domestic Aviation Security Legal Regulations with all of the above-mentioned International Aviation Security Legal Regulations and makes the analysis.
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Michl, Jan. "Úmluva o sjednocení některých pravidel o mezinárodní letecké přepravě z roku 1999 (Montrealská úmluva) se zaměřením na rozsah aplikace." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324229.
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The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the scope of application of the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air signed at Montreal on 28th May 1999 (Montreal Convention). The thesis comprises four chapters, each which deals with different aspects of the scope of application of the Montreal Convention. The thesis is approached by the analytical method using classical four methods of interpretation and is based mainly on foreign sources: English, American, Canadian and German in particular. It includes up-to-date relevant court decisions, primarily from American courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Czech sources are used especially when dealing with theoretical and general questions. No Czech court decision is included as by the time of handing in this thesis there was no accessible decision of any higher court of the Czech Republic. Chapter one deals primarily with Article one of the Montreal Convention which contains some important terms having effect on the scope of application of the Convention as well as containing the term international carriage. Further in this chapter is discussed the subject-matter scope of application of the Convention and instruments expanding the scope of application of the Montreal Convention (successive...
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Zubrová, Anna. "Aktuální otázky regulace mezinárodní letecké přepravy." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-338008.
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Resumé The thesis titled "Topical Issues of the Regulation of International Air Carriage" concerns itself with legal regulation germane to operating the international carriage by air. It is focused on carriage of cargo; carriage of passengers is only marginally mentioned. In the first chapter the author of the thesis defines the term of transport, transport law and compares the advantages and disadvantages of the means of transport in connection with the carriage of cargo. The second chapter of the thesis deals with the term of aviation law, historical development of the air transport and introduces the most important international organizations in the field of the civil air transport. The third chapter is dedicated to the historical development of the legal regulation in the field of the civil air transport, mainly the international legal regulation carried out by the Montreal Convention and the Warsaw Convention (with its amendments). This chapter also deals with the legal regulation of the European Union and analyses some selected EU regulations and describes national laws (mainly Civil Aviation Act). In this chapter there is also included the analysis of sources of the legal regulation and their mutual relations. It also explains the basics of the methods of regulation in the international private law -...
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Wu, Scott, and 吳培倫. "The Research of Warsaw and Montreal Conventions." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92996097022175679664.
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碩士開南管理學院
空運管理學系碩士班
94
Abstract Between 10th and 28th May 1999 the International Civil Aviation Organization held a forum in Montreal addressing the international aviation law. A pact that includes a consolidation of a few international aviation rules was reached in the meeting (also known as 1999 Montreal Convention) In order to unify couples of pacts and protocols under the outdated Warsaw system, this new pact has therefore taken place and has brought significant changes to the international transportation arena as well as to carriers’ obligations. World air transport operators, as a whole, have yet to bear the brunt of the newborn changes. This thesis first addresses the obsolete body of the 1929 Warsaw Convention, taking deep into its various protocols and literature respectively. This thesis then concludes by quickly but clearly comparing the difference between the old and new Conventions. By means of this comparison civil aviation operators and passengers alike will be able to work out their own risk hedging strategies. This thesis explores some legal potentialities and also tries to reflect how they relate to realities in practice. Closely following the Montreal Convention debut, a new era unfolds, bidding farewell to the sun setting view of carriers’ limited liability while ushering in an unlimited liability to be imposed upon those participating carriers (or member states.) It would be my commitment to ensure this thesis serve as a short cut for global carriers who can gain their own insight from the comparison before recalibrating their balance toward a new and an even challenging future. Keywords : Warsaw Convention, Montreal Convention, ICAO
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Odstrčilíková, Tereza. "Aktuální otázky regulace mezinárodní letecké přepravy." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-348208.
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Topical issues of the regulation of international air carriage The main purpose of this work is to provide its readers with an overview of the many facets of passenger rights in such dynamic area as international air carriage. Development in this area has given rise to issues and challenges, including the overlapping of legal and geographical scopes of different air passenger protection instruments. Over the last decades, several air passenger protection regimes have developed across the world, in particular on international, European Union and national level. But does the patchwork work? The history of multilateral regulation in the field of international air transport with regard to air passenger rights could be said to have begun in 1929 when the Warsaw Convention was originally signed. The importance of the convention lies in unification of the rules concerning the documents of carriage and the liability of air carriers. In 1955 the Warsaw Convention was amended by the Hague Protocol, which substantially redrafted, modernized and simplified rules relating to the documents of carriage as well as doubled the limit of carrier liability with respect to persons. The Warsaw Convention's application was subsequently extended to the carriers actually performing the transport by air when a passenger...
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Žujová, Magdaléna. "Ochrana ozónové vrstvy Země z pohledu práva." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-335371.
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107 Summary The Ozone layer of the Earth located in the stratosphere in an altitude of 20 to 50 kilometres is the important part of the gases surrounding the planet Earth. Its purpose is to absorb UV radiation that otherwise very negatively affects life on the Earth. During the twentieth century, this ability was weakened by the emission of substances proven much later to be very dangerous in this way. Until 1987, by various chemical reactions, in particular of chlorine atoms, the ozone hole has been formed over the South Pole of the Earth, not fully healed yet. In 1985, risk to human life led using the precautionary principle to the adoption of the Vienna Convention and subsequently of its implementing protocol including specific obligations especially the control measures of the production and consumption of ozone depleting substances and of the trade with them in 1987. The protocol was later modified by amendments and adjustments. This diploma thesis describes these acts with respect to their evolution and actual state of knowledge. At European level, it shows the evolution of the European environmental law in focus on the protection of the ozone layer and on the process of incorporation of international instruments in this area of environmental law. It describes these European acts and compares the...