Academic literature on the topic 'Moraceae'
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Journal articles on the topic "Moraceae"
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Compton, S. G. "MORACEAE." Bothalia 22, no. 1 (October 14, 1992): 46–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v22i1.823.
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ZEREGA, NYREE J. C., and ELLIOT M. GARDNER. "Delimitation of the new tribe Parartocarpeae (Moraceae) is supported by a 333-gene phylogeny and resolves tribal level Moraceae taxonomy." Phytotaxa 388, no. 4 (January 23, 2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.388.4.1.
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Here we describe the new tribe, Parartocarpeae, within the Moraceae (mulberry family). The tribe comprises two small Malesian genera, Parartocarpus and Hullettia, and brings the total number of Moraceae tribes to seven. Evidence for this new designation comes from a phylogeny based on 333 nuclear genes sequenced using target enrichment via hybridization (hybseq). Morphological characters that set Parartocarpeae apart from other Moraceae tribes include the combination of the following characters: lateral nonamplexicaul stipules, spirally arranged leaves without annulate stipule scars, the presence of a single layer of involucral inflorescence bracts, and the lack of perianth tissue, wherein flowers are embedded in cavities of the receptacle. With the designation of Parartocarpeae, the tribe-level circumscription of Moraceae is now well-supported by phylogenetic methods. Because the phylogenetic markers employed here work well throughout Moraceae, they can facilitate much needed work at the genus level in the family.
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Ilvi Maulidina, Indrianita D M Nur Azizah, and Ateng Supriyatna. "IDENTIFIKASI TUMBUHAN YANG TERGOLONG DALAM FAMILI MORACEAE DI LINGKUNGAN KAMPUS 1 UIN SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI BANDUNG." Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Tanaman 2, no. 1 (July 4, 2023): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.55606/jurrit.v2i1.1457.
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Famili Moraceae yang dikenal dengan famili murbei atau ara merupakan kelompok tumbuhan berbunga yang meliputi 40 genus dan lebih dari 1.000 spesies. Keluarga ini banyak ditemukan pada kawasan subtropis dan tropis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendefinisikan serta mengidentifikasi beberapa spesies dari Famili Moraceae di lingkungan Kampus l UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. Penelitian ini menggunakan survei dengan metode jelajah, yakni observasi langsung di lapangan dan selanjutnya dilakukan penelusuran informasi karakteristik dan morfologi mengenai buah, cabang, batang, dan daun dari masing-masing Famili Moraceae. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan identifikasi yang telah dilakukan, ditemukan empat spesies tumbuhan Famili Moraceae yaitu Ficus benjamina, Artocarpus heterophyllus, Artocarpus altilis, dan Ficus carica.
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Castro, Ricardo Montianele de, and Alessandro Rapini. "Flora da Bahia: Moraceae." SITIENTIBUS série Ciências Biológicas 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2010): 97–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/scb7957.
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O tratamento de Moraceae é parte do projeto “Flora da Bahia”. A família é representada por nove gêneros e 47 espécies no Estado. São apresentadas chaves de identificação dos gêneros e espécies, descrição dos táxons, bem como ilustrações e comentários sobre distribuição geográfica, fenologia e taxonomia das espécies.
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Kim, Muyeol, and Michael S. Zavada. "Pollen morphology ofBroussonetia(Moraceae)." Grana 32, no. 6 (January 1993): 327–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00173139309428959.
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Berg, C. C. "FICUS TRIVIA (MORACEAE) REDEFINED." Edinburgh Journal of Botany 68, no. 2 (June 14, 2011): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428611000114.
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Chantarasuwan, Bhanumas, Pieter Baas, Bertie-Joan van Heuven, Claudia Baider, and Peter C. van Welzen. "Leaf anatomy ofFicussubsectionUrostigma(Moraceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 175, no. 2 (May 20, 2014): 259–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/boj.12165.
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Putra, Mufti Perwira, and Wandi Wandi. "Identifikasi Moraceae di Kebun dan Hutan Pendidikan STIPER Kecamatan Karangan Kabupaten Kutai Timur." Jurnal Pertanian Terpadu 10, no. 1 (June 20, 2022): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36084/jpt..v10i1.353.
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Famili Moraceae secara umum memiliki banyak manfaat diantaranya sebagai sumber makanan, bahan bangunan, bahan untuk peralatan dan obat-obatan. Secara ekologis Moraceae memiliki manfaat sebagai penghasil oksigen, pakan satwa, tempat tinggal satwa, konservasi tanah dan lain-lain. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi dan mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis Moraceae yang ada di Kebun dan Hutan Pendidikan STIPER Kecamatan Karangan Kabupaten Kutai Timur. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama 6 (enam) bulan efektif yaitu dari bulan November 2017 sampai bulan April 2018. Kegiatan penelitian ini meliputi studi literatur, orientasi lapangan, pengambilan data, analisa dan pengolahan data. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei, observasi, koleksi langsung di lapangan dilanjutkan mengidentifikasi dari daun, batang, ranting dan buah disetiap jenis Moraceae. Analisis data dilakukan secara exploratif yaitu menjelajah kawasan penelitian untuk mencari jenis-jenis Moraceae yang ada dikawasan penelitian. Secara diskriptif, yaitu pengambilan data dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan gambaran morfologinya atau menggambarkan sesuai ciri-ciri bagian-bagian tumbuhan tersebut dan identifikasi yaitu mencari nama, koleksinya berdasarkan tata nama yang ada sesuai dengan literatur-literatur. Berdasarkan hasil eksplorasi dan identifikasi yang dilakukan diperoleh 16 jenis tumbuhan anggota Moraceae, yaitu : Artocarpus elasticus, Artocarpus anisophyllus, Artocarpus nitidus, Ficus lowii, Ficus villosa, Ficus subtecta, Ficus apiocarpa, Ficus midotis, Ficus variegate, Ficus uncinata, Ficus schwarzii, Ficus crassiramea, Ficus consociate, Ficus qlandulifera, Ficus lepicarpa, Streblus macrophyllus. Tumbuhan yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah dari Genus ficus.
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Santika, Reinatawas Febri, and Ratna Susandarini. "Species Diversity and Potential Utilization of Moraceae in Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta." Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology 5, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jtbb.53005.
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Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano is one of the ecotourism areas in Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta. This ancient volcano is one of the geological sites in Pegunungan Sewu. Pegunungan Sewu is a National Geopark in Indonesia and has been designated as a UNESCO Global Geopark since 2015. The determination of an area into a National Geopark and Global Geopark makes the biodiversity in the area must be protected and preserved, including the plant diversity, one of which is Moraceae. The ecological and economic importance of Moraceae in Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano has not been documented properly. This fact encourages the need to do this research. The aim of this research was to record species diversity of Moraceae and its potential uses. The research was conducted in August-November 2019 at Nglanggeran Ancient Volcano and followed by data analysis in Plant Systematic Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada. The samples were collected at two different tracks, covering the track to the peak and the pathway down. There were six species found, namely Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam., Ficus benjamina L., Ficus septica Burm. f., Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner, and Streblus taxoides (Roth) Kurz. The potential uses of Moraceae by local people were identified from the interview and enriched by data from literature studies indicated that Moraceae plants were used as a food, medicine, for construction, soil protection plants, and houseplant.
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ASTOUL, Corinne HOULÈS, Willy J. PEUMANS, Els J. M. van DAMME, Annick BARRE, Yves BOURNE, and Pierre ROUGÉ. "The size, shape and specificity of the sugar-binding site of the jacalin-related lectins is profoundly affected by the proteolytic cleavage of the subunits." Biochemical Journal 367, no. 3 (November 1, 2002): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20020856.
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Mannose-specific lectins with high sequence similarity to jacalin and the Maclura pomifera agglutinin have been isolated from species belonging to the families Moraceae, Convolvulaceae, Brassicaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae and Musaceae. Although these novel mannose-specific lectins are undoubtedly related to the galactose-specific Moraceae lectins there are several important differences. Apart from the obvious differences in specificity, the mannose- and galactose-specific jacalin-related lectins differ in what concerns their biosynthesis and processing, intracellular location and degree of oligomerization of the protomers. Taking into consideration that the mannose-specific lectins are widely distributed in higher plants, whereas their galactose-specific counterparts are confined to a subgroup of the Moraceae sp. one can reasonably assume that the galactose-specific Moraceae lectins are a small-side group of the main family. The major change that took place in the structure of the binding site of the diverging Moraceae lectins concerns a proteolytic cleavage close to the N-terminus of the protomer. To corroborate the impact of this change, the specificity of jacalin was re-investigated using surface plasmon resonance analysis. This approach revealed that in addition to galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine, the carbohydrate-binding specificity of jacalin extends to mannose, glucose, N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid. Owing to this broad carbohydrate-binding specificity, jacalin is capable of recognizing complex glycans from plant pathogens or predators.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Moraceae"
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Costa, Priscila Canesqui da. "Filogeografia de figueiras neotropicais (Ficus: Moraceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-18112015-101948/.
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Oscilações climáticas globais levaram a mudanças na paisagem durante o período Quaternário. A filogeografia é uma disciplina que busca compreender os processos evolvidos na estruturação espacial da diversidade genética, que é uma das consequências das expansões e retrações da vegetação. Estudos filogeográficos na região Neotropical são importantes para o entendimento da origem e manutenção da grande biodiversidade desta região. Para investigar a influência destes processos na evolução de espécies arbóreas, analisamos os padrões de distribuição da diversidade genética de três espécies do gênero Ficus amplamente distribuídas na região Neotropical. Ficus insipida e F. adhatodifolia são duas espécies próximas deste gênero, que ocorrem nas duas maiores formações florestais da região Neotropical, e apresentam similaridades ecológicas e morfológicas. Os padrões filogeográficos observados neste estudo revelaram uma diversificação recente, com hibridação ancestral na região central da América do Sul, região de contato entre a Amazônia e a Mata Atlântica. Por sua vez, os padrões filogeográficos observados em F. citrifolia revelaram que as flutuações climáticas do Pleistoceno não foram responsáveis por uma estruturação na distribuição espacial da diversidade genética desta espécie. A alta diferenciação genética entre as populações e a presença de haplótipos fixados estão relacionados com efeitos do fundador. A diversificação das linhagens iniciou no Pleistoceno, com a separação de dois clados principais. Devido à ausência de clados estruturados geograficamente, as relações filogenéticas das linhagens de F. citrifolia parecem ter sido influenciadas por eventos de dispersão a longas distâncias, seguidos de fortes gargalos de garrafa.Global climate oscillations led to changes in the landscape during the Quaternary. Phylogeography is a discipline that seeks to understand the processes involved in spatial structure of genetic diversity, which is a consequence of expansions and retractions of vegetation. Phylogeographic studies in the Neotropics are important to the understanding the origin and maintenance of high biodiversity of this region. To investigate the influence of these processes in the evolution of tree species, we analyzed the distribution patterns of genetic diversity of three species of the genus Ficus widespread in the Neotropics. Ficus insipida and F. adhatodifolia are two closely related species of this genus, which occur in two major forest types of the Neotropical region, and present ecological and morphological similarities. The phylogeographic patterns observed in this study revealed a recent diversification, with ancestral hybridization in central South America, the contact area between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest. In turn, the phylogeographic patterns observed in F. citrifolia revealed that the climatic fluctuations of the Pleistocene were not responsible for the spatial structuring of the genetic diversity distribution. The high genetic differentiation between populations and the presence of fixed haplotypes are related to founder effects. The diversification of lineages initiated in the Pleistocene, with the separation of two major clades. Due to the absence of geographically structured clades, the phylogenetic relationships of F. citrifolia lineages appear to have been influenced by long distances dispersal events, followed by strong bottlenecks.
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BARRETO, L. M. "Estudos Citogenéticos em Dorstenia L. (Moraceae)." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/7838.
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Previous issue date: 2016-07-18Previous cytogenetic studies in Dorstenia mention that the species may have 24 to 72 chromosomes, and suggested a conserved chromosome number 2n = 32 for the Neotropic species. However, some information reported in the literature are dubious or insufficient to assess the potential of cytogenetic data to the better understand of systematics and evolution issues within this genus. Here, eight species of Neotropical Dorstenia had their karyotypes characterized, and the nuclear DNA content measured. Dorstenia bahiensis, D. cayapia, D. grazielae, D. hirta and D. turnerifolia had their karyotypes characterized and the DNA nuclear content measured for the first time. Morphological plant characters and morphometric data were submitted to cluster analysis, followed by a test of group sharpness, and ordination analysis, aiming to support the discussion about the potential of cytogenetic data to infrageneric systematic of Dorstenia. The species showed chromosome number of 2n = 32, varying in chromosomes morphology. The karyotypes least asymmetric were observed in Dorstenia elata, and the more asymmetric were registered in D. bahiensis and D. bonijesu. The 2C value ranged from 3.21 picograms (pg) D. bahiensis to 5.47 pg in D. arifolia. Morphologically similar species, like D. hirta and D. turnerifolia, grouped together based on morphometric data. The sharp groups based on morphometric data correspond to species circumscribed under the sections Dorstenia, Lecania and Emygodia, previously established based on the plant morphology. Our results supports that the chromosome number 2n = 32 is possible conserved in the Neotropical species of Dorstenia, and indicate the potential of cytogenetic data to the systematics of this genus.
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Elias, Larissa Galante. "Estratégias de utilização de recursos em vespas parasitas do mutualismo figueiras - vespas de figo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-07042008-144605/.
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Interações ecológicas interespecíficas que resultam em benefício para todos os organismos participantes são conhecidas como mutualismo. No entanto, a troca de benefícios apresenta custos para as espécies participantes. Este fato abre espaço para o surgimento de espécies que adotam estratégias oportunistas, denominadas parasitas de mutualismos. As plantas do gênero Ficus são adequadas para estudos dessas interações, pois apresentam relação mutualística com vespas polinizadoras da família Agaonidae e são exploradas por vespas não-polinizadoras (parasitas do mutualismo). O objetivo desse estudo foi elucidar a biologia larval de vespas não-polinizadoras do gênero Idarnes pertencentes aos grupos carme e flavicollis associadas a Ficus citrifolia no campus da USP em Ribeirão Preto. Foi possível elucidar que a espécie de Idarnes do grupo flavicollis é galhadora, ao passo que a espécie do grupo carme é incapaz de induzir galhas, sendo provavelmente inquilinas específicas da espécie polinizadora. Vespas flavicollis ovipositam nos sicônios antes da polinização e evitam a retaliação pela planta, adotando mecanismo de oviposição semelhante ao das vespas polinizadoras. Vespas carme, por sua vez, depositam seus ovos diretamente dentro do saco embrionário de flores já galhadas, onde se localiza a larva da polinizadora. Contrariando especulações prévias, os resultados mostram que mesmo em espécies próximas filogeneticamente, e.g. grupos flavicollis e carme do gênero Idarnes, podem ocorrer variações acentuadas na biologia e na estratégia de exploração de recursos.Interspecific ecological interactions which benefit all participants are known as mutualisms. However, the benefit exchange implies in costs for the involved species. This fact enables the appearance of species adopting opportunist strategies, known as parasites of mutualism. Plants belonging to the genus Ficus are suitable for studying these ecological interactions since they show a mutualistic interaction with pollinating wasps belonging to Agaonidae family and are exploited by non-pollinating wasps (parasites of the mutualism). The aim of this study was to elucidate the larval biology of non-pollinating fig wasps, genus Idarnes, belonging to flavicollis and carme species groups, associated with Ficus citrifolia at USP campus in Ribeirão Preto. We showed that species of flavicollis group are gallers, while species of carme group were not able to induce galls, probably being specific inquilines of the pollinating species. flavicollis wasps oviposit in syconia before receptivity and avoid retaliation by the plant, adopting a similar mechanism of oviposition to the one of the pollinators. carme wasps, on the other hand, deposit their eggs directly inside the embrionary sac of already galled flowers, where the pollinator larva is located. In disagreement with previous speculations, the results show that even in phylogenetically close species, such as flavicollis and carme species groups, there may be considerable variation in biology and resource exploitation strategies.
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Zhang, Qian. "Phylogeny, biogeography, and breeding system evolution in Moraceae." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS205/document.
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Les Angiospermes sont le clade le plus diversifié des plantes actuelles et sont exceptionnellement riches en espèces dans les régions tropicales. Dans cette thèse, j’ai étudié l’évolution des systèmes sexuels et l’histoire biogéographique de la famille des Moraceae, clade modèle utilisé pour comprendre l’origine et l’évolution de la diversité chez les Angiospermes. Dans le Chapitre I, j’ai reconstruit et calibré un nouvel arbre phylogénétique daté pour les Moraceae. J’ai ensuite utilisé cet arbre pour reconstruire les états ancestraux des systèmes sexuels chez les Moraceae et Ficus. Les âges des groupes-couronne des Moraceae et du genre Ficus sont estimés au Crétacé et à l’Eocène, respectivement. La dioécie est inférée comme l’état ancestral des systèmes sexuels chez les Moraceae, avec plusieurs transitions ultérieures vers la monoécie, y compris chez Ficus. Ce résultat suggère que la dioécie ne représente pas nécessairement un cul-de-sac évolutif. Dans le Chapitre II, j’ai reconstruit un arbre phylogénétique daté pour la tribu des Dorstenieae, distribuée principalement dans les régions tropicales, à partir d’un nouveau jeu de données génomiques nucléaires produit avec une approche Hyb-Seq. L’histoire biogéographique du groupe a ensuite été reconstruite en utilisant les modèles de dispersion-extinction-cladogenèse. Les âges des groupes-couronne des Dorstenieae et du genre Dorstenia sont estimés au Crétacé et dans la période du Crétacé au Paléocène, respectivement. Deux évènements de dispersion à longue distance depuis l’Afrique continentale vers l’Amérique du Sud ont eu lieu au Cénozoïque (Dorstenia et Brosimum s.l.). Dans le Chapitre III, j’ai testé les différences de niche climatique (température et précipitation) entre les deux systèmes sexuels (monoécie et gynodioécie) chez Ficus avec un nouveau jeu de données fiables d’occurrences spatiales et de systèmes sexuels chez 183 espèces. À cette fin, j’ai utilisé deux approches comparatives : équations d’estimation généralisées (GEE) et modèles linéaires généralisés (GLM). Une relation positive entre précipitation et gynodioécie est soutenue par les analyses GLM, et aucune méthode ne soutient une relation entre température et système sexuel. Une meilleure capacité à se disperser et le potentiel d’autopollinisation sont deux explications possibles pour la colonisation et la survie des espèces monoïques dans des environnements plus secs. Cette thèse démontre le potentiel des méthodes phylogénétiques comparatives et des données phylogénomiques pour répondre aux questions d’évolution des systèmes sexuels et de biogéographie chez les Moraceae et ouvre plusieurs nouvelles perspectives importantes méritant d’être approfondies chez d’autres clades de plantes, telles que la relation entre système sexuel et niche climatiqueAngiosperms are the most diversified clade of extant plants and are exceptionally species-rich in tropical regions. In this thesis, I investigated breeding system evolution and biogeographic history in the family Moraceae, which I used as a model clade to understand the origin and evolution of diversity of angiosperms. In Chapter I, I reconstructed and calibrated a new dated phylogenetic tree for Moraceae as a whole. I then used this tree to reconstruct ancestral states of breeding systems in Moraceae and Ficus. The crown group ages of Moraceae and Ficus were estimated in the Cretaceous and in the Eocene, respectively. Dioecy was inferred as the ancestral breeding systems of Moraceae, with several subsequent transitions to monoecy, including in Ficus. This result suggests that dioecy is not necessarily an evolutionary dead end. In Chapter II, I reconstructed a dated phylogenetic tree for tribe Dorstenieae, mainly distributed in tropical regions, with a new data set of nuclear genomic data generated with a Hyb-Seq approach. Biogeographic history was then reconstructed using dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis models. The crown group ages of Dorstenieae and Dorstenia were estimated in the Cretaceous and in the Cretaceous/Paleocene period, respectively. Two long-distance dispersal events from continental Africa to South America occurred in the Cenozoic (Dorstenia and Brosimum s.l.). In Chapter III, I tested the climatic niche difference (temperature and precipitation) between the two breeding systems (monoecy and gynodioecy) in Ficus using a new dataset of cleaned spatial occurrence records and breeding systems for 183 species. I used two comparative approaches: generalized estimating equations (GEE) and generalized linear models (GLM). A positive relationship between precipitation and gynodioecy was supported by GLM, but not GEE analyses, and no relationship between temperature and breeding systems was supported by either method. Higher dispersal ability and the potential for self-fertilization may explain why monoecious species of Ficus have been able to colonize and survive in drier environments. This thesis highlights the potential of phylogenetic comparative methods and phylogenomic data to address questions of breeding system evolution and biogeography in Moraceae, and opens up several important new perspectives worth investigating in other plant clades, such as a relationship between breeding system and climatic niche
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Nepal, Madhav P. "Systematics and reproductive biology of the genus Morus L. (Moraceae)." Diss., View online, 2008. http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/2097/937/3/MadhavNepal2008.pdf.
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Martins, Frederico Severino. "Estudo sistemático da ação melanogênica do ext rato de Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60137/tde-08072016-080653/.
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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a ação melanogênica das furanocumarinas, psoraleno e bergapteno assim como do extrato seco das raízes de Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul, contendo 1,2 % m/m de psoraleno, e 5,2 % m/m de bergapteno. A toxidade celular in vitro foi avaliada pelo teste de incorporação do vermelho neutro em quatro linhagens de células diferentes (fibroblastos-L929, queratinócitos-HaCat, Melanoma-B16F10, e melanócitos-Melam-A) e apresentou resposta dose dependente tanto para os fármacos puros quanto para o extrato de B. gaudichaudii. Quando expostas à radiação ultravioleta do tipo A e B houve aumento da toxicidade, proporcional a dose de radiação. A mutagenicidade e genotoxicidade realizas pelos ensaios de micronúcleo e cometa, mostrou que os compostos são genotóxicos e mutagênicos em doses >= 150 ?g.mL-1.A síntese de melanina in vitro realizada em cultura de melanoma B16F10 foi dependente da dose e do tempo de exposição aos fármacos e UV. Nas concentrações máximas usadas (48 ?g.mL-1 de psoraleno, 104 ?g.mL-1 de bergapteno e 0,5 mg.mL-1 de extrato) o psoraleno aumentou a produção de melanina em 26 %, o bergapteno em 69 %, e o extrato de B.gaudichaudii em 163 %. Quando utilizado mistura equivalente 6 ?g.mL-1 de psoraleno e 26 ?g.mL-1 de bergapteno a presente em 0,5 mg.mL-1 de extrato a produção de melanina foi de 61%. A atividade da tirosinase em culturas de B16F10, tratadas com 20 ?g.mL-1 de psoraleno ou bergapteno, quando comparada ao grupo não tratado aumentou em 13% a atividade enzimatica , quando associados foi de 37%, e 0,5 mg.mL-1 de extrato em 54,1%. Com o ensaio de microdiálise in vivo observou-se que os fármacos são rapidamente absorvidos pela pele e distribuídos no plasma. Ambos os composto apresentaram um cinética linear . O estudo de produção de melanina in vivo confimou que a radiação estimula a produçao de melanina assim como o extrato de B.Gaudichaudii, e quando associados (PUVA) a sintese de melanina foi 143% maior em comparação ao controle negativo. Os resultados destre trabalho mostrou a capacidade de pgmentaçao dos fármacos assim como do B.Gaudichaudii, revelando ainda o sinergismo entre psoraleno e bergapteno.The objective of this study was to evaluate the melanogenic action of furanocoumarins, namely, psoralen and bergapten, as extract of Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul containing 1.2% m / m (psoralen), 5.2% m / m (bergapten) . The cellular toxicity (in vitro) was evaluated by neutral red incorporation test in four different cell lines (fibroblasts, L929, keratinocytes, HaCaT, melanoma, B16F10, and melanocyte- Melam-A) and showed dose dependent response to both extracted compounds, as well as the whole extract of B. gaudichaudii. The ultraviolet radiation type A and B increased the toxicity associated with the compounds and severity of toxicity was proportional to the radiation dose. The mutagenicity and genotoxicity evaluated by the micronucleus test and comet showed that the compounds are genotoxic and mutagenic compounds at concentrations >= 150 ?g/mL. The in vitro melanin synthesis, performed in melanoma B16F10, was dose, duration and UV dependent. In the maximum concentration used (48 ?g/mL psoralen, 104 ?g/mL bergapten and 0.5 mg.mL-1 extract) psoralen increased melanin synthesis by 26%, bergapten by 69% and the B.gaudichaudii extract by 163%. When administered as an equivalent mixture of 6 ?g/mL psoralen and 26 ?g/mL of bergapten to 0.5 mg/mL of extract, melanin synthesis was increased by 61%. The enzymatic activity of tyrosinase in B16F10 cultures treated with 20 ?g/mL of psoralen or bergapten, when compared to non-treated group, increased by 13%; the increases were 37% and 54.1% in the two-compound mixture and 0.5 mg/mL of whole extract. The in vivo microdialese test in rats showed that the drugs are quickly absorbed through the skin and distributed in plasma. Both compound exhibited linear kinetics. The in vivo evaluation also showed that melanin production was stimulated by UV radiation as well as B.Gaudichaudii extract. When combined with PUVA, melanin synthesis was 143% higher compared to the negative control
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Sanchez, Garduno Cecilia Maria. "Reproductive ecology of Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) in the neotropical rainforest." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419805.
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Leite, Viviane Gonçalves. "Desenvolvimento da flor e da inflorescência em espécies de Moraceae." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-09122016-113436/.
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As flores das espécies de Moraceae são díclinas (= unissexuais), aclamídeas ou monoclamídeas, pequenas e chama a atenção o gineceu por ser unilocular e uniovulado, mas com aspecto tubular no decorrer do desenvolvimento, resultado de pseudomonomeria. Estas flores estão inseridas em inflorescências consideravelmente diversas em termos estruturais, além de apresentarem síndromes de polinização diferentes. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram esclarecer as vias que originam as diferentes formas de inflorescências e elucidar condições florais enigmáticas como a ausência de perianto e gineceu pseudomonômero, utilizando sete espécies de linhagens diferentes de Moraceae como modelos de estudo: Brosimum gaudichaudii, Castilla elastica, Clarisia ilicifolia, Ficus citrifolia, F. pertusa, Maclura tinctoria e Morus nigra. Inflorescências em vários estádios de desenvolvimento, botões florais e flores foram processados para exames de superfície e anatômico. O meristema da inflorescência é semelhante quanto à forma entre as espécies apenas nos estádios iniciais. Em Ficus pertusa a inflorescência se fecha pelas margens devido à presença de orobrácteas; em Castilla elastica a inflorescência forma uma depressão central (inflorescência pistilada), podendo se tornar bivalvar (inflorescência estaminada), sendo rodeada por brácteas involucrais; em Brosimum gaudichaudii o meristema torna-se plano, e as flores estaminadas e pistiladas ficam imersas no receptáculo e cobertas por brácteas interflorais; em Clarisia ilicifolia e Maclura tinctoria os meristemas das inflorescências estaminadas e pistiladas tornam-se planos e alongam-se, porém, na pistilada adquire uma forma globosa; em Morus nigra o meristema se alonga. Brácteas interflorais estão ausentes apenas em Morus nigra. A morfologia e desenvolvimento florais diferem entre as espécies estudadas em especial quanto ao número de órgãos florais. O perianto é constituído de sépalas robustas, verdes, presentes na maioria das espécies estudadas, com exceção de Brosimum gaudichaudii, cuja flor estaminada exibe uma bractéola que envolve os órgãos florais e a flor pistilada é aclamídea, assim como a flor estaminada de Castilla elastica. Em todas as espécies as sépalas variam em número (dois a cinco), sendo sua iniciação assincrônica. Não há iniciação de primórdios de pétalas, individualizados ou oriundos de divisão dos primórdios de estames. Os primórdios de estames iniciados na flor estaminada (1-5, dependendo da espécie) tornam-se funcionais; portanto, não há aborto de estames na flor estaminada. Na flor pistilada de Castilla elastica raramente iniciam estaminódios. A estrutura anatômica das sépalas e dos estames varia entre as espécies, representando possíveis adaptações à entomofilia ou anemofilia descritas para a família. A epiderme pode apresentar tricomas tectores e secretores, dependendo da espécie. O mesofilo varia em número de camadas nas espécies, e esta variação é refletida na união entre os órgãos. Laticíferos e idioblastos fenólicos e cristalíferos ocorrem no mesofilo das sépalas e conectivo dos estames em todas as espécies, provavelmente atuando na proteção da flor contra herbívoros e radiação UV. Os estames apresentam variação na forma dos filetes e no conectivo. Nas flores estaminadas de Morus nigra e Maclura tinctoria as células do mesofilo são maiores com espaços intercelulares; e na estrutura final da flor, as quatro sépalas são acompanhadas de estames inflexos e um pistilódio, os quais compõem uma complexa estrutura que atua na dispersão dos grãos de pólen. O gineceu pseudomonômero é modificado em pistilódio na flor estaminada de Maclura tinctoria e Morus nigra. Os carpelos são iniciados como um único primórdio central que se divide, originando dois outros, que se alongam assimetricamente. Os próximos estádios diferem entre as espécies e foram resumidos em duas vias ontogenéticas: (1) contribuição total dos dois carpelos na formação do ovário, estilete e estigma, porém, apenas um dos carpelos inicia um óvulo em seu ovário unilocular - encontrado na maioria das espécies. (2) contribuição parcial dos dois carpelos, sendo que o carpelo de maior comprimento participa da formação do ovário, estilete e estigma e inicia um óvulo, enquanto o de menor comprimento participa apenas da formação do ovário - encontrado em Maclura tinctoria. As espécies de Moraceae compartilham estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento da inflorescência, do perianto, androceu e gineceu pseudomonômero, sendo que as principais diferenças ocorrem nos estádios intermediários, o que altera a estrutura da flor e inflorescência. Essas vias de desenvolvimento parecem ser estáveis dentro do clado urticoide e contribuem para a redução da estrutura floral neste grupo de rosídeas.The flowers of the species of Moraceae are diclinous (= unisexual), achlamydeous or monochlamydeous, small, drawing attention the gynoecium for being unilocular and uniovular but with tubular shape in the course of development, a result of pseudomonomery. These flowers are inserted in structurally diverse inflorescences, and show different pollination syndromes. The objectives of this study were to clarify the pathways that cause the different forms of inflorescences, and to elucidate enigmatic floral conditions as the absence of perianth and pseudomonomerous gynoecium in Moraceae, by using seven species of different lineages of the family as study models: Brosimum gaudichaudii, Castilla elastica, Clarisia ilicifolia, Ficus citrifolia, F. pertusa, Maclura tinctoria and Morus nigra. Infllorescences, buds and flowers in several developmental stages were prepared for examination under scanning electron and light microscopies. The meristem of the inflorescence is similar in shape among the species only in the early stages of development. In Ficus pertusa the inflorescence closes along the margins due to the presence of orobracts. The inflorescence of the Castilla elastica forms a central depression (pistillate inflorescence) and may become bivalvar (staminate inflorescence), being surrounded by involucral bracts. In Brosimum gaudichaudii the meristem becomes flat, and the staminate and pistillate flowers are immersed in the receptacle and covered by interfloral bracts; in Clarisia ilicifolia and Maclura tinctoria the meristem of the staminate and pistillate inflorescences becomes flat and lengthens, however, the pistillate inflorescence acquires a globose shape; in Morus nigra the meristem is elongated. Interfloral bracts are absent only in Morus nigra. The floral morphology and development differ among the species studied especially in terms of number of floral organs. The perianth consists of robust green sepals, present in the majority of the species studied, with the exception of Brosimum gaudichaudii, whose staminate flower exhibits a bract involving the floral organs and the pistillate flower is achlamydeous, as well as the staminate flower of Castilla elastica. In all species the sepals vary in number (two to five), and show asynchronous initiation. There is no initiation of petal primordia, individualized or originated from division of stamen primordia. The stamen primordia initiated in the staminate flower (1-5, depending on the species) become functional; so there is no stamen abortion in the staminate flower. The pistillate flower of Castilla elastica rarely initiates staminodes. The anatomical structure of the sepals and stamens varies among species, representing possible adaptations to the entomophily or anemophily described for the family. The epidermis may have glandular and/or non glandular trichomes, depending on the species. The mesophyll varies in number of layers in the species, and this variation is reflected in the union of the organs. Laticifers and crystal and phenolic idioblasts occur in the mesophyll of the sepals and connective of the stamens in all species, probably acting on flower protection against herbivores and UV radiation. The stamens vary in terms of filament and connective shape. In the staminate flowers of Morus nigra and Maclura tinctoria the cells of the mesophyll are larger with intercellular spaces; and in the final structure of the flower, the four sepals are accompanied by inflexed stamens and a pistillode, which compose a complex structure that acts in the pollen grain dispersal. The pseudomonomerous gynoecium is transformed into pistillodes in the staminate flowers of Maclura tinctoria and Morus nigra. The carpel initiates as a single central primordium which divides and originates two others, which elongate asymmetrically. The next stages differ among species and have been summarized in two ontogenetic pathways: (1) the total contribution of the two carpels in the formation of the ovary, style and stigma, however, in only one of the carpels an ovule arises at the single locule - found in most species. (2) Partial contribution of the two carpels, wherein the carpel with greater length participates in the formation of the ovary, style, stigma and ovule, while the carpel with shortest length is only involved in the formation of ovary - found in Maclura tinctoria. The species of Moraceae share early stages of development of the inflorescence, the perianth, androecium and pseudomonomerous gynoecium, and the main differences occur in the intermediate stages, which alters the structure of the flower and inflorescence. These developmental pathways seem to be stable within the urticalean rosids and contribute to the reduction of the floral structure in this group.
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Silva, Selma do Nascimento. "ATIVIDADE FITOESTROGÊNICA DE Morus nigra L., MORACEAE, EM RATAS OVARIECTOMIZADAS." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2012. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/68.
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Previous issue date: 2012-10-02The hypoestrogenism in climacteric is associated with vasomotor symptoms, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and urogenital changes. At this stage of life of women, hormone replacement HRT can alleviate some consequences of decreased estrogen caused by ovarian failure. However, estrogen therapy may cause adverse effects such as breast tenderness, uterine bleeding and increase the relative risk for cancers of the breast and endometrium. Morus nigra L. (mulberry) is a plant species most used in Brazil for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Thus, this study aims to assess the likely effects phytoestrogenics the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) from the leaves of M. nigra in ovariectomized female rats. Therefore, the dried leaves were pulverized and soaked in 70% ethanol in the proportion 1:3 (v/v) to obtain the HE (yield=21.90%). The HE was subjected to evaluation of the antioxidant activity by capturing free radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hidrazil, analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrum (LC-MS/MS) for identification of compound and then partitioned with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol/water. The safety of extract was determined by the test of acute toxicity in mice at doses of 0.1 to 10.0 g/kg orally (p.o.). To evaluate the estrogenic activity of the extract from M. nigra leaves, the rats were divided into two control groups: sham-operated (SHAM) and ovariectomized (OVX), which received 0.1 mL/100 g saline, and two test groups: ovariectomized and treated with a solution estroprogestative (OVX-EP-50g/kg) and ovariectomized and treated with HE M. nigra 500mg/kg (OVX-HE500), n = 8-10, daily, p.o., for 14 weeks. Throughout the treatment period were analyzed the frequency stage of the estrous cycle, food intake and body weight. At the end of treatment were evaluated biochemical parameters and hormone, histomorphometry of the uterus, vagina and breast. Furthermore, the influence of M. nigra on the proliferation of breast tumor cell line MCF-7 was determined by MTT method. HE showed high antioxidant activity when compared to standard quercetin. The analysis by LC-MS/MS EH compared with literature data allowed the identification of flavonoids (kaempferol and quercetin) and quinic acid derivatives (caffeoylquinic acid and isomers dicaffeoylquinic acid). In the analysis of the estrous cycle, the group OVX-HE500 showed an increase in proestrous and estrous phases at 15.25% and 26.6%, respectively, when compared to OVX group. Ovariectomy caused an increase in body mass, which was prevented by treatment with HE and EP solution. The weight of abdominal adipose tissue was also significantly lower in groups OVX-HE and OVX-EP compared to the OVX group. Ovariectomy also induced atrophy of uterine tissue (OVX group) compared to SHAM group, indicating the efficiency of the surgical procedure, and the administration of EP significantly increased uterine weight compared with OVX group. Average uterine weight of the OVX-HE group was also higher than the OVX group, but smaller than the OVX-EP group. In the histological analysis, it was observed that the characteristics of the squamous epithelium of the vagina of OVX-EP group (57.79 ± 1.49m), relative to thickness, were similar to that of SHAM group (50 66 ± 1.60m). After 14 weeks of administration of HE was a partial reversal of vaginal atrophy (37.34 ± 1.77m), when compared to the OVX group (12.92 ± 0.53m), showing maturation of this tissue with the treatment, however, the HE did not alter breast tissue, unlike the stimulus EP-induced. Regarding biochemistry was observed that the treatments (HE and EP) reduced concentrations of triglycerides in 27.5% and 23.8% respectively, when compared to OVX. In in vitro tests, the data indicate that the HE M. nigra acts as a weak phytoestrogen and protects against cell proliferation of human breast carcinoma (MCF-7). In acute toxicity study, the treatment of mice with HE did not produce behavioral changes or deaths. Together, the data demonstrate that the HE M. nigra L. has beneficial effects in models of induced menopause in rats, decreased uterine and vaginal atrophy, without changing the mammary structure, improving triglyceride levels and shows up secure and potent oxidant activity. These effects may be related to their flavonoid constituents, and thus the plant species may be useful in controlling symptoms of menopause as an alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy.
O hipoestrogenismo no climatério associa-se com sintomas vasomotores, doenças cardiovasculares, osteoporose e alterações urogenitais. Nesta fase da vida da mulher, a reposição hormonal pode amenizar algumas consequências da diminuição estrogênica ocasionada pela falência ovariana. Porém, a terapia estrogênica pode ocasionar efeitos adversos como mastalgia, sangramentos uterinos, além de aumentar o risco relativo para neoplasias de mama e endométrio. Morus nigra L. (amora) é uma das espécies vegetais mais utilizadas no Brasil para o tratamento dos sintomas do climatério. Assim, o presente estudo objetiva avaliar os prováveis efeitos fitoestrogênicos do extrato hidroalcoólico (EH) das folhas de M. nigra em ratas Wistar ovariectomizadas. Para tanto, as folhas secas foram pulverizadas e maceradas em etanol a 70% na proporção 1:3 (v/v), para obtenção do EH (rendimento=21,90%). O EH foi submetido à avaliação da atividade antioxidante pela captura do radical livre 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazila, analisado por cromatografia líquida acoplada ao espectro de massa (LC-MS/MS) para identificação de composto e, em seguida, particionado com hexano, clorofórmio, acetato de etila e metanol/água. A segurança do extrato foi determinada pelo teste de toxidade aguda em camundongos, nas doses de 0,1 10,0g/kg, por via oral (v.o.). Para avaliar a atividade estrogênica do extrato das folhas de M. nigra, as ratas foram divididas em dois grupos controle: falso-operados (SHAM) e ratas ovariectomizadas (OVX), que receberam 0,1mL/100g de solução salina; e dois grupos teste: ovariectomizadas e tratadas com solução estroprogestativa (OVX-EP-50g/Kg) e ovariectomizadas e tratadas com EH de M. nigra 500mg/kg (OVX-EH500), n=8-10, diariamente, por v.o., durante 14 semanas. Durante todo o período de tratamento foram analisadas a frequência das fases do ciclo estral, a ingestão de alimentos e o peso corporal. Ao final do tratamento foram avaliados os parâmetros bioquímicos e hormonais, histomorfometria do útero, vagina e mama. Além disso, a influência de M. nigra sobre a proliferação de células tumorais de mama da linhagem MCF-7 foi determinada pelo método MTT. O EH apresentou alta atividade antioxidante quando comparada ao padrão quercetina. Na análise do EH por LC-MS/MS em comparação com dados da literatura permitiu a identificação de flavonoides (caempferol e quercetina) e derivados do ácido quínico (ácido cafeoilquínico e isômeros de ácido dicafeoilquínico). Na análise do ciclo estral, o grupo OVX-EH500 apresentou um aumento nas fases estro e proestro em 15,25% e 26,6%, respectivamente, quando comparado ao grupo OVX. A ovariectomia promoveu um aumento no peso corporal, que foi inibido pelo tratamento com o EH e solução EP. O peso do tecido adiposo abdominal também foi significativamente menor nos grupos OVX-EP e OVX-EH, quando comparados ao grupo OVX. A ovariectomia também induziu atrofia do tecido uterino (Grupo OVX) em comparação ao grupo SHAM, indicando a eficiência do procedimento cirúrgico; e a administração de EP aumentou significativamente o peso do útero em comparação com grupo OVX. A média do peso uterino do grupo OVX-EH também foi maior do que o grupo OVX, porém menor que o grupo OVX-EP. Quanto à análise histológica, observou-se que as características do epitélio escamoso da vagina do grupo OVX-EP (57,79 ± 1,49m), em relação à espessura, se assemelharam à das ratas do grupo SHAM (50,66 ± 1,60m). Após 14 semanas de administração de EH houve uma reversão parcial da atrofia vaginal (37,34 ± 1,77m), quando comparado ao grupo OVX (12,92 ± 0,53 m), mostrando maturação deste tecido com o tratamento; entretanto, o EH não alterou o tecido mamário, diferente do estímulo induzido pelo EP. Em relação à bioquímica foi observado que os tratamentos (EH e EP) reduziram as concentrações de triglicérides em 27,5% e 23,8% respectivamente, quando comparado ao grupo OVX. Nos testes in vitro, os dados indicam que o EH de M. nigra atua como um fraco fitoestrógeno e protege contra a proliferação de células de carcinoma de mama humano (MCF-7). No estudo toxicológico agudo, o tratamento de camundongos com o EH não produziu alterações comportamentais nem mortes. Em conjunto, os dados demonstram que o EH de M.nigra apresenta efeitos benéficos em modelos de hipoestrogenismo induzida em ratas, diminuindo a atrofia uterina e vaginal, sem alterar a estrutura mamária, melhorando os níveis de triglicérides, tendo potencial antioxidante, além de mostrar-se seguro. Esses efeitos podem estar relacionados com seus constituintes flavonoídicos, e dessa forma, a espécie vegetal pode ser útil no controle de sintomas da menopausa como uma alternativa para Terapia de Reposição Hormonal.
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Souza, Camila Devicaro de. "Estruturas secretoras em sicônios de espécies de Ficus L. (Moraceae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-09052014-110717/.
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Espécies de Ficus e suas vespas polinizadoras representam um dos sistemas mutualísticos mais especializados e estudados atualmente, no qual cada representante depende diretamente do outro para sua reprodução. As vespas que recém-emergem de um figo carregam grãos de pólen em seu corpo e são atraídas pelo odor produzido no sicônio (= inflorescência), em fase receptiva, de outro indivíduo. Ao entrar no sicônio através de sua abertura (ostíolo), as vespas não só depositam seus ovos, como também polinizam as flores femininas abertas, iniciando um novo ciclo de vida. Apesar de inúmeros estudos envolvendo questões químicas, filogenéticas, ecológicas, coevolutivas e reprodutivas desse mutualismo, são raros os estudos abrangendo a anatomia do sicônio e as estruturas secretoras presentes nesta inflorescência. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em localizar e caracterizar as estruturas secretoras ativas em sicônios em fase receptiva de nove espécies, representando diferentes linhagens do gênero, esperando-se encontrar as glândulas responsáveis pela produção das fragrâncias atrativas às vespas polinizadoras, e também estruturas que secretam substâncias atuantes na proteção desta inflorescência. Sicônios de Ficus auriculata, F. citrifolia, F. lyrata, F. microcarpa, F. montana, F. obtusiuscula, F. pumila, F. tikoua e F. variegata em fase receptiva foram coletados e processados de acordo com as técnicas usuais para análise em microscopias fotônica e eletrônica de varredura. Grande diversidade de estruturas secretoras foi encontrada nos sicônios das espécies investigadas. Pela primeira vez os sítios produtores de fragrâncias atrativas às vespas foram identificados e consistem em glândulas de odor (osmóforos) de localização distinta: nas brácteas do ostíolo e no receptáculo da inflorescência. Ambos os osmóforos aparentemente atuam na etapa de atração das vespas a longas distâncias; porém o osmóforo presente no receptáculo da inflorescência parece atuar também na quimioestimulação por contato das vespas polinizadoras que pousam no sicônio receptivo, estimulando-as a entrar na inflorescência. Estas glândulas teriam surgido no gênero Ficus, não ocorrendo em linhagens ancestrais na mesma família, corroborando a importância dos voláteis na manutenção do mutualismo figo-vespa de figo. Além das glândulas de odor, os sicônios das espécies de Ficus apresentam outras estruturas secretoras não relacionadas à atração de polinizadores, como laticíferos, idioblastos fenólicos, epiderme fenólica e tricomas secretores de compostos fenólicos, nas brácteas do ostíolo, no receptáculo da inflorescência e em tecidos florais. Estas estruturas devem atuar na proteção do sicônio, estrutura de extrema importância que garante a continuidade dos ciclos de gerações tanto da espécie vegetal quanto de seus polinizadores. A interação com um grande número de fitófagos e o elevado custo da herbivoria para o sucesso reprodutivo da espécie provavelmente foram os fatores que levaram à seleção destas estruturas ao longo da evolução do grupo.Ficus species and their pollinating wasps represent one of the most specialized and currently studied mutualistic systems, in which each representative directly depends on the other for its reproduction. Wasps that newly emerged from a fig carry pollen on their bodies and are attracted by the scent produced by another plants syconium (= inflorescence), in its receptive phase. Upon entering the syconium through its opening (ostiole), not only the wasps lay their eggs, but also pollinate the open female flowers, starting a new life cycle. Despite numerous studies involving chemical, phylogenetic, ecological, coevolutionary and reproductive issues regarding this fig-fig wasp mutualism, studies comprising syconiums anatomy and secretory structures present in this inflorescence are rare. Therefore the aim of this study was to locate and characterize the active secretory structures in receptive phase of syconia in nine species, representing different lineages of the genus. We intended to find the glands responsible for the production of fragrances that are attractive to pollinating wasps, and also structures that secrete substances acting in syconium protection. Receptive syconia of F. auriculata, F. citrifolia, F. lyrata, F. microcarpa, F. montana, F. obtusiuscula, F. pumila, F. tikoua and F. variegata were collected and processed according to the usual techniques for analyses in photonic and scanning electron microscopies. Great diversity of secretory structures was found in syconia of investigated species. For the first time, the sites producing attractive fragrances were identified and consist of scent glands (osmophores) of distinct location: ostiolar bracts and inflorescence receptacle. Both osmophores apparently act on the attraction of wasps over long distances, but the osmophore of the inflorescence receptacle seems to also act in chemostimulation by contact pollinating wasps land on receptive syconium and are encouraged to enter the inflorescence. These glands would have arisen in the genus Ficus (they do not occur in ancestral lineages in the same family), which confirms the importance of volatiles in the maintenance of fig-fig wasp mutualism. In addition to the scent glands, syconia of Ficus species present other secretory structures that are not associated to the attraction of pollinators: laticifers, phenolic idioblasts, phenolic epidermis and phenolic-secreting trichomes, occurring in ostiolar bracts, inflorescence receptacle and floral tissues. These structures must act in the protection of the syconium, an extremely important structure that ensures the continuity of generations cycles of plant species and their pollinators. The interaction with a large number of phytophagous animals and the high cost of herbivory for the reproductive success of the species were probably the factors that led to the selection of these structures along the evolution of the group.
Books on the topic "Moraceae"
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Carmona, Nelson Rendón. Ramón (Brosimum alicastrum Sw): Un árbol de los mayas de ayer y hoy. San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas: Instituto de Estudios e Investigación Intercultural, 2016.
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Burrows, J. E. Figs of southern & South-Central Africa. Hatfield, South Africa: Umdaus Press, 2003.
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Eustasia, Sri Murwati, ed. Penerapan teknologi proses batik kulit kayu Moraceae (chombow) di Papua Barat. Yogyakarta: Departemen Perindustrian dan Perdagangan R.I., Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Industri dan Perdagangan, Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Industri Kerajinan dan Batik, Proyek Pengembangan dan Pelayanan Teknologi Industri Kerajinan dan Batik, 2002.
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Berg, C. C. Moreae, Artocarpeae, and Dorstenia (Moraceae): With introductions to the family and Ficus and with additions and corrections to Flora Neotropica Monograph 7. Bronx, N.Y: Published for the Organization for Flora Neotropica by the New York Botanical Garden, 2001.
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Parawānā, Balabīra. Āpaṇe āpaṇe morace: Nāwala. Chandigarh: Lokgeet Parkashan, 2009.
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Parawānā, Balabīra. Āpaṇe āpaṇe morace: Nāwala. Chandigarh: Lokgeet Parkashan, 2009.
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1966-, Lamba Krishan Gopal, ed. Jaito Morace dā itihāsa. Chandigarh: Lokgeet Parkashan, 2011.
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1954-, Lakićević Dragan, ed. Književna spomenica Manastira Morače, 1252-2002. Beograd: Odbor za obeležavanje 750-godišnjice Manastire Morače, 2002.
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1947-, Dilagīra Harajindara Siṅgha, ed. Jaito morace de akkhīṃ ḍiṭṭhe hāla. Ammritasara: Sikkha Itihāsa Rīsaraca Boraḍa, Shromaṇī Guraduārā Prabandhaka Kameṭī, 2000.
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Siṅgha, Zak̲h̲amī Karama, and Dilagīra Harajindara Siṅgha 1947-, eds. Pañjābī Sūbe de morace dī tawārīk̲h̲a, 1955. Ammritasara: Sikkha Itihāsa Rīsaraca Boraḍa, Shromaṇī Guraduārā Prabandhaka Kameṭī, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Moraceae"
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Hegnauer, Robert. "Moraceae." In Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, 72–87. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-9256-8_13.
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Kaul, Mohan L. H. "Moraceae." In Male Sterility in Higher Plants, 717. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83139-3_35.
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Berg, C. C. "Moraceae." In Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Dicotyledons, 314–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56316-4_40.
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Rohwer, J. G., and C. C. Berg. "Moraceae." In Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons, 438–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02899-5_51.
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Berg, C. C., and U. Eggli. "Moraceae." In Dicotyledons: Rosids, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85239-9_92-1.
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Smith, Nigel. "Moraceae." In Amazon Fruits: An Ethnobotanical Journey, 943–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12803-5_36.
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Berg, C. C., and U. Eggli. "Moraceae." In Dicotyledons: Rosids, 913–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93492-7_92.
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Berg, C. C., and U. Eggli. "Ficus MORACEAE." In Dicotyledons: Rosids, 1–7. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85239-9_94-1.
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Hijman, M. E. E., C. C. Berg, U. Eggli, and L. E. Newton. "Dorstenia MORACEAE." In Dicotyledons: Rosids, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85239-9_93-1.
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Berg, C. C., and U. Eggli. "Ficus MORACEAE." In Dicotyledons: Rosids, 939–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93492-7_94.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Moraceae"
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Siti-Khaulah, A. R., and T. Noraini. "Leaf venations in some Ficus L. (Moraceae) species." In THE 2016 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2016 Postgraduate Colloquium. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4966885.
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Kurniadewi, Fera, Hanhan Dianhar, Sri Mutiah, and Zena Zahara Al-Liatsi. "Two flavonoid derivatives from the wood of Nangkadak (Moraceae)." In THE 2ND SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE (SMIC 2020): Transforming Research and Education of Science and Mathematics in the Digital Age. AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0041840.
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M., Nor-Zuhailah, Fatihah N.H.N., Nashriyah M, Ali A.M., and Choong Chee Yen. "MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS of Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) BASED ON INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACER." In Annual International Conference on BioInformatics and Computational Biology & Annual International Conference on Advances in Biotechnology. Global Science and Technology Forum, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/978-981-08-8119-1_biotech19.
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Krasniqi, Elez. "THE FIG (FICUS CARICA L., FAM. MORACEAE), NATURALIZED-NATIVE, NEW AND DANGEROUS SPECIES IN KOSOVAS FLORA." In SGEM2011 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2011/s20.171.
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Ummu-Hani, B., and T. Noraini. "The structure of cystoliths in selected taxa of the genus Ficus L. (Moraceae) in Peninsular Malaysia." In THE 2013 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2013 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing LLC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4858686.
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Chen, Ren-Fang, Li Xu, Mao-De Yu, Xiu-Qun Liu, and Long-Qing Chen. "Determination of the Origin and Evolution of Morus (Moraceae) by Analyzing the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) Sequences." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5518058.
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Kartika, Widha Rosa, Lita Amalia Ramadhanti, Dinda Oktaviani, Tika Rosiana, Muktiningsih Nurjayadi, Hanhan Dianhar, and Fera Kurniadewi. "Two flavone derivatives from the ethyl acetate extract of the wood of Nangkadak (Moraceae) and their antioxidant activities." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “DIGITALIZATION AND SUSTAINABILITY FOR DEVELOPMENT MANAGEMENT: ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS”. AIP Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0183677.
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Rocha, Tainá Teixeira, Hairon Antonio Friedrich Rodrigues, Israeli Ingrid Costa De Brito, Dhyene Rayne Dos Santos Becker, and Raírys Cravo Herrera. "ESTABELECIMENTO IN VITRO DE BAGASSA GUIANENSIS AUBL. A PARTIR DE EXPLANTES FOLIARES." In I Congresso Brasileiro de Biotecnologia Vegetal On-line. Revista Multidisciplinar de Educação e Meio Ambiente, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51189/rema/2408.
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Introdução: A tatajuba (Bagassa guianensis Aubl.) é uma espécie de grande porte da família Moraceae encontrada na Amazônia em áreas de terra firme. Sua madeira é bastante explorada economicamente devido a sua versatilidade, podendo ser empregada na construção naval, carpintaria, marcenaria, cabos de ferramentas e outros usos. Neste contexto, o cultivo in vitro torna-se promissor para propagação de plantas de qualidade de tatajuba. Objetivo: Por isso, objetivou-se avaliar o estabelecimento in vitro a partir de explantes foliares de tatajuba, uma das espécies prioritárias do projeto “Rede de pesquisa em recursos genéticos de plantas da Amazônia: conservação ex situ” PROCAD-AM/CAPES. Material e Métodos: Após a coleta no viveiro as folhas foram submetidas à pré-assepsia por meio de lavagem em água corrente e detergente líquido. Em câmara de fluxo laminar, a assepsia dos segmentos foliares se deu pela imersão em solução de álcool 70% por 1 minuto e hipoclorito em diferentes concentrações (0%, 1% e 1,5%) por 10 minutos, sendo posteriormente lavadas três vezes em água destilada autoclavada. Após a assepsia, os segmentos foliares foram inoculadas em meio de cultura MS suplementado com sacarose 30 g L-1, carvão ativado 0,3% e 2,4-D na concentração de 5 mg L-1, solidificado com ágar 6%, o pH ajustado para 5,8 ± 0,1, e incubação no escuro. Resultados: O delineamento experimental foi casualizado com 3 tratamentos e 10 repetições. Após 15 dias da inoculação foram avaliadas as porcentagens de indução de calos e de oxidação. Tanto a indução de calos quanto a porcentagem de oxidação foram melhores no tratamento com 1% de hipoclorito de sódio (100% e 25,78, respectivamente). Conclusão: O hipoclorito de sódio foi eficiente no estabelecimento in vitro e houve calogênese em folhas de tatajuba em meio de cultivo com 2,4-D.
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Terenzi, Benedetta, Valeria Menchetelli, Giacomo Pagnotta, and Ludovica Avallone. "Connection between AI and product design - Potentials and critical issues in the text-to-image software-assisted design experience." In Intelligent Human Systems Integration (IHSI 2024) Integrating People and Intelligent Systems. AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004511.
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Driven by the demand for innovation, design is constantly evolving and is increasingly focused on integrating new technologies into design processes. Technological innovations have proven to be of fundamental importance, both in speeding up and improving production processes and managing and enriching the ideational process.We are now surrounded by software in which the participation of artificial intelligence is constant, but although it has become pervasive, we often do not even notice its presence. In the field of product design, several software exploiting artificial intelligence have been diffused to provide us with virtual products at the two-dimensional level. These software are capable of transforming the ideational stages of a project, as they generate original idea proposals in a matter of minutes. One of the most popular software is Midjourney, which is based on the key text-to-image concept, and can create images from prompts, and descriptive keywords provided by the designer. There are also interesting examples in this regard. Think of the work done by Filippo Nassetti, a British architect and designer, who came up with a series of sunglasses and eyeglasses by going through Midjourney, to obtain zoomorphic-inspired products that recall the textures of biological and mineral microstructures. The surreal collection of biomorphically shaped glasses is an example of the exploration of the creative potential of Midjourney software.Another interesting project is the one tackled by the Oio company for the Spawns spoon collection, in collaboration with Giosanpietro Jewelry. According to Simone Rebaudengo, director and co-founder together with Matteo Loglio of the Oio company, the products in the Spawns collection derive from an ongoing dialogue between different skills that has led to the collaboration between man and algorithm, resulting in an expansion of the handmade, merging the ancient world of craftsmanship with that of advanced technology, defining what they call 'craft intelligence.The paper aims to explore the relationships, potentials and limitations of integrating artificial intelligence into the design process through a design experience that tests the innovative potential of text-to-image software in product ideation and reflects on the redefinition of the designer's role in this rapidly and continuous changing scenario.The case study presented therefore experiments with a design process in which the ideation phase is supported by AI, particularly by text-to-image software, which allows textual descriptions to be translated into visual representations, generating highly detailed images and offering new creative possibilities. The work addressed outlines perspectives and critical issues, which deserve further investigation. On the one hand, one potential that is being outlined is the possibility of visualizing even complex ideas by entrusting the imaginative component to the software, having a multiplicity of alternatives and expanding the ideational range with novel solutions from which to make more informed design choices. Text-to-image software also simulates effective virtual prototyping, allowing a concept to be prefigured and visualized in a three-dimensional context before committing to physical production.On the other hand, text-to-image software has some significant limitations, for example in the poor correspondence of generated images with design intentions and the designer's need to acquire technical skills to effectively use text-to-image software, going on to delineate the possibility of a figure such as that of the prompt designer.Therefore, the presented project aims to contribute to the contemporary debate on the integration of AI into design processes with the collaboration of text-to-image software as another avenue for innovation in product design. The scenario sketched out defines an area in which the role of the designer and human creativities proves irreplaceable, leaving one to understand how more and more a process of understanding and collaboration with AI technologies is needed, and how the skills required of future designers are going to vary and expand.Nozaki, N., Konno, E., Sato, M., Sakairi, M., Shibuya, T., Kanazawa, Y., & Georgescu, S., 2017, Application of artificial intelligence technology in product design. Fujitsu Sci. Tech. J, 53(4), 43-51.F. Morace, Design più umano. Quello che l’intelligenza artificiale non potrà mai darci. Egea, 2018S. Quintarelli, Intelligenza artificiale: cos'è davvero, come funziona, che effetti avrà. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, 2020G. E. Valori, Intelligenza artificiale tra mito e realtà. Motore di sviluppo o pericolo imminente? Rubbettino, 2021L. Keeheon, A Systematic Review on Social Sustainability of Artificial Intelligence in Product Design. Sustainability 2021, 13(5), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052668M. Mitchell, L'intelligenza artificiale: una guida per esseri umani pensanti. Einaudi, 2022
Reports on the topic "Moraceae"
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Mera Arrascue, Ronald Elí, Roberto Edgardo Roque Alcarraz, and Carlos Daniel Vecco-Giove. Base de datos de crossover leche y manchinga. Universidad Nacional de San Martín - Fondo Editorial, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51252/4572.
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Base de datos para la investigación: “Incremento de la productividad lechera por suplementación de forraje de Brosimum alicastrum bolivarense (Moraceae) en la dieta del ganado bovino en la Amazonia peruana”