Academic literature on the topic 'Moral and ethical aspects of Human services'
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Journal articles on the topic "Moral and ethical aspects of Human services"
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Bremer, Anders, María Jiménez Herrera, Christer Axelsson, Dolors Burjalés Martí, Lars Sandman, and Gian Luca Casali. "Ethical values in emergency medical services." Nursing Ethics 22, no. 8 (October 28, 2014): 928–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014551597.
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Background: Ambulance professionals often address conflicts between ethical values. As individuals’ values represent basic convictions of what is right or good and motivate behaviour, research is needed to understand their value profiles. Objectives: To translate and adapt the Managerial Values Profile to Spanish and Swedish, and measure the presence of utilitarianism, moral rights and/or social justice in ambulance professionals’ value profiles in Spain and Sweden. Methods: The instrument was translated and culturally adapted. A content validity index was calculated. Pilot tests were carried out with 46 participants. Ethical considerations: This study conforms to the ethical principles for research involving human subjects and adheres to national laws and regulations concerning informed consent and confidentiality. Findings: Spanish professionals favoured justice and Swedish professionals’ rights in their ambulance organizations. Both countries favoured utilitarianism least. Gender differences across countries showed that males favoured rights. Spanish female professionals favoured justice most strongly of all. Discussion: Swedes favour rights while Spaniards favour justice. Both contexts scored low on utilitarianism focusing on total population effect, preferring the opposite, individualized approach of the rights and justice perspectives. Organizational investment in a utilitarian perspective might jeopardize ambulance professionals’ moral right to make individual assessments based on the needs of the patient at hand. Utilitarianism and a caring ethos appear as stark opposites. However, a caring ethos in its turn might well involve unreasonable demands on the individual carer’s professional role. Since both the justice and rights perspectives portrayed in the survey mainly concern relationship to the organization and peers within the organization, this relationship might at worst be given priority over the equal treatment and moral rights of the patient. Conclusion: A balanced view on ethical perspectives is needed to make professionals observant and ready to act optimally – especially if these perspectives are used in patient care. Research is needed to clarify how justice and rights are prioritized by ambulance services and whether or not these organization-related values are also implemented in patient care.
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Rennó, Heloiza Maria Siqueira, Flávia Regina Souza Ramos, and Maria José Menezes Brito. "Moral distress of nursing undergraduates: Myth or reality?" Nursing Ethics 25, no. 3 (May 18, 2016): 304–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733016643862.
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Introduction: During their education process, nursing undergraduates experience ethical conflicts and dilemmas that can lead to moral distress. Moral distress can deprive the undergraduates of their working potential and may cause physical and mental health problems. Objective: We investigated the experiences of the undergraduates in order to identify the existence of moral distress caused by ethical conflict and dilemmas experienced during their nursing education. Ethical considerations: This study was designed according to the principles of research with human beings and was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee. Method: A qualitative multiple-case study. Two federal higher education institutions were surveyed, from which 58 undergraduates in nursing participated in the study. The undergraduates were undergoing their professional training. The data were collected through focus groups and were submitted to thematic content analysis, with the resources of the ATLAS TI 7.0 software. Results: Moral distress in undergraduates is a reality and was identified in three axes of analysis: (1) moral distress is experienced by undergraduates in the reality of healthcare services, (2) the teacher as a source of moral distress, and (3) moral distress as a positive experience. Conclusion: The undergraduates in nursing manifest moral distress in different stages of their education, particularly during their professional training. The academic community should reflect and seek solutions for the reality of moral distress in undergraduates.
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Baykara, Zehra Gocmen, Sevil Guler Demir, and Sengul Yaman. "The effect of ethics training on students recognizing ethical violations and developing moral sensitivity." Nursing Ethics 22, no. 6 (August 4, 2014): 661–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014542673.
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Background: Moral sensitivity is a life-long cognitive ability. It is expected that nurses who work in a professional purpose at “curing human beings” should have a highly developed moral sensitivity. The general opinion is that ethics education plays a significant role in this sense to enhance the moral sensitivity in terms of nurses’ professional behaviors and distinguish ethical violations. Aim: This study was conducted as intervention research for the purpose of determining the effect of the ethics training on fourth-year students of the nursing department recognizing ethical violations experienced in the hospital and developing ethical sensitivity. Methods: The study was conducted with 50 students, with 25 students each in the experiment and control groups. Students in the experiment group were provided ethics training and consultancy services. The data were collected through the data collection form, which consists of questions on the socio-demographic characteristics and ethical sensitivity of the students, Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire, and the observation form on ethical principle violations/protection in the clinic environment. The data were digitized on the computer with the SPSS for Windows 13.0 program. The data were evaluated utilizing number, percentile calculation, paired samples t-test, Wilcoxon test, and the McNemar test. Results: The total Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire pre-test score averages of students in the experiment group were determined to be 93.88 ± 13.57, and their total post-test score averages were determined to be 89.24 ± 15.90. The total pre-test score averages of students in the control group were determined to be 91.48 ± 17.59, and their total post-test score averages were determined to be 97.72 ± 19.91. In the study, it was determined that the post-training ethical sensitivity of students in the experiment group increased; however, this was statistically not significant. Furthermore, it was determined that the number of ethical principle protection/violation observations and correct examples provided by students in the experiment group were higher than the control group and the difference was statistically significant. Ethical considerations: Written permission and ethical approval were obtained from the university where the study was conducted. Written consent was received from students accepting to participate in the study. Conclusion: As a result, ethics education given to students enables them to distinguish ethical violations in a hospital and make a proper observation in this issue.
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Halaiko, A. M. "Complexity of the legal nature of the right to reproduction." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 2 (May 11, 2024): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2024.02.22.
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This article examines reproductive health as an important component of physical and mental well-being in modern society. It focuses on a wide range of services and information covering sexual and reproductive health, contraception, family planning, STD treatment, pregnancy and childbirth. It is indicated that the effectiveness of reproductive health protection is supported by international norms, including the Sustainable Development Goals No. 3, and is based on the principles of dignity, equality and the right to free choice. It is emphasized that reproductive health is a fundamental human right, which is directly related to the right to life and health. Research in this area helps to clarify the effectiveness of legal norms and protection measures, the article also highlights the problem of discrimination, particularly on the basis of gender, in the context of reproductive health, and emphasizes the importance of combating this inequality. In addition, the article points to the importance of access to information about reproductive health as a key aspect of human rights that contributes to public education and awareness. The article also considers the complex nature of the right to reproduction, which includes biological, legal, ethical and social aspects that interact with each other and require a careful balance between human rights, ethical principles and social needs. It is motivated that the right to reproduction implies the right of each individual to make free choices regarding sexual behavior, family planning and access to quality reproductive health services, but the realization of these rights may face ethical and moral dilemmas, as well as different approaches to legal regulation in different countries. Also important is the social aspect, which includes the availability and quality of reproductive health services, as well as taking into account socio-cultural norms and values. It was found that all these aspects require a careful balance between human rights, ethical principles and social needs, in order to ensure adequate protection and support of the reproductive health of each person.
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Brykczyñska, Gosia. "Prisons and Prisoners: some observations, comments and ethical reflections based on a visit to a prison hospital in the Ukrainian Republic." Nursing Ethics 9, no. 4 (July 2002): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0969733002ne521oa.
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The Republic of the Ukraine has a huge prison population and a large prison health care system. Like all other public services in that country it is lacking in sufficient funds to operate adequately and with due respect to the human rights of the prisoners and its health care employees. This report and observations are based on my knowledge of the Ukrainian health care system and a visit to a Ukrainian prison hospital. It includes some ethical reflections stemming from this experience. Although problem-solving exercises can often help to point to areas of potential intervention that could ameliorate a troublesome situation, in this case prison health care conditions cannot be substituted for economic growth, political stability or increased awareness of societal moral obligations.
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Hunter, Kiri, and Catherine Cook. "Indigenous nurses’ practice realities of cultural safety and socioethical nursing." Nursing Ethics 27, no. 6 (July 28, 2020): 1472–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733020940376.
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Background: Persistent healthcare emphasis on universal moral philosophy has not advantaged indigenous and marginalised groups. Centralising cultural components of care is vital to provide ethical healthcare services to indigenous people and cultural minorities internationally. Woods’ theoretical explication of how nurses can integrate cultural safety into a socioethical approach signposts ethical practice that reflects culturally congruent relational care and systemic critique. Aim: To demonstrate the empirical utility of Woods’ ethical elements of cultural safety within a socioethical model, through analysis of indigenous nurses’ practice realities in Aotearoa New Zealand. Research design: The study used a qualitative indigenous narrative inquiry. Participants and research context: Participants were recruited nationally. Twelve Māori registered nurses and nurse practitioners were interviewed. All participants provided direct care in either primary or secondary health services. Ethical considerations: Research approval was gained from the Human Ethics Committee of the lead author’s tertiary institution. Participation was voluntary, and written informed consent was obtained. Findings: Analysis highlighted the following: (1) cultural needs, which for Māori were integral to care, were easily subsumed by clinical care being prioritised; (2) ethical care by non-indigenous nurses requires critical reflection about broader equity issues that impact Māori disengagement from healthcare; (3) retention of indigenous nurses was seen as essential because their advocacy and the cultural ‘fit’ for Māori contributed to positive healthcare outcomes; and (4) committed leadership ensured culturally safe care was not eroded through workplace efficiencies. Discussion: The data provide rich representation of Woods’ model. The data indicate that nurses must engage reflexively with a relational ethic of care and social justice dimensions in order to deliver culturally safe care. Conclusion: Woods’ model provides a critical lens for nurses to examine their relational practice and systemic factors that enhance or detract from culturally safe care when caring for members of any indigenous group.
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Kristoffersen, Margareth, and Febe Friberg. "The nursing discipline and self-realization." Nursing Ethics 22, no. 6 (August 20, 2014): 723–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733014543967.
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Background: It is obvious from literature within the nursing discipline that nursing is related to moral or moral–philosophical related ideas which are other-oriented. The socio-cultural process of change in modern society implies that more self-oriented ideas have been found to be significant. Aim: The overall aim of this article is to highlight self-oriented moral or moral–philosophical related ideas as an important part of the nursing discipline. This is achieved by (a) exploring self-realization as a significant self-oriented moral or moral–philosophical related idea based on a philosophical anthropological perspective, (b) demonstrating how moral or moral–philosophical related ideas are expressed by nurses, (c) discussing the relevance of self-realization for the nursing discipline, and (d) pointing out possible consequences for the future development of the discipline of nursing. Research design: This theoretical study draws empirical examples from interviews. Participants and research context: Data consisted of interviews with 13 nurses with varying work experience within the primary and secondary somatic and psychiatric health service, from inside as well as outside institutions. Ethical considerations: The empirical study was approved by the Norwegian Social Science Data Services. Information was given and consent was obtained from the study participants. Findings: Findings are presented in two themes: (a) other-oriented ideas and (b) self-oriented ideas. More concretely, the findings show that nurses hope to make life as good as possible for the patient and they have a wish to improve themselves as human beings, to become better persons. Discussion: The relevance of self-realization for the nursing discipline is discussed along two lines, first, by connecting nurses’ self-understanding to a horizon of identity and second, by considering what self-realization could offer. Conclusion: It is of ultimate concern for the nursing discipline to highlight self-realization connected to the positive view of freedom understood as an exercise-concept. Further identifying and articulating the contribution of self-realization to nurses and nursing practice is of particular importance.
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Ivanytskyy, Sergiy, and Demyd Morozov. "Realization of the right to free legal aid: constitutional and sectoral aspects." Constitutional and legal academic studies, no. 1 (October 15, 2023): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2663-5399.2023.1.02.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the constitutional and sectoral aspects of the realization of the right to free legal aid, to determine the optimal subject of administration of the system of free secondary legal aid in Ukraine.Research methods. The methodological basis of this work is a complex of general scientific and special methods and techniques of scientific knowledge, in particular, dialectical, system-structural, formal-logical, statistical method, as well as methods of modeling, analysis and synthesis, etc.Results and conclusions. According to art. 59 of the Constitution of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On free legal aid», procedural codes and by-laws, an extensive system of free legal aid has been created in Ukraine, including the provision of free primary and secondary legal aid.Despite the harsh conditions of a full-scale war, the free legal aid system has demonstrated institutional stability and an intention to develop and strengthen its human resources. The advocate’s corpus is an advanced vanguard and the basis of the FLA system, which is able to solve difficult professional and ethical issues that arose in connection with the russian military invasion. The realization of the management (administration) function of the FSLA system should be carried out by the Coordination center for legal aid provision. The transfer of this function to the bodies of the Ukrainian national bar association is not justified and carries the risks of reducing the clarity of the distribution of assignments for the provision of FSLA between advocates and payment for their services from the state budget.Many ukrainian advocates have changed ethical approaches to protect those suspected of committing crimes related to facilitating russian military aggression. The main reasons were patriotic beliefs, risks of human condemnation, identification of advocate and client, reputational and moral factors.To increase trust and transparency in the work of the FSLA system, it is advisable to stage the introduction of automated distribution of assignments among advocates based on certain criteria.
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Hnatchuk, Oksana, Kateryna Shestakova, and Serhii Yaremchuk. "Use of principles of humanism in social work." Social work and education 9, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 188–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.25128/2520-6230.22.2.1.
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The article shows that the satisfaction of humanitarian problems in social work contributes to a fuller realization of human disclosure in society, especially in times of transformation of social values at the stage of creating a "consumer society". In the process of social work is the formation of life and moral and ethical values due to the interaction of the individual and society, which is the highest value, as it is about human life, protecting it from crisis situations. However, the progress of society, the creation of social conditions under which full realization would take place, the disclosure of man is possible only through the satisfaction of humanitarian problems. In the process of social work, both vital and moral and ethical values are formed. The axiological function of social work is mainly manifested in the interaction of employee and client, as well as in cooperation between social workers and social services. The highest value of social work is recognized by the International Code of Ethics for Social Workers, as social work is based on various humanistic, religious and democratic ideals and philosophical theories and is a universal opportunity to meet human needs arising from human and social interactions and human potential. Person of the modern world easily changes activities, interests, beliefs, values, which leads to a spiritual crisis. This crisis is caused not only by global processes, but also by internal issues, including social protection, when a person is unable to respond quickly to change, loses habitual social behavior and finds himself in a stressful or difficult life situation (unemployment, illness, homelessness, refugee status, etc.). Supporting a person in such a situation, helping to find meaning in life, raising self-esteem, adaptation to new social conditions will largely depend on the professional behavior of social workers, their correct interaction with those in difficult situations. Practical activity in this case will be to recognize the biological, psychological, social and spiritual aspects of human life, understanding them as whole individuals.
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Kistersky, Leonid. "UKRAINE – REPUBLIC OF KOREA: EXTERNAL TRADE CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS." Actual Problems of Economics 1, no. 264 (June 2023): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.32752/1993-6788-2023-1-264-153-162.
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The paper focuses on the analysis of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and The Republic of Korea. The long-term trend of trade cooperation between the countries indicates the discrepancy between economic potentials and the modest indicators of trade in goods and services, as well as Ukraine's negative balance in bilateral foreign economic relations. The objective of the study is to highlight the current state, problems and prospects for the development of trade and economic relations between Ukraine and The Republic of Korea, which allows to prioritize the challenges that hinder the development of trade and economic relations between the two countries. Special attention is paid to overcoming institutional barriers and artificial obstacles by developing high moral and ethical values and eliminating the corruption component in Ukrainian society. It is justified that the current global economic crisis has demonstrated the deep gap between the material sphere and moral principles. It is emphasized that the crisis is global not only in the geographical aspect, but also in the substantive and systemic aspects since it is not only and not so much of economic nature as of axiological, thus in general can be defined as the economic-spiritual. It has been proven that overcoming the current crisis requires not only new economic mechanisms, but also new approaches that take into account spiritual, moral and other human values.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Moral and ethical aspects of Human services"
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Turnbull, David John. "Towards a collaborative ethic in intellectual disability services." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1998.
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This thesis examines collaboratively impoverished frameworks currently existing in services, and then presents a framework within which it is possible to work towards an ethically informed, collaborative engagement between people who have as a common interest, a person with an intellectual disability. The thesis explores three themes that are of great significance to both service providers and other participants in their relation to people with intellectual disability - those of personal identity, advocacy and self-advocacy. The relative impotence of service providers in being able to deal with structural problems concerning these themes, in the absence of a genuinely collaborative endeavor which is driven from an adequately resourced and motivated community base, is demonstrated. Critiques of services offered from philosophical positions are considered. Service models and philosophies adopted as a response to these critiques demonstrate, in their application, the difficulties that services have in operationalizing a pro-active ethical agenda. In considering these philosophies, the power and the role of services in constructing and maintaining devaluing and oppressive meanings associated with the phrase '0person with an intellectual disability' itself, is emphasised. Various ethical discourses are examined and it is shown that these, when undertaken within frameworks of understanding which take the autonomous, rational individual as the subject of the discourse, fail to offer sufficient guidance in the pursuit of the wellbeing of, and respect for, people with intellectual disability. This poses a central issue that any collaborative engagement between stakeholders needs to decide - the status as persons of people with intellectual disability.
The issue of ambivalence towards this status, which services seem to perpetuate, poses the central practical question: how is it possible to decisively resolve this ambivalence in favour of the full personhood and humanity of those who are labeled as having intellectual disability? A current service philosophy, Social role Valorisation (SRV), is discussed in considerable detail, to demonstrate the need for this philosophy to be situated in an explicitly ethical framework, in which personhood is acknowledged in all its strangeness, difference and relational diversity, if it is to be utilised collaboratively. The explicit socially normative under-pinning of SRV is shown to reinforce the 'non-person' status of those who fail to meet these normative criteria for acceptance. Thus SRV may on occasions be instrumentally directed to harmful outcomes. The intent of SRV is to protect the life of devalued people, as persons, so there is a need for a more explicitly ethical formulation. The contention of the thesis is that the nature of 'what is valued' with and for people with intellectual disability may only be determined collaboratively, in the context of relationships which give recognition to their intrinsic value as persons, not by reference to some abstract set of social norms. What this intrinsic value is however, can not be according to the attributes selected by some philosophers - autonomy and rationality - as being the essential defining characteristics of persons. Rather, intrinsic value must be a relational concept, derived from those who have a relationship with those with intellectual disability, directed to their respect and wellbeing. for a person with an intellectual disability, to be in relationship with people of such favourable dispositions is of vital importance. Yet it is also important that such people are afforded the recognition, from those less intimately involved, but who exercise power in the situation, that these relationships are the basis for defining social space and place for people who do not fit easily into the system. To be a person with intellectual disability therefore is dependent on the right to be in relationships of interdependency with others, and not be excluded socially as 'defective' because one is not autonomous. The nature of this interdependency, this anti-individualism, as a valid expression of humanity can only be supported through a collaborative engagement.
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Coleman, Stephen 1968. "The ethical implications of human ectogenesis." Monash University, School of Philosophy, Linguistics and Bioethics, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8904.
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Olivier, Stephen Chris. "Ethical issues in human movement research." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015402.
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In acknowledging past abuses of humans in research contexts, and recognising the potential for malpractices in Human Movement Studies (HMS), this study evaluated the extent to which ethical issues are addressed in the discipline. The primary method consisted of the standard techniques of philosophic analysis, with empirical data complementing the conclusions. In general, the study contends that insufficient attention is paid to ethical issues in HMS research. In response to a set of specifically constructed, ethically problematic research proposals, only 1.8% of comments from senior researchers advocated rejection of the proposals on ethical grounds. Also, a journal search indicated that consideration of ethical issues in published research may largely be absent. Questionnaire responses revealed that South African HMS departments may be deficient in terms of accountability towards ethical guidelines. Whilst noting the existence of utilitarian ethics in HMS research, it is advocated that deontologic principles should take precedence. Further, only a sound educative effort will produce improvements. In conclusion, this study advocates a deontology-based approach to research ethics. This is consistent with the contention that the use of humans in research is a privilege, and that the rights of participants ought to outweigh the desire of researchers to conduct research.
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Brouillet, Miriam. "Is it justified to patent human genetic resources?" Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19699.
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In the past century, the scope of patentable objects has greatly expanded. Patents are now being granted on living organisms, human biological material and genes. What are the consequences of such practices for scientific research and health care? One of the fundamental philosophical questions behind this issue is the following: are we justified in patenting human genetic material? An examination of the traditional philosophical justification of intellectual property will allow us to critically explore whether or not this practice is ethically justifiable. It will be argued that the consequentialist justification of intellectual property requires, in this present case, that we modify the patent regimes in order to maximise social benefits and minimize public burdens.
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Williams-Jones, Bryn. "Embodiment, property, and the patenting of human genetic material." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ29520.pdf.
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Dimokpala, Chrisopher Chukwudi. "Catholic reflections on abortion and euthanasia - towards a theology of sacredness of human life." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3945_1310979257.
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It is not possible in this paper to deal with all the moral problems revolving at the &ldquo
beginning&rdquo
and &ldquo
end&rdquo
of human life in the modern world. However, something must be said about the question regarding respect for human life vis-à
-vis abortion and euthanasia, since they are widely discussed today and since they strike at the very heart of traditional morality. The dignity and worth of individual life cannot be derived from analysis of individual life itself. Humanity is not the measure of all things. Whatever value human beings have is strictly transitory unless it is in our relationship to some ultimate source of value outside us. Christian faith understands human value as being established by our relationship with God - a relationship created and given by God himself. It is because we have our being from God and are sustained by God that we can meaningfully affirm the value of individual human life.
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FeldmanHall, Oriel. "A neuro-cognitive investigation of human moral decision-making in real and hypothetical contexts." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610657.
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Damsani, Maduh A. "The effect of religiosity on fertility : a case of the Muslims in Southern Philippines." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117058.
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This study is an investigation of the effect of
religiosity on fertility among the adherents of Islam,
specifically on the three Muslim ethnic groups in southern
Philippines, the Sama of Tawi-Tawi, the Yakan of Basilan and
the Tausug of Sulu. The data are derived from the KAP
Survey Among Muslim Couples in Region IX (Western Mindanao),
1981 conducted by the Western Mindanao State University.
The findings from the analysis confirmed the general
hypothesis that the greater the degree of religious
commitment or religiosity the higher the fertility. Muslim
couples who scored higher on the religiosity index exhibited
higher fertility (as measured by mean number of children
ever born) and had larger family size ideals than did those
who scored lower. An inverted U-shaped association was
shown between religiosity and number of family planning
methods known.
The positive relationship between religiosity and
fertility was shown by both cross-tabulation and multiple
classification analysis (MCA) even after controlling for
some demographic and socio-economic factors. However,
religiosity was not as strong a predictor of the three
fertility-related variables used in this study in comparison
to other determinants of fertility. Education was the most
important predictor followed by husband's occupation and
ethnicity.
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Hurlimann, Thierry. "The duty to treat very defective neonates as "persons" : from the legal and moral personhood of very defective neonates to their best interests in medical treatment." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80929.
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The dramatic improvement of neonatal intensive care has produced vexing ethical and legal questions. One of the most striking issues is to determine whether the most defective neonates should be provided with intensive care and to what extent they should be treated. This thesis demonstrates that an attempt to answer this question and an analysis of the demands and limitations of a duty to treat defective neonates cannot properly occur without first considering the legal concerns and ethical issues surrounding the notion of "person". The author examines germane ethical theories and North-American jurisprudence to see what approaches and standards commentators and courts have adopted in this respect. This thesis demonstrates that in the context of the cessation or non-initiation of intensive care, the legal and moral status of very defective neonates remain ambiguous. In particular, the author suggests that a legal best interests analysis that includes quality of life considerations may actually involve the use of criteria similar to those supported by the authors of the controversial moral theories that negate the personhood of seriously handicapped newborns. The author ultimately concludes that a clear divide between the legal definition of the "person" and the moral and social perceptions of that term is misleading.
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De, Roubaix J. A. M. (John Addey Malcolm). "Value, utility and autonomy : a moral-critical analysis of utilitarian positions on the value of prenatal life." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50542.
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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Problem statement For utilitarians, human beings have intrinsic moral significance based on only two acquired characteristics: sentience, or the ability to suffer, and psychological personhood. Sentience is the entrance-requirement for moral significance, but does not justify a "right to life" claim; at most a "right" not to suffer. Personhood, described as some sort of self-conscious awareness with a concept of the future, may justify a "right to life" claim. However, since personhood is absent in prenatal beings, and only develops some time after birth, the implication is that such beings have little moral significance and may, for instance, be killed "at will". The moral problem that I address in this dissertation is to investigate, assess and evaluate the utilitarian position on the moral status or value of prenatal life. Methodology and results I firstly, on the basis of an extensive literature study, make a detailed analysis of the utilitarian position with reference to a number of themes that I have identified in their argument. This is followed by a critical philosophical evaluation of the utilitarian position, based on six particular arguments: • Utilitarianism is philosophically incoherent. It over-simplifies the moral argument in claiming that consequences are all that matter morally. Its underlying moral theory is at odds with moral claims contained in contemporary notions of human rights and individual justice. It ignores the moral significance of special obligations to special groups. • Utilitarianism potentially has unacceptable consequences. It IS inherently discriminatory and may lead to legitimate "slippery slope" fears. • Utilitarianism clashes with our fundamental moral intuitions on the value of prenatal life. These intuitions are cherished in most world religions. • Contrary to the utilitarian position, speciesism is inevitable to the human condition, especially argued from a position of existential phenomenology. Self- constitution, simultaneous constitution of the world as we know it, and the very possibility of morality are possible only within a particular notion of speciesism. • The potentiality of pre-persons to develop into persons cannot be as convincingly ignored as is done by the utilitarian. • There is a basic and underlying need and intuition to protect vulnerable human beings, of which pre-persons are exemplars. These notions clash with utilitarian theory. As an alternative, I introduce, set out and evaluate a two-phased position on the moral significance of pre-personal human life, a position of respectfulness of prenatal and pre-personal human life based upon its humanity, potentiality and separation-viability. This leads, firstly, to the conclusion of a graded, sliding scale conception of human prepersonal moral significance in line with the level of development and with the actuation of potentiality. Secondly, it leads to the conclusion that the advent of separationsurvivability (viability) is a morally significant cut-off point beyond which the human fetus may "normally" have a justifiable right to the continuation of its life. In as far as the application of my argument is concerned, I develop a "moderate" position with reference to the abortion debate. Whilst I recognize that all human prenatal beings of which it can be argued that they have a reasonable chance to develop their intrinsic potentiality, i.e., to become full-fledged persons, should have the opportunity to do so, I also recognize that neither this position, nor the complexities of life make it possible to hold "absolute" positions on the justifiability of abortion. I explore this extremely problematic notion in the text. That having been said, the advent of separation-survivability may imply a "moral cut-off point", beyond which termination is only rarely justified. I argue that I find no moral hindrance to wellmotivated research on human pre-embryos and stem cells.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Probleemstelling Utilitariste huldig sterk omlynde standpunte oor die waarde van lewe. Hulle redeneer dat menslike (inderwaarheid, alle lewende) wesens slegs op grond van twee eienskappe intrinsieke morele waarde kan verwerf: sentiëntisme, d.i. die vermoë om lyding te ervaar, en persoonstatus. Sentiëntisme is 'n bepalende vereiste vir morele status, maar regverdig nie 'n "reg op lewe"-aanspraak nie. Persoonsyn, verstaan as 'n vorm van selfbewustheid tesame met 'n bewuste belang by die voortsetting van eie bestaan, mag wel so 'n aanspraak regverdig. Voorgeboortelike (en "voorpersoonlike") wesens is egter nie persone nie; hulle word eers (aansienlik) ná geboorte volwaardige persone. Die implikasie is dat sulke wesens weinig morele status het, en byvoorbeeld, na willekeur gedood mag word. Die morele probleem wat ek in hierdie dissertasie aanspreek is om die utilitaristiese beskouing ten opsigte van die morale status of waarde van voorgeboortelike lewe krities-filosofies te ondersoek en te evalueer. Metodologie en gevolgtrekkings Eerstens maak ek na aanleiding van 'n gedetaileerde literatuurstudie 'n in-diepte analise van van die utilitaristiese posisie aan die hand van 'n aantal temas wat ek in hul argument geïdentifiseer het. Daarna volg 'n krities-filosofiese evaluasie van die utilitaristiese posisie, aan die hand van ses argumente: • Utilitarisme is filosofies onsamehangend. Dit oorvereenvoudig die morele argument deur voor te gee dat gevolge al is wat moreel saakmaak. Die onderliggende utilitaristiese teorie bots met die morele eise vervat in kontemporêre sienings van menseregte en geregtigheid. Dit negeer die morele belangrikheid van spesiale verpligtinge teenoor spesiale belangegroepe. • Utilitarisme het potensieelonaanvaarbare gevolge. Dit IS inherent diskriminerend en kan lei tot onkeerbare glybaan ("slippery slope")-argumente. Utilitarisme bots met ons fundamentele morele intuïsies betreffende die waarde van voorgeboortelike lewe. Hierdie intuïsies word onder meer ondersteun deur die meeste hoofstroom godsdienste. • Spesiësisme is, in kontras met die utilitaristiese beskouing, onafwendbaar vir ons selfverstaan as mense, soos aangetoon kan word met 'n beroep op die eksistensiële fenomenologie. Self-konstituering, gelyktydige konstituering van die wêreld van die mens, en selfs die moontlikheid van moraliteit is slegs moontlik vanuit' n bepaalde spesiësistiese beskouing. • Die potensialiteit van "pre-persone" om tot volwaardige persone te ontwikkel kan nie, soos die utilitaris doen, sonder meer geïgnoreer word nie. • Daar is 'n basiese en onderliggende morele eis om swak en weerlose menslike wesens te beskerm. Hierdie idees bots lynreg met utilitaristiese teorie. As 'n alternatief tot die utilitaristiese beskouing, ontwikkel ek 'n twee-fase posisie betreffende die morele waarde van voorgeboortelike menslike lewe. Ek noem hierdie posisie agting vir voorgeboortelike en voor-persoonlike menslike lewe gebaseer op die menslikheid, potensialiteit en oorleefbaarheid van prenatale mense. Dit lei, eerstens, tot die gevolgtrekking van 'n gegradeerde glyskaal konsepsie van voor-persoonlike menslike morele waarde, min of meer parallel aan die vlak van ontwikkeling en die ontwikkeling van potensialiteit. Tweedens lei dit tot die gevolgtrekking dat die ontwikkeling van lewensvatbaarheid 'n moreel-beduidende afsnypunt is waarna die menslike fetus "normaalweg" aanspraak kan maak op 'n reg dat sy lewe voortgesit moet word. In soverre dit die toepassing van my argument betref, ontwikkel ek 'n "gematigde" posisie vis-á-vis aborsie. Ek redeneer dat alle menslike voorgeboortelike wesens wat 'n redelike kans het dat hul intrinsieke potensialiteit verder sal ontwikkel, die geleentheid daartoe gegun behoort te word. Ek aanvaar ook dat nog hierdie beskouing, nog die kompleksiteit van die menslike bestaan "absolute" posisies moreel regverdig. Die problematiek en inherente spanning tussen hierdie oënskynlik-opponerende posisies word in die teks bespreek. Nogtans beskou ek die ontwikkeling van lewensvatbaarheid as 'n moreel insiggewende afsnypunt waarna terminasie net in buitengewone omstandighede moreel regverdigbaar is.
Books on the topic "Moral and ethical aspects of Human services"
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Wirth-Davis, Michael. Designing ethical practices for quality services: CARF employment and communtiy services. Tucson, Ariz: CARF, 2001.
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Sommers-Flanagan, Rita. Becoming an Ethical Helping Professional. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2006.
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Lauer, Eugene F. Human service strikes: A contemporary ethical dilemma. St. Louis, MO: Catholic Health Association of the United States, 1986.
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Lindqvist, Martti. Auttajan varjo: Pahuuden ja haavoittuvuuden ongelma ihmistyön etiikassa. 2nd ed. Helsingissä: Otava, 1991.
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Lindqvist, Martti. Ammattina ihminen: Hoidon etiikasta ja arvoista. 2nd ed. Helsingissä: Otava, 1985.
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Sommers-Flanagan, Rita. Becoming an Ethical Helping Professional: Cultural and Philosophical Foundations. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2006.
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United States. Commission on Research Integrity. Integrity and misconduct in research: Report of the Commission on Research Integrity to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the House Committee on Commerce, the Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Secretary, Office of Research Integrity, 1995.
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United States. General Accounting Office, ed. Scientific research: Continued vigilance critical to protecting human subjects : statement of Sarah F. Jaggar, Director, Health Financing and Public Health Issues, Health, Education, and Human Services Division, before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1996.
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R, Chapman Audrey, ed. Health care and information ethics: Protecting fundamental human rights. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1997.
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Srinivasaraghavan, Jagannathan, Antony Fernandez, and Anand K. Pandurangi. "Mental Health Services in USA: Ethical and Legal Aspects and Human Rights—What India can Learn from Western Models." In Mental Health in South Asia: Ethics, Resources, Programs and Legislation, 133–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9017-8_9.
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Tahvanainen, Laura, Birgitta Tetri, and Outi Ahonen. "Exploring and Extending Human-Centered Design to Develop AI-Enabled Wellbeing Technology in Healthcare." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 288–306. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59091-7_19.
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AbstractDigital transformation and digitalisation are rapidly affecting the society. The gradually increasing applications of different types of AI into solutions and services are welcome, but there are associated risks. These include, for example, within human aspects of care undermining fundamental rights, ethical considerations, sustainability, and policies and regulations. This change permeates every societal level, but it is especially evident in the healthcare sector due to the ageing population and shortage of professionals. This situation also places pressure on the development of competencies among healthcare professionals. A human-centered approach in design and design methods can promote the development of AI-based solutions in transdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary processes encompassing numerous stakeholders, scientific orientations, and perspectives. There is a need for research and evaluation of Human-Centered Design (HCD) processes and design methods to develop and gain more insights for future development.This study was conducted as research through design. It aimed to elucidate the application and insights gained from the adopted Service design process for AI-enabled services and HCD approach while developing AI-empowered solution, Voima-chatbot. One of this research's main conclusions and realization is the shift from purely HCD towards Life-Centered design of AI-enabled solutions with a human-in-the-loop. In addition, this project increased the understanding of the deep importance of having a transdisciplinary dialogue with developers during the process of developing digital well-being devices and combining different professional competencies to achieve the best working solutions.
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da Costa Alexandre, António, and Luís Moniz Pereira. "Ethics and Development of Advanced Technology Systems in Public Administration." In Ethics and Responsible Research and Innovation in Practice, 224–47. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33177-0_14.
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AbstractThis article analyses aspects related to the implementation of advanced technology systems in Public Administration, taking into account the scope of action of its entities and services, as well as its main distinction with the private sector, which lies in the pursuit of the public interest, understood as justification for the execution of public policies, but also in the broader scope of the human development index. The difficulties and resistance to the adoption and use of technology in Public Administration will be examined, also in the light of practical situations whose implementation proved to be inadequate, resulting in the analysis of ideas for the future. We approach the evolution of public management models that are emerging through the action of technology. We prepare the ground for machine ethics in Public Administration by framing ethics in public services in general terms, with reference to AI systems designed in line with mainstream ethics. Of the various ethical issues that arise in this domain, we pay attention to the issue of privacy and the balance that needs to be achieved so that the use of data can contribute to ethical, beneficial and reliable technologies. We sound alerts in the field of discrimination and prejudice that the bias of technology can show. The explainability and transparency of technological systems provide confidence to decision-makers and citizens, helping to clarify responsibilities in the decisions of Public Administration agents, and the researchers working for them .
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Levy, Barry S. "Human Rights, Ethics, and International Humanitarian Law." In From Horror to Hope, 36–52. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197558645.003.0005.
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This chapter defines categories of human rights and describes United Nations documents on which many human rights are based. It covers Just War Theory and other aspects of the justification for war. It also covers justified conduct during war, based on the Geneva Conventions and other international humanitarian law. It covers the concept and the origins of medical neutrality. The chapter describes the origins, examples, and intervention for genocide and mass killing. It also describes torture and international law concerning torture, as well as illegal and immoral physician participation in torture. It describes enforced disappearance. The chapter also covers ethics, and the moral and ethical dilemmas faced by health professionals and humanitarian relief workers as well as ethical issues in research on war-affected populations. Finally, the chapter briefly describes conscientious objection to military service.
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"Human Rights: Moral Ethical Social Medical and Legal Aspects." In Multidimensional Curriculum Enhancing Future Thinking Literacy, 198–219. Brill | Sense, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004375208_012.
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Montalvo, Fernando L., Michael Miuccio, and Grace E. Waldfogle. "Ethical Design of Social Technology." In Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 20–47. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6453-0.ch002.
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Social technology has become ubiquitous in everyday life. Developers of social technologies seek design elements and new technologies, such as machine learning algorithms, aimed at increasing user engagement. Increased user engagement with products or services is sought after by both companies, which benefit from increased sales and customers who desire technology which they are motivated to use. However, increased user engagement also results in increased demand on user attention. High demand on user attention results in problems for social technology users, including decreased task performance, decrements in working memory, increased anxiety, and more. Developers of social technology should take these negative effects on users into account when implementing new features into their products or services. This chapter proposes a framework for the ethical design of social technology, with a specific emphasis on the balance between user engagement and attentional demands on the user.
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Ballesteros, Carlos, and Dulce Eloisa Saldaña. "Ethical Marketing." In Advances in Marketing, Customer Relationship Management, and E-Services, 174–94. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9784-3.ch012.
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This chapter addresses those fundamentals and ethical issues related to the profession of marketing, as well as indirectly to other decision makers in companies, to guide human action in a moral sense. The main objective will be to provide different insights to business and marketing professionals to identify and analyze ethical problems in the various elements of a marketing strategy to propose alternatives, so that they may adjust their behavior according to the set of life and judging human acts (own and externals) according to the accepted norms and values. The chapter leads readers to an open invitation to reflect about his/her professional field: how I can contribute from an ethical perspective? From the ethics of marketing, how I can make decisions based on principles such as confidentiality, truthfulness, loyalty, transparency, fairness and accountability?
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Pană, Laura. "Artificial Ethics." In Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 41–65. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6122-6.ch004.
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A new morality is generated in the present scientific and technical environment, and a new ethics is needed, an ethics which may be found in both individual and social morality, which can guide a moral evolution of different cultural fields and which has the chance to keep alive the moral culture itself. This chapter points out first the scientific, technical, and philosophical premises of artificial ethics. The specific, the status, and the role of artificial ethics is described by selecting ethical procedures, norms, and values that are suitable to be applied both by human and artificial moral agents. Moral intelligence as a kind of practical intelligence is studied and its role in human and artificial moral conduct is evaluated. Common features of human and artificial moral agents are presented. Specific features of artificial moral agents are analyzed. Artificial ethics is presented as part of the multi-set of artificial cognition, discovery, activity, organization, and evolution ways. A meta-ethical survey establishes the place of artificial ethics within the group of new and emergent ethical fields of the computer culture. Natural and artificial evolution are studied from an interdisciplinary and even from an intercultural perspective, and the co-evolution of human and artificial moral agents is sketched by means of technological and social prognosis.
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Heller, Peter. "Technoethics." In Advances in Human and Social Aspects of Technology, 77–95. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6122-6.ch006.
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Technoethics relates to the impact of ethics in technology and technological change in biological, medical, military, engineering, and other applications. Accordingly, new questions arise about the moral right and wrong of corresponding technological issues. These, in turn, generate novel trade-offs, many of them controversial, involving the desirable versus undesirable ethical aspects of the new invention or innovation from a moral viewpoint. The discussion in this chapter suggests that frequently much can be said on both sides of an ethical argument and that therefore, at times, agonizing decisions must be made about which side has the greater moral merit based on numerous variables. The minicases sprinkled throughout the text and the longer automobile engineering case at the end are used as illustrations.
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"Ensuring Accountability in Human Services: The Dilemma of Measuring Moral and Ethical Performance." In Ethics in Public Management, 192–210. Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315497778-17.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Moral and ethical aspects of Human services"
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Callari, Tiziana, Anne-Marie Oostveen, Ella-Mae Hubbard, Sarah Fletcher, and Niels Lohse. "Where are we at? A review of the advances in the ethical aspects of human-robot collaboration." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003506.
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Human-robot collaboration (HRC) is revolutionising the future of manufacturing and service industries. Ethical research on HRC regards all issues of safeguarding humans from unintended and potentially unethical risks and hazards associated with collaborative robots (also known as “cobots”). Within the CoBots domain, the term Roboethics has been coined to refer to the social and ethical aspects of the design, development, and employment of collaborative and intelligent robots, which could be clustered in four typologies: (1) robots as machines; (2) robots may have an intrinsic ethical dimension and be able to trigger emotions and feelings from users; (3) robots are seen as moral agents; (4) robots are an evolution of a new species, having a conscience and greater intellectual dimensions. This paper aims to provide a review of the available literature in the field to map the ethical aspects and concerns that are discussed in the HRC domain, taking into account the above Roboethics typologies. The paper will conclude outlining an agenda for future ethical research in HRC, specifically where current gaps emerge.
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Lauc, Zvonimir, and Marijana Majnarić. "EU LEGAL SYSTEM AND CLAUSULA REBUS SIC STANTIBUS." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18352.
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We are witnesses and participants of Copernican changes in the world which result in major crises/challenges (economic, political, social, climate, demographic, migratory, MORAL) that significantly change “normal” circumstances. The law, as a large regulatory system, must find answers to these challenges. Primarily, these circumstances relate to (i) the pandemic - Corona 19, which requires ensuring economic development with a significant encroachment on human freedoms and rights; (ii) globalization, which fundamentally changes the concept of liberal capitalism as the most efficient system of production of goods and services and democracy as a desirable form of government; (iii) automation, robotics, artificial intelligence, and big data are changing the ways we work, live, communicate, and learn in a Copernican manner. The law should serve to shape the relationship between people in order to realize a life of love and freedom. This is done to the greatest extent through the constitutional engineering of selected institutions. The legal system focuses on institutions that have a raison d'etre in their mission, which is read as “ratio legis”, as a desirable normative and real action in the range of causal and teleological aspect. Crisis situations narrow social cohesion and weaken trust in institutions. It is imperative to seek constitutional engineering that finds a way out in autopoietic institutions in allopoietic environment. We believe that the most current definition of law is that = law is the negation of the negation of morality. It follows that morality is the most important category of social development. Legitimacy, and then legality, relies on morality. In other words, the rules of conduct must be highly correlated with morality - legitimacy - legality. What is legal follows the rules, what is lawful follows the moral substance and ethical permissibility. Therefore, only a fair and intelligent mastery of a highly professional and ethical teleological interpretation of law is a conditio sine qua non for overcoming current anomalies of social development. The juridical code of legal and illegal is a transformation of moral, legitimate and legal into YES, and immoral, illegitimate and illegal into NO. The future of education aims to generate a program for global action and a discussion on learning and knowledge for the future of humanity and the planet in a world of increasing complexity, uncertainty and insecurity.
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Kutz, Janika, Jens Neuhüttler, Jan Spilski, and Thomas Lachmann. "AI-based Services - Design Principles to Meet the Requirements of a Trustworthy AI." In 14th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1003107.
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The development of Human-Centered and Trustworthy AI-based services has recently attracted increased attention in politics and science. Even though that technical advances have received many of the attention lately, ethical considerations are becoming more and more important. One of the most valuable publications in this area is the "Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI" of the European Commission (EC). One approach to assist developers in implementing these requirements during the development process is to provide design guidelines. The aim of this paper is to identify which action-oriented design principles can be applied to satisfy the requirements for Trustworthy AI. For this purpose, the design principles published by Major providers of commercial AI-based services were contrasted with the seven requirements of the EC. The results indicate that some design principles can be used to meet the requirements of Trustworthy AI. At the same time, however, it becomes clear that work on Ethical AI should be extended by aspects related to Human-AI Interaction and service process quality.
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Nagumanova, Regina Vildanovna, and Tatyana Valerevna Erina. "ASPECTS OF SOCIAL AUDIT AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT REPORTING." In Themed collection of papers from Foreign International Scientific Conference « Science in the Era of Challenges and Global Changes» Ьу НNRI «National development» in cooperation with AFP (Puerto Cabezas, Nicaragua). Мау 2023. - Caracas (Venezuela). Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/230527.2023.27.44.015.
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In the modern conditions of economic development, corporations strengthen their commitment to human rights, social and environmental responsibility, ethical control and promotion of sustainable development through their services, processes, products and relationships. Playing a key role in social control, audit corrects people's mistakes, including fraud, missteps and illegal actions, directing them in the right direction. It also strengthens and expands the relationship between corporations and stakeholders who have much less knowledge and capabilities than corporations.
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Kioskli, Kitty, Laura Bishop, Nineta Polemi, and Antonis Ramfos. "Towards a Human-Centric AI Trustworthiness Risk Management Framework." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004766.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) aims to replicate human behavior in socio-technical systems, with a strong focus on AI engineering to replace human decision-making. However, an overemphasis on AI system autonomy can lead to bias, unfair, non-ethical decisions, and thus a lack of trust, resulting in decreased performance, motivation, and competitiveness. To mitigate these AI threats, developers are incorporating ethical considerations, often with input from ethicists, and using technical tools like IBM's Fairness 360 and Google's What-If tool to assess and improve fairness in AI systems. These efforts aim to create more trustworthy and equitable AI technologies. Building trustworthiness in AI technology does not necessarily imply that the human user will fundamentally trust it. For humans to use technology trust must be present, something challenging when AI lacks a permanent/stable physical embodiment. It is also important to ensure humans do not over-trust resulting in AI misuse. Trustworthiness should be assessed in relation to human acceptance, performance, satisfaction, and empowerment to make design choices that grant them ultimate control over AI systems, and the extent to which the technology meets the business context of the socio-technical system where it's used. For AI to be perceived as trustworthy, it must also align with the legal, moral, ethical principles, and behavioral patterns of its human users, whilst also considering the organizational responsibility and liability associated with the socio-technical system's business objectives. Commitment to incorporating these principles to create secure and effective decision support AI systems will offer a competitive advantage to organizations that integrate them.Based on this need, the proposed framework is a synthesis of research from diverse disciplines (cybersecurity, social and behavioral sciences, ethics) designed to ensure the trustworthiness of AI-driven hybrid decision support while accommodating the specific decision support needs and trust of human users. Additionally, it aims to align with the key performance indicators of the socio-technical environment where it operates. This framework serves to empower AI system developers, business leaders offering AI-based services, as well as AI system users, such as educators, professionals, and policymakers, in achieving a more absolute form of human-AI trustworthiness. It can also be used by security defenders to make fair decisions during AI incident handling. Our framework extends the proposed NIST AI Risk Management Framework (AI-RFM) since at all stages of the trustworthiness risk management dynamic cycle (threat assessment, impact assessment, risk assessment, risk mitigation), human users are considered (e.g., their morals, ethics, behavior, IT maturity) as well as the primary business objectives of the AI socio-technical system under assessment. Co-creation and human experiment processes must accompany all stages of system management and are therefore part of the proposed framework. This interaction facilitates the execution of continuous trustworthiness improvement processes. During each cycle of trustworthiness risk mitigation, human user assessment will take place, leading to the identification of corrective actions and additional mitigation activities to be implemented before the next improvement cycle. Thus, the main objective of this framework is to help build ‘trustworthy’ AI systems that are ultimately trusted by their users.
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Mendes, Paulo Renato C., Eduardo S. Vieira, Pedro Vinicius A. de Freitas, Antonio José G. Busson, Álan Lívio V. Guedes, Carlos de Salles Soares Neto, and Sérgio Colcher. "Shaping the Video Conferences of Tomorrow With AI." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2020.13082.
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Before the COVID-19 pandemic, video was already one of the main media used on the internet. During the pandemic, video conferencing services became even more important, coming to be one of the main instruments to enable most social and professional human activities. Given the social distancing policies, people are spending more time using these online services for working, learning, and also for leisure activities. Videoconferencing software became the standard communication for home-office and remote learning. Nevertheless, there are still a lot of issues to be addressed on these platforms, and many different aspects to be reexamined or investigated, such as ethical and user-experience issues, just to name a few. We argue that many of the current state-of-the-art techniques of Artificial Intelligence (AI) may help on enhancing video collabo- ration services, particularly the methods based on Deep Learning such as face and sentiment analyses, and video classification. In this paper, we present a future vision about how AI techniques may contribute to this upcoming videoconferencing-age.
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Auliciema, Ilze. "The role and the rights of individual in data economy ecosystems: implementation of the 5G electronic communication networks in Latvia." In 24th International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2023”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2023.57.032.
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The article aims to reveal human privacy aspects of implementing 5G technologies in Latvia and provide an insight into how technology affects individuals and their privacy and property rights. The research analyses Latvian and European Union policy planning documents and regulatory acts in the 5G technology implementation and digital transformation, looking at them from the perspective of the ecosystem approach and individual rights. As a result of the study, it is revealed that the European Union and its member states are already facing a severe dilemma - priorities must be chosen: protection of individual data and private life or rapid development of the digital economy. The European Union's efforts to secure 5G networks and data security are taking longer than the technology ecosystem expects. The fact that the implementation of 5G technologies has been transferred to the hands of telecommunications operators (private business structures, with very little public capital or even global structures) and the development of different services are more private sector-oriented as well creates a threat that people and even state will not be able to control the use of data that is processed using data transmission networks. The study contributes to the discussion on the ethical aspects of digital transformation and data economy at individual and national levels.
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Şamıyeva, Həyat. "Khurramism in Sufi System." In International Symposium Sheikh Zahid Gilani in the 800th Year of His Birth. Namiq Musalı, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59402/ees01201817.
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First of all, we need to overview at the history and essence of Sufism in order to understand the place of the Sufism system and the teaching of Khurramism in this system. “Sufism“ or “tasavvuf“ are essentially of the same meaning. Both terms are used parallel to express the same belief system. Sufism had been a widespread religious-philosophical, mystical moral-ethical thinking and behavior system in the Middle Ages. There are various versions on the origin and essence of this term. The Sufism and the tasavvuf system have had proper and similar features with a number of religions, religious - philosophical and faith systems of human-cultural development up to it. One of these systems is Khurramism. The Khurramism was the ideology of the Khurramid movement, which took place in the late eighteenth -early ninth century. The Khurramid movement had a political, as well as religious-irfani, religious-philosophical-mystical character. The religious faith and values of this movement is the subject of disputes so far. In the historical literature, the words “Khurramids “ or “Khurramdinler “ have appeared since in the time of the Abu Muslim rebel. Among the ideological views of Khurramids known to science, there are some points considered important by them that they indicate the presence of religious-ideological views, and these views were later included in the Sufism system. There were three basic aspects of the religious beliefs of Khurramids: 1) Hulul - God's personification in man; 2) Tanasukh – (reincarnation, metamorphosis as a scientific term) - the pass of the soul from one body to another; 3) Rijat -rising from the dead; Resurrection. They are purely religiousphilosophical- mystical elements. The Sufism system and the Kizilbashlik widely embrace the religious and ideological principles of Babek and Khurramism, and we have also tried to talk about these issues in our articles. Keywords: Sufism, Khurramism, Hulul, Tanasukh, Rijat.
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Stahl, Christoph, Krizia Ferrini, and Torsten Bohn. "LIFANA – User-centered design of a personalized meal recommender app for the elderly." In Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET-AI 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004551.
Full textAbstract:
As the global population continues to age, the healthcare and technology sectors have witnessed an increased interest in understanding and addressing the unique needs of the elderly population. The health challenges faced by the elderly are multifaceted and often interconnected. Age-related cognitive decline can impair memory and decision-making abilities, while physical frailty, with reduced muscle strength and bone density, raises the risk of falls and fractures, affecting their quality of life. Comprehensive healthcare strategies that focus on prevention, early intervention are crucial to addressing these challenges.The general purpose of the LIFANA nutrition solution was to support healthy nutrition through all phases of aging in elderly people, from active seniors to elderly users and patients in need of daily care. The LIFANA mHealth application provided personalized meal plans that helped users to prevent undernutrition or overweight and followed WHO recommendations regarding caloric intake based on height, weight, gender and age as well as measured physical activity. The weekly meal plans maintained a balance between e.g fish and meat and plant-based dishes, ingredient variety, and macronutrients, and considered individual food restrictions. The LIFANA solution distinguishes itself from conventional food logging applications by providing users with seamless access to personalized meal plans that account for factors such as food restrictions, ingredient variety, macronutrient balance, and dietary preferences. For active users (60+) the solution integrated physical activity level measurement to balance caloric intake using the GoLive wearable clip provided by the Dutch project partner Gociety Solutions. Aimed towards users with limited mobility, the LIFANA prototype also integrated a digital shopping list with grocery home-delivery services during the field trials in the city of Porto. This service was provided by our Portuguese retail business partner MC Sonae to streamline the whole process of planning meals and acquiring food products.The target group for LIFANA differs from the general population in many aspects, i.e., cognitive and physical abilities, experience with smartphones, and eating behaviours. There are also considerable differences in food culture within Europe. For these reasons, we implemented a User-Centered Design (UCD) process with two iterative cycles of three phases: i) understanding the needs of the target group, ii) conceptualizing: specifying use cases and details of the technology, and iii) testing the system for usability and the assumed benefits. To facilitate understanding of the user’s needs, 37 stakeholders (seniors aged 65+, health professionals, and informal caregivers) participated in focus groups and co-creation workshops in The Netherlands (NL), Portugal (PT), and Switzerland (CH). The insights gathered from these sessions informed the creation of 7 personas and related scenarios, offering our developers a better understanding of the target users and their needs, considering factors such as age, gender, education, disabilities, and food preferences. Further, we added examples of typical meals for the age group in NL and PT. In the conceptualization phase, the functional requirements for the LIFANA solution were defined, considering the specific interests of all consortium partners, and a first prototype was implemented based on the personas defined in the first phase. The testing phase started with usability evaluation studies to validate that seniors can solve typical tasks. After successful request of ethical approval from the responsible national authorities, the LIFANA solution was then tested in a first round of short field trials in PT and NL. The feedback from the trials was used in a second iteration of the process to refine the requirements and develop a second prototype, which was then tested again in larger, long-term field trials in PT (53 participants, 14 months duration) and NL (107 participants, 3 months). The trials assessed various aspects including user friendliness and -acceptance, as well as changes of health-related aspects, determining its effectiveness regarding the improvement of markers related to health outcomes, and well-being, as well as potential effects related to budgeting. The results show a neutral effect regarding the participants’ anthropometric measures and blood pressure, while their motivation over time somewhat decreased in Portugal, though more pronounced in the Netherlands. This paper introduces the relevance of dietary applications for the healthcare system and the main objectives of the project LIFANA and its consortium. It provides insights into the results of the focus groups and shows two examples of the personas that were developed from them. Further, the results of the field trials are briefly presented. The paper closes with a discussion of the experienced benefits and challenges of the UCD process.
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Sima, Adriana. "A PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW OF GOD, FAITH AND UNBELIEF IN 21ST CENTURY SOCIETY." In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/fs03.03.
Full textAbstract:
Faith in God also enables individuals to make sense of their lives in the midst of chaos and to find meaning and purpose in life�s challenges, a sense of peace and security, especially during difficult times, It can provide hope for a brighter future and a sense of assurance that no matter what life throws our way, God is always with us, knowing that God will never leave them and that He has a plan for their lives. The debate on creation versus evolution is an ongoing, heated debate that has been going on for many years. The debate is between those who believe that God created the universe and those who believe that evolution is the process by which the universe was created. Creationists believe that the Bible is literal and that God created the world in six days. Evolutionists believe that the universe developed over billions of years through natural processes. The debate is ongoing because there is no clear answer to the question of how the universe was created. The evidence for both sides is inconclusive, with no one side able to definitively prove their point of view. The issue of faith and unbelief in God in 21st century society is a complex one. It is important to remember that everyone has the right to make their own decisions when it comes to their beliefs and that there is no one right answer, the important thing is to respect the beliefs of others, no matter what they may be. Alternative sources of spiritual guidance, such as meditation, mindfulness and yoga can take the place of a higher, omniscient and omnipresent Being to whom are attributed all the positive traits that he imprints on people in the form of moral and ethical values, without denying the positive aspects that they have on the human mind and on physical well-being? Therewith, the internet has provided access to a variety of religious perspectives, so more people are exposed to different beliefs and the idea of religious diversity. There is also a growing sense of skepticism about faith among many people. With the rise of science and the prevalence of �fake news�, people are increasingly questioning the validity of religious claims. In the last 10 years, with the emergence of several types of manifestations, several surveys have been conducted in many countries of the world regarding belief in God, the weight of religion in everyday life and people's attitude toward faith. The results were surprising because it could be observed that more and more people perceive the relation to faith and to the Divinity in a completely different way than in the previous centuries. Given the above, it is necessary to try to find answers to some questions that may give us a better understanding of the human-Divinity relationship in the society of the 21st century. Does today's society still believe in God and the moral laws promoted by the church? When and why did people begin to give up belief in God? Why is there a growing sense of skepticism about faith? Are people now more likely to question the traditional beliefs? Do people belive in God in 21st century society or this is the century of unbelif and theism? 21st century society - a society of faith in God, a society of unbelif or a society of atheism? Faith in God remains a powerful force in the world today?
Reports on the topic "Moral and ethical aspects of Human services"
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Bilous, Oksana. FEATURES OF ADVERTISING IN WESTERN UKRAINIAN PRESS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2024.54-55.12173.
Full textAbstract:
In the article, advertising communication is explored in the context of socio-political, socio-economic, and cultural-legal processes in Eastern Galicia (1919–1939); The ideological and educational concept of advertising materials is outlined, and the features of shaping Ukrainian civic-state consciousness, national and universal moral-spiritual values, interethnic mutual respect, and tolerance under the influence of press advertising are characterized. In the four chapters of the monograph, a comprehensive study of the essence of Ukrainian press advertising communication in Eastern Galicia is conducted for the first time in the field of journalism science. Iryna Nironovych introduced documents and unpublished materials from eight Ukrainian and Polish archival funds into scientific circulation that are directly related to the development of advertising in Western Ukrainian press. The monograph characterizes the national dominant of press advertising discourse in the conditions of Ukrainian nation’s statelessness. After analyzing advertising in 23 newspapers and magazines, the author of the monograph revealed the specific features of creating information-rich, morally ethical advertising content based on Ukrainian ethnonational principles within the territory of the Polish state. The author also justified the necessity of advertising communication as a means of promoting social solidarity and shaping high moral and spiritual values, as well as humanistic worldview and national beliefs among advertisers and consumers. The monograph characterizes not only the content of information about products and services (verbal and non-verbal parameters) but also the mental traits that, in the conditions of the Polish state, contributed to the promotion of Ukrainian moral and spiritual values. Advertising serves a complex of functions that are essential for meeting the economic, social, cultural, and moral-spiritual needs of the human community. In the conditions of the Second Polish Republic, the situation of Ukrainians motivated advertisers to seek a special socio-psychological, educational, regulatory, and ideological approach to creating advertising. The article emphasizes that advertising announcements with elements of national-patriotic coloring encompassed two components – informational and ideological. Advertising for Ukrainian books on historical topics, magazines, and public organizations carried an enlightening and educational, as well as an emotionally informative character. Press advertising communication in the fields of industrial and agricultural production, trade, household services, and cultural and artistic life served as an emotionally rational factor in strengthening the information-psychological structure of the Ukrainian national community.