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Katz, Claudio J. "Private Property versus Markets: Democratic and Communitarian Critiques of Capitalism." American Political Science Review 91, no. 2 (June 1997): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2952356.
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This essay assesses communitarian and democratic critiques of capitalist economies. Distinguishing them are sharply contrasting evaluations of markets and private property. Communitarian critics of capitalism trace its moral failure to the marketplace. Drawing on Aristotle's normative economics, this school maintains that production for gain corrodes society's moral fabric. I defend the democratic approach. Democratic critics accept the modern claim that markets are both efficient and liberating. Capitalist ownership relations are another matter, indicted because they constitute a form of private power over people's lives. I reconstruct the ethical core of the democratic school and contend that it offers a better understanding of the most objectionable aspects of capitalist economies while avoiding the dangers inherent in the communitarian approach.
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Martynov, Andriy. "European historical studies: theoretical and conceptual aspects." European Historical Studies, no. 9 (2018): 21–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2018.09.21-41.
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The article deals with the problems of conceptualizing the European historical studies. The special role of a stage by stage solution in a so-called «social approach» on the way to all-rounded humanization of state-forming strategies of European nations and of the system of European international relations in general is being underlined. The emphasis is laid on the historical role of the common European values. It is also accentuated that decisive factor to achieve success in joining the space of European unity is in integrity of understanding the ideals of Freedom and Justice. Since internal and external components of European freedom and justice are so closely intertwined, their separate interpretation, in author’s opinion, has no epistemological perspective whatsoever. The stable economic prosperity and social progress are becoming more dependent on the global economic situation. At the same time, social protection of citizens in a number of countries, as well as the authority thereof in the contemporary world fully depends on the moral and ethic maturity of the elites, the level of confidence in society, the general level of culture and the rate of individual responsibility of citizens for their future. The issues abovementioned acquire special meaning under the modern-day circumstances of sharpening the geopolitical competition concerning Ukraine. The contemporary financial and migration crisis of the EU only enhances the influence of the social factor on the collective consciousness of «old» and «new» Europeans, frequently engendering rather dangerous tendencies in European life.
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Miharja, Nurhidayahti Mohammad. "Voice of Islamic Moderation from the Malay World." American Journal of Islam and Society 31, no. 4 (October 1, 2014): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v31i4.1070.
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Mohd Kamal Hassan’s Voice of Islamic Moderation from the Malay Worldpresents a selection of eleven essays written over the past decade in responseto the challenges from a globalization steeped in the post-9/11 climate. Intendedmainly for a non-Muslim audience, it seeks to represent the voice ofIslamic moderation (al-wasaṭīyah) from the multi-ethnic, multi-religiousMalaysian context. One hopes that discussions on this important character ofIslam will provide a collective vision of holistic wellbeing and, at the sametime, recognize Malaysia’s pluralistic nature. The Islamic perspective on theunifying theme of moderation’s universal ethos pervades its three sections –“Promoting the Common Ground amongst Religions and Cultures,” “Changingthe Muslim Mindset: A Civilizational Approach,” and “The Meaning andImplications of Islamic Moderation” – with a focus on the search for its progressiveintegration into all aspects of life.The first section opens with an analysis of “The Expanding Spiritual-Moral Role of World Religions in the New Millennium.” This chapter raisesmultiple social, moral, environmental, political, and economic concerns relatedto pursuing an aggressive economic agenda within the folds of globalizationwhile ignoring religion-based ethics and the human need for a spiritualguiding vision. Under the siege conditions of globalization’s “swiftness, totalityand irreligious mission” (p. 83), there is an urgent need for world religionsto play – as well as be given – a more assertive role in formulatingholistic action plans. States are thus urged to allow religious-based ethics andspiritual values to expand into public life, from business to international tradeand relations, politics and educational institutions.Hassan, however, notes that both proponents and opponents of the separationbetween spiritual values (private) and this-worldly affairs (public)need to fully understand each other’s position in order to appreciate the ...
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Stovpets, Oleksandr, and Vasyl Stovpets. "The Bright and the Dark sides of a new Information Reality (in the context of the Intellectual Property protection)." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 1 (April 15, 2020): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.1.2020.46.
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Nowadays changes’ vector related to the information and technological novelties presently shifts: from technical, economic and legal fields - to the socio-cultural dimension. Following the production sectors, other areas of life became the objects of conscious and deliberate innovative activities, that allow us to fix the transition towards an innovative model of social and cultural development, and the corresponding increase in the value of Intellectual Property institutions in today’s post-industrial world. This is why the innovation has become one of the main types of nowadays practical activity with intellectual or creative content, and it’s perceived as an essential precondition for further civilized development.
The intellectual property may be considered as a specific kind of original information, objectified in appropriate form. The core of any intellectual property object is innovation. The latter may even be understood as its inner substance. And the knowledge should be esteemed as a prelude to innovative or creative process.
In the article, the main attention was focused on the dialectics of development of our Information reality that is changing gradually, but inevitably. The most controversial point is to keep the balance between the principle of Freedom of information (including free Internet, independent mass-media, privacy on the Web, anonymous sources for press and journalism activity), on the one hand, and the principle of informational safety and public security (i.e. the possibility of state power to resist an external informational aggression, to block disinformation attempts, to prevent manipulations with information that may be really dangerous or harmful to the society in different aspects), on the other hand.
The general vision of today’s Information space evolution is expressed as an ambiguous process, which implies both the advantages and disadvantages of this new kind of reality. Eventually, this means the existence of the dark side of mentioned processes, and the bright one. It all depends on how people will actually use these technological tools. That’s why the state should always remain the sentinel of this fragile balance between the Freedom of Information in all possible ways, and the Censorship that may be expressed in soft or hard forms.
The other matter is an Intellectual Property protection mechanism in this new information reality, including international and local legislation, judicial practice, as well as mental, moral and ethical, sociocultural, economic and even geopolitical aspects of IP protection. Everyone should respect the related Laws, and individual commercial & noncommercial rights of authors or possessors. But, simultaneously, this realm of social-economic and legal relations - called "intellectual property" - should be reconsidered deeply, as technological and sociocultural conditions have changed substantially. That’s why we consider the current global IP protection system as the olden one. It must be modernized, and this modernization should be definitely commenced by its liberalization.
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Sychev, A. A., E. V. Zaytseva, and P. S. Tolkachev. "MORAL-ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-1-36-42.
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At the present stage, the digital (information) economy is playing an increasingly important role in the world economy and national economies. Using rapid exchange of information benefits allows economic agents at all levels (from ordinary consumers to large corporations and state bodies, regulating economic relations) to make more accurate decisions in various economic issues. It is obvious, that the creation of the Russian information system will be able to increase the efficiency of our national economy (including the objectives of its state regulation) and at the same time raise the level of the country’s security. However, the effective use of the digital economy does not only depend on the level of development of the technical base of the information system. Only the moral state of society can send the information received for the benefit of all its members.
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Safonchyk, Oksana, and Konstiantyn Vitman. "PROSPECTS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEVELOPMENT IN THE EU IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 5, no. 4 (October 29, 2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2019-5-4-212-220.
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In the world practice, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is recognized an important component of sustainable development strategy, for which reason governments of many countries pay considerable attention to the promotion of CSR ideas at the national level, creating favourable conditions for socially responsible behaviour of national and foreign enterprises. The author aims to analyse the experience of regulation of corporate social responsibility policy in the EU Member States, to show the practice of national governments of the EU Member States in the field of CSR, and to determine prospects of corporate social responsibility at the modern development stage in view of implementing the concept of sustainable development. Summarizing approaches to the definition of CSR, it can be emphasized that CSR should positively influence society, in which the enterprise operates. It is a free choice in favour of increasing the welfare and moral and ethical values of society through appropriate approaches to doing business. Relations between enterprises both in the European Union and in other countries are increasingly based on the principles of CSR. Compliance with these principles becomes an important prerequisite for attracting foreign investment and obtaining government orders. In the international context, CSR is an efficient instrument to develop partnership and cooperation of countries in the context of achieving the Millennium Development Goals, to control the negative influence of the industrial sector on ecology, to prevent social crises, as a consequence, to ensure sustainable development of the world civilisation. Among the European institutions, the European Commission’s committees play a key role in disseminating the idea of CSR. One of the main factors in strengthening the EU economy is considered precisely the stable growth based on the rational use of resources, ecology, and competition. Plans of the Strategy for 2012–2015–2020 clearly show that the European Union intends to strengthen control over economic management and “voluntarily oblige” the business to follow the rules of CSR. The goal of a new CSR Strategy is to create conditions favourable for sustainable development, responsible business conduct, and permanent employment in the medium and long term. Key changes in comparison with the policy for 2010 – definition of corporate social responsibility as “Responsibility of enterprises for their impact on society” and rejection of the principle of voluntariness: “the European Commission recognizes that some regulations stimulate CSR, therefore, public authorities should support the CSR development by applying a mix of voluntary and regulatory policies”. As the study showed, the governments of the EU countries are actively engaged in the development and promotion of corporate social responsibility. The role of the state is manifested in the implementation of the following key functions: the state as a legislator and a controlling authority; the state as an employer; the state as a consumer and a buyer; the state as a partner; the state as an institutional investor; the state as a participant in international relations. The most significant results have been achieved by those EU Member States that use the systemic approach to CSR development. In these countries, responsible state structures have been formed that coordinate work in all areas. The approach to the choice of instruments is individual and is selected taking into account the priorities of the country’s socio-economic development and the importance of economic, environmental, and social aspects. An example of Great Britain, France, Belgium, Estonia, and Spain shows the possibility of successful CSR development.
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Nifaeva, O. "Moral and Ethical Capital: The Problems of Evaluation." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2014): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-8-25-33.
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The nature of economic relations directly depends on moral and ethical features of the economic agents. At this moment Russia has got a unique opportunity to build a civilized model of economy by adjusting the moral and ethical features of the economic agents. The author presents a three-level structure of the moral and ethical features of individuals. Each level (material, intellectual and social) is determined by the features such as diligence, frugality, intelligence, initiativeness, honesty, trust, responsibility, humanness, patriotism. The peculiarity of the civilized model of economy is a commitment to balance the different social groups’ interests. The different moral and ethical features form human and social capital of the individual or the society as a whole. In particular the elements of the material level in the structure of the moral and ethical features of the economic agents form labor capital (as a desire and ability to work) and health capital (health and health preserving behaviour). Intellectual level of moral and ethical features (intelligence, initiativeness, creativity) generate intellectual capital. Social capital is based on social features: honesty, trust, responsibility, humanness, patriotism. Labor, health and intellectual capital are considered to be the elements of human capital. Human and social types of capital constitute moral and ethical capital of the economic agents as the key resource of civilized economy. This type of capital can be defined as unlimited, synergetic and able to influence on other economic resources efficiency. On the basis of analysis of economic efficiency indicators evolution the article suggests the methodology of moral and ethical capital evaluating by summarizing absolute economic losses of its misuse. Consideration of types of capital classification and of the structure of moral and ethical capital enables author to suggest recommendations on how to increase the definite elements of moral and ethical capital of the Russian society by means of government social, economic and institutional policy.
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Fontoura Filho, Carlos. "Are the researcher and the reviewer focused on defending the journal’s credibility in the face of scientific demands?" Scientific Journal of the Foot & Ankle 12, no. 4 (December 30, 2018): 263–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.30795/scijfootankle.2018.v12.879.
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The last editorial highlighted the importance of the internationalization of this journal as well as the use of well-defined standards and agile and modern mechanisms for the rapid publication of scientific material. In this scenario, there is concern about building a good level of content. A revival of the scientific tradition and the modernization (but not replacement) of the method and forms of review, from standardizations brought about by experimentalism to the inclusion of digital technology, are called for.
In an academic universe in which publication volume transcends optimistic expectations, new journals and scientific portals with global and instantaneous reach appear at every moment. Modernity is, according to Zygmunt Bauman1, liquid. Scientific production gallops. However, readers look for the best-supported content, recognizing that it is impossible to read every published article within their area of interest. With their good power of discernment, they choose more useful and higher-quality articles, leaving aside irrelevant ones. It is not wrong to state that an unread article is a lost article.
Moses Naim2, in his book "The End of Power", notes that it is increasingly feasible for a competent bureaucratic institution to achieve its optimal conceptual level and gain space in an environment in which traditional and powerful institutions already exist in the same segment. The barriers that protect the power of larger institutions are increasingly fragile. The digital age and the internet (mobility), the growing number of alternatives for the same product (more) and increasing intellectual preparation (mentality) help to break down these barriers that preserve the power of traditional organizations. For the same reasons, a newly ascended entity can easily lose its prominence. This phenomenon is what this author calls the revolution of the three “m’s”: more, mobility and mentality. This journal navigates in this sea of contemporary events, within which economic liberalism, for example, insinuates itself, albeit late.
The large volume of publications entails a predictable bias toward a great variety of content and, concurrently, an increase in the spectrum of methodological quality in both the higher and lower directions. This new reality calls on participants who are coherent and aware of their role in steering the "Scientific Journal" along the stormy sea route of a busy and demanding market.
It may be difficult to apply ideas that appear to be obvious: researchers need to produce relevant material with good scientific quality and sound methodology, and reviewers must match researchers’ efforts by devoting the same scientific competence, ethics and dedication to the production that they receive. Therefore, it is important to ask how, within a national context, researchers and reviewers can be prepared, mobilized, updated and improved such that they conduct their work in "firm steps" with good methods and well-applied tools.
See "Liquid Modernity" by Zygmunt Bauman, in which the author, a Polish sociologist and World War II refugee based in Great Britain, considers immediate modernity "light", "liquid", "fluid" and immensely more dynamic than "solid" modernity, which would have been dethroned.
Moisés Naím is a Venezuelan writer and columnist who has been the editor-in-chief of Foreign Policy magazine since 1996. He has written on international politics and economics, economic development, multilateral organizations, US foreign policy and the unintended consequences of globalization.
Carlos Fontoura FilhoReview Board, Scientific Journal of the Foot & AnkleDoctor in Medicine, Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP) in Ribeirão PretoAdjunct Professor of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical School, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro
Reply to Professor
Dear Prof. Dr. Carlos Fontoura Filho,
First of all, thank you for your appreciation.
I was motivated when I read your letter and I was sure that our work is being pursued with a focus on best practices. Significant efforts are being expended to achieve our goals.
An interesting aspect to highlight is how editorial processes can suffer external influences, even in scientific environments, where the ethical conduct of authors, reviewers and editors must be above all else.
Practicing medicine under the aegis of ethics requires of the physician a broad experience in this social, moral environment, and constant updating, far beyond the strictly technical requirements. We are much more demanded in the multiple aspects of human relations, if compared to other professions. We must keep careful attention on all those aspects that govern the principles of education and training of young people not only as orthopedic surgeons of the foot and ankle but also as citizens of the world.
Jorge Mitsuo MizusakiEditor-in-chief
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Damrosch, Lori Fisler. "The Collective Enforcement of International Norms Through Economic Sanctions." Ethics & International Affairs 8 (March 1994): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1994.tb00158.x.
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A recent front-page story in the New York Times—“Study Says Haiti Sanctions Kill Up to a 1,000 Children a Month”—draws attention to a vexing ethical problem: Under what circumstances can it be morally justifiable for the international community to apply economic sanctions that wreak serious hardship on civilians in the target state? Even though follow-up reports suggested that the headline might have to overstated the damage actually attributable to the Haitian sanctions, there can be little doubt that current sanctions programs entail at least the potential for a severe degree of civilian harm, to the point of triggering difficult moral issues.
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Best, Jacqueline. "The Moral Politics of IMF Reforms: Universal Economics, Particular Ethics." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 4, no. 3 (2005): 357–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915005775093313.
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AbstractThe IMF's response to recent financial crises has involved the development of an extensive series of international economic standards that it believes all states should adopt. Fund representatives have justified these reforms by using explicitly moral arguments. In this chapter, I take a closer look at this new turn in order to determine its implications for both financial governance and political ethics. I suggest that although ethical discourse has historically played a crucial role in sustaining financial regimes, the recent turn to moralize finance is novel, for it represents a new kind of economic and ethical liberalism.
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Korolovych, Oksana. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE STUDY OF CORPORATE ETHICS." MEST Journal 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.12709/mest.09.09.01.07.
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The article examines some approaches to the understanding of the concept of corporate ethics. The author interprets corporate ethics as a set of moral principles and standards of corporate relations. Corporate ethics is the key element that unites all members of the corporation in a single social organism. Corporate ethics acts as a form of social consciousness inherent in both entrepreneurs and employees who share common goals of their professional activities. It is a non-economic factor having an effective impact on corporation activities. The author analyzes why large organizations characterized by anonymous relations (corporations) establish ethical regulation with all its structural elements (code, ethical committees, etc.). The author makes a distinction between the direct immediate duties of the employee and his/her discretionary duties. Corporate ethics does not hinder efficiency, and it can inspire workers to achieve the organization's main goal. Also, corporate ethics implements in the corporation such functions as the function of protecting the moral prestige of the corporation, the function of defending the interests of members of the corporation, the function of coordinating competing interests, the ambitions of the members of the corporation to ensure cohesion, unity of the group. The implementation of the above functions of corporate ethics can be a competitive advantage for the organization. The author concludes that it is important for the organization to create such a system of moral regulation (structures, institutions) that motivate employees to act morally, in which it would be beneficial to be socially responsible, but that would simultaneously take into account and protect the interests of workers
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Lynch, Cecelia. "A neo-Weberian approach to religion in international politics." International Theory 1, no. 3 (November 2009): 381–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752971909000116.
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Current approaches for understanding and analyzing religion in international politics insufficiently incorporate the role of ethics in the practices of religious actors. Primordialist approaches essentialize religion, instrumental approaches consider it to be an epiphenomenon, and cosmopolitan approachesa prioridowngrade alternative ethical constructs as insufficiently universalist. An approach to religion that begins with a constitutive understanding of religious belief and economic, social, and political practice as outlined in Weber’sSociology of Religion, is more helpful. However, because Weber’s method insufficiently addresses ethical intentionality, the ‘neo-Weberian’ approach I advance here incorporates the concepts of ‘common good’ and ‘popular casuistry’ into socio-historical contextualization. This approach provides a way to understand and theorize how religious adherents connect religious guidelines to moral action that avoids the essentialization of religion which is often characteristic of other perspectives.
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Pikuza, O. I., A. M. Zakirova, and N. K. Shoshina. "Actual aspects of medical ethics in training of the pediatrician." Kazan medical journal 95, no. 3 (June 15, 2014): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1538.
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Nowadays the problems of medical ethics are gaining the special significance as a result of changes in social and economic relations, healthcare modernization due to appearance of new effective methods for instrumental and laboratory examinations, treatment approaches, development of market relations in medicine. The aim of the presented paper is to cover the actual aspects of medical ethics in pediatrics. The paper reviews the ethical aspects of the work of a in detail. Differentiated approach in choosing pediatrician interns, which is based not only on academic progress, but also on professional and moral qualities of the medical university alumni and continuity in their upbringing starting form the first years of the medical school until the end of post-graduate education, seems rationale. It is during the student years when the cognitive and moral values of a forthcoming specialist are formed, which may be a criterion of a suitability of working with children. The roles of the competition, including the modular approach to knowledge evaluation, professional competencies and rating system are stressed. Considering the modern requirements to a young professional, the accent is made on the role of the leading tutor in a forthcoming specialist formation. The requirements to a higher education teacher and the importance of the moral atmosphere in hospitals and faculties for forming the ethical features of a forthcoming pediatrician and improving his/her professional level according to the medical progress are outlined. Thus, teaching pediatrics has a lot of particularities, including teaching the basics of medical ethics, having an extremely important role in professional education of pediatricians for proper forming of the young professional according to contemporary life requirements.
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Odlerová, Eva, Jaroslava Ďurišová, and Bystrík Šramel. "Code of Ethics in a Multicultural Company and its Legal Context." Research Papers Faculty of Materials Science and Technology Slovak University of Technology 20, Special-Number (December 1, 2012): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10186-012-0018-1.
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Abstract The entry of foreign investors and simultaneous expansion of different national cultures, religions, rules, moral and ethical standards is bringing up problems of cooperation and coexistence of different nationalities, ethnicities and cultures. Working in an international environment therefore requires adaptation to a variety of economic, political, legal, technical, social, cultural and historical conditions. One possible solution is to define a code of ethics, guidelines which find enough common moral principles, which can become the basis for the adoption of general ethical standards, while respecting national, cultural differences and practices. In this article, the authors pay attention not only to the analysis of the common ethical rules in a multicultural company, but also to the legal aspects of codes of ethics. Each code of ethics is a set of standards, which, like the legal norms, regulate the behaviour of individuals. These standards, however, must simultaneously meet certain statutory criteria that define the boundaries of regulation of employee’s behaviour.
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Marceau, Gabrielle. "Some Evidence of a New International Economic Order in Place." Revue générale de droit 22, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058127ar.
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In the course of a meeting held in La Malbaie (Québec, Canada) on August 5th to 7th, 1990, thirty european, north-american and african jurists and economists exchanged ideas on the evolution of international economic law. This first colloquium organised by the SDIE (Canada) in cooperation with the SDIE (France) covered historical, theorical, practical and ethical aspects of this sector of law which covers the organisation of trade and production, monetary and financial relations, international trade law, resources management and environmental protection. The present document reproduces the texts submitted by the speakers in their original language. The first two papers aim at giving a general perspective of the variables of International Economic Law. The following papers focus on specific areas of international economic law where changes are taking place.
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Buultjens, Ralph. "The Ethics of Excess and Indian Intervention in South Asia." Ethics & International Affairs 3 (March 1989): 73–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1989.tb00213.x.
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This article examines four interlinked historical aspects of intervention from a philosophic and ethical perspective. What are the dimensions of intervention and how is it managed? What conditions govern intervention? How can intervention be evaluated? What are the moral issues in intervention? India, the world's largest democracy, has promoted its power through intervention in neighboring countries under the cloak of morality. The United States, Great Britain, and Russia have nonetheless tacitly endorsed India's role as the policing force in the region. Does this recognition justify India's actions toward its weaker and smaller neighbors?
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Antonov, Vladislav Fedorovich. "Values in Legal Regulation." Russian Journal of Legal Studies 6, no. 2 (June 15, 2019): 127–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/rjls18499.
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The article is devoted to the axiological aspects of lawful behavior and issues of legislative consolidation of core values in the corresponding regulatory acts. As it is known in the conditions of democratic society a quite large part of legislative requirements is determined by ethical and moral instructions establishing the legality of various courses of actions in a specific situation. Experience has proven that legally valid behavior is inseparably associated with acquiring of wide range of value paradigms underlying the mechanism of legal regulation. In modern conditions law enforcement practice relies on basic moral principles of the society, providing law enforcement and required level of rule of law.The author shows the meaning of value paradigms in different spheres of statutory regulation. Generally when developing legislative acts not only existing social and economic relations but also moral dimensions of social life are considered. In such cases in the course of normative legal acts interpretation law enforcement authorities cater to the corresponding ethical and moral norms specifying regulatory prescriptions. It is mentioned in the article that social ideals, historical and cultural traditions, dominant within collective consciousness are included in the structure of public morality.Any legal system makes an assumption that there is a system of core values ref lecting peculiarities of national culture and existing system of moral regulations. Upon traditional values the system of moral and ethical judgments defining the corresponding regulatory acts is formed. It is customary to understand by public morality a quite extensive complex of communicative relations forming in view of value paradigms depending on existing historical and cultural traditions of specific society. In the democratic society the justice is fulfilled in the light of declared ideals and values providing settlement to local conf licts in different spheres of statutory regulation.
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White, Mary Terrell. "Guidelines for IRB Review of International Collaborative Medical Research: A Proposal." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 27, no. 1 (1999): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1999.tb01440.x.
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The increase in the scope of international collaborative medical research involving human subjects is raising the problem of whether and how to maintain Western ethical standards when research is conducted in countries with very different social and ethical values. Existing international ethical guidelines for research largely reflect Western concepts of human rights, focusing on the bioethical principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. However, in countries and societies where these values are understood differently or are not expressed in local cultures and institutions, it may be impossible or of no practical value to insert them into the research setting.In the United States, individual informed consent is considered ethically imperative for research involving human subjects. However, this imperative may be difficult to instill in societies that define persons by their relations to others, and important decisions are commonly made by heads of households or group leaders rather than by individuals. The baseline economic and health care conditions in foreign communities may also create ethical conflicts.
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Bidabad, Bijan, and Mahshid Sherafati. "Operational ethical banking in Rastin Banking." International Journal of Law and Management 58, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 416–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-07-2015-0037.
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Purpose This paper aims to discuss some of the operational Islamic banking features considered in ethical banking as the aspects of Rastin Banking. Ethical banking is a branch of “ethic economics” and a narrow expression of a number of Islamic banking aspects. Design/methodology/approach These features are often involved in the discussions under the topic of internal control and describe the operational characteristics of ethical banking within the framework of Rastin Banking. Findings This study refers to the principles of Rastin Banking, including operational, financial, economic, ethical, social, legal, international and organizational principles. Additionally, it takes into account some of the internal control systems. Research limitations/implications Converting ethical codes into executable laws and regulations needs sophistication, and the art of codification in this subject can be observed in the present paper. Practical implications As far as the ethical behaviour of the assessor and trustee is concerned, the necessities of honesty, belief, virtuosity, rectitude and compliance with moral values, as well as reward and punishment mechanisms, are operationally examined. Transparency, governance and disclosure of information are the other components. The methods of auditing, accounting, inspection and preservation of Rastin Banking achievements are amongst the other matters of concern. Social implications An assiduous attention to the operational details of each of the above-said discussions revealed that the Islamic banking components are capable of covering the topics and discussions beyond ethical banking. Originality/value This paper fulfils an identified need to solve the practical ethical problem in operational banking.
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Stepanova, N. A. "NEW LABOUR 'ETHICAL' FOREIGN POLICY." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(49) (August 28, 2016): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-4-49-69-78.
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The article discusses problems and contradictions associated with the attempt of the Labour Party under the leadership of Tony Blair to start a 'new era' in international relations by putting the 'ethical dimension' into the heart of their foreign policy. Indeed, having come to power and possessing great credibility among the British society, New Labour undertook a number of actions, which marked the formal break with the practices of the previous governments. Thus, they shifted the focus from the foreign trade interests to human rights considerations on the international arena, introduced innovations in the field of international aid and development of poor countries, declared the priority of so-called 'advanced' national interests. These solutions, however, have led to some ambiguous results. The author argues that, on the one hand, the Labour Party 'new' foreign policy was a tribute to the historical tradition and continuity and on the other - the spirit of the times, as other Western countries leaders claimed similar statements, and that, in fact, it contributed to the moral authority of the government in the eyes of the British society. The article contains examples proving how ambiguity and contradictoriness of certain decisions have been the conscious choice made by politicians, when declared altruistic goals actually proved to protect interests of certain business structures and direct opposite of the stated ethical principles. It is suggested that the divergence between word and deed had been initially present in the New Labour international doctrine and that the 'ethical foreign policy' can be considered as one of the tools of Realpolitik. The author concentrates on such aspects of the New Labour foreign policy as development, aid, debt relief, and arms trade, rather than on Blair’s just wars’ that are widely discussed in the Russian language historical literature and press.
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Lapaeva, Valentina V. "Preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnostics in Russian Federation: ethical and legal issues." RUDN Journal of Law 25, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 179–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2021-25-1-179-197.
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The topicality of the article is due to the strategy of transition to personalized medicine in Russia, based, among other things, on technologies of preimplantation and prenatal genetic diagnostics. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main directions of ethical and legal support for the development of these technologies. The work is based on the study of relevant international regulations, foreign and Russian legislation using the methods of legal-dogmatic and philosophical-legal analysis. The article substantiates the need for a clearer distinction between legal and moral-religious approaches to regulating relations in applying these technologies. The task is to find legal structures that can take into account the moral aspects of the problem without replacing legal regulation with an appeal to moral and religious values and norms. An example of this approach is the development of a legal regime for manipulations with embryo in vitro, in which the necessary legal protection of the embryo is provided by recognizing its special ontological status as a constitutional value of the common good. From these positions, the author identifies a range of issues that should form the organizational and legal context necessary to ensure adequate guarantees of human rights in the field of application of the considered genetic technologies. The legal regulation of this range of issues should be fixed in a special federal law on genetic testing.
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Pinkert, Dean. "The Concept of Specificity in US Steel Bilateral Consensus Agreements." Revue générale de droit 22, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058129ar.
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In the course of a meeting held in La Malbaie (Québec, Canada) on August 5th to 7th, 1990, thirty european, north-american and african jurists and economists exchanged ideas on the evolution of international economic law. This first colloquium organised by the SDIE (Canada) in cooperation with the SDIE (France) covered historical, theorical, practical and ethical aspects of this sector of law which covers the organisation of trade and production, monetary and financial relations, international trade law, resources management and environmental protection. The present document reproduces the texts submitted by the speakers in their original language. The first two papers aim at giving a general perspective of the variables of International Economic Law. The following papers focus on specific areas of international economic law where changes are taking place.
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Cheetham, Hugh J. "The Federal Government Proposals for Reform of the GATT Dispute Settlement System: Continued Momentum for a Rules-Oriented Approach to Dispute Settlement in International Trade Agreements." Revue générale de droit 22, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058131ar.
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In the course of a meeting held in La Malbaie (Québec, Canada) on August 5th to 7th, 1990, thirty european, north-american and african jurists and economists exchanged ideas on the evolution of international economic law. This first colloquium organised by the SDIE (Canada) in cooperation with the SDIE (France) covered historical, theorical, practical and ethical aspects of this sector of law which covers the organisation of trade and production, monetary and financial relations, international trade law, resources management and environmental protection. The present document reproduces the texts submitted by the speakers in their original language. The first two papers aim at giving a general perspective of the variables of International Economic Law. The following papers focus on specific areas of international economic law where changes are taking place.
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Gagnon, Pierre A. "The Constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal." Revue générale de droit 22, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 445–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058133ar.
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In the course of a meeting held in La Malbaie (Québec, Canada) on August 5th to 7th, 1990, thirty european, north-american and african jurists and economists exchanged ideas on the evolution of international economic law. This first colloquium organised by the SDIE (Canada) in cooperation with the SDIE (France) covered historical, theorical, practical and ethical aspects of this sector of law which covers the organisation of trade and production, monetary and financial relations, international trade law, resources management and environmental protection. The present document reproduces the texts submitted by the speakers in their original language. The first two papers aim at giving a general perspective of the variables of International Economic Law. The following papers focus on specific areas of international economic law where changes are taking place.
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Jurgielewicz, Lynne M. "Long Lines at Disney World Reduced by Sunstroke! or Can International Law Control Climate Change?" Revue générale de droit 22, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 459–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1058135ar.
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In the course of a meeting held in La Malbaie (Québec, Canada) on August 5th to 7th, 1990, thirty european, north-american and african jurists and economists exchanged ideas on the evolution of international economic law. This first colloquium organised by the SDIE (Canada) in cooperation with the SDIE (France) covered historical, theorical, practical and ethical aspects of this sector of law which covers the organisation of trade and production, monetary and financial relations, international trade law, resources management and environmental protection. The present document reproduces the texts submitted by the speakers in their original language. The first two papers aim at giving a general perspective of the variables of International Economic Law. The following papers focus on specific areas of international economic law where changes are taking place.
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Rosell, Mónica. "Ambiente y TLC: el pacto de gobernabilidad." Cuadernos de difusión 12, no. 23 (December 30, 2007): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.46631/jefas.2007.v12n23.07.
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This paper aims at providing, from a sustainable development perspective, an idea about the direction our country will take once the US-Peru FTA is enforced, regarding particularly the environmental, trade and investment areas. The signing of the FTA has led Peru to leave behind a view of the environment vision as a moral and ethical (some times marginal) component of economic relations, to turn it into a regulatory and mandatory consideration overlapping trade and investment to such an extent that failure to comply may lead to sanctions as severe as those pertaining to other matters related to for instance access to or permanence in a given market. Even so, it is worthwhile mentioning that the FTA is only an initial component of a more complex and broad multilateral scenario that recognizes in the environment an essential element of international economic relations.
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Suttmeier, Richard P. "Chinese Scientists and Responsibility: Ethical Issues of Human Genetics in Chinese International Contexts. Edited by OLE DÖRING. [Hamburg: Institut für Asienkunde, Mitteilungen des Instituts für Asienkunde, 1999. 257 pp. DM 38.00. ISBN 3-88910-227-1.]." China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005280104.
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It has been more than 80 years since Chinese intellectuals, struggling with the complexities of “science and philosophy of life,” debated the challenges of finding the moral wisdom needed to apply new scientific knowledge in ethically responsible ways. Could a moral compass be found? Would it be discovered in Chinese culture, or would it come from the West?Advances in science and technology during the course of the 20th century have often outpaced progress in understanding “science and philosophy of life.” Nevertheless, the importance of the ethical dimensions of science and technology has increased in all countries, and there is little doubt that the new technologies of the early 21st century are already bestowing on us new moral conundrums. As advanced technologies and scientific research capabilities diffuse around the world, the ethical traditions which inform moral choice seemingly become more heterogeneous, and the need for reasoned, cross-cultural moral discourse increases. The Institut für Asienkunde in Hamburg is therefore to be congratulated for convening the “First International and Interdisciplinary Symposium on Aspects of Medical Ethics in China,” from which the 15 papers in this volume come.There is no easy way to summarize the diversity of views presented in this provocative conference report. The authors include practising scientists from China and students of bioethics from China, Malaysia, Germany and the United States. But, the theme of eugenics – especially the ways in which advances in human genetics affect our moral stance towards eugenics – link a number of the papers. The atrocities of Nazi Germany strongly condition the views of the Western authors. Reacting, perhaps, to China's 1994 Law on Maternal and Infant Health Care, the latter seem to be urging Chinese researchers, medical practitioners, ethicists and policymakers to take the German experience to heart – even as China embraces the promises of the new genetic technologies. Thus, historian Sheila Faith Weiss' “Prelude to the maelstrom,” an informative account of the origins of Nazi eugenics in the 19th and early 20th-century culture of German medicine, is not so subtly subtitled, “A cautionary tale for contemporary China?” The Chinese authors acknowledge this “cautionary tale,” but also speak to the ethical challenges of new genetic technologies from a tradition with its own understandings of how practical knowledge and moral purpose are related, and how individual and collective well-being are reconciled.
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Brown, Chris. "Ethics of coexistence: the international theory of Terry Nardin." Review of International Studies 14, no. 3 (July 1988): 213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113270.
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Normative international theory addresses the moral dimension of international society and the logic of ‘ought’ statements in international relations. The traditional content of normative international theory has been dominated by such issues as: the nature of international law and the moral basis of the rights and duties it imposes on states and individuals; the ethics of pacifism and the theory of the 6just war’ the morality of intervention; and, most fundamentally, the nature of the ethical requirements that need to be met if a system of inter-state relations can justly be characterized as an ‘international society’. While such issues have never disappeared from academic study, the dominant modes of international relations theorizing in the 1960s and 1970s—whether realist, neo-realist, pluralist or structuralist—were at one, if for different reasons? in keeping them at the bottom of the agenda paper. And yet, the 1980s has seen a revival of normative international theory. The reasons for this renewal of interest are two-fold. On the one hand, the traditional agenda of normative theory, as outlined above, has never lost its salience in the real world even if unfashionable in academia; since it is in the nature of fashions to change some sort of revival of interest in the old questions was to be expected. But of rather more importance has been the emergence of a new range of normative issues: demands from the ‘south’ for a New International Economic Order have placed the politics of redistribution on the international agenda for the first time—revisionist states in the 1980s no longer make territorial demands but appeal to status quo oriented states to make concessions on the basis of economic justice. In today's world normative statements are as likely to be about the debt crisis as they are to be about the conduct of the Gulf War or the US intervention in Grenada. Mainstream international relations theory has generally refused to ask or answer moral questions, but this strategy of avoidance has not succeeded. Questions such as ‘what ought to be our attitude to poverty in the South?’ or ‘how ought the world' financial system respond to the debt problems of Brazil or Zambia?’ cannot be wished away—as anyone who has taught international political economy will be well aware. Normative theory cannot answer questions like this but it can help each individual to provide his or her own response—and no more important task exists for the discipline of international relations.
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Шафажинская, Наталья, Natalya Shafazhinskaya, Сергей Шишов, and Sergey Shishov. "Philosophical Understanding of Freedom and Responsibility in the Context of Pedagogical Activity: to the XXVII International Christmas Educational Readings — 2019." Scientific Research and Development. Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology 8, no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c8f51147b65a9.65563115.
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The importance and timeliness of the topic of the International Christmas Educational Readings in 2019 "Youth: Freedom and Responsibility" is obvious and significant. This should be especially noted in the context of complex socio-political, economic, spiritual, moral and ethical relations of the modern world, the main potential resource of which is youth. Socio-psychological, civil formation of the younger generation has historically always been fraught with serious difficulties, and now the problems of a psychological, moral and ethical nature have been aggravated by the intensification of a hostile information policy directed against Russia, the traditional national values of the national culture. Contradictions and the increasing aggressiveness of the information space often prevent young people from understanding the current events and impede the process of social and political socialization of young people. This phenomenon, which is legitimately described as an open ideological intervention. It is difficult, first of all, to oppose the most psychologically vulnerable contingent - youth and youth - but perhaps with the consolidated efforts of representatives of the humanitarian educational sphere. A significant role in shaping public consciousness belongs to the content of all areas of educational and pedagogical activity, thanks to which youth policy becomes an essential component of both the socio-demographic policy of the state and the value vector of its ideological development.
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Ray, James Lee. "The abolition of slavery and the end of international war." International Organization 43, no. 3 (1989): 405–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300032987.
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Slavery and war have both historically been considered inevitable consequences of human nature. Yet slavery has been abolished, and moral progress may have contributed to slavery's disappearance. Both realists and Marxists are skeptical about the impact of ethical constraints on political decisions, while idealists as well as at least some regime analysts emphasize the role of those constraints. However, elements of all of these approaches support the proposition that moral progress may bring an end to international war.Some historical trends do not support the idea that international war is on the verge of disappearance, but there has not been a war between major powers since 1945. In addition, norms against colonialism are strong. No war has occurred between democratic states, nor does a war appear likely among the rather sizable number of industrialized democratic states in the international system today. Explanations of these pockets of peace based on caution induced by nuclear weapons or on economic interdependence, for example, are certainly not beyond question. Therefore, it may be that norms inhibiting the initiation of international war have already made obsolete not only wars between the richest and most powerful states in the world but also some forms of depradation by the strong against the relatively weak states.
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Brunstetter, Daniel, and Megan Braun. "FromJus ad BellumtoJus ad Vim: Recalibrating Our Understanding of the Moral Use of Force." Ethics & International Affairs 27, no. 1 (2013): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679412000792.
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In the preface of the 2006 edition ofJust and Unjust Wars, Michael Walzer makes an important distinction between, on the one hand, “measures short of war,” such as imposing no-fly zones, pinpoint air/missile strikes, and CIA operations, and on the other, “actual warfare,” typified by a ground invasion or a large-scale bombing campaign. Even if the former are, technically speaking, acts of war according to international law, he proffers that “it is common sense to recognize that they are very different from war.” While they all involve “the use of force,” Walzer distinguishes between the level of force used: the former, being more limited in scope, lack the “unpredictable and often catastrophic consequences” of a “full-scale attack.” Walzer calls the ethical framework governing these measuresjus ad vim(the just use of force), and he applies it to state-sponsored uses of force against both state and nonstate actors outside a state's territory that fall short of the quantum and duration associated with traditional warfare. Compared to acts of war,jus ad vimactions present diminished risk to one's own troops, have a destructive outcome that is more predictable and smaller in scale, severely curtail the risk of civilian casualties, and entail a lower economic and military burden. These factors makejus ad vimactions nominally easier for statesmen to justify compared to conventional warfare, though this does not necessarily mean these actions are morally legitimate or that they do not have potentially nefarious consequences.
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PETRUSHYNA, TETIANA. "MULTIPLE FACTORS OF POVERTY IN THE 21ST CENTURY. METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Sociology: Theory, Methods, Marketing, Stmm 2021 (1) (April 7, 2021): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/sociology2021.01.042.
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The article is devoted to the sociological understanding of the poverty analysis methodological aspects as a topical social problem of today. Despite the defining poverty eradication as the number one goal in the Millennium Declaration and the priority task of sustainable world development by 2030, numerous scientific/political discussions and practical recommendations for overcoming poverty, it remains one of the most acute socio-economic and moral-ethical problems of humankind. The manifestation of multiple poverty factors — situational, socio-demographic, socio-economic, socio-political, socio-cultural, institutional — only increases the need for a clear understanding of the root causes of the existence and reproduction of this phenomenon. Within capitalism, they consist of abandoning the principles of Keynesianism and the welfare state and the transition to the principles of neoliberalism, which determine the socio-economic essence of the society in today’s globalized world. It is no coincidence that analysts of all the most influential international organizations directly or indirectly recognize that the ineffectiveness of the fight against poverty is a consequence of the existing rules of modern social life. Poverty is an integral part of capitalism, one of the most acute and widespread forms of inequality and injustice inherent in this social order. The multifaceted nature of poverty phenomenon and the variety of approaches to its assessment led to the emergence of a giant thesaurus on these issues (absolute, relative, social, multidimensional poverty etc.). Identifying and assessing poverty, adequately to the complex realities of life, are essential points not only from a cognitive-analytical point of view but also for the elaboration of effective measures to overcome it.
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Watts, Natasha Alice. "'It's very not fair': Maize, money, and moral economies in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania." Journal of Political Ecology 25, no. 1 (August 4, 2018): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.22009.
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Over the past decade there has been increased emphasis on agricultural development in Africa to meet a nexus of challenges including global food security, national and local economic growth and employment creation, energy security, and the search for new profit frontiers. This is occurring at a time of decreasing public funding for agricultural development, and a deeper focus on the potentially speculative and predatory nature of financial models in the wake of the financial crisis in the late 2000s. One outcome has been the development of innovative financing mechanisms. An example is social impact investing (SII), which aims to generate financial returns and positive social impacts for intended beneficiaries. In this article, I examine an SII programme in the Tanzanian agricultural sector. I unpack what happens when its vision of 'ethical capitalism' is implemented in the context of farmer livelihoods and moral economies, especially at a time of environmental disruption. In doing so, I argue for the continuing relevance of studying moral economies within political ecology.
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GASKARTH, JAMIE. "Where would we be without rules? A virtue ethics approach to foreign policy analysis." Review of International Studies 37, no. 1 (July 19, 2010): 393–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210510000471.
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AbstractRecent decades have seen a heightened interest in the ethics of foreign policymaking. This literature has overwhelmingly explored the ethical dilemmas faced by policymakers in terms of situations and the structures – either political/economic, normative and/or linguistic – that shape actions. The subjective experience of ethical decisionmaking in this arena and the character of the individuals making policy choices have been largely neglected. However, the apparently greater scope for moral action in the post-Cold War era, combined with the growth in global institutions designed to enforce individual accountability – such as the International Criminal Court – suggest that more effort should be placed on understanding ethics in terms of the individual. This article seeks to combine the work of political and social psychologists with the philosophical literature on virtue theory to see what new insights these might offer into the ethics of foreign policy. It argues that virtue ethics provide an effective means to critique the morality of foreign policy decisions. This is evinced by an exploration of Tony Blair's decision to go to war with Iraq in 2003.
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Ulianova, Galina N. "SUCCESSION AS AN ECONOMIC AND MORAL BASIS FOR MOSCOW MERCHANT FAMILY FIRMS’ ACTIVITIES (19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURY)." Ural Historical Journal 72, no. 3 (2021): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-3(72)-107-115.
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In economic history, succession is considered as one of the factors of a long-term commercial activity. In the 19th century, first of all, this is succession in the work of the family firm. Exploring the history of entrepreneurship in this sense would mean studying, first, the succession of economic activity (including intergenerational transfers of assets), and, second, the institutional succession, including the rules and regulations procedures in management of industrial and commercial enterprises, based on moral principles. The intergenerational transition of the family business was not only based on the legislation requirements and depended on the composition of the family, it also took into account ethical norms aimed at stabilizing the merchant family’s entrepreneurial activity. The article focuses on different aspects of succession in the merchant family’s activity, including the influence of the factor of the family business longevity on formation of entrepreneurs’ self-identity, an understanding the importance of the topographic factor in business relations with constant customers. It also analyzes intra-family agreements, which were created to ensure the stability of the family business, the reflection of ideas about the continuity of business in the texts of wills is also considered. Great importance was attached to the institutional consolidation and strengthening of the family firms’ property assets. Drawing upon materials from archival sources, the article examines the histories of large Moscow firms of the Bakhrushins, Khludovs, Tretyakovs, Nosovs, Naydenovs, Samgins, Zimins, which activities in industry and trade numbered from four to six generations over a century.
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Dunphy, Jillian L. "Healthcare professionals' perspectives on environmental sustainability." Nursing Ethics 21, no. 4 (October 7, 2013): 414–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733013502802.
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Background: Human health is dependent upon environmental sustainability. Many have argued that environmental sustainability advocacy and environmentally responsible healthcare practice are imperative healthcare actions. Research questions: What are the key obstacles to healthcare professionals supporting environmental sustainability? How may these obstacles be overcome? Research design: Data-driven thematic qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews identified common and pertinent themes, and differences between specific healthcare disciplines. Participants: A total of 64 healthcare professionals and academics from all states and territories of Australia, and multiple healthcare disciplines were recruited. Ethical considerations: Institutional ethics approval was obtained for data collection. Participants gave informed consent. All data were de-identified to protect participant anonymity. Findings: Qualitative analysis indicated that Australian healthcare professionals often take more action in their personal than professional lives to protect the environment, particularly those with strong professional identities. The healthcare sector’s focus on economic rationalism was a substantial barrier to environmentally responsible behaviour. Professionals also feared conflict and professional ostracism, and often did not feel qualified to take action. This led to healthcare professionals making inconsistent moral judgements, and feeling silenced and powerless. Constraints on non-clinical employees within and beyond the sector exacerbated these difficulties. Discussion: The findings are consistent with the literature reporting that organisational constraints, and strong social identification, can inhibit actions that align with personal values. This disparity can cause moral distress and residue, leading to feelings of powerlessness, resulting in less ethical behaviour. Conclusion: The data highlight a disparity between personal and professional actions to address environmental sustainability. Given the constraints Australian healthcare professionals encounter, they are unlikely to shift to environmentally responsible practice without support from institutions and professional associations. Professional development is required to support this endeavour. The poor transference of pro-ecological behaviour from one setting to another is likely to have international implications for healthcare practice.
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Henderson, Rebecca. "Climate in the Boardroom: Struggling to Reconcile Business as Usual & the End of the World as We Know It." Daedalus 149, no. 4 (October 2020): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_01821.
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How does one witness to businesspeople about climate change? Climate change is a problem for the collective and the long term, whereas business often requires a ruthless focus on the individual and the quarter. Climate change is an ethical catastrophe whose solution almost certainly requires a profoundly moral response, but talk of morality in the boardroom is often regarded with profound suspicion. Reconciling these tensions has forced me to navigate between worlds in an ongoing attempt to persuade businesspeople that solving climate change is both an economic and a moral necessity, and that the purpose of business is not only to make money but also to support the institutions that will enable us to build a sustainable world. This has not always been easy.
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KNIGHT, JACK, and JAMES JOHNSON. "The Priority of Democracy: A Pragmatist Approach to Political-Economic Institutions and the Burden of Justification." American Political Science Review 101, no. 1 (February 2007): 47–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070062.
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Politics reflects a seemingly incontrovertible condition—any imaginable human population is diverse across multiple, overlapping dimensions including material interests, moral and ethical commitments, and cultural attachments. Such diversity means, in turn, that disagreement and conflict are unavoidable. Under these circumstances politics largely consists in contests over the contours of shared institutional arrangements. Given that there almost always are a number of ways to institutionalize social interaction, any population occupying the circumstances of politics must determine which institutional form or arrangement to rely on in any particular domain. The “priority” of democracy, on our account, derives from its usefulness in approaching this crucial task. This priority derives from features that are, in our view, unique to democracy, namely a level of reflexivity that distinguishes it from other ways of coordinating ongoing social interaction. As we demonstrate, much of the literature on social institutions tacitly and improperly privileges a quite different component of our institutional arrangements, namely markets. We show that once one clarifies the premises and argumentative strategies common to this literature, it simply is not possible to sustain the privilege it accords to markets. In fact, we argue that the analytical models and explanatory strategies that institutionalists deploy actually sustain our case for the priority of democracy.
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Jackson, Kevin. "Cosmopolitan jurisprudence for economic governance." Society and Business Review 11, no. 3 (October 10, 2016): 276–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-08-2015-0041.
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Purpose The paper aims to extend deliberation on legal and political aspects of debate over globalisation versus cosmopolitanism into the field of jurisprudence – philosophy of law. It gives particular attention to questions of the legitimacy of international law and emerging forms of economic governance for business enterprises, soft law, rule of law, accountability and human rights. Design/methodology/approach In terms of research method, the paper proceeds from normative, as opposed to empirical studies. The paper develops arguments connected with cosmopolitan jurisprudence, a value-based frame of reference for corporate social responsibility. In legal and moral philosophy, normative statements derive from arguments concerning what states of affairs ought to be, how they are to be valued, which things and actions are good or bad. Normative claims contrast with positive (descriptive or explanatory) claims with respect to types of theories, beliefs or propositions. Value is both independent of fact and, at the same time, of an objective nature. Findings A cosmopolitan jurisprudence frame of reference for economic governance treats human communities as interdependent and takes seriously the human rights obligations and ethical and legal responsibilities of international business enterprises presupposed by international rule of law. In contrast to globalisation jurisprudence, the cosmopolitan philosophy of international law seeks justificatory ground, not only exclusively for traditional forms of centralised governmental authority but also for decentralised, polycentric, private and hybrid public–private forms of authority. Research limitations/implications The paper demonstrates the insufficiency of just describing, as political science and economics does, the emergence of new arrangements for global economic governance. As well, it is insufficient for management theory to propose instrumental strategies for managing various stakeholder interests at play in emerging forms of governance. Efforts of empirical researchers in documenting, classifying and providing empirical analysis of power shifts do not provide moral justifications or groundings of legitimacy from human rights and rule of law. The paper shows how a cosmopolitan jurisprudence standpoint is a fertile theoretical source for addressing such justificatory issues. Practical implications In the context of a rapidly globalising economy, the justification of responsible business conduct across borders and cultures is more and more becoming a pressing practical concern. Increasingly, private actors are operating in authoritative positions, fulfilling governing functions once perceived to be the exclusive domain of nation-states. Social implications The paper suggests that more important than focusing exclusively on descriptive, coercive and instrumental features of law, and seeking some overarching sanctions system that would necessitate pledging allegiance to a global super-sovereign, is cultivating social awareness of the importance of non-instrumental internal dispositions of actors to respect the normative obligatory nature of norms. The intrinsic value of rule of law and human rights provides a vital intellectual pathway for surmounting legitimacy gaps in global economic governance. Originality/value The paper breaks new ground by developing a cosmopolitan jurisprudence as an alternative to globalisation jurisprudence. This new articulation of cosmopolitan jurisprudence serves to provide analysis of philosophical justifications for emerging soft law syndicates that purport to establish obligations for business enterprises and other participants towards soft law regimes touching upon sustainability and human rights responsibilities.
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Kucharska-Stasiak, Ewa, and Katarzyna Olbińska. "Reflecting Sustainability in Property Valuation - Defining the Problem." Real Estate Management and Valuation 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/remav-2018-0016.
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Abstract A major topic in discussions about environmental protection is the concept of sustainable development utilizing the economic criteria enhanced by environmental, social and ethical aspects. The concept inspired a new approach to construction and paved the way for the idea of sustainable buildings. Sustainable buildings are expected to offer economic benefits to their owners and tenants that should be reflected in property values. The authors test a hypothesis that the real estate market in Poland still fails to incorporate sustainability in property valuation. The article seeks evidence in support of this hypothesis, as well as attempting to find out why the market does not pay a premium for sustainability. To accomplish the purpose of the research, a systematic literature review, an analysis of the pilot studies available in Poland and a preliminary assessment of the ability of valuation methods to reflect sustainability in property valuations are performed. The focus of the research is on the office property market, one of the fastest growing and most modern segments of the real estate market. The conclusion drawn from the research is that, of all respondents surveyed by international studies, Polish developers, property owners, tenants and valuers know the least about sustainable building and that the evidence of the benefits of sustainable building is still unavailable in the Polish real estate market. Such benefits are rather hypothesized to exist and considered theoretically rather than empirically confirmed. It is possible that the reasons for these findings are the short period of research and problems with distinguishing sustainable buildings from conventional ones, which make it difficult for valuers to reflect the benefits of sustainability in valuations. Nevertheless, a new approach to property valuation encompassing environmental, ethical and moral aspects seems necessary. This would encourage sustainable building and green investment strategies. Sustainable valuation would also be an opportunity for the development of the valuation profession.
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Donskikh, Oleg. "To the Iron Age of Progress (The Image of Economic Life of the Country in Russian Poetry of the XVIII – XIX Centuries)." Ideas and Ideals 12, no. 3-2 (September 23, 2020): 231–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17212/2075-0862-2020-12.3.2-231-259.
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The author presents the attitude of Russian poets of the XVIII–XIX centuries to different aspects of economic life based on their works. The poetry of the XVIII century was rigidly differentiated by genre, and it was not supposed to reflect the specifics of economic relations in general. The only exceptions were satirical works whose authors criticized, primarily from the moral side, certain aspects of everyday life, and in particular, the practice of tax collectors. Nevertheless, poets did not do without comments about the socio-economic division of society into separate groups, the significance of certain power decisions for the development of the country’s economy, and, of course, the role of money and trade in the development of society as a whole and in human lives. Some poems contain curious references to international trade, the development of which, especially in the reign of Catherine II, led some poets to hail progress and even characterize this time as a ‘Golden Age’. It is shown how the assessment of the epoch changes during the first half of the XIX century, and how the ‘Golden Age’ is transformed in common opinion into the ‘Iron Age’. The role of economic and socialist theories in the life of society is increasing. A poet of the XIX century descends from the position of an external observer watching the sinful earth and he is horrified to find himself at the mercy of money and related interests, which produce a highly negative effect on morality, subordinating all human aspirations to monetary relations and, therefore, coarsening the soul. We consider the disputes about the progress between the lyric poets and our quite straightforward Westerners. Alexander Blok sums up a certain result of the social orientation towards purely economic relations and the technological progress associated with it in the poem “Retribution”.
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van Staden, Alfred. "The (ir)resistible temptation of privatizing security: A Dutch perspective." Security and Human Rights 19, no. 3 (2008): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187502308785851750.
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AbstractThe use of private contractors in peace support operations may involve a large variety of services. However, there is a conspicuous lack of information and transparency in general regarding the number of PMC personnel employed, the tasks they perform and the sums of money that are at stake. The employment of private military companies can be looked at from three different perspectives, the economic, the military-operational and the legal (as well as ethical) perspective. In the recently published report Employing Private Military Companies two recommendations are made. First, the Dutch government is advised to make the level of its political ambitions with regard to participation in peace support operations dependent on the structural capacity of the armed forces, including basic logistics. Second, the government is urged to provide as much information as possible concerning all relevant aspects of the employment of private companies that render services to the Dutch armed forces in operational areas. Finally, the government is urged to raise the whole issue in the ESDP discussions of the European Union.
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SLEDZEVSKIY, I. V. "Desecularization of the World Community as Tension Source in the International Relations and World Politics." Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 11, no. 4 (October 16, 2018): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2018-11-4-30-45.
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Article is devoted to a role of world religions in the modern international relations and world politics. The phenomenon of world religious revival, his connection with globalization processes, formation of the multi-polar, polycivilization world is investigated. A research objective is the analysis of tendencies of a desecularization of the world community, the reasons and possible consequences of this process in global measurement. Article includes Introduction, three analytical sections and the Conclusion. In Introduction the phenomenon of world religious revival and approaches to his studying is presented. It is asked about a desecularization of the world community as a possible subject of the new direction of the international political researches – the international religious studies. The thesis about crisis of secular bases of modern political system of the world is proved in the first section. Revision of bases of a world order and standards of belonging to the world community from positions of the reviving religious fundamentalism, the cultural and political and social and economic bases of this process are considered. In the second section the role in a desecularization of the world community of political Islam (Islamism) is analyzed. It is noted that the greatest danger of politicization of Islam consists in emergence of difficult surmountable civilization break in the world community between the Western world (still confident in universality of the values) and the world of Islam. In the third section the possibilities of prevention of disintegration of the existing system of the international relations and collision of the cultural worlds are considered. The main attention is paid to processes of a global political institutionalization of such dialogue and its justification in the concept of global ethics – purposeful coordination and gradual connection of the basic moral and ethical values concluded in great religious and cultural traditions of the world. In the final section of article the conclusion is drawn that process of an institutionalization of civilization dialogue (civilization communication) it isn’t finished yet and didn’t become irreversible.
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Bobrova, N. A., M. A. Vlasova, and V. G. Pozin. "CONFLICT OF INTERESTS IS THE BASIS OF CORRUPTION." Vektor nauki Tol’attinskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seria Uridicheskie nauki, no. 2 (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18323/2220-7457-2021-2-5-13.
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Despite the permanent interest of scientists in the issue of corruption, the nature of its basics as an anti-social phenomenon remains understudied. As such principle, the paper considers the conflict of interests of participants in various public relations related to the exercise and abuse of power. The paper aims at showing the nature of the conflict of interests as the basis of such anti-social phenomenon as corruption, identifying subjective and objective causes of corruption. The authors analyze the gaps and weaknesses of current anti-corruption legislation and the practice of its application. The paper gives specific examples of a conflict of interests in various corruptogenic spheres and manifestations, for instance, in the sphere of economic entities’ participation in tenders announced by state and municipal authorities. The authors consider the legal and moral ways of preventing conflicts, the role of ethical norms in preventing conflicts, the legal framework of their prevention and resolution, the ratio of the conflict of interests and the employee’s qualification, the relationship between the material and personal interest, the activities of commissions for preventing a conflict of interests guaranteeing the role of written notification of a conflict of interests, special aspects of the notification procedure, and the consequences of non-compliance with the written notification. The study shows that a conflict of interests and corruption risks are eliminated both through legal means and moral ones, whereby the moral qualities of leaders and the requirements imposed on the heads of state and municipal authorities are of particular importance. Nepotism, increasingly prevalent in power and management structures (kinship and clientelism), is a common form of a conflict of interests, which undermines the moral foundations of public and municipal service.
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Welde, Tadelech Bubamo, and Baiq L. S. W. Wardhani. "Paradox of humanitarian intervention: A critical analysis of theory and practice." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 33, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 222. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v33i32020.222-237.
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Since the end of the Cold War, thoughtlessness act in conducting ‘humanitarian interventions’ has posed analytical challenges for international relations academicians. Traditional security advocators have tried to distinguished implications of ‘humanitarianism’ based on their interest and how it helps state in regaining the outcome. This research identified motivation of state in conducting humanitarian intervention. There are growing studies, as expressed by the constructivist, that humanitarianism is states’ political weapon that shifted the involvement patterns of policymakers and actors in humanitarian interventions. On the other hand, primary criticism from realism stressed economic and political ambition behind humanitarian interventions and makes it impossible to be moral, ethical, and cosmopolitan. The objective of this study is to examine the practices, motives, and challenges of humanitarian interventions. Data gathered from published books and journals selected through rigorous analysis. The research finds that the failure of humanitarian interventions indicates the following: First, humanitarian interventions requires expensive cost in people’s life and other resources. Moreover, there is a moral obligation to save the victims. Second, actors are engaged to operate the mission and has limited right to demonstrate their self-interest to protect the victims. Third is the issue of sovereignty and the subjected state’s willingness to integrate. To overcome the problem, government should promote global governance transformation and the cosmopolitanism nature between actors.
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Dahl, Robert. "A Right to Workplace Democracy? Response to Robert Mayer." Review of Politics 63, no. 2 (2001): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670500031168.
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The disagreements between Professor Mayer and me turn to some extent on legitimate differences in interpreting and understanding my intentions and text, and to a larger extent on differences in the ways we interpret and understand certain important economic and political aspects of the world in which we live.I believe my argument is more consequentialist than he understands it to be. The question is: consequences for what ends, goals, or values? Simplifying my discussion somewhat. I was concerned with three general types of consequences: consequences for economic effectiveness, for property rights, and for rights to a democratic process.As to property rights, though I expressed skepticism about applying the standard moral argument for property rights to business firms, my preferred solution, as Professor Mayer points out, does not entail a violation of basic rights to property, or, for that matter, existing property rights in business firms. It could simply“entail a shift ownership from stockholders to employees”(p. 113).As to economic effectiveness, I argued that employee-owned firms could be as effective in achieving such intermediate goods as investment, growth, and employment (p.120ff.). I argued further that they could be as efficient as American corporations at present in minimizing“the ratio of valued inputs to valued outputs”both in the narrow sense ordinarily employed by economists, for whom the outputs are those valued by consumers, and in a broader sense that would include outputs“we as producers value”(p. 130).
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Brassett, James, and Richard Higgott. "Building the normative dimension(s) of a global polity." Review of International Studies 29, S1 (December 2003): 29–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210503005898.
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Globalisation is not what it used to be. Earlier debates over how to read the indicators of economic liberalisation and the impact of technological expansion have now been joined by the increasingly pressing need to explore the social, environmental and political aspects of global change. Earlier discussions emphasised a number of dichotomies within the international political economy – open/closed, state/market and so on. These have proved limited in their ability to inform explanations of change under conditions of globalisation. To these we must now add what we might call the ‘governance from above’, ‘resistance from below’ dichotomy as a popular metaphor for understanding order and change in international relations under conditions of globalisation. But this new binary axis is in many ways as unsatisfactory as those that went before. It too can obscure as much as it reveals in terms of understanding the normative possibilities of reforming globalisation. In this article we wish to suggest that there is perhaps a more useful way of thinking about politics and the changing contours of political life in the contemporary global order. This approach blurs the distinction between governance and resistance by emphasising an ethical take on globalisation.
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Stebljuk, Svitlana. "Professional competence of future specialists of entrepreneurship, trade and exchange activities, and their structure." Scientific Visnyk V.O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Pedagogical Sciences 66, no. 3 (2019): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2518-7813-2019-66-3-238-243.
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The article reveals the essence of the concept of «professional competence» based on the analysis of researches of scientists. It is defined as an integrative personality quality that determines a specialist's ability to solve professional problems and tasks; a set of professional and personal qualities of a specialist, which combines fundamental knowledge of economic theory, innovative economic way of thinking, skills to analyze and establish interpersonal relationships. The purpose of the article is to determine the structure of professional competence of future specialists in entrepreneurship, trade and exchange activities. Objective: to find out the state of the problem under study in scientific sources and to formulate the vision of the components of professional competence in future specialists in this specialty. The concept of professional competence of future specialists in entrepreneurship, trade and exchange activities is formulated as a complex, multicomponent personality-psychological formation on the basis of integration of knowledge, skills, purposeful practical training, ability of the individual to self-improvement and self-expression on the basis of formed civic and moral and ethical values. It has been established that in the structure of professional competence of education personal-individual, subject-practical, informational, managerial, analytical, economic, scientific and research methods are included. The components of professional competence of future specialists in entrepreneurship, trade and exchange activities are includes: entrepreneurial (in the field of business planning, enterprise strategy in national and international markets, research), economic (normative-legal; mathematical-statistical, economic modeling), general culture (education of culture of interpersonal relations, tolerance). The components of formation of professional competence of future specialists in entrepreneurship, trade and exchange activities are defined.
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Forsythe, David P. "Human Rights after the Cold War." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, no. 4 (December 1993): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100402.
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The central thesis in this article is that international concern with human rights will remain what it has already become: one of the major issues on international law. The end of the Cold War has had a dual impact on international human rights, contributing both to violations of rights and renewed efforts to ameliorate those violations. The complexities of the subject are discussed according to these paradoxes and a synthesis. The first paradox is general: the increasing consensus not only on the notion and core definition of universal human rights, but also on the propriety of certain types of international action to push for their implementation is joined by the fact that human rights remains one of the most controversial aspects of world affairs. The next two paradoxes are derived from, but more specific manifestations of the first. The second paradox consists of: while the international community continues to confer legitimacy on public authorities through bilateral and multilateral political acceptance, it also flirts with awarding legitimacy because of moral factors. The third paradox is that the territorial state retains the most power and legal authority relative to other actors on public policy, but at the same time its jurisdiction is being penetrated and its operative authority weakened. The dominant principle of present concern is the traditional emphasis in world affairs on state independence, combined with pursuit of state security and wealth. The competing principle is on international emphasis on universal human rights. The resulting synthesis entails an advance for human rights and a concomitant reduction in the absolute values of national independence especially as translated into state security and economic policies, but in a very uneven and ‘ragged’ way that does not completely undermine the territorial state and its sovereignty.
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Salicru, Sebastian, and John Chelliah. "Messing with corporate heads? Psychological contracts and leadership integrity." Journal of Business Strategy 35, no. 3 (May 13, 2014): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbs-10-2013-0096.
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Purpose – The purpose of the paper is to present a model of leadership fulfiling the need of our times: The leadership psychological contract (LPC). In the current socio-economic environment of uncertainty and unprecedented change, both business environments and the community at large are marked by leadership crises. This instability makes an understanding of the relational aspects impacting the relationship between leaders and their constituencies both important and urgent. Now, more than ever before, extraordinary leadership is required. The psychological contract (PC) is recognised as one of the most emergent areas in organisational research. Its contribution to the leadership domain, however, is as yet undiscovered. Design/methodology/approach – This paper addresses this deficiency by integrating contemporary leadership and PC literature. This paper also addresses criticisms raised in the leadership literature in the past 25 years relating to the scarce leadership research conducted at the unit/team level, despite the rhetoric that the main aim of leadership is in the collaborative domain, as well as the impact of leaders on emotional constructs and motivational or ‘extra-role’ behaviours. Findings – The LPC is a predictive model that comprises three dependent variables (fulfillment of expectations, trust and fairness) – which constitute the health of the contract or the leader’s integrity/credibility, and four dependent variables (affective commitment, satisfaction, discretionary effort and innovation), which constitute the ‘consequences of the contract’ or the leader’s impact. The LPC model complements previous models of transformational leadership and leader–member exchange theory and addresses various criticisms and recommendations made in literature. Originality/value – Frameworks such as authentic leadership, ethical leadership, moral leadership, spirituality and leadership each emphasise positive leader – follower relations. Taking into account the LPC and incorporating it into theory and practice should allow researchers to predict leadership effectiveness more completely and effectually than existing positive leadership approaches. The LPC model aims to enhance and refresh the value of effective and ethical leadership approaches that are emerging in response to the current socioeconomic landscape and leadership crises.