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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Morality dilemma'
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Nidever, Timothy. "Gyges' dilemma : morality and happiness in Herodotus and Plato /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9133.
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Nidever, Timothy. "Gyges' Dilemma: Morality and Happiness in Herodotus and Plato." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/9133.
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ix, 108 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Herodotus and Plato both tell of the usurpation of the Lydian throne by Gyges, a subject of the king. Both accounts, moreover, maybe interpreted as parables reflecting on moral choice, external contingency, and their bearing on human happiness. Herodotus' Gyges, properly understood, is endowed with the resources and affective responses of a respectable, if ordinary, moral agent. He successfully navigates a pair of perilous dilemmas that will catapult him, without ambition or malevolence, into ultimate power, privilege and, presumably, happiness. Plato's account teases out, clarifies, and reframes issues implicit in Herodotus' tale, exploring how and why ordinary moral agents may fail in their choices, despite apparently desirable outcomes, visiting ruin on their potential happiness. In the process Plato self-critically illustrates the inefficacy of the Socratic elenchus alone to prevent or correct the motivational mistakes of such agents, and vigorously expands the role of philosophy in securing human happiness.
Adviser: Malcolm Wilson
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Larsson, Ylva. "Skaparens dilemma : En deskriptiv studie om moralproduktionen på svenska reklambyråer." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Centrum för tjänsteforskning, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2190.
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Advertising, as an industry, reflects contemporary values whilst creating new symbols and changing both behaviour and public opinion. In the last hundred years, advertising has pervaded most areas of life, and spaces that are commer-cial free are becoming rare. The aim of this dissertation is to explore and map various social objects that create the perception of morality that exists within an advertising agency. The approach can be described as qualitative, descriptive, analytical and constructionist. The study belongs within a research field that borders on business economics/business ethics and philosophy/descriptive eth-ics. Fundamental to my study is the exploration of stories told by different key advertising practitioners. Using a symbolic interactionist approach I iden-tify important meaning carriers that together create and identify the social object “morality”. The empirical material is based on a total of 36 inter-views conducted 1998-2000 with advertising practitioners from 15 Swedish advertising agencies. In addition to the interviews, an observational study was conducted for eight months in 1998 along with a literature study. In my analysis two related areas for morality emerged; one area focusing mo-rality related to clients/consumers, and one area focusing morality within the agency/branch. Two models illustrating the results were constructed. Ethics, economics and aesthetics often find themselves on opposing sides in various situations and at different levels in the work process at the agency. The need for profit gives precedence to the economic aspect mak-ing it superior to the other two aspects, ethics and aesthetics. However, advertising practitioners that prioritise the aesthetic aspects may find them-selves be awarded a golden egg at some yearly gala. Hence, to stretch a little on morality and sin with refinement may be quite rewarding. The dissertation was preceded by and builds on a licentiate dissertation in busi-ness economics by Larsson-Eklund (2002) - “Med skaparkraft som etiskt argu-ment. En explorativ studie om moral och yrkesetik inom reklambranschen ur ett internt relationsperspektiv” (enclosed in appendix 6).
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Gillani, Dayyab. "The definitional dilemma of terrorism : seeking clarity in light of terrorism scholarship." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12258.
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The understanding of terrorism has thus far been determined not by some independent line of inquiry but instead by a strong interplay between conflicting moral positions. Treated sometimes as a method or tactic and at other times as a distinct form of violence, the true nature of terrorism remains elusive, while a failure to understand it has squarely been blamed on the moral problem. The conceptual and theoretical debate in the field of terrorism studies as a result has not progressed in any meaningful way. Issues that were associated with terrorism when a formal inquiry into the problem was first launched still remain unresolved. Basic questions as to whether terrorism generates fear and if it is possible to identify its victim or perpetrator continue to plague the terrorism discourse. Meanwhile matters that are crucial, such as the widespread tendency to treat terrorism as a tactic, strategy or ideology and the essentially contested character of terrorism scholarship are either ignored or erroneously taken for granted. This thesis will show that our inability to define terrorism is not due to the moral problem as it is made out to be but because of our failure to understand the true nature of terrorism. To accomplish this task, it not only analyzes issues that are regularly contested but also discusses in detail the ones that are trivialized and overlooked. It ultimately concludes that terrorism primarily plays only an auxiliary or a facilitatory role and therefore the key to defining it and understanding its true nature lies in its utility and function.
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Echewodo, Christian Chidi. "Professional Integrity and the Dilemma in Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2405.
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There is no stronger or more enduring prohibition in medicine than the rule against the killing of patients by doctors. This prohibition is rooted in some medical codes and principles. Out standing among the principles surrounding these prohibitions are the principles of beneficence and non-maleficience. The contents of these principles in a way mark the professional integrity of the physician. But the modern approach to health care services pulls a demand for the respect of the individual right of self-determination. This demand is now glaring in almost all the practices pertaining to health care services. In end of life decisions, this modern demand is found much in practices like physician- assisted suicide and euthanasia. It demands that the physician ought to respect the wish and choice of the patient, and so, must assist the patient in bringing about his or her death when requested. In such manner, this views the principle of autonomy as absolute and should not be overridden in any circumstance.
However, the physician on his part is part of the medical profession that has integrity to protect. This integrity in medical profession which demands that the physician works only towards the health care of the patient and to what reduces diseases and deaths often go contrary to this respect for individual autonomy. Thus faced with such requests by patients, the physician always sees his integrity in conflict with his demand to respect the autonomous choice of the patient and so has a dilemma in responding to such requests. This is the focus of this work,"Professional Integrity and the Dilemma in Physician- Assisted Suicide"
However, the centre of my argument in this work is not merely though necessary to develop general arguments for or against the general justification of PAS, but to critically view the role played by the physicians in assisting the death of their patients as it comes in conflict with the medical obligation and integrity. Is it morally right, out rightly wrong or in certain situation permissible that physicians respond positively to the request of the patients for PAS? This is the overarching moral problem in the morality of physician- assisted suicide, and this work will consider this in line with the main problem in the work “the dilemma of professional physicians in the assistance of suicide.
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Åqvist, Helena. "Du är världens sämsta fröken! : En essä om ett moraliskt dilemma och problemskapande beteende." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32515.
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Det här är en vetenskaplig essä som är skriven med utgångspunkt i ett självupplevt dilemma. När jag skrivit denna essä har jag gjort det med syfte att, via reflektion och litteraturstudier, få förståelse för varför jag handlat som jag gjort och för att få nya perspektiv på hur jag kan agera när jag hamnar i nya dilemman. Det vet jag med säkerhet att jag kommer att göra, då jag som lärare arbetar med människor. I min essä har jag också undersökt om det lågaffektiva bemötandet är en etiskt riktig metod och om arbetssättet stämmer överrens med skolans värdegrund. Jag har som diskussionspartner i detta hermeneutiska arbete bland annat tagit hjälp av filosofer, psykologer och styrdokument för skolans verksamhet. Med dessa och deras olika teorier om etik, moral, förnuft, empati, värdegrund och lågaffektivt bemötande har jag kommit fram till att: med kunskap om valda teorier i kombination med erfarenhet och praktiskkunskap kan du som pedagog göra klokast möjliga val ut ur dilemman. När jag undersökt det lågaffektiva arbetssättet och dess metoder, har jag kommit fram till att om du är väl påläst och därför har förståelse för hur du ska använda dig av metoden är det ett bra arbetssätt ur en pedagogs synvinkel. Är du däremot inte väl påläst kan det ha direkt motsatt effekt.This is a scientific essay that is written from a self-perceived dilemma. While writing this essay I do it with a purpose and with reflection on literature studies. I´m trying to get an understanding why I acting the way I do and to get a new perspective of how I´m going to act when similar situations occur. Which I know I will when working with children. In my essay, I also examine whether low arousal approach attention is an ethically correct approach and if that way of work matches the school's values. In this hermeneutic work I discuss with philosophers, psychologists, and research into the regulatory documents you relate to when you work in a school. With these and theories about duty ethics, discourse ethics, morality, common sense, empathy, core values and low arousal approach I reach the understanding that: With these theories combined with experience and practical knowledge give you a possibility to make wise decisions in a dilemma. I come to the conclusion that if you are well versed with the low arousal approach method it can be a good method to use from the perspective of a teacher. The effects of the method will become useless if you don’t have the knowledge how to use it.
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Lusenga, Richard Mishack. "School leaders' moral understanding and moral reasoning." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25322.
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School leaders are faced with serious moral challenges on a daily basis at schools, which often result in them making poor moral choices. In a situation of moral decay in schools, reports in the news media create the impression that school leaders often fail to demonstrate the necessary values advocated by the Moral Regeneration Movement and the Manifesto of Values, Education and Democracy. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore school leaders’ understanding and reasoning regarding values and morality. For the purposes of the study a number of possible lenses, such as cultural relativism, religious beliefs, ethical subjectivism, classical utilitarian theory, Domain theory, and the ethic of justice, ethic of care, ethic of critique and the ethic of community, were identified and used in analysing the way school leaders reason about moral dilemmas. A design located within hermeneutic phenomenology was used in the study with the aim to understand school leaders’ understanding and reasoning regarding values and morality. A combination of quantitative and qualitative data gathering techniques was used in a concurrent mixed method design using a single questionnaire. The sample for the study consisted of educators enrolled for a formal management training programme. This group was largely homogenous in terms of religion, language, culture and was mainly from rural areas of Mpumalanga. Seventy-three participants took part in the study. It emerged from the data that the espoused theories used by school leaders could be related to the lenses identified in the literature. The school leaders’ espoused theories were mainly based on the ethic of justice and the ethic of care and were aligned to their preferred value orientations. At the espoused theory level, school leaders revealed a strong moral orientation. Further research is indicated to study school leaders’ theory in action.Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Education Management and Policy Studies
unrestricted
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Braswell, Michael, Joycelyn M. Pollock, and Scott Braswell. "Morality Stories: Dilemmas in Ethics, Crime & Justice." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. http://a.co/cDdF8Ob.
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pt. 1. Stories and moral dilemmas : an introduction--pt. 2. Loyalty and personal relationships--Black and blue--Amnesia of the heart--Sarah Salvation--Rosy--A different justice--Stray dogs--A harmless little romance--The end is near--pt. 3. Duties to self and others--Rasheed's ticket--Invisible boy--Short-cut--The big picture--Special of the week--It's too bad about Tommy--Ballad of the Wafflehouse queen--Truth teller--pt. 4. Justice and redemption--The open door--Prison lullabies--Tin spoke parade--Thunder for Mally--Best intentions--The cracker jack gospel--The mercy seat--As is.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1103/thumbnail.jpg
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Braswell, Michael, Joycelyn M. Pollock, and Scott Braswell. "Morality Stories: Dilemmas in Ethics, Crime & Justice." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://amzn.com/1594603073.
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pt. 1. Stories and moral dilemmas : an introduction--pt. 2. Loyalty and personal relationships--1. Black and blue--2. Amnesia of the heart--3. Sarah Salvation--4. Rosy--5. A different justice--6. Stray dogs--pt. 3. Duties to self and others--7. Rasheed's ticket--8. Invisible boy--9. The big picture--10. Special of the week--11. It's too bad about Tommy--12. Truth teller--pt. 4. Justice and redemption--13. The open door--14. Prison lullabies--15. Tin spoke parade--16. Thunder for Mally--17. The mercy seat--18. As is.https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu_books/1102/thumbnail.jpg
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Delerud, Elin, and Linda Viselli. "Sjuksköterskors upplevelser av etiska svårigheter i vården." Thesis, Ersta Sköndal högskola, Institutionen för vårdvetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:esh:diva-1898.
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Persson, Julia, and Sarah Skog. "Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av moralisk stress. En litteraturstudie." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25357.
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Bakgrund: Det ställs inre och yttre krav på sjuksköterskor som i sin yrkesroll måste göra medvetna val. Valen skall baseras på individuell vård för varje patient, vara rättssäkra och samtidigt vara effektiva för såväl avdelningen som organisationen. Kraven som ställs på sjuksköterskor kan utgöra en psykisk påfrestning som kan yttra sig i form av moralisk stress. Moralisk stress är de känslor och upplevelser som utgörs av en moralisk motsättning, där personen i fråga vet vilken handling som är korrekt men blir begränsad att utföra den på grund av organisatoriska, strukturella och ekonomiska faktorer. Moralisk stress grundar sig i det fysiologiska fenomenet stress som är kroppens överlevnadsreaktion vid yttre belastning i form av stressorer. För att upprätthålla en god och säker omvårdnad ska sjuksköterskor följa olika styrande riktlinjer och förordningar inom hälso- och sjukvård. Syfte: Belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av moralisk stress. Metod: En litteraturstudie med elva kvalitativa artiklar som insamlats med hjälp av systematisk databassökning där datamaterial sedan granskades och analyserades. Goodmans sju-stegsmodell användes som stöd i metoden för att finna och bedöma relevant vetenskaplig litteratur. Resultat: Efter analys av datamaterial framkom fem teman: Bristande samverkan mellan yrkeskategorier, organisationen försvårar sjuksköterskans arbete, känsla av otillräcklighet, känslomässiga reaktioner och ökat kollegialt stöd. Konklusion: Moralisk stress är globalt förekommande bland sjuksköterskor som uttrycker olika erfarenheter kring fenomenet. Bristande samverkan mellan läkare och sjuksköterskor i kombination med organisatoriska svårigheter leder till en känsla av otillräcklighet för sjuksköterskor.Background: There are internal and external demands on nurses who must make conscious choices. The choices must be based on individual care for each patient, be legally secure and at the same time be effective for both the ward and the organization. The demands set on nurses can become a psychological distress that can be seen as an internal conflict in the form of moral stress. Moral stress are the feelings and experiences that consist of a moral contradiction, where the person know the correct way to act but is limited to execute it because of organizational, structural and economic factors. Moral stress is based on the physiological phenomenon of stress, which is the body's survival reaction to external burden in the form of stressors. There are various controlling factors and guidelines that nurses should follow in healthcare in order to maintain a good and safe care. Objective: To illuminate nurses’ experience of moral stress.Method: A literature review of eleven qualitative studies that were generated by systematic database search and then reviewed and analysed. To support the method Goodman’s seven-step model was used to find and assess the relevant scientific literature.Results: After analysing data five themes were revealed: Lack of collaboration between professionals, organization that complicate nurses’ work, feelings of inadequacy, emotional reactions and increased support from colleagues. Conclusion: Moral stress is a globally occurring phenomenon which nurses’ express a variety of different experiences. Lack of collaboration between physicians and nurses combined with organizational difficulties leading to a feeling of inadequacy for nurses.
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Barque-Duran, A. "Dissertations on decision-making : similarity, constructive judgements, morality and social dilemmas." Thesis, City, University of London, 2017. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/17404/.
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The present thesis (mostly) concerns the application of alternative mathematical methods to understand patterns in human cognition and to model them. The different chapters presented in this thesis show research that concerns the application of quantum probability (QP) theory in the modeling of human decision-making. Quantum probability (QP) theory is a theory for how to assign probabilities to events. QP theory can be thought of as the probability rules from quantum mechanics, without any of the physics. This work is not about the application of quantum physics to brain physiology. Rather, we are interested in QP theory as a mathematical framework for cognitive modelling. This theory is potentially relevant in any behavioural situation that involves uncertainty. QP theory is analogous to classical probability theory, though QP theory and classical probability (CP) theory are founded from different sets of axioms (the Kolmogorov and Dirac/von Neumann axioms respectively) and so are subject to alternative constraints. In this thesis we show that especially over the last decade, there has been a growing interest in decision-making and cognitive models using a quantum probabilistic (QP) framework. We see how this development encompasses publications in major journals (see Pothos and Busemeyer, 2013; Wang et al., 2014; and Yearsley and Pothos, 2014; among others), special issues, and dedicated workshops, as well as several comprehensive books (Busemeyer and Bruza, 2012; Khrennikov, 2010; and Haven and Khrennikov, 2010). However, uncertainty itself is neither ethical nor unethical – yet it is inherent to most situations in which, for instance, moral judgments and decisions have to be made. For a descriptive understanding of judgment and decisions in moral situations, it is an important lesson to acknowledge both the cognitive side (bounded rationality) and the environment (ecological rationality) – and thus the uncertainty of the world and how the mind deals with it. This thesis also shows significant interest in moral and social psychology. Specifically, we consider present technologies that suggest a need for evaluating alternative contexts for ethical decision-making. How the research on human-machine interaction feeds back into humans’ understanding of themselves as moral agents? This key question ultimately relates to the nature of ethical theory itself. Overall, this dissertation presents and addresses not only standard aspects of decision- making processes, such as similarity judgments (Chapters 1 to 4) or the constructive role of articulating impressions (Chapter 5), but also standard aspects of social psychology, such as moral judgments (Chapters 6 and 7) and game theory (Chapter 8). As stated in the Declarations section, the present thesis is a combination of a standard and a publication- based dissertation.
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Jackson, Vincent Patrick. "Inescapable Wrongdoing and the Coherence of Morality: An Examination of Moral Dilemmas." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32871.
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In this thesis, I propose an argument against the possibility of moral dilemmas, which I construe as situations in which moral wrongdoing is inescapable. The first chapter addresses some terminological matters and attempts to sort out the main issues of contention between proponents and opponents of moral dilemmas. The second chapter lays out my argument, which I dub the â Argument from Action-Guidingness,â against proponents of moral dilemmas. Negative moral judgments of the sort â X is wrongâ typically carry with them the implication that X ought not to be done. If judgments of wrongness always have this action-guiding force, then moral dilemmas, which say that all courses of action available to the agent are morally wrong, threaten morality with incoherence. To avoid this problem, proponents of dilemmas will be forced to abandon the action-guiding implications of negative moral judgments when dilemmas arise. But this move is not without its own difficulties, which I elucidate. The final chapter identifies flaws in two prominent arguments in favor of dilemmas: the argument from moral distress and the argument from incommensurable values. The latter half of the chapter examines Sayre-McCordâ s â fairness argumentâ against dilemmas, and contrasts it with the argument from action-guidingness.Master of Arts
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Pethrus, Anton. "Informationens effekt i moraliska dilemman : Effekterna mängden tillgänglig information har på spelares beslut i prohibition dilemman." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-13734.
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Detta arbete redogör för effekterna tillgången eller avsaknaden av omfattande karaktärsinformation samt information om beslutens direkta konsekvenser har på spelarens beslutsprocess i narrativa prohibition dilemman. Då det finns avsaknad av konsensus om dess effekter i ämnesområdet och en frånvaro av objektiva studier för att undersöka de aktuella ståndpunkterna, är studien nödvändig för att förbättra kunskapen inom området och för att generera objektiva resultat av dess effekter på spelare. För att undersöka problemformuleringen skapades två likadana textbaserade spel, där skillnaden mellan dem var att den ena gav spelaren omfattande karaktärsinformation och information om beslutens direkta konsekvenser i spelet narrativa prohibition dilemman, medan den andra artefakten saknade den informationen. Respektive artefakt testades på en separat testgrupp för att generera resultat om dess respektive effekt på testgruppen som spelade den. Resultaten var blandade i de olika testgrupperna. Det gick dock att finna tendenser i resultaten i de olika grupperna. När spelare inte hade omfattande karaktärsinformation samt information om beslutens konsekvenser, var de mer benägna att välja de beslut de kände var rätt utifrån deras egna värderingar när de inte kunde härleda beslutens konsekvenser. När de kunde härleda beslutens konsekvenser valde de ofta det val vilket gav dem den mest fördelaktiga utkomsten. När spelaren hade tillgång omfattande karaktärsinformation samt information om beslutens direkta konsekvenser motiverades deras beslut av att väga fördelarna och nackdelarna av respektive beslutsalternativ mot varandra, utifrån en strategisk och/eller moralisk basis, där de tog det alternativ som gav dem den mest optimala utkomsten. I fall där spelarna hade en emotionell investering i besluten valde de oftast oavsett mängden tillgänglig information vid beslutet att välja det beslut som kändes rätt. Något som även framkom i studien var att bättre resultat för att besvara problemformuleringen och explorativt undersöka ämnesområdet, skulle vara att göra ett liknande test av artefakterna på grupper av definierade spelartyper. Det skulle ge en bättre översikt av respektive utgångspunkts påverkan på specifika spelartyper och generera tydligare samt mer användbara resultat att besvara problemformuleringen med.
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Nordström, Marcus. "The Dilemma of Homo Moralis : Preference evolution in the prisoner's dilemma under assortative matching in finite populations without equilibrium assumptions." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-181952.
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Evolutionary game theory has made a big contribution to our understanding of evolutionary and economical processes. Recently, in the article Homo Moralis by Ingela Alger and Jörgen Weibull, a model extending classical evolutionary game theory in two ways is designed. Firstly the matching processes is allowed to be assortative and secondly the evolution is designed in such a way that it acts on preferences instead of strategies. They prove that an individual with a certain morality preference in such a setting can not be outperformed by an individual with another preference. To obtain the results, the authors model the population as a continuum and assume that equilibrium always is reached. In this thesis we design a model where these assumptions are relaxed and then test through computer simulations whether the results hold for the prisoner’s dilemma game. In our experiments we find no case where the results do not hold.
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Gligoric, Elvira, and Ida Johnson. "Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av copingstrategier vid moralisk stress." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-27021.
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Bakgrund: Moralisk stress är ett begrepp som först myntades av Andrew Jameton. Hans definition av moralisk stress är när en person vet den korrekta moraliska handlingen i en viss situation, men inte kan agera utefter denna på grund av olika organisatoriska begränsningar. Den moraliska stressen kan leda både till fysiska och psykiska symtom hos sjuksköterskan, men även patienten påverkas negativt om sjuksköterskan upplever moralisk stress. För att hantera den moraliska stressen kan sjuksköterskan använda sig av olika copingstrategier, en copingstrategi syftar till hantera inre och/eller yttre påfrestningar. Syfte: Syftet är att undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av copingstrategier vid moralisk stress på sin arbetsplats. Metod: En litteraturstudie med kvalitativ design utfördes. Totalt 12 stycken vetenskapliga artiklar användes för att få fram resultatet. Artiklarna granskades utefter relevans och kvalitet av två stycken oberoende granskare. Resultat: Fem kategorier som svarade på syftet identifierades, vilka var; (1) distansering (2) förnekelse (3) acceptans (4) lämna arbetet och (5) samtal Konklusion: Distansering är en återkommande copingstrategi sjuksköterskor använder sig utav. Genom att distansera sig från det moraliska dilemmat skyddar sjuksköterskan sig själv, men i längden har denna copingstrategi negativa konsekvenser för sjuksköterskans självbild och hälsa. Att samtala med sina kollegor och chefer om de situationer som ger upphov till moralisk stress har visat sig vara en god copingstrategi, dock är det viktigt att sjuksköterskan upplever sig bli hörd och att oron som sjuksköterskan uttrycker tas på allvar för att samtal ska fungera som en effektiv copingstrategi.Background: Moral distress is a concept first coined by Andrew Jameton. His definition of moral distress is when a person knows the correct moral action in a particular situation, but cannot act on it because of various organizational constraints. The moral distress can lead to both physical and mental symptoms for the nurse, the patient is also adversely affected if the nurse is experiencing moral stress. In order to deal with the moral stress, the nurse can use different coping strategies, which aims to deal with internal and / or external stresses. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate nurses' experiences of coping strategies in moral distress at their workplace. Method: A literature review with qualitative design was performed. A total of 12 scientific articles were used to obtain the result. The articles relevance and quality were reviewed by two independent reviewers. Result: Five categories that responded to the purpose were identified, which were; (1) distancing (2) denial (3) acceptance (4) leaving work and (5) conversation. Conclusion: Distancing is a recurring coping strategy nurse’s use. By distancing themself from the moral dilemma, the nurse protects herself from moral distress, but in the long run, this coping strategy has negative consequences for the nurse's self-image and health. Talking with their colleagues and managers about the situations that give rise to moral distress has proven to be a good coping strategy, however, it is important that the nurse feel that she is being heard and that the concerns the nurse’s expresses are being taken seriously if the conversation are going to be an effective coping strategy.
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Nilsson, Caroline, and Elin Sandgren. "Situationer av moralisk stress hos sjuksköterskor." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24520.
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Syfte: Att undersöka i vilka situationer moralisk stress förekom hos sjuksköterskor inom somatisk vård och hur uppfattningen av moralisk stress påverkades av sjuksköterskans ålder och erfarenhet.Bakgrund: Moralisk stress hos sjuksköterskor uppkommer när de vet vad som borde göras, men strukturella, organisatoriska eller ekonomiska faktorer utgör ett hinder för att utföra rätt handling. Effekter av detta kan leda till dålig självkänsla, depression eller att arbetsplatsen lämnas.Metod: En litteraturstudie med granskning och bearbetning av tio kvantitativa vetenskapliga artiklar genomfördes.Resultat: Sjuksköterskor upplevde moralisk stress i samarbete med andra professioner samt vid samarbete inom den egna professionen. Moralisk stress upplevdes vid meningslöst vårdande som till exempel ineffektiv vård när läkaren gav inkompetent vård. Även vid meningslöst livsuppehållande vård upplevdes moralisk stress. I vissa etiska situationer och vid besparingar som innefattade personalbrist och kostnadsbesparingar, uppstod även moralisk stress. Korrelationen mellan ålder och erfarenhet hade också betydelse för nivån av moralisk stress.Konklusion: Det fanns flertalet situationer i vilka sjuksköterskor upplevde moralisk stress. Då vården i dagens samhälle ska bedrivas så kostnadseffektivt som möjligt påverkade detta sjukhusmiljön negativt, vilket resulterade i moralisk stress. Genom att bli uppmärksam på de situationer då det upplevs mest moralisk stress kan förebyggande arbete på sikt minska den moraliska stressen.Objective: To investigate the situations in which moral distress occurred in nurses in somatic care and how the perception of moral distress was influenced by the nurse's age and experience.Background: Moral distress among nurses arise when they know what should be done, but structural, organizational or exclusive economic factors are an obstacle to perform the right action. The effects of this can lead to poor self-esteem, depression, or leaving work.Method: A literature review by reviewing and processing ten quantitative scientific articles was conducted.Results: Nurses experienced moral distress in collaboration with other professions and cooperation within the profession. At futile care, which included, for example ineffective care where the doctor gave incompetent care, as well as in life support care perceived moral distress. Even in some ethical situations and savings that included staff shortages and cost savings, moral distress occured. The correlation between age and experience were also significant for the level of moral distress.Conclusion: There were several situations in which nurses experienced moral distress. The hospital care in today's society is to be conducted as cost effectively as possible, this affected the hospital environment adversely, resulting in moral distress. By becoming attentive to those situations in which the most moral distress is experienced, prevention may eventually reduce moral distress.
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Sosa, Nicholas. "Melting Poles, Polio, and Moral Perceptions of Scientists: Humanization and Trust of Scientists in Moral Dilemmas Predicts Science Acceptance." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1550575151240985.
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Zelenková, Markéta. "Etická dilemata v podnikání, účetnictví a daních." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205709.
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The thesis deals with financial accounting and taxation; i.e. areas with increased risk of unethical behaviour. It presents and critically evaluates the measures introduced by the European Union, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the authors of Taxparency project - the nongovernmental organisation Transparency International Česká republika and Lexperanto association. The introductory chapters of the thesis offer a brief excursion into the realms of philosophy, law and psychology. Their purpose is to provide a comprehensive summary of the most important findings from these disciplines for better understanding of the meaning and fundamentals of ethics. Subsequently, three key areas of financial accounting and taxation are discussed - non-transparent ownership structures, virtual offices and transfer prices - with the objective to determine the motives of entrepreneurs to use these practices. LuxLeaks case is mentioned as a practical example of unethical behaviour of entrepreneurs, tax advisers as well as of civil servants. The conclusion outlines the Taxparency project. The aim of the thesis is not only to introduce but also critically evaluate the project. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey, the possibilities of the project implementation in the conditions of the Czech Republic are analysed. The official websites of individual institutions and organisations became the main information source for the thesis.
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Gradin, Franzén Anna. "Disciplining Freedom : Treatment Dilemmas and Subjectivity at a Detention Home for Young Men." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-106936.
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This ethnographic study explores treatment practices and staff-resident interaction at a detention home for young men, drawing on video recorded conversations and interviews. It investigates ideological dilemmas inherent in the institutional setting and how these produce complex subject positions to uptake, negotiate or refuse. Study I explores a core treatment dilemma: coercion vs. freedom, involving the dual institutional goal of coercing residents into norm abiding behavior and of producing individuals who behave "properly" out of their own free will. It focuses on staff members’ talk about token economy, illuminating rhetorical resources deployed to avoid the troubled subject position of a disciplinarian. Study II investigates disciplinary humor, illuminating how humor is used both to impose and disrupt social order. It shows how staff members and youths skillfully deploy humor in negotiating local hierarchies related to authority, generation, and age. Humor was also found to be a useful way of navigating ideological dilemmas. Study III explores behavior modification practices, focusing on how selfassessment practices can be conceptualized as responsibilization that emphasizes self-regulation. It documents the participants’ engagement in strategic deployment of specific subject position relations, “young boy”-caregiver rather than delinquent-disciplinarian. In brief, the thesis shows that subject positions are essentially co-constructed, and how positions related to age are highly relevant in this institutional setting. Paradoxical aspects of subject positions provide discursive resources that can be deployed to navigate ideological dilemmas such as that of coercion vs. freedom, but also to handle issues of authenticity.Denna etnografiska studie undersöker behandlingspraktiker och interaktion mellan personal och ungdomar på ett särskilt ungdomshem för unga män. Materialet består framförallt av videoinspelad interaktion och intervjuer. I studien utforskas ideologiska dilemman samt hur dessa producerar komplexa subjektspositioner att uppta, förhandla om eller neka. Studie I undersöker ett huvuddilemma: tvång vs. frihet, vilket involverar de dubbla institutionella målen att tvinga ungdomarna till önskvärt beteende och att producera individer som beter sig ”korrekt” av egen fri vilja. Fokus ligger på personalens tal om teckenekonomi och studien synliggör retoriska resurser som används för att undvika positionen ”disciplinär personal”. Studie II utforskar disciplinerande humor och synliggör hur humor används både för att skapa och omskapa den sociala ordningen. Studien visar hur personal och ungdomar skickligt använder humor i förhandlingar om lokala hierarkier relaterade till auktoritet, generation och ålder. Humor var också ett sätt att navigera ideologiska dilemman. Studie III undersöker beteendemodifieringspraktiker, med fokus på hur självutvärdering kan förstås som responsibilisering med fokus på själv-reglering. Studien dokumenterar deltagarnas strategiska användning av specifika subjektspositionsrelationer, ”liten pojke”-vårdare snarare än ungdomsbrottsling-disciplinär personal. Sammantaget visar avhandlingen att subjektspositioner i grunden är samkonstruerade och att positioner rörande ålder är ytterst relevanta i denna kontext. Paradoxala aspekter av subjektspositioner bidrar med diskursiva resurser vilka kan användas för att hantera ideologiska dilemman och för att hantera frågor rörande autenticitet.
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Elfström, Petra, and Helena Vikström. "Vi skulle inte ha gjort något… : Tveksamheter och frustration hos sjuksköterskor vid hjärtstopp." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för vård, arbetsliv och välfärd, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-419.
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Vid hjärtstopp upphör hjärtats pumpförmåga och för varje minut som går minskar chansen att överleva med 10 %. I händelse av hjärtstopp skall hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal omedelbart påbörja hjärtlungräddning (HLR) såvida det inte finns ett dokumenterat ställningstagande till att HLR inte skall utföras. Det finns nämligen skäl där det är motiverat att avstå denna behandling. I de fall där patienten själv inte vill bli återupplivad eller då ansvarig läkare bedömer att HLR inte är medicinskt motiverat eller till gagn för patienten. Det kan ibland leda till att man i efterhand kan inse att behandlingsförsöket var mindre motiverat. Att handskas med död och döende anses inom forskning vara den högst rankade stressoren för sjuksköterskan. Sjuksköterskan ställs inför många utmaningar i sitt arbete och utsätts ofta för etiska dilemman när de kommer i konflikt med vad sjuksköterskan anser vara rätt för patienten. Syftet med studien är att beskriva sjuksköterskors upplevelser vid hjärtstopp hos patienter där ställningstagande kring HLR saknas eller inte har diskuterats. Tio narrativa intervjuer genomfördes med sjuksköterskor yrkesverksamma inom slutenvården. Metoden som används är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet påvisar de etiska dilemman som sjusköterskorna hamnar i. Huvudresultatet visar att sjuksköterskor upplever frustration när de hamnar i situationer där patienten drabbas av hjärtstopp och frågeställningen kring återupplivning inte har diskuterats. Det uppstår tveksamheter när beslutet inte var taget eller att det togs för sent. De beskriver även en strävan efter att göra det som anses vara gott mot patienten.
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Brantelid, Ida Emilie, and Wingård Sara Lecander. "Undersköterskor och sjuksköterskors moraliska stress i det dagliga arbetet." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24665.
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Etiska aspekter av vårdyrket spelar inte en framträdande roll i sjuksköterskeutbildningen. Etik är den teoretiska referensramen för ett korrekt moraliskt handlande och sjukvård handlar om att ge rätt omvårdnad till en individ i behov av detta. När moraliska värderingar och verkligheten kolliderar kan en konflikt uppstå, vilket i sin tur kan leda till moralisk stress. Psykisk ohälsa har på senare tid ökat bland sjukvårdspersonal som en direkt följd av moralisk stress. Syftet med denna empiriska enkätstudie är att undersöka i vilken grad undersköterskor och sjuksköterskor upplever moralisk stress i det dagliga arbetet. Studien har utförts på en medicinklinik på UMAS där alla undersköterskor och sjuksköterskor på avdelningen har inkluderats. Ett modifierat validerat mätinstrument har används för att mäta vilka situationer som är särskilt känsliga för moralisk stress samt i vilken grad detta ger dåligt samvete. Resultatet visar att det förekommer moralisk stress på avdelningen. Det finns inte någon skillnad mellan yrkeskategorierna i förekomsten av de utvalda situationerna däremot finns det en signifikant skillnad i vissa situationen när det gäller graden av dåligt samvete.Ethical aspects of health care profession do not take a prominent role in nursing programme. Ethics is the theoretical reference for proper moral behavior and healthcare is about providing the right care to an individual in need of it. When moral values and reality collide a conflict can arise, which in turn can lead to moral stress. Psychological illness has recently increased among healthcare professionals as a direct result of moral stress. The aim of this empirical survey is to examine to which degree staff nurses and nurses experiencing moral stress in their daily work. The study was conducted at a medical clinic at UMAS where all the staff nurses and nurses in the department were included. A modified validated questionnaire has been used to measure the situations that are particularly sensitive to moral stress and to which degree these situations give troubled conscience. The result indicates that moral stress exists in the department. There is no difference in the presence of the selected situations between staff nurses and nurses, however, there is a significant difference between staff nurses and nurses in some situations to which they contribute troubled conscience.
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Holmqvist, Sophie, and Louise Nilsson. "Medieetik, mammor och sociala medier : En kvalitativ studie om etiska dilemman i relation till publicering av bilder på barn på sociala medier." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-31402.
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Syfte: Studien syftar till en djupare förståelse om etiska resonemang som kan uppstå kring sociala medier. Uppsatsens fokus ligger i att undersöka hur mammor resonerar kring publicering av bilder på barn, under 18 år, på Facebook och Instagram. Vilka etiska och moraliska dilemman kan mammor stöta på och hur väljer man att resonera kring dessa dilemman? Frågeställningar Vilka moraliska och etiska dilemman upplever mammor på sociala medier i relation till publicering av bilder på barn och vad finns det för typ av resonemang kring dessa dilemman? Hur kan existerande dilemman förstås utifrån teorier om nya medier och etiska gränser? Metod och material: Fyra stycken kvalitativa djupintervjuer med mammor.Huvudresultat: Viktigt att en god mediepraxis implementeras hos mammor i relation till bilder på barn på sociala medier, vilket skapar en god moralisk identitet. En ökad medvetenhet kring integritet på sociala medier ökar begränsningsstrategier.
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Yang, Fang-Yen. "The morality of writing Lu Hsün and his dilemma /." 1988. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/19757918.html.
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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1988.Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-72).
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Šťastná, Kamila. "Problematika výuky morální výchovy na českých školách." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-332297.
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The thesis deals with moral (ethical) education in Czech schools. It tries to extend the current complementary discipline of ethical education by the Konstanz Method of Dilemma- Discussion (hereinafter KMDD) whose objective is to develop moral competence. For this purpose, it follows the tradition of moral education in Czech schools and pays attention to the diversity of the concept of moral education. It introduces the main psychological backgrounds of moral education and also the theories that focus on the "measurement" of morality. The thesis analyses the contemporary Czech concept of ethical education, maps the situation of moral education with respect to our neighbours, and then presents the Konstanz Method of Dilemma-Discussion. Part of the dissertation is its research section in which Czech pupils were subjected to a KMDD examination through research. Keywords: moral education, ethics education, method, concept, tradition, measurement of morality, Konstanz Method of Dilemma Discussion
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Etieyibo, Edwin. "David Gauthiers Moral Contractarianism and the Problem of Secession." Phd thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/598.
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This thesis proposes a reading of David Gauthiers moral contractarianism (hereinafter Mb(CM)A) that demonstrates how cooperation can be rational in situations where expected utilities (EU) are stacked too high against cooperation. The dissertation critically examines Mb(CM)A and contends that it breaks down in the test of application, i.e. the problem of secession because of the conception of rationality it appeals to. Mb(CM)A identifies rationality with utility-maximization, where utility is the measure of considered coherent preferences about outcomes. Mb(CM)A links morality to reason, and reason to practical rationality, and practical rationality to interest, which it identifies with individual utility. On this view, an action (or a disposition) is rational if that action (or disposition) maximizes an agents EU. This conception of rationality the essay claims is both nave and misleading because it does not take into account an agents considered preference for the acts that are available, in addition to the EU of those acts. Therefore, the thesis argues that Mb(CM)As account of rationality be abandoned in favor of a decision-value/symbolic utilitys or morals by decision-value agreements conception of practical rationality. Morals by decision-value agreement (henceforth Mb(DV)A), the dissertation claims, handles serious problems, like the problem of secession in ways that Mb(CM)A cannot. Mb(CM)A breaks down in the test of application because when applied to the problem of secession, it suggests a single-tracked silver bullet solution. Specifically, it tracks only EU-reasons and claims that insofar as cooperation does not maximize the EU of better-off agents, it is not rational for them to cooperate with or support those that are less well-off. By contrast, Mb(DV)A offers a multi-tracked framework for solutions to the problem, namely: it factors in an agents considered preference for the acts that are available, in addition to EU of those acts. It is the argument of the thesis that when EU is stacked too high against cooperation, it may or may not be rational for an agent to cooperate, depending on which way symbolic utility (SU) for that agent points toward. If SU points in the direction of secession, then it is DV-rational for an agent not to cooperate, but if SU points toward non-secession, then it is DV-rational for that agent to cooperate.
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Francis, Kathryn B., C. Howard, I. S. Howard, M. Gummerum, G. Ganis, G. Anderson, and S. Terbeck. "Virtual morality: Transitioning from moral judgment to moral action?" 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17100.
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YesThe nature of moral action versus moral judgment has been extensively debated in numerous disciplines. We introduce Virtual Reality (VR) moral paradigms examining the action individuals take in a high emotionally arousing, direct action-focused, moral scenario. In two studies involving qualitatively different populations, we found a greater endorsement of utilitarian responses±killing one in order to save many others±when action was required in moral virtual dilemmas compared to their judgment counterparts. Heart rate in virtual moral dilemmas was significantly increased when compared to both judgment counterparts and control virtual tasks. Our research suggests that moral action may be viewed as an independent construct to moral judgment, with VR methods delivering new prospects for investigating and assessing moral behaviour.
Plymouth University and Seventh Framework Programme (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN-604764)
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Francis, Kathryn B., M. Gummerum, G. Ganis, I. S. Howard, and S. Terbeck. "Virtual morality in the helping professions: Simulated action and resilience." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17103.
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YesRecent advances in virtual technologies have allowed the investigation of simulated moral actions in aversive moral dilemmas. Previous studies have employed diverse populations to explore these actions, with little research considering the significance of occupation on moral decision‐making. For the first time, in this study we have investigated simulated moral actions in virtual reality made by professionally trained paramedics and fire service incident commanders who are frequently faced with and must respond to moral dilemmas. We found that specially trained individuals showed distinct empathic and related personality trait scores and that these declined with years of experience working in the profession. Supporting the theory that these professionals develop resilience in moral conflict, reduced emotional arousal was observed during virtual simulations of a distressing dilemma. Furthermore, trained professionals demonstrated less regret following the execution of a moral action in virtual reality when compared to untrained control populations. We showed that, contrary to previous research, trained individuals made the same moral judgements and moral actions as untrained individuals, though showing less arousal and regret. In the face of increasing concerns regarding empathy decline in health care professionals, we suggest that the nature of this decline is complex and likely reflects the development of a necessary emotional resilience to distressing events.
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KAŠPAROVÁ, Jana. "Význam etiky v sociální práci." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-364523.
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The diploma thesis deals with the elucidation of the importance of ethics in social work. It focuses on important theoretical knowledge in the field of ethics and ethical concepts and its aim is to point out the possibilities of using ethical values, theories or virtues in professional practice. The work is focused on the presentation of important ethical concepts and ethical values, the contemporary form of social work, the personality of the social worker, the level and importance of education, and various examples of possible ethical problems or ethical dilemmas that can occur in the practice of social work. This thesis is based on the assumption that current social work is in a crisis and its setting requires change.