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Omonte, Chavez Jhonn Emerson, and Hauyón Henry Eduardo Suarez. "Ética y firma: Una revisión sobre la teoría de la firma y su carencia ética." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/628075.
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El objetivo del presente artículo es evidenciar el poco interés de las organizaciones para con la ética y la moral de las personas, así como la poca valoración de la ética empresarial al interior de las organizaciones con tal de cumplir sus objetivos empresariales. Está orientado a explorar las ideas principales de las teorías de la agencia, comparando las distintas teorías según su periodo, a través de conceptos y posturas de los diversos autores, que desde sus inicios ya empezaron a cuestionarse unos a otros porque no llegaron a tener una postura clara sobre las empresas.
La teoría de la agencia se inicia con el pensamiento clásico, donde sus principales exponentes son: Frederick W. Taylor y Henry Fayol, este pensamiento da inicio a las otras teorías de la agencia. Por consiguiente, lo que buscamos es analizar las distintas posturas de los autores clásicos y autores modernos con la finalidad de evidenciar el gran cambio que tuvo las teorías desde su primer planteamiento. Asimismo, detallamos como en la actualidad surgen nuevas teorías enfocadas en mejorar la gestión de las empresas, y atender las necesidades de todas sus partes interesadas, no solo en la parte económica, si no también en lo ambiental, social y personal.The objective of this article is to show the little interest of the organizations towards the ethics and morals of people, as well as the low value of business ethics within organizations in order to meet their business objectives. It is oriented to explore the main ideas of the theories of the agency, comparing the different theories according to their period, through the concepts and positions of the different authors, who from their beginnings already began to question each other because they did not have a Clear stance on companies. The theory of the agency begins with the classic thought, where its main exponents are: Frederick W. Taylor and Henry Fayol, this thought gives beginning to the other theories of the agency. Therefore, what we seek is to analyze the different positions of classical authors and modern authors in order to show the great change that had theories from its first approach. Likewise, we detail how new theories are currently emerging focused on improving the management of companies, and addressing the needs of all its stakeholders, not only in the economic part, but also in the environmental, social and personal aspects.
Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional
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Kaczmarczyk, Kamila, and Sofia Kaddani. "The effect of asymmetric information in real estate agent commissions." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189266.
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Real Estate Agencies compensation consists of commissions and a part of the commission corresponds to what the real estate agent gets as salary. This incentive-based commission system is usually covered by an agreed fixed amount, a variable commission model or a combination of both depending on the brokerage object's final selling price. Commission system can lead to adverse consequences when the real estate agent abuses their position and exploits an information advantage to gain a financial benefits. Based on completed questionnaires, that have been posted for this study, directed to consumers and real estate agents, it is recognized that the parties in the Swedish real estate agent industry has experienced or is experiencing a certain unethical behavior because of commission-based pay structures. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how asymmetric information affects the real estate industry brokerage contract negotiations regarding the commission and whether conflicts of interest may occur due to this. Because of asymmetric information in contract situations, there may be situations in which agreements will contradict societal norms and ethical principles, because the broker abuses his advantage. The essence of this thesis is to convey a discussion in order to associate the legal application of contracts with normative ethics. The essay writers propose for instance based on ethical approaches to create a complement to the existing law and further to come up with practical solutions to limit the possibility of unreasonable commission models in real estate brokerage. The essay writers argue that the introduction of a stricter supervision of the commission procedure would create stronger assurance and reduce the abuse of the information asymmetry in the industry.Fastighetsmäklarbranschens ersättningssystem utgörs av provision och motsvarar en del av vad en fastighetsmäklare får i lön. Detta incitamentbaserade provisionssystem brukar omfattas av ett avtalat fast belopp, en rörlig provisionsmodell eller en kombination av båda som beror på förmedlingsobjektets slutliga försäljningspris. Provisionssystemet kan föranleda negativa följder om fastighetsmäklaren missbrukar sin ställning och utnyttjar ett informationsövertag till att skapa sig en finansiell fördel. Utifrån genomförda enkätundersökningar i denna studie riktade till konsumenter och fastighetsmäklare medges det att parterna inom den svenska fastighetsmäklarbranschen har upplevt eller upplever ett visst oetiskt beteende på grund av provisionsbaserade lönestrukturer. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka hur asymmetrisk information påverkar fastighetsmäklarbranschens avtalsförhandlingar avseende provisionen och huruvida intressekonflikter kan uppstå till följd av detta. På grund av asymmetrisk information i avtalssammanhang kan det förekomma situationer där avtalen strider mot samhällsnormer och etiska principer när mäklaren missbrukar sitt övertag. Kärnan i denna uppsats är att föra en samlad diskussion som avser att koppla den rättsliga tillämpningen av avtalslagen med den normativa etiken. Uppsatsförfattarna resonerar bland annat utifrån etiska synsätt för att skapa ett komplement till gällande lag och vidare komma fram till praktiska lösningar till hur eventuellt oskäliga provisionsmodeller kan begränsas. Uppsatsförfattarna hävdar att ett införande av en starkare tillsyn över provisionsförfarandet skulle skapa större förtroende och minska asymmetrin i branschen.
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Grundherr, Michael von. "Moral aus Interesse Metaethik der Vertragstheorie." Berlin New York de Gruyter, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2944383&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Benitez, Ryan L. "Making the case for humanitarian intervention: national interest and moral imperative." Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/45161.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedComplex considerations challenge U.S. political leaders when faced with the possibility of humanitarian intervention by means of military force. Humanitarian intervention is a delicate matter in which decision makers are constrained or compelled by circumstances of national interest and moral imperative. This examination of humanitarian intervention reviews the foreign policy context and debate within the U.S. government across three case studies: Rwanda, Kosovo, and Libya. Each case study reveals the role of national interest and moral imperative in driving policymakers to a tipping point at which they make the final determination to use or refrain from military force. Both national interest and the desire to end human suffering serve as incentives for intervention, and one may be stronger than the other in any given situation.
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Taylor, Sarah G. "Virtue or Success? It Depends on Self-interest." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1369217510.
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Frimer, Jeremy Abraham. "Why be good? the development of enlightened self-interest in moral personality." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37673.
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What motivates people to devote their lives to promoting the greater good? This dissertation advances the reconciliation model, which explains moral motivation within a developmental framework by positing that, for the mature, the relationship between self-promoting (agentic) and other-promoting (communal) motives transforms from one of mutual competition to one of synergy. That is, the model proposes that moral exemplars, in particular, integrate agency and communion in their psychological functioning. Most people, on the other hand, do not become highly virtuous partly because they developmentally stagnate, failing to integrate these motives. The majority of leaders and other successful people also fail to integrate the two, and instead continue to develop agentic motives while attenuating communal motives, resulting in unmitigated agency. Three studies test claims concerning the endpoints of development. Relying on a young-adult sample of student club leaders, Study 1 pinpoints the specific values that usually compete within the moral domain. Study 2 finds evidence of integrated agency and communion in the personalities of recipients of a national award for decades of contribution to the greater good (in contrast to a demographically matched comparison group). Study 3 explores the motives of a “moral dream team” compared to those of a similarly influential set of heroes, icons, leaders, and revolutionaries. The findings are that exemplars treat agency as a means to an end of communion while, for most influential people, agency merely begets more agency. Agency, communion, and the relationship between them hold considerable promise in explaining moral motivation, its development, and the processes that support lives of extraordinary moral commitment.
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Starr, Nicholas Comfort. "From Self-Interest to Virtue: On the Moral Imagination in Rousseau's "Emile"." Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3819.
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Thesis advisor: Christopher J. KellyThis dissertation is a study of the moral and political significance of the imagination in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile. Rousseau attributes to the imagination a pervasive influence over human life, claiming that it "gives birth not only to the virtues and vices, but to the goods and ills of human life" and that its "empire" makes men "good or bad, happy or unhappy on this earth." The dissertation examines the ambivalence of Rousseau's account, and shows how the model "natural education" of Emile depends on the proper handling of the imagination to cultivate virtue and to secure individual happiness. After first establishing what Rousseau means by "natural education" and what its particular goals are, I turn to the threat the imagination poses to the success of that education. Rousseau's attack on the imagination centers on its power to open the human heart to infinite desire. By generating ever-new and ever-expanding desires, the imagination renders men necessary to one another, causing dependence, weakness, and, ultimately, wickedness, and unhappiness. As a principal agent of man's departure from natural self-sufficiency, the imagination is at the center of the process that transforms natural self-love (amour de soi) into amour-propre, and makes genuine human satisfaction fundamentally elusive. Following these introductory chapters, the remainder of the dissertation argues that, despite this critique, Rousseau in fact relies on the imagination in the successive stages of Emile's moral education to protect his independence and to strengthen those aspects of natural self-love (amour de soi) that lend themselves to the cultivation of the social virtues. Tracing the role of the imagination through Emile's education in compassion, justice, natural religion, love, and virtue, I argue that the proper habituation of the imagination proves to be indispensable for securing both happiness and morality, for defending individual autonomy in the context of social life, and for reconciling, to the extent possible, the private and the public good. Moreover, although Rousseau's recourse to the imagination might initially seem to introduce an element of irrationality into Emile's education, Emile's imagination in fact aids his ability to live not only a moral life but also a rational life. In a variety of ways, detailed in the dissertation, Rousseau employs the imagination and its illusions to forestall other more crippling illusions, to reveal the social world and the passions of men for what they truly are, and to make Emile both moderate and wise. Finally, however, while Emile's moral education engages his imagination in the most salutary manner possible, both for himself and for others, it cannot wholly prevent the imagination from giving birth to desires that betray a disruption of natural wholeness. While these desires present a complicated set of issues, in general, they represent the compromise with natural self-sufficiency that is involved in even the most promising moral education
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Political Science
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Botton, Alexandre Mariotto. "AUTONOMIA DA VONTADE E INTERESSE MORAL EM KANT." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9102.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorThe principal objective of this dissertation was to analyze the concepts of autonomous will and interest in the of Kant and based on his system of ethics. Our principal source of research are Kant s own books, especially Fundamentals of metaphysics and customs (FMC), Critic of Pratical Reason (CRPr) and some parts of Critic of Pure Reason (CRP), first we analyzed , from FMC, the concept of liberty and principally practical liberty. However, we perceive that in CRPr Kant arrives at only a negative notion of liberty, that is, how free will is independent of sensibility. Then we write about the concepts of will and duty in FMC and from them we see how Kant arrives at the notion of autonomous will that serves as positive concept of liberty and consequently as the supreme principal of morality. However, this principle is incompatible with acting by interest which it becomes necessary to investigate how man can take interest in morality without , however, by interest. We analyze then the concept of autonomous will with the idea of knowing how it can be valid independent of any interest. We conclude that according to Kant moral law imposes itself on human conscious as a fact, the only pure fact, a priori, denominated factum of reason . We retake the concept of interest from the perspective that this can be founded on autonomy. Finally, we observe that de feeling of respect is a valid consequence of moral law for rational and sensitive beings. Thus, we conclude that without doubt man takes interest in moral law exactly because since it s not at the service of any particular interest it reveals a maximum interest of reason and its amplification of its use.
O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi analisar os conceitos de autonomia da vontade e interesse nas obras em que Kant fundamenta seu sistema ético. Sendo assim, nosso trabalho encontra suas fontes de pesquisa principalmente nos escritos do próprio autor, sobretudo, na Fundamentação da Metafísica dos Costumes (FMC), na Crítica da Razão Prática (CRPr) e em algumas partes da Crítica da Razão Pura (CRP). Primeiramente analisamos, a partir da CRP, o conceito de liberdade, principalmente da liberdade prática. Porém, percebemos que na CRP Kant chega apenas a uma noção negativa de liberdade, a saber, como independência do arbítrio frente à sensibilidade. Dissertamos, então, sobre os conceitos de vontade e dever na FMC, e, a partir deles vimos como Kant chega à noção de autonomia da vontade que serve, como conceito positivo de liberdade, e, conseqüentemente, como princípio supremo da moralidade. Contudo, tal princípio é incompatível com o agir por interesse, próprio do ser humano, de modo que, é necessário investigar como o homem pode tomar interesse pela moralidade sem, no entanto, agir por interesse. Analisamos então o conceito de autonomia da vontade com o intuito de saber como ela pode ser válida independentemente de qualquer interesse. Concluímos que, segundo Kant, a lei moral se impõe por si mesma à consciência humana como um factum, o único factum puro, a priori, denominado de factum da razão. Retomamos, então, o conceito de interesse segundo a perspectiva de que este possa ser fundamentado na autonomia. Por fim, observamos que, tal qual o sentimento de respeito, o interesse é uma conseqüência da validade da lei moral para seres racionais e sensíveis. Sendo assim, poderíamos concluir, sem dúvida que o homem toma interesse pela lei moral, justamente porque, não estando a serviço de nenhum interesse particular do sujeito ela revela o máximo interesse da razão na ampliação de seu uso.
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Luke, Iain Ronald Mackenzie. "Moral thinking and the self-interest axiom in the history of economic analysis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.624794.
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Switzer, Michelle-Kristina V. "Moral sense and objective interests, facing the problem of false consciousness." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ50058.pdf.
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Glanville, Luke. "Norms, interests and humanitarian intervention." Thesis, Electronic version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/794.
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Submitted in fullfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Research) Macquarie University, Division of Humanities, Dept. of Modern History. 2005.Thesis (MA)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanities and Social Sciences, Dept. of Modern History, 2005.
Bibliography: p. 268-290.
Introduction -- 1. Norms, interests and humanitarian intervention -- 2. Bosnia and Somalia -- 3. Rwanda -- 4. The Clinton Administration and the Balkan Wars -- Conclusion.
A number of Constructivist and English school scholars have investigated the degree to which humanitarian intervention is allowed and legitimised by international society. In other words, they have examined the nature and strength of a norm permitting humanitarian intervention. It is the contention of this dissertation that another norm of humanitarian intervention - parallel but discrete - has been neglected. It is argued that ideas and beliefs shared by members of international society not only permit intervention but prescribe it in certain circumstances and this has been largely ignored in the literature.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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Hooker, Brad. "Why should I be moral?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2b44fe6f-39b7-4d16-9b5c-8d8eb7251323.
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I begin my discussion of the question 'Why should I be moral?' by drawing distinctions both between possible different senses of 'moral' and also between different conceptions of what morality requires. I then criticize the idea that one should be moral because it serves self-interest. Self-interest is served by one's having benevolent concern for only a fairly small number of others, but being moral involves more than this. Furthermore, having moral dispositions other than benevolence is in one's interest only if these dispositions are required by the moral code predominant in one's society. Moreover, even if we confine our attention to people who live in such a society, each person would probably be better off with moral dispositions that were not so strong that they would always get their way, but the completely moral person would presumably have overriding moral dispositions. Finally, having the correct moral beliefs may not be in one's interest. But whatever the gap between self-interest and morality, might one not have most reason to be moral? Derek Parfit has recently argued that the view that one has most reason to do whatever best achieves one's present aims (and these may sometimes be moral aims) is at least as good as the view that one has most reason to do what best promotes one's own long-term good. I attack some of his arguments. But I then go on to argue that moral requirements as such—i.e., independently of whether they are reflected in present desires—do generate reasons for action. But are these moral reasons always stronger than reasons of other kinds? On the basis of an example I describe in the closing pages, I reluctantly conclude that they are not.
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Beltrami, Fábio. "O interesse pela lei moral nos escritos éticos kantianos." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2013. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/792.
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O sistema da moralidade proposto por Kant, o qual elimina toda a influência da
matéria na determinação do caráter moral da ação, é objeto de estudos desde sua elaboração.
Um aspecto que se apresenta problemático é o fato de que ao tomar inclinações como móbeis,
isto é, como princípio subjetivo da vontade, as pessoas demonstram possuir interesse –
empírico - pelos fins almejados, pela matéria da ação. Quando suprimida a matéria, restando
apenas a forma da lei a ser observada, deve existir, também, uma espécie de móbil, este
moral, que, no entanto não implica em contrariar o caráter não empírico da determinação
racional. Tem-se então, uma situação complicada quanto ao interesse da pessoa na
observância da lei moral, tendo em vista o caráter especial deste interesse; em termos
Kantianos, o chamado interesse puro da razão. Kant introduz então o conceito de respeito por
esta lei, e o considera como sendo um sentimento, portanto, ligado à sensibilidade, porém,
não patologicamente produzido, mas, praticamente produzido. A partir da análise das obras
kantianas, bem como de comentadores, entende-se que Kant dá o norte para a resolução da
questão do móbil moral ao falar do sentimento de respeito. Porém, é necessário refletir se o
sentimento de respeito, por si, é o móbil moral Kantiano. Além disso, é preciso explicar a
possibilidade de existência de tal sentimento, ligado a sensibilidade, porém não produzido de
forma patológica, e sim por uma representação a priori. A partir deste norte e destas reflexões
chega-se à conclusão que uma análise conjunta do sentimento de respeito e da consciência da
lei moral deve ser desenvolvida, pois, não parece interessante tratar ambos de maneira
eliminatória, ou seja, ou o sentimento de respeito ou a consciência da lei moral como base da
motivação moral. Para articular esses dois elementos motivacionais parte-se da posição de que
se pode distinguir na determinação da vontade, dois fatores: fator conativo ou dinâmico e
fator cognitivo. O primeiro consiste em um impulso, como um fator dinâmico em movimento,
no sentido de que as pessoas querem, precisam, desejam, se interessam, já o segundo
introduz-se tendo em vista que para a realização do aspecto dinâmico, ou seja, dos interesses,
depende-se da representação de uma lei para guiar a ação, independentemente do caráter
moral ou não desta lei. Caso moral, interesse puro, caso não moral, interesse empírico. Desta
forma, baseando-se nesta teoria poder-se-ia pensar a análise conjunta do sentimento de
respeito e a consciência da lei moral, já que a consciência da lei seria o guia, a regra, a
consciência do princípio da moralidade, enquanto o sentimento de respeito seria o fator
dinâmico que efetivaria o princípio da moralidade, seria o efeito que a lei, mediante a
consciência dela, causa na sensibilidade.Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-07-10T11:40:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabio Beltrami.pdf: 1465002 bytes, checksum: 4ec150c8b334e5c1053a16d8f2dfd556 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-10T11:40:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabio Beltrami.pdf: 1465002 bytes, checksum: 4ec150c8b334e5c1053a16d8f2dfd556 (MD5)
The system of morality proposed by Kant, which eliminates any influence of matter in determining the moral character of the action, is studied since its preparation. One aspect that appears problematic is the fact that by taking inclinations as mobiles, ie, as a subjective principle of the will, people have shown interest - empirically - the objectives pursued by the matter of the action. When the matter suppressed, leaving only the shape of the law to be observed, there must be also a kind of mobile, this moral, which however does not imply counteract the non empirical rational determination. There is then a complicated situation regarding the person's interest in the observance of the moral law, in view of the special nature of this interest, in terms Kantians, called the pure interest of reason. Kant then introduces the concept of respect for this law, and considers as a sense, therefore, linked to sensitivity, but not pathologically produced but practically produced. From the Kantian analysis of the works, as well as commentators, it is understood that Kant gives the north to the resolution of the question of motive in speaking of the moral feeling of respect. However, it is necessary to reflect the sense of respect for themselves, is the Kantian moral motive. Also, explain the possibility of existence of such a feeling, on the sensitivity, but not produced in a pathological way, but by a representation a priori. From this northern and these reflections arrive at the conclusion that a joint analysis of the sense of respect and awareness of the moral law must be developed, because it does not seem so interesting treat both round, that is, or the feeling of respect or awareness of the moral law as the basis of moral motivation. To articulate these two elements motivational part is the position that can be distinguished in the determination of the will, two factors: factor or dynamic conative and cognitive factor. The first consists of a boost, as a dynamic factor in motion, in the sense that people want, need, desire, interested, while the second is introduced with a view to the realization that the dynamic aspect, namely the interests, depends from the representation of a law to guide the action, regardless of the moral character of this law or not. If moral, pure interest, if not moral, empirical interest. Thus, based on this theory it may be thought a joint analysis of the sense of respect and awareness of the moral law, as awareness of the law would guide the rule, the awareness of the principle of morality, while feeling respect would be the dynamic factor that efect the principle of morality, the effect would be that the law upon her consciousness, because the sensitivity.
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Beham, Markus. "Doctrinal Illusion and State Interest : an Analysis of 'Non-Treaty' Law for 'Moral Concepts'." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100078.
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La question principale de la présente thèse est celle de l’existence de « concepts moraux » – concepts poursuivant des fins altruistes plutôt qu’intéressées – en tant que droit non conventionnel, c’est à dire en tant que droit international coutumier ou principes généraux du droit. La question sera examinée en particulier dans le contexte du discours doctrinal afin de questionner le phénomène du constat trop rapide de leur existence.Le raisonnement se décline en trois étapes. Une série de questions préliminaires relatives à la Charte de l’ONU seront tout d’abord énoncées, elles serviront de cadre à la discussion. Ensuite suivront les sources du droit international non conventionnelles. Et enfin sera discuté l’élément essentiel des relations internationales qui sous-tend la question principale de cette thèse : l’intérêt de l’État. Cette dernière discussion sera illustrée par les exemples des droits de l’homme et de l’usage de la force pour raisons humanitairesThe main question of the thesis is whether ‘non-treaty’ law – that is customary international law and general principles of law – may exist for ‘moral concepts’ – ideas that follow an altruistic as opposed to a self-interested motivation. In particular, this possibility is discussed against the background of doctrinal discourse on the issue, in order to confront the casual assessment that this is the case. The argument is advanced in three steps. First, a row of preliminary questions under the UN-CHARTER is set out for further discussion. Second follow the ‘non-treaty’ sources of international law. Third stands the essential element of international relations underlying the main question of this thesis: state interest. The latter discussion is complemented by two case studies, one on human rights and one on humanitarian use of force
Die Forschungsfrage bezieht sich auf die Existenz von „moralischen Konzepten“ – also solchen, die einer altruistischen anstelle einer eigennützigen Motivation folgen – als Völkergewohnheitsrecht oder allgemeine Rechtsgrundsätze. Dabei wird die Frage insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund des Diskurses betrachtet, um der beiläufigen Feststellung deren Existenz entgegenzutreten.Die Argumentation folgt drei Schritten. Zu Beginn steht eine Reihe von Vorfragen in Bezug auf die Satzung der Vereinten Nationen als Rahmen für die weitere Diskussion. Zweitens werden das Völkergewohnheitsrecht und die allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsätze erläutert. Drittens wird das Staatsinteresse als essentielles Element der internationalen Beziehungen, das der Forschungsfrage zugrunde liegt, diskutiert. Abgerundet wird die Analyse durch zwei Fallstudien, eine zu Menschenrechten und eine zu humanitären Ausnahmen zum Gewaltverbot
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Lisboa, Marcelino Teixeira. "A política externa da Bolívia : temas e grupos de interesse (2006-2014)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/131555.
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Esta pesquisa trata da política externa da Bolívia, no período de 2006 a 2014, e de suas consequências para o apoio dos grupos de interesse do país ao partido governista nas eleições presidenciais de 2009 e de 2014. O texto aborda três temas da política externa boliviana: as nacionalizações de recursos naturais e serviços, a defesa do uso tradicional da folha de coca e a reivindicação marítima. Quanto aos grupos de interesse, o estudo versa sobre os trabalhadores mineiros, os campesinos indígenas e os cocaleiros. Analisa-se como o governo tratou os três temas de política externa para responder à seguinte questão: em que medida os interesses e preferências dos cocaleiros, dos campesinos indígenas e dos trabalhadores mineiros afetaram as ações do governo de Evo Morales nas nacionalizações dos recursos naturais e serviços, na defesa do direito ao cultivo da folha de coca e na reivindicação de um acesso soberano para o Oceano Pacífico no período de 2006 a 2014? A hipótese é de que as ações foram afetadas na medida em que o governo procurou alinhar tais ações com as preferências dos grupos de interesse como forma de atender seus próprios propósitos eleitorais, pois almejava os votos dos grupos de interesse nas eleições. Utiliza-se a teoria de Helen Milner, que trata das relações entre grupos de interesse e agentes políticos – executivo e legislativo – nas questões de política externa, bem como da relação entre as arenas da política exterior e da política interna. Utiliza-se a metodologia qualitativa e o método de estudo de caso. Concluiu-se que a influência variou de acordo com o tema tratado e com o grupo de interesse, alterando-se também entre uma eleição e outra.This thesis deals with Bolivia's foreign policy from 2006 to 2014 and about the consequences for the support of interest groups to the ruling party in the presidential elections of 2009 and 2014. The text addresses three themes of Bolivia's foreign policy: nationalization of natural resources and services, protection of the traditional use of the coca leaf and the maritime claim. As for interest groups, the study deals with the miners, indigenous peasants and coca producers. It analyzes how the government treated the three foreign policy themes to answer: to what extent the interests and preferences of coca producers, indigenous and peasant miners affected the actions of the Evo Morales government in the nationalization of natural resources and services, in defense of the right to the cultivation of coca leaf and claim a sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, from 2006 to 2014? The hypothesis is that the actions were affected in the extent that the government sought to align these actions to the preferences of interest groups in order to meet their own electoral purposes because craved the votes of the interest groups in elections. It uses the theory of Helen Milner, which deals with relations between interest groups and political agents - executive and legislative - on foreign policy issues as well as the relationship between the arenas of foreign policy and domestic policy. It uses a qualitative methodology and the case study method. It was concluded that the influence varied with the treaty issue and the interest group, also altering between one election and another.
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Masterton, Malin. "Duties to Past Persons : Moral Standing and Posthumous Interests of Old Human Remains." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Centrum för forsknings- och bioetik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122508.
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Genetic research has increasing power to analyse old biological remains. Biological traces of well-known historical persons can reveal personal information. The aim of this thesis is to investigate ethical concerns for the dead, within the biological, historical and archaeological sciences. In philosophy there is a long-running discussion on whether or not the dead can be wronged. The good name is proposed as a candidate of a posthumous interest. It is first of all argued that slandering per se can be wrong regardless of posthumous wronging of the dead. Secondly, the concept of change is investigated. It is argued that the property of having a reputation is a relational property. Hence a change in public opinion of a dead person, is also a change in the dead person’s reputation. The third contribution of this thesis is a constructive proposal for how a posthumous identity could be understood using narrative theory. Understanding identity through the life-story opens up the possibility of a gradual loss of identity after death, rather than absolute loss at the moment of death. Fragments of a person‘s narrative identity can persist in other peoples’ narratives, and for some historical persons, their narratives can be found long after their death. Finally, the implications of a remaining narrative identity for the dead are investigated in the area of archaeology and museumology. In the past 30 years, there has been increasing critique about present and past discriminatory handling of old human remains by archaeologists, in museums and in other institutions. Increasing numbers of requests have been made for repatriation or reburial of old human remains. Following an analysis of three current ethical guidelines in handling old human remains, changes to these guidelines are proposed based on a narrative method to a hypothetical claim of reburial.
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Mohamed, Farouq. "Capitalism in moral perspective - an Islamic alternative." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2605.
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Magister Artium - MAOur time has been called the age of economics; the social philosopher Edmund Burke first used this term to characterize the eighteenth century, which was his own century and also the century of Adam Smith, but this expression has since become even more appropriate. While in the middle ages the beliefs that divide society and set large blocks of people at war with each other were theological in nature, in our time the great ominous divide between peoples is based on differing philosophies of economics (Lux, 1990:1). Economists are now key advisors to governments, presidents, prime ministers, and even autocrats and dictators, in addition to their obvious and expected place in the world of business, banking, and finance. The celebrated twentieth-century economist John Maynard Keynes gives an apt description of the influence of economics in our time: “The ideas of economists and political philosophers, both when they are right and when they are wrong, are more powerful than is commonly understood.” (Lux, 1990:1). The analysis presented in this study spreads over four chapters followed by a concluding chapter and the bibliography. For the full understanding of the need of this analysis and where it comes from; the methods that are followed; the literature used; the normative framework for evaluating the different systems, a brief survey is presented in the first chapter. The second chapter argues the need for an economic system that functions economically and morally; one that satisfies the criteria set by the widely accepted theory on justice by John Rawls. An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages, but especially the moral and practical shortcomings, of the current dominating global system, Capitalism, based on short-term human vision and planning, and a preliminary critical moral assessment thereof, is given in chapter three. The fourth chapter briefly presents the Islamic economic system as a possible alternative, more reliable, economic system, claiming to depend on divine knowledge. The strengths of this system are pitted over against the shortcomings identified in Capitalism and the possible viability of the Islamic system is tested against the criteria of John Rawls’ theory of justice. The concluding fifth chapter summarises the outcomes of the investigation and presents some recommendations for a viable economic philosophy and system for the future.
South Africa
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Alvarez, Amezquita David F. "Towards the protection of authors' moral and material interests through copyright laws : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/52552/.
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This thesis argues that the interaction between copyright and human rights must be understood in the pitch of protecting an author’s moral and material interests. The implications of such an understanding has been analysed in three interrelated areas. One is the justification of copyright through different theories and how this can be connected to the principles of a modern conception of natural law. This has demonstrated that copyright responds to principles based on democracy, freedom of expression and equal rights of participation in the life of society. By protecting the author, society finds a mechanism that guarantees the diversity and dissemination of thoughts. Here is suggested that a concept of author should respond to the human potentiality of creativity as mean for free participation in the life of society. The second area of analysis of author’s rights is the comparative study of legislation, case law and doctrine in the mechanisms that Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, the US, the UK and Spain produce to the protection of the author. This has implied also the study of how some of those countries that have developed a constitutional structure protecting author’s interests within the understanding of the role that such a protection plays in the construction of a knowledge-based society. The study led to finding that those mechanisms related to the regulation of the contractual relationship between authors and producers are the most important for protecting author’s interests. There, the problem is to what extent the law can limit freedom of contract towards the protection of author’s interests. The international dimension of this problem shows that the narrative of protecting the author has been present in the discussion towards the construction of a universal copyright system. Such an aim of universalisation is coherent with the introduction of author’s rights in the structure of human rights, as for example in the ICESCR. The problem of regulating freedom of contract has been part of the discussions of international instruments recently in the texts of the US-Chile FTA and the TPP. It has been also considered in the recent proposal of EU Directive for Copyright in the Digital Market. However, the challenge is if a principle of protecting author's autonomy, dignity and freedom of creation which would limit freedom of contract in copyright could be reflected in an international instrument. The conclusion is that protecting the author requires attention and legal action, and that there are mechanisms at hand for such a purpose, which would add coherence to the interaction between copyright and human rights.
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Herborth, Benjamin, and Daniel Jacobi. "Zuerst die Interessen und dann die Moral?" Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2012/6280/.
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Bueno, Guilherme Michelazzo. "A quem interessa meu corpo? : breves notas acerca da justificação moral do Direito." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UnB, 2017. http://repositorio.unb.br/handle/10482/31110.
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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Direito, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, 2017.Submitted by Gabriela Lima (gabrieladaduch@gmail.com) on 2017-12-04T19:31:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_GuilhermeMichelazzoBueno.pdf: 1191556 bytes, checksum: 90b5eee6b1d699f3181b87ce841af128 (MD5)
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Como se identifica o direito? O que é isso que acontece quando divergimos sobre o curso de ação a ser imposto pelo direito? O direito pode ser alguma coisa que invoque minha obediência independentemente da minha avaliação dele? Juízes devem apelar a padrões de comportamentos vigentes na comunidade para a justificação de um curso de ação num caso concreto? Eles têm discricionariedade na escolha do curso de ação? O que é justificar o direito, que não coincide com a tarefa de identificá-lo? Aliás, existe diferença entre tais tarefas? A presente pesquisa somente traz à tona algumas notas em torno dessas questões. Convencionou-se que tanto o direito como a moralidade lidam com questões sobre a forma pela qual esperamos que o outro se comporte, porém o direito invoca nossa obediência. “Um homem pode usar saia?”, seria a pergunta da moral; “podemos impedi-lo de usar saia?”, seria a questão para o direito. A estudante de uma tradição cuja moral (uma ordem normativa qualquer, como a religião) a obriga a cobrir seu rosto em ambiente social pode ser submetida a descobri-lo pelo direito? A pesquisa, então, toma o rumo da novidade que consistiu o positivismo jurídico de Hart na identificação do direito. Após, aborda-se algumas discussões que acontecem sobre a crítica de Dworkin às ideias do positivismo jurídico da tradição de Hart, para concluir que a explicação para essa autoridade da qual todos somos súditos é compreendida com a ideia de justificação de Dworkin. A novidade de Dworkin é que a justificação do direito, da qual tomam parte argumentos morais, é o que importa na sua definição. Não que somente importa: o próprio discurso do direito é da justificação, do que é isso que eu devo obedecer. A pesquisa pretende deixar claro que somente a ideia de justificação explica a prática do direito numa comunidade liberal, em que estamos de acordo com um mínimo de igualdade entre seus membros.
How can we identify the law? What is this that happens when we disagree about the guidance granted by the law? To what standards can the judges appeal to stablished the law in a hard case? Moral standards? How can we deal with the authoritative nature of the law regardless of the appraisal we always have about it? What does it mean justify the law? Is there any difference between these two different theoretical tasks, like justify and identify the law? The research intends bring to light some consequences against which legal theory can face if it does not answer them properly. There is no disagreement about the assumption that law, like morality, deals with the public behavior, but we only must obey the law. And this feature, the guidance of the law, was the case for a theory like Hart’s, or even the positivists before him. But the research intend to show the account provide by Hart is incomplete in regard to the legal practice we accord we take part. But not only incomplete. Hart’s theory misunderstand the language of the practice, and Dworkin shows that by bringing to light the idea of interpretation: legal theory is about justifying the law, not only to identify it, and this is the feature of Dworkin’s theory, which is more understandable when we know the ideas against what he poses very sophisticated criticism.
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Susewind, Moritz [Verfasser], and Erik [Akademischer Betreuer] Hölzl. "Subjective morality. Empirical studies on how people balance their own interests with the interests of others and experience moral meaning / Moritz Susewind. Gutachter: Erik Hölzl." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2012. http://d-nb.info/103836048X/34.
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Gertz, Robert. "Moral Code: The Design and Social Values of the Internet." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/121006.
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PhilosophyPh.D.
In the field of philosophy, the study of the Internet has mainly focused on the social responses to the technology or offered contending visions of the future forms of the Internet with little or no regard for the import of the technical features that contribute to these possibilities. Philosophy lacks a sustained investigation of the implications of the basic design of the Internet technology. This dissertation lays out a philosophical framework for investigating the social and historical relations that result in the embodiment of specific interests in the technology of the Internet. Its philosophical basis, influenced by the thought of Karl Marx, Herbert Marcuse, and Andrew Feenberg, supports a social constructivist approach that includes theorization of the oppressive embodiment of hegemonic and exclusive interests in technology while rejecting the technological determinisms influenced by Martin Heidegger's philosophy of technology. After establishing that three pervasive social-political interests - accessibility, openness, and decentralization - directed the design choices that produced the fundamental structure of the Internet, I consider how these embodied interests have interacted with interests arising through the commercial commodification and the globalization of the Internet since the 1990s. Critically evaluating and expanding upon theoretical work in philosophy and other disciplines, I argue that the interests of accessibility, openness, and decentralization, while potentially oppressive when appropriated to satisfy the needs of commercial advertising and dominant social relations, avert the technological hegemony and exclusivity that has concerned philosophers. The result of these embodied interests is an emancipatory ability to incorporate alternative interests and uses through dispersed collaboration and participation, which enables Internet technology to remain minimally coercive.
Temple University--Theses
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Santos, Cezar Augusto Pereira dos. "O AUTO INTERESSE NA OBRA DE ADAM SMITH: A ABORDAGEM MORAL DOS AGENTES SOCIAIS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2014. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/6609.
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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do SulThe present dissertation - through bibliographical research grounded mainly in the reading of the Theory of Moral Sentiments and of the Wealth of Nations - investigates the connection between Smith's moral philosophy and his approach regarding to the human principles that govern individual pursuit for improving own life condition. For achieve this goal are analyzed some of the Philosophical bases of the author (Stoics, Hutcheson, Hume) and studied the key concepts present in his two books in order to defend the viewpoint of that the Wealth of Nations is a continuity of the Theory of Moral Sentiments. From among the main lessons learned, from the study of the work of Adam Smith, are of which he cultivated, in his personal life, the qualities that in the TMS he considered defining of an excellent character: sobriety, temperance, fairness and magnanimity; which was through of the concepts of sympathy and the impartial spectator, created and developed in the TMS, that Smith created the concept of the prudent man, to which characterizes the majority of people who live in society; that the prudent man of Adam Smith is much different than homo economicus neoclassic; and, mainly, that the Smithian view of self-love is impregnated of moral connotations, once which goes far beyond mere self-interest for material wealth.
A presente dissertação - por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica fundamentada principalmente na leitura da Teoria dos Sentimentos Morais e na Riqueza das Nações - investiga a conexão entre a filosofia moral de Smith e a sua abordagem em relação aos princípios humanos que norteiam a busca individual por melhorar a própria condição de vida. Para alcançar este objetivo são analisadas algumas das bases Filosóficas do autor (estoicos, Hutcheson, Hume) e estudados os conceitos chaves presentes em seus dois livros de modo a defender o ponto de vista de que a Riqueza das Nações é uma continuidade da Teoria dos Sentimentos Morais. Dentre as principais lições aprendidas, a partir do estudo da obra de Adam Smith, está a de que ele cultivou, em sua vida pessoal, as qualidades que na TSM ele considerava definidoras de um caráter excelente: sobriedade, temperança, justeza e magnanimidade; que foi através dos conceitos de simpatia e espectador imparcial, criados e desenvolvidos na TSM, que Smith criou o conceito do homem prudente, o qual caracteriza a maioria das pessoas que vivem em sociedade; que o homem prudente de Adam Smith é muito diferente do homo economicus neoclássico; e, principalmente, que a visão smithiana de selflove está impregnada de conotações morais, uma vez que vai muito além do mero auto interesse por riquezas materiais.
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Johansson, Angelika, and Martina Petersson. "Nätdroger : Moralisk panik eller verklig fara?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete (SA), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-27504.
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The aim of the study was to investigate whether the phenomenon of internet drugs should be considered as a moral panic or as a real danger. We have mainly focused on how society perceives young people's use of these drugs. The study is based on a qualitative approach and we have used structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with three different categories of professionals who in different ways have contact with parts of our study in their professional capacity. These are: officials, commentators, and researchers. We chose these respondents to get a chance to see the phenomenon from different perspectives. The study's starting point is moral panic and youth culture. The results and analysis section showed that the professionals had differing opinions on how to consider the phenomenon. The majority of respondents felt that there are elements of both moral panic and real danger; however, there were those who felt it was merely a moral panic, while others felt that it was solely a real danger. With this background, our conclusion is that probably internet drugs should be seen as both - a moral panic and a real danger.
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Sawadogo, Natewinde. "Professions and the public interest : a comparative study on the moral division of labour in medical practice in Burkina Faso." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.602808.
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This thesis argues that the assumption of self-regulation, historically claimed and enjoyed by the professions for an efficient promotion of their positional interests, has shaped the moral division of labour in medical practice in colonial and postcolonial Burkina Faso, in a way that has defunctionalised the state's regulatory oversight, but without the professions being able to achieve such claim, thus confirming the sociological assumption according to which the integrative and solidarity functions of the professions, as with regard to the market, depend on the state regulatory oversight, in a context of an equitable institutional design. The professions' claim for self-regulation challenges two classical theories of social action. One of these theories, originating from classical sociology, sees the professions (or occupations) as a development that forms part of the foundation of modern society. These institutions are alternatives to the disintegration of traditional forms of institutional designs. From this perspective, those occupations already organised into occupational groups should be supported to adapt their organisations to the new social order, and those lacking organisation should be obliged to gather into regulated organisations. Conflating any moral distinctions between occupations, this classical sociological theory strongly supported that only a regulated labour market could foster occupational moral behaviour. x The second competing theory, originating from classical economics, sees free labour markets as the ultimate source of moral conduct in the exchange economy. According to this paradigm, deliberate coordination of individual efforts is irrelevant and counterproductive; because the regulator does not know all the circumstances of the complex mechanisms of the markets, and what even the regulator succeeds in bringing about would have been spontaneously better worked, solved' by the internal laws of the market anyway. The professions have subscribed in part to the sociological theory by claiming that only regulations by the professions themselves can result in ethical provision of their services that advance the public interest. No interference of the state is therefore needed. In consequence, they rejected the second rationalisation in terms of the market as opposed to their orientation. The professions' claim cannot be empirically substantiated. The professions consistent inability to accomplish their claim it contexts in which this oversight is lacking has been substantiated. Surprisingly, when the state cannot guarantee the condition which promotes democratic values, the basis of professionalism, the market situation offers a much more effective means for mitigating individuals' trouble, than a regulated situation such as the professions'.
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Costa, Caio Tulio Vieira. "Moral provisória - ética e jornalismo: da gênese à nova mídia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/27/27153/tde-24042009-151655/.
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Com o intuito de mapear o território e os limites éticos e morais numa indústria da comunicação que passa por mudanças estruturais, o estudo recupera dilemas capazes de nortear a atuação do comunicador e aprofunda a discussão da moralidade na mídia, por conta de um vácuo na formação do comunicador em relação à ética e à moral na perspectiva da história do conhecimento. Com o uso de exemplos clássicos da literatura, da dramaturgia ou da própria comunicação, o resultado é um itinerário que perpassa momentos relevantes para a mídia com o objetivo de revelar diferenças entre conceitos sólidos da modernidade e a fluidez que estes mesmos conceitos encontram tanto na modernidade quanto no que se convencionou chamar de pós-modernismo. Ao mesmo tempo, detalha como se edifica uma nova mídia enquanto se delineia a concentração global da indústria da comunicação, assentada na dispersão dos indivíduos. O trabalho também pretende endereçar a questão do futuro das comunicações, qual a importância do jornalista no momento em que qualquer indivíduo, cidadão ou instituição tem facilmente às mãos os meios tecnológicos capazes de lhe dar poder para fazer comunicação local ou de massa além de analisar como ética e moral se inserem neste contexto.In order to draw up the ethical and moral boundaries of a communication industry that goes through structural changes, the study gets back to dilemmas that both drives the communicators behavior and deepens the discussion of morality in the media space due to the a void in the formation of the communicator with respect to ethics and morality in the context of the history of knowledge. With examples of classic literature, dramaturgy or communication, the study is a journey that passes through relevant moments for the media industry in order to reveal differences between solid concepts of modernity and fluidity that these same concepts come across on modernity and even what it was designated as post-modernism. At the same time, it details the build up of the new media while it outlines the global concentration of the communications industry, founded in the dispersion of individuals. The work also intends to answer the question about the future of communications: what is the importance of the journalist at a time that any individual, citizen or institution has easily in his hands the technological resources appropriate to provide power to make local or mass communication, in addition to analyze how ethics and moral fit in this context.
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Hurlimann, Thierry. "The duty to treat very defective neonates as "persons" : from the legal and moral personhood of very defective neonates to their best interests in medical treatment." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80929.
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The dramatic improvement of neonatal intensive care has produced vexing ethical and legal questions. One of the most striking issues is to determine whether the most defective neonates should be provided with intensive care and to what extent they should be treated. This thesis demonstrates that an attempt to answer this question and an analysis of the demands and limitations of a duty to treat defective neonates cannot properly occur without first considering the legal concerns and ethical issues surrounding the notion of "person". The author examines germane ethical theories and North-American jurisprudence to see what approaches and standards commentators and courts have adopted in this respect. This thesis demonstrates that in the context of the cessation or non-initiation of intensive care, the legal and moral status of very defective neonates remain ambiguous. In particular, the author suggests that a legal best interests analysis that includes quality of life considerations may actually involve the use of criteria similar to those supported by the authors of the controversial moral theories that negate the personhood of seriously handicapped newborns. The author ultimately concludes that a clear divide between the legal definition of the "person" and the moral and social perceptions of that term is misleading.
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Åkerlind, Joel. ""Sådär kan du inte säga" : Skillnader mellan moraliska bedömningar på Internet och i verkligheten." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-27479.
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Moraliska bedömningar har länge ansetts komma från rationellt tänkande, men även andra aspekter har setts ha en inverkan på individers moraliska bedömningar: så som socialt samspel med vänner och föräldrar. I arbetet undersöktes det om två till synes likvärdiga situationer bedöms som moraliskt olika, där ena situationen utspelar sig i verkligheten och den andra på Internet. 276 gymnasielever med en medelålder på 17 år användes i analysen, 137 slumpades till betingelsen verklighet. Det framkom att situationen över Internet ansågs som moraliskt värre än situationen i verkligheten. Vissa inomgruppsskillnader observerades, exempelvis att färre diskussioner om moral med vänner, samt det upplevda förtrycket av kritiskt tänkande från lärare, samvarierade med åsikten att individerna agerade moraliskt bättre. Även om det framkom en skillnad i hur Internet och verklighet bedömdes moraliskt, så går det inte att utesluta om mediet Internet har en komplett likvärdighet i jämförelse med verkligheten. Vidare studier behövs för att undersöka detta.
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McCulloch, Steven P. "The British animal health and welfare policy process : accounting for the interests of sentient species." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701663.
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FONSECA, FILHO Zadoque Alves da. "O maravilhoso país do Orkut ficção, jogos e moral na rede." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2007. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/3543.
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Previous issue date: 2007A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a rede de relacionamentos Orkut, criada em janeiro de 2004 pelo Google, e amplamente aceita pelos brasileiros. Nosso intuito foi observá-la, sobretudo, através de uma de suas características mais fortes, a saber, o lúdico. Para tanto, interessou-nos atentar para os chamados perfis fakes (falsos) que compõem os mais de trinta milhões de membros da supracitada rede, numa alusão a alguns romances oitocentistas escritos por meio de cartas, os quais se valeram de estratégia semelhante; bem como para uma possível comparação entre a subjetividade dos indivíduos do século XVIII e os da contemporaneidade. Por fim, discutimos a questão da moral conforme expressa através das relações entre os membros e comunidades do Orkut. Preocupamo-nos com a epistemologia de alguns termos empregados, e em cercar nosso objeto de estudo com o pensamento de alguns autores que contribuíssem com o andamento de nossas pesquisas, cônscios dos limites que algumas teorias nos imporiam se usadas em sua totalidade e sem questionamentos. Assim, no que se refere à questão dos sujets de fiction, os conceitos de moralidade, jogos e nonsense foram utilizados até a medida em que realmente podiam contribuir na caminhada aqui empreendida
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Viegas, Vasco Castela. "From moral sceptic to virtuous agent. An investigation into how one may get each to do what is in the interest of all." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500481.
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Romare, Johanna. "Etik och ekonomiskt handlande : En undersökning av moral och egenintresse." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för kulturvetenskaper, KVA, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-111647.
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Denna avhandling behandlar frågan om i vilken utsträckning ett egenintresserat handlande kan vara etiskt berättigat. Utgångspunkten för analysen är homo economicus, den neoklassiska ekonomiska teorins antagande att individer är rationella och ultimat motiveras av sitt egenintresse. Efter en kort översikt av grunddragen i den neoklassiska ekonomiska teorin analyseras och preciseras egenskaperna hos homo economicus. Därefter utformas en normativ etisk teori för individer med anknytning till John Rawls teori om rättvisa. Syftet är att utforma ett teoretiskt ramverk för den etiska bedömningen av egenintresserat handlande. I det avslutande kapitlet tillämpas den rawlsianska etiska teorin på frågor om beskattning och skatteundandragande. Tillämpningen visar att skatteundandragande kränker ett flertal av den rawlsianska etiska teorins principer. Avslutningsvis diskuteras även skattereduktion för hushållsnära tjänster, RUT-avdraget, som ett medel för att komma tillrätta med skatteundandragande i vissa särskilt utsatta branscher. Jag hävdar att skattereduktion för städhjälp kan berättigas utifrån den rawlsianska etiska teorin, medan det ifrågasatta avdraget för läxhjälp inte kan berättigas.This dissertation deals with the question of whether self-interested actions can be morally justified. The theoretical starting point of the inquiry is homo economicus, the neoclassical economics’ assumption that individuals are rational and ultimately motivated by their self-interest. After a brief sketch of neoclassical economic theory, the main characteristics of homo economicus are analyzed and clarified. A normative ethical theory for individuals drawing on John Rawls’s theory of justice is developed. The aim is to suggest a theoretical framework for dealing with the ethical justification of self-interested actions. In the final chapter of the thesis, the rawlsian ethical theory is applied to issues of taxation, as well as tax evasion and tax avoidance. It is argued that tax evasion/tax avoidance violates several principles identified in the rawlsian ethical framework. Tax deduction for domestic service work, as a measure to overcome tax evasion by transforming black-market work into white-market work, is also discussed. By applying the rawlsian ethical theory it is argued that tax deduction for house cleaning can be justified from the suggested framework, while deduction for the much-debated homework help cannot be justified.
In the printed version of this Ph.D. Thesis the ISBN is incorrect: 987-91-7519-202-4. The correct ISBN is 978-91-7519-202-4 and corrected in the electronic version.The series namn Studies in Applied Ethics is incorrect. The correct series name is CTE.
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Hudon, Marek. "Ethics and public policy in microfinance." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210639.
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This thesis is made of two parts. Part I (Chapter 1 to 3) focuses on the ethical aspects of the current challenges in microfinance. Chapter 1 addresses the question of the place and importance of credit in development policies, through the debate on the right to credit. Chapter 2 and 3 then question the fairness of the interest rates charged by the microfinance institutions. Chapter 2 analyzes whether the fairness criteria depend on more basic principles of justice, such as Rawls’ principles described in A Theory of Justice (Rawsl, 1976). Chapter 3 then reviews some of the implicit and explicit definitions of fair interest rates and proposes an original methodology, with David Gauthiers’ contractuarian theory. It determines what a fair interest rate would be when lending to the poor. Based on the results of the two first chapters, Part II (Chapter 4 to 6) focuses on the role of donors in microfinance. Chapters 4 and 5 use two original databases, of 67 and 100 MFIs respectively to study the impact of subsidies on the MFIs’ management, through their rating evaluation (Chapter 4) and MFIs’ performance and management decisions (Chapter 5). Chapter 4 will analyze the relationship between the quality of management, as rated by a specialized agency, and the amount of subsidies. Chapter 5 will study pricing policy, the clientele and the potential moral hazard of subsidized institutions. Concluding this analysis, Chapter 6 gives some guidelines on the use of donor subsidies, especially in their interaction with the new private commercial actors, such as investment funds.
Doctorat en sciences de gestion
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Oliveira, Wesley Felipe de. "A importância moral da dor e do sofrimento animal na ética de Peter Singer." 2012, 2013. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/100488.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Florianópolis, 2012.Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-25T19:39:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 314920.pdf: 2274784 bytes, checksum: bbd16ea644c433a3f62b9c581373a972 (MD5)
O objetivo desta dissertação é defender a importância moral da consideração da dor e do sofrimento de animais não-humanos. Isso se dá através do principio da igual consideração de interesses desenvolvido por Peter Singer. A senciência possibilita os animais a terem interesses, no mínimo, o interesse evitar a dor e o sofrimento. É por essa razão que devem ser incluídos nas decisões morais. São reconstruídas e analisadas as objeções de Peter Harrison, Carl Cohen, R.G. Frey e Lawrence C. Becker direcionadas ao princípio de Singer, e que criticam os pressupostos básicos, quais sejam, a capacidade de sentirem dor/sofrimento e de terem interesses, sobre os quais se fundamenta a inclusão dos animais nas considerações morais. Cada uma dessas objeções é analisada e criticada de modo a demonstrar suas limitações e inconsistências, juntamente com as implicações morais geradas para seres humanos. Na análise dessas críticas, reforça-se a importância e a consideração moral que deve ser conferida à dor e ao sofrimento dos animais. Após essa discussão teórica, é analisado um caso de âmbito prático: a pesquisa científica sobre o câncer humano através do modelo animal. Verifica-se, a partir do princípio de Singer, a imoralidade de tal procedimento realizado em animais sencientes devido à violação de seus interesses. Com isso, a dissertação enfatiza a exigência ética de abolir o uso de animais nessa prática em razão da incapacidade preditiva dos animais, mas principalmente devido à dor e ao sofrimento causado neles e também aos seres humanos, que ficam sujeitos aos erros, prejuízos e sofrimentos originados pelo intenso uso animal nas pesquisas. Nessa conclusão, se constata que a insistência no uso de animais nos experimentos compromete o cientista a preferir usar seres humanos, uma vez que isso gera mais benefícios e resultados mais seguros. A recusa moral ao uso de humanos em pesquisas implica, por outro lado, na recusa moral do uso de animais, ou seja, sua abolição.
Abstract : The aim of this dissertation is to defend the moral importance of considering pain and suffering of nonhuman animals. This is achieved through The Principle of Equal Consideration of Interests developed by Peter Singer. The sentience enables nonhuman animals to have interests, at least the interest of avoiding pain and suffering. That is why it should be included in moral decisions. The objections of Peter Harrison, Carl Cohen, RG Frey and Lawrence C. Becker directed to the principle of Singer are reconstructed and analyzed, as they are criticizing the basic assumptions, i.e., the ability to feel pain/suffering and have interests, upon which is based the inclusion of animals in moral considerations. Each of these objections is analyzed and criticized in order to demonstrate their limitations and inconsistencies, simultaneously with its moral implications for humans. In the analysis of these criticisms, it reinforces the moral importance and considerations that should be given to pain and suffering of animals. After this theoretical discussion, a case study of practical scope is analyzed: animal testing for scientific research on human cancer. It is verified from the Singer's principle that such procedures performed on sentient animals are a violation of their interests and, therefore, immoral. Thus, the dissertation emphasizes the ethical demand to abolish the use of nonhuman animals in this practice due to their predictive inability, but mainly due to the pain and suffering caused to them and also to humans, who are subject to errors, injuries and suffering originated by the intense use of nonhuman animals on research. The conclusion verifies that the insistence on the use of nonhuman animals in experiments moves the scientist to prefer using humans in experiments since it generates greater benefit and more reliable results. The moral refusal to using humans in research implies the moral rejection of the use of animals in experiments and consequently, its abolition.
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Gatica, Rodríguez María Paz. "Los derechos morales de autor en el entorno de las redes digitales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2008. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/106819.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)El objetivo del presente trabajo consiste en analizar la problemática de la aplicabilidad, relevancia y protección de los derechos morales de autor en el entorno de las redes digitales, especialmente en Internet. El planteamiento del problema aborda los diversos sistemas de tratamiento de los derechos morales, su fundamento y, principalmente, los usos digitales que atentan contra los derechos morales, así como los conflictos de interés que surgen en torno al tema. Luego se analizan las diversas propuestas normativas de tratamiento de los derechos morales, específicamente enfocado al entorno digital, revisando los tratados internacionales relevantes en la materia y algunas legislaciones nacionales. A continuación, se plantean ciertas medidas de protección indirecta de los derechos morales: las medidas tecnológicas de protección y la información electrónica sobre gestión de derechos de autor. Se desarrolla además el análisis del tema de la Identidad Digital, que presenta una esencial vinculación con la protección de los derechos morales en Internet, abordado desde dos puntos de vista: los nombres de dominio y la firma electrónica. Finaliza este trabajo con el planteamiento de los desafíos para la legislación chilena en cuanto a la protección de los derechos morales y algunas conclusiones finales.
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Avila, Róber Iturriet. "Do homem smithiano ao homo economicus : egoísmo e dissolução da moral." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/22665.
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Este trabalho se propõe a remontar a dissolução ocorrida no tempo em que a Economia Política buscava limitar seu campo de estudo, particularmente no que se refere a percepção sobre a conduta humana e a assunção de que os homens são intrinsecamente egoístas. Para tanto, é desenvolvida a visão do homem moralmente condicionado em Adam Smith e também as modificações subsequentes originadas nas diferentes concepções dos autores da escola clássica e da neoclássica. Sendo que estas mudanças enfatizam o egoísmo do agente econômico. Neste intento, é retraçado o caminho da consolidação do postulado do egoísmo, assim como os percalços, controvérsias e conflitos desta caracterização. São explorados os elementos que auxiliaram na transformação do homem smithiano em homo economicus, tais como a leitura descontextualizada de Smith, o individualismo, o utilitarismo, o individualismo metodológico, o positivismo e a própria necessidade de abstração teórica. Adicionalmente, é verificado que a confusão de conceitos presente nesta construção metodológica traz a referência de que a ciência econômica faz apologia ao egoísmo. Esta percepção é um subproduto do desenlace da economia com as questões morais.This research is proposed to reassemble the dissolution occurred when the Political Economy sought to limit their field of study, particularly in the perception of humann behavior and the assumption that men are inherently selfish. To do that, it is developed the perception of Adam Smith about human behavior, and the subsequent changes resulting from different conceptions of classical and the neoclassical authors. These changes emphasize the selfishness of the economic agent. In this attempt, is showed the way of the consolidating of self-interest premise, the mishaps and controversies of this path. It explores the the elements that collaborated in the transformation of Smithian man in homo economicus, such as decontextualized reading of Smith, individualism, utilitarianism, methodological individualism, positivism and the very necessity of theoretical abstraction. Additionally, it is observed that the confusion of concepts present in this methodological construction suggests that economics salutes the egoism. This is a result of the distinction between moral and economic aspects.
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Cnattingius, Linda, and Gustafsson Ella Wirstad. "Act or interact? The perceived influence of social media on millennial prosocial behaviours." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-254755.
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With modern communication technology advancements, activist expression has become more common on social media platforms. Especially susceptible to these expressions is the millennial generation, whose lives are greatly permeated by media technology. This thesis aims to explore in what ways the social media platform Facebook inuences millennials’ motivation to engage in substantial prosocial behaviours that are intended to benet other people or society as a whole. Through mixed-method research design, participants’ attitudes towards Facebook as a platform for activism and its inuence on prosocial motivational aspects, was explored. Results indicated that previous habits of supportive engagement and the cost of the supportive action inuenced how the likeliness and motivation to engage in substantial supportive actions was aected by Facebook interaction. More precisely, higher levels of previous engagement, as well as engagement in costly, prosocial actions contributed to an increased motivation to engage further in such actions. Furthermore, social and contemporary aspects showed to play a large part for participants’ motivation to engage in costly and substantial prosocial actions.I samband med dagens kommunikationsteknologiska framsteg har aktivistiska uttryck blivit allt vanligare på plattformar för sociala medier. Särskilt mottagliga för sådana uttryck är millenniegenerationen, från engelskans ’milliennials’, vars liv till stor del genomsyras av medieteknik. Denna studie har för avsikt att utforska hur den sociala plattformen Facebook påverkar motivationen för individer tillhörande millenniegenerationen att engagera sig i konkreta prosociala beteenden som har som syfte att gynna andra människor eller samhället som helhet. Genom kombinerade kvalitativa och kvantitativa forskningsmetoder utforskades deltagarnas attityder gentemot Facebook som en plattform för aktivism, och dess inverkan på prosocialt motiverande aspekter. Resultaten visade att tidigare vana av engagemang samt kostnaden av den välgörande handlingen påverkades av Facebook-interaktion. Närmare bestämt, högre nivåer av tidigare engagemang samt engagemang i kostsamma, prosocial handlingar bidrog till en ökad motivation till fortsatt engagemang i sådana handlingar. Vidare påvisades sociala och samtida aspekter spela en viktig roll för deltagarnas motiatt engagera sig i kostsamma och konkreta prosociala handlingar.
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Lawson, Danielle. "Negotiating social and moral order in internet relay chat." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/26515/.
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Although internet chat is a significant aspect of many internet users’ lives, the manner in which participants in quasi-synchronous chat situations orient to issues of social and moral order remains to be studied in depth. The research presented here is therefore at the forefront of a continually developing area of study. This work contributes new insights into how members construct and make accountable the social and moral orders of an adult-oriented Internet Relay Chat (IRC) channel by addressing three questions: (1) What conversational resources do participants use in addressing matters of social and moral order? (2) How are these conversational resources deployed within IRC interaction? and (3) What interactional work is locally accomplished through use of these resources?
A survey of the literature reveals considerable research in the field of computer-mediated communication, exploring both asynchronous and quasi-synchronous discussion forums. The research discussed represents a range of communication interests including group and collaborative interaction, the linguistic construction of social identity, and the linguistic features of online interaction. It is suggested that the present research differs from previous studies in three ways: (1) it focuses on the interaction itself, rather than the ways in which the medium affects the interaction; (2) it offers turn-by-turn analysis of interaction in situ; and (3) it discusses membership categories only insofar as they are shown to be relevant by participants through their talk. Through consideration of the literature, the present study is firmly situated within the broader computer-mediated communication field.
Ethnomethodology, conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis were adopted as appropriate methodological approaches to explore the research focus on interaction in situ, and in particular to investigate the ways in which participants negotiate and co-construct social and moral orders in the course of their interaction.
IRC logs collected from one chat room were analysed using a two-pass method, based on a modification of the approaches proposed by Pomerantz and Fehr (1997) and ten Have (1999). From this detailed examination of the data corpus three interaction topics are identified by means of which participants clearly orient to issues of social and moral order: challenges to rule violations, ‘trolling’ for cybersex, and experiences regarding the 9/11 attacks. Instances of these interactional topics are subjected to fine-grained analysis, to demonstrate the ways in which participants draw upon various interactional resources in their negotiation and construction of channel social and moral orders. While these analytical topics stand alone in individual focus, together they illustrate different instances in which participants’ talk serves to negotiate social and moral orders or collaboratively construct new orders.
Building on the work of Vallis (2001), Chapter 5 illustrates three ways that rule violation is initiated as a channel discussion topic: (1) through a visible violation in open channel, (2) through an official warning or sanction by a channel operator regarding the violation, and (3) through a complaint or announcement of a rule violation by a non-channel operator participant. Once the topic has been initiated, it is shown to become available as a topic for others, including the perceived violator. The fine-grained analysis of challenges to rule violations ultimately demonstrates that channel participants orient to the rules as a resource in developing categorizations of both the rule violation and violator. These categorizations are contextual in that they are locally based and understood within specific contexts and practices. Thus, it is shown that compliance with rules and an orientation to rule violations as inappropriate within the social and moral orders of the channel serves two purposes: (1) to orient the speaker as a group member, and (2) to reinforce the social and moral orders of the group.
Chapter 6 explores a particular type of rule violation, solicitations for ‘cybersex’ known in IRC parlance as ‘trolling’. In responding to trolling violations participants are demonstrated to use affiliative and aggressive humour, in particular irony, sarcasm and insults. These conversational resources perform solidarity building within the group, positioning non-Troll respondents as compliant group members. This solidarity work is shown to have three outcomes: (1) consensus building, (2) collaborative construction of group membership, and (3) the continued construction and negotiation of existing social and moral orders.
Chapter 7, the final data analysis chapter, offers insight into how participants, in discussing the events of 9/11 on the actual day, collaboratively constructed new social and moral orders, while orienting to issues of appropriate and reasonable emotional responses. This analysis demonstrates how participants go about ‘doing being ordinary’ (Sacks, 1992b) in formulating their ‘first thoughts’ (Jefferson, 2004). Through sharing their initial impressions of the event, participants perform support work within the interaction, in essence working to normalize both the event and their initial misinterpretation of it. Normalising as a support work mechanism is also shown in relation to participants constructing the ‘quiet’ following the event as unusual. Normalising is accomplished by reference to the indexical ‘it’ and location formulations, which participants use both to negotiate who can claim to experience the ‘unnatural quiet’ and to identify the extent of the quiet. Through their talk participants upgrade the quiet from something legitimately experienced by one person in a particular place to something that could be experienced ‘anywhere’, moving the phenomenon from local to global provenance.
With its methodological design and detailed analysis and findings, this research contributes to existing knowledge in four ways. First, it shows how rules are used by participants as a resource in negotiating and constructing social and moral orders. Second, it demonstrates that irony, sarcasm and insults are three devices of humour which can be used to perform solidarity work and reinforce existing social and moral orders. Third, it demonstrates how new social and moral orders are collaboratively constructed in relation to extraordinary events, which serve to frame the event and evoke reasonable responses for participants. And last, the detailed analysis and findings further support the use of conversation analysis and membership categorization as valuable methods for approaching quasi-synchronous computer-mediated communication.
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Souza, Hélio José dos Santos [UNESP]. "O problema da motivação moral na fundamentação da metafísica dos costumes." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93139.
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A Fundamentação da metafísica dos costumes tem por finalidade encontrar o princípio supremo da moralidade. Segundo Kant, somente a razão é suficientemente capaz de fornecer, totalmente a priori, o princípio incondicionado da moralidade. Surge, porém, um problema: por que é que devemos nos submeter à lei moral? O que é capaz de motivar o homem a agir conforme o imperativo categórico e, portanto, moralmente? O presente trabalho pretende examinar, a partir dos apontamentos realizados por Kant, como pode o homem agir motivado pela lei, motivação esta necessária para que a moral se estabeleça.
The Groundwork Metaphysic of Morals is to find the supreme principle of morality. According to Kant, the only reason is sufficiently capable of providing, quite a priori, the principle unconditional of morality. Appears, however, a problem: why should we submit to the moral law? What is able to motivate a man to act as the categorical imperative and therefore morally? This study seeks to examine, from notes made by Kant, as can the man acts motivated by the law, the motivation necessary for the moral is established.
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Souza, Hélio José dos Santos. "O problema da motivação moral na fundamentação da metafísica dos costumes /." Marília : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/93139.
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Orientador: Ricardo MontiagudoBanca: José Carlos Bruni
Banca: Paulo Roberto Licht dos Santos
Resumo: A Fundamentação da metafísica dos costumes tem por finalidade encontrar o princípio supremo da moralidade. Segundo Kant, somente a razão é suficientemente capaz de fornecer, totalmente a priori, o princípio incondicionado da moralidade. Surge, porém, um problema: por que é que devemos nos submeter à lei moral? O que é capaz de motivar o homem a agir conforme o imperativo categórico e, portanto, moralmente? O presente trabalho pretende examinar, a partir dos apontamentos realizados por Kant, como pode o homem agir motivado pela lei, motivação esta necessária para que a moral se estabeleça.
Abstract: The Groundwork Metaphysic of Morals is to find the supreme principle of morality. According to Kant, the only reason is sufficiently capable of providing, quite a priori, the principle unconditional of morality. Appears, however, a problem: why should we submit to the moral law? What is able to motivate a man to act as the categorical imperative and therefore morally? This study seeks to examine, from notes made by Kant, as can the man acts motivated by the law, the motivation necessary for the moral is established.
Mestre
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Greco, Christopher A. P. "Falling Back on the Concept of (Moral) Panic: Questioning Significance, Practicality, and Costs." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/34187.
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For over 40 years, the term moral panic and concept to which it is adjoined have been used throughout the socio-criminological literature as a means of describing collective overreactions to perceived wrongs. Since the 1980s, the concept has also been criticized for its inability to adapt to differing moral viewpoints and research paradigms. To address these criticisms and question the significance of moral panic’s continued use, this paper works to redefine the concept from its theoretical foundation to practical employment.
A contextual-constructionist/post-positivist approach is, first, used to weigh claims of fact against an imperfect understanding of ‘the truth’. Moral panic is then defined as a means of describing collective, corrective-intended behaviour based on an irrational belief that exaggerates the threat posed by a social problem. To test and further nuance this definition, the Parliament of Canada’s decision to pass four bills that introduced or amended section 172.1 (luring a child) of the Criminal Code of Canada is deconstructed.
Using a Historical Dialectic-Relational Approach to analyze the transcripts of House of Commons and Senate debates and committee meetings related to bills C-15A, C-277, C-2, and C-10, the concept of moral panic is found to be an appropriate means of describing certain forms of collective behaviour. An outline of how members of parliament spoke, during the legislative process, of the media, expert witnesses, Internet child lurers, and victims of child sexual abuse provides additional context. The paper concludes by arguing that the moral panic concept can be mobilized in a way that is theoretically justifiable, adaptable to differing moral viewpoints, and of practical use.
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Naranjo, Pinto Jorge Alberto. "La influencia de la conducta adictiva a internet en el desarrollo moral de adolescentes escolarizados de Quito - Ecuador." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/83430.
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Esta es una investigación aleatoria, no experimental, correlacional, de corte transversal, que tiene como objetivo principal investigar la influencia de las conductas adictivas a internet en el desarrollo moral de 1373 adolescentes escolarizados de 4 instituciones municipales de Quito Ecuador ubicadas en distintas zonas de la ciudad (sur, centro sur, centro norte, norte). Para medir las conductas adictivas se aplicó la Escala de Adicción a Internet de Lima (EAIL) y para el evaluar el Desarrollo Moral, el Defining Issues Test de Rest (DIT). Los hallazgos determinan que existe una prevalencia de conductas adictivas en los investigados del 8,6% similar a otros estudios de la región, en donde la pérdida de control es el principal factor de adicción e influye directamente sobre los otros factores: abstinencia y disfuncionalidad. Se investigó también el tipo de familia que prevalece en el grupo y se encontró que predomina la familia tradicional estructurada nuclear, compuesta por padre, madre e hijos, aunque existen varias formas de familia que no se alinean con este modelo tradicional como: familias uniparentales matrifocales y familias desestructuradas sustitutas. Se comprobó que no existe relación entre el tipo de familia con la prevalencia de conductas adictivas ni el desarrollo moral de los adolescentes investigados. En relación al desarrollo moral, el 22,4% de estudiantes se ubican en un nivel de desarrollo postconvencional encontrándose diferencias importantes en relación al género y la edad. Las mujeres tienen un mayor desarrollo moral que los hombres y este nivel de desarrollo se logra en los grupos mayores de 17 años. Finalmente, no existe una evidencia de que las conductas adictivas al internet influyan en el desarrollo moral de los adolescentes investigados.
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Oliveira, Anselmo Carvalho de. "Fundamentos da filosofia moral de Peter Singer." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16518.
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Previous issue date: 2013-10-11Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
This research aims to reconstruct and explain the argument proposed by Peter Singer to justify the principle of equal consideration of interests (PECI). The PECI is the basic normative principle according to people should consider the interests of all sentient beings affected when somebody taking a moral decision. It is the join that Singer proposes between universalizability and the principle of equal consideration of interests that constitutes a compelling reason to justify it. The universalizability requires to disregard the numerical differences, putting yourself in other people s shoes, and to consider preferences, interests, desires and ideals of those affected. Singer joins universalizability to normative principle and molds the form and content of his theory. The first chapter introduces the discussion will be developed in this essay. The second chapter deals the historical and philosophical viewpoint from which Singer starts his studies. The third chapter is about the Singer s critiques of naturalism, intuitionism, relativism, simple subjectivism and emotivism. The fourth chapter exposes the design of universal prescriptivism proposed by R. M. Hare. The universal prescriptivism indicates, in the Singer s viewpoint, a consistent way to create the join between the universalizability and PECI. It highlights also the criticism designed by J. L. Mackie and Singer himself to universal prescriptivism. The second part of this chapter shows briefly some of the main points of the classical conception of utilitarianism and its possible relationship with the theory of Singer. The fifth chapter introduces the Singer s thesis about the origin of ethics and the universalizability as a feature necessary to the point of view of ethic, and the way which this argument is developed to form the PECI. The sixth chapter exposes the main distinctions that characterize the PECI. Finally the seventh chapter provides a discussion about the reasons highlighted by Singer for one who wants orient his life according to the standpoint of ethics. This structure allows explaining the main ideas of the author concerning the theoretical foundations of his moral philosophy
Esta investiga??o tem como objetivo reconstruir e explicitar o argumento proposto por Peter Singer para justificar o princ?pio de igual considera??o de interesses (PICI). O PICI ? o princ?pio normativo b?sico segundo o qual as pessoas devem considerar igualmente os interesses de todos os seres sencientes afetados ao tomarem uma decis?o moral. ? o v?nculo que Singer estabelece entre a universalizabilidade e o princ?pio de igual considera??o de interesses que se constitui em uma raz?o convincente para justific?-lo. A universalizabilidade consiste na exig?ncia de desconsiderar as diferen?as num?ricas, de colocar-se no lugar do outro e de considera??o igual pelas prefer?ncias, interesses, desejos e ideais dos afetados. Singer ao vincular a universalizabilidade e o princ?pio normativo estabelece a forma e o conte?do da sua teoria. No primeiro cap?tulo, introduzimos a discuss?o que ser? desenvolvida nesta disserta??o. No segundo cap?tulo, apresentamos o panorama hist?rico-filos?fico no qual Singer inicia suas investiga??es. No terceiro cap?tulo, apresentamos a sua cr?tica ao naturalismo, intuicionismo, relativismo e subjetivismo simples e, por fim, ao emotivismo. No quarto cap?tulo, expomos a concep??o do prescritivismo universal proposta por R. M. Hare. O prescritivismo universal indica, para Singer, uma forma consistente para estabelecer o v?nculo entre a universalizabilidade e o PICI. Apontamos, tamb?m, as cr?ticas feitas por J. L. Mackie e pelo pr?prio Singer ao prescritivismo universal. Na segunda parte do cap?tulo, apresentamos resumidamente alguns pontos centrais da concep??o cl?ssica do utilitarismo e uma poss?vel rela??o com a teoria de Singer. No quinto cap?tulo, apresentamos a tese de Singer sobre a origem da ?tica e sobre a universalizabilidade como uma caracter?stica necess?ria do ponto de vista da ?tica, bem como o argumento que ? desenvolvido para estabelecer o PICI. No sexto cap?tulo, expomos as principais distin??es que caracterizam o PICI. Encerramos no s?timo cap?tulo com uma discuss?o sobre as raz?es apresentadas por Singer para que uma pessoa oriente a sua vida de acordo com o ponto de vista da ?tica. Essa estrutura permite-nos explicitar as principais ideias do autor naquilo que concerne aos fundamentos te?ricos da sua filosofia moral
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George, R. Jefferson. "Moral Disengagement: an Exploratory Study of Predictive Factors for Digital Aggression and Cyberbullying." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500017/.
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A cross-sectional quantitative causal research design was employed to explore the relationship between adolescent digital aggression, cyberbully behavior and moral disengagement. A survey was created and electronically administered to 1077 high school students in Grades 9-12 in a selected school district in Texas. High school students were chosen because research has shown a decrease in traditional bullying and an increase of digital aggression and cyberbullying at this developmental level. A principal component analysis (PCA) of the survey was conducted to determine latent constructs. The results of the PCA revealed 6 latent variables, which included moral disengagement, school climate and culture, social relationships, spirituality, family systems, and mood (anger). Moral disengagement was the dependent variable in the current study, while the remaining latent constructs were treated as independent variables. In addition to the latent constructs, student demographics and self-identification as a cyberbully or cybervictim were included as independent variables in the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression models. An ANOVA of the survey items where the participants self-identified as a cyberobserver, a cybervictim or a cyberbully was initially conducted. Participants who identified as a cyberobserver explained less than 1.0% of the variance in moral disengagement. Additionally, participants who identified as a cybervictim also explained less than 1.0% of the variance in moral disengagement. However, participants identified as a cyberbully accounted for 7.28% of the variance in moral disengagement. Results of the multiple regression analyses indicated that gender, age, school climate and culture, social relationships, academic success, ethnicity, family systems, spirituality, and mood (anger) significantly impacted a student’s willingness to morally disengage and participate in digital aggression. Among these variables, the variance explained in moral disengagement ranged from 0.8% (Social Relationships) to 16.8% (Mood-Anger). The variables of socio-economic status and grade in school were not statistically significant predictors of moral disengagement. The results of this study are relevant for school administrators, counselors and teachers as digital aggression and cyberbully behaviors appear to be growing as ‘smart phone’ and other ‘always on’ technology trend to younger populations nationwide. The results of this study further underscore the importance of creating a school climate and culture that promotes a safe and secure learning environment for all students. This may be accomplished by incorporating adolescent aggression and bully prevention programs in school curriculums to address both traditional and digital aggressive behaviors. Recommendations are presented and future research is discussed.
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Bondu, Mathilde. "Ethique et objets connectés." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67170.
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Thèse en cotutelle : Université Laval, Québec, Canada et Université Université Paris-Sud, Cachan, France.Ce projet de recherche porte sur l’opportunité de l’éthique comme mode de régulation des objets connectés. Actuellement au cœur d’une véritable course à l’innovation se faisant de plus en plus pressante, nous relèverons qu’il s’agit de biens complexes rendant difficile leur appréhension par le droit. Ce sujet se focalisera ensuite sur le cadre juridique applicable à cette technologie au regard des données personnelles récoltées de manière massives pour pouvoir enrichir et assurer le fonctionnement de ces objets. Démontrant certaines limites de ce régime légal au regard du poids de l’économie de la donnée, l’éthique sera étudiée de manière théorique dans le contexte du numérique comme outil de régulation, y compris son utilité mais aussi son inévitable manipulation par les acteurs du numérique. Ce projet aura pour objectif enfin de dresser un bilan concret des initiatives véritablement destinées à assurer une meilleure régulation des objets connectés par l’éthique, finalement débitrice d’une forte collaboration entre les trois acteurs principaux du numérique : pouvoirs publics, entreprises et citoyens.
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Núñez, Ponce Julio César. "Derecho de identidad digital en internet." Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2016. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/6252.
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Se delimita a la protección del derecho de la identidad de la persona natural en Internet. Interrelacionándolo con temas como el teletrabajo, los delitos informáticos, la autenticación biométrica, el proyecto de ley de identidad digital, entre otros. El tratamiento del derecho de la identidad digital de la persona jurídica es materia de otra investigación; sin embargo, se tratará temas relacionados con la identidad digital de la persona jurídica cuando estén directamente relacionados con la persona natural o con el uso de internet, que son los aspectos centrales de la identidad digital que se desarrollará en la presente investigación. Asimismo cita jurisprudencia tales como: el Caso Vargas Llosa sobre Nombres de Dominio; el Caso Mapfre sobre Nombres de Dominio; Caso sobre Spam; Jurisprudencia del Tribunal Constitucional sobre la Video Conferencia, entre otros.Tesis
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Oparaji, Alexander Obinna. "Hospitals Without Consulting Rooms : An Ethical Assessment of Physician-Patient Relationshop in Medical Internet." Thesis, Linköping University, Centre for Applied Ethics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-6711.
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The physician -patient relationship is fundamental to medical and healthcare practice. It is value laden. The practice of medicine and healthcare in the traditional sense accentuates a fecund doctor-patient communication. This is considered a necessary step for a proper diagnosis towards an attendant fruitful prognosis. Such a practise eventuates in the recognition of core values within the ambience of a standard medical practise. The values in question refer to issues of commitment and trust, obligations to standard care giving and reception, confidentiality, autonomy, beneficence, non maleficence, justice as well as responsibility. However, the practise of medicine today is criss-crossed by an amazing cast of transformations with the advent of the internet in the medical arena. Medical encounters take place online between doctors and patients even in the absence of pre-existing medical relationships in the hospitals.
There is today treatments and medical care mediated by the internet, a case of diagnosis and prognosis across distance, and indeed super highway medicine. This instance of hospitals without consulting rooms is morally problematic.
By the characterization of physician-patient relationship ( especially in the absence of pre-existing relationship) on the internet as virtual, unique, new and problematic, this work assesses the risks associated with such encounters in the light of ethical principles and their implications for moral responsibility.
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Gillespie, Tarleton. "Sleight of hand : law, technology, and the moral deployment of authorship in the Napster and DeCSS copyright cases /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3036996.
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Vallet, Caroline. "La protection des mineurs face à la cyberpédopornographie : Etude comparée entre le droit criminel canadien et français." Université de Paris-Sud. Faculté Jean-Monnet. UFR Droit, Économie, Gestion, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA111034.
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Aranda, Vidal Catalina Constanza. "El daño moral en las acciones colectivas : análisis del proyecto de ley que modifica la Ley 19.496 sobre protección al consumidor, con el objeto de permitir la indemnización por daño moral en las demandas colectivas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2012. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112975.
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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
Por lo anteriormente expuesto, es que el análisis de esta investigación se centra tanto en la aplicabilidad del daño moral en el procedimiento colectivo (con principios inspiradores y rectores particulares), como en los efectos teóricos y prácticos que ello significaría, pues la sola naturaleza subjetiva e individual de este tipo de daños, unido a la falta de una teoría clara en nuestra jurisprudencia que establezca criterios mínimos de evaluación, deja varias interrogantes respecto de cómo el juez cumplirá con su tarea de evaluar y homologar daños de una colectividad, que por su naturaleza, no son homologables. Por último, buscaremos determinar cómo la aprobación de un proyecto como este podría significar un aporte para el desarrollo de una teoría comprensiva de criterios de evaluación mínimos de daño moral, que permitan a nuestros jueces seguir pautas orientadoras que vayan más allá de su simple apreciación, muchas veces arbitraria, al momento de determinar la procedencia y monto de este tipo de daños