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Journal articles on the topic 'Moravians in Pennsylvania'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Myers, Travis L. "Misperceptions and Identities Mis-taken: Interpreting Various Hostilities Encountered by Moravians in Colonial New York and Pennsylvania." Studies in World Christianity 26, no. 2 (2020): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/swc.2020.0294.

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This essay integrates Moravian studies, missiology and historical theology. It begins with a brief survey of the historiography of Moravian missions in colonial North America. It then surveys various reasons for periodic hostility against Moravians in New York and Pennsylvania between roughly 1740 and 1790. It recovers the ethnic and cultural diversity, prejudices and defensive actions of colonists that were a significant component of life in these contested spaces and turbulent times, thus demonstrating that so-called ‘religious’ persecution remains a complicated phenomenon. It suggests Moravians might have avoided certain instances of misperception and consequent ‘persecution’ had they adapted themselves culturally in ways they did not. Moravians were often perceived by other colonial Europeans as a threat to the security and stability of developing locales, and remained largely on the social periphery in colonial North America as a consequence of being both wrongly and rightly understood. As an international and transnational religious community pursuing its own global dispersal for the sake of mission, Moravian political neutrality and perceived ‘foreignness’ was misunderstood in times of war by English and Dutch colonists, especially, as sympathy for the enemy or even evidence of espionage, though the religious and secular fear of their being Catholic seems to have been eventually resolved. Because Moravians in the British colonies fraternised with Native Americans for the sake of mission and were part of an international fellowship also befriending Caribbean slaves, they were sometimes slandered by colonists who feared them as instigators of rebellion by these marginalised populations. Finally, the Moravian sense of being set apart by God from the broader society and called to suffer for the sake of their righteous difference and gospel influence, when acted upon, provoked hostility from colonists who perceived them as a threat to local balances of power, denominational order or family cohesion.

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2

Gordon. "Fishing for a Few: Moravians on the Eighteenth-Century Pennsylvania Frontier." Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies 88, no. 3 (2021): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.88.3.0319.

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3

Burkette, Gary D., Michael P. Riordan, and Diane A. Riordan. "BRANCH ACCOUNTING: EVIDENCE FROM THE ACCOUNTING RECORDS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN MORAVIANS." Accounting Historians Journal 18, no. 1 (1991): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.18.1.21.

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Europeans transported continental accounting practices during the period of worldwide colonization. This paper describes the transportation of branch accounting by members of the Moravian Church. Physical records maintained in the Archives for the Southern Province of the Moravian Church at Salem, North Carolina, and for the Northern Province at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, contain a complex, two-tiered system of branch accounting for the enterprises within the settlements and the settlements within the worldwide Church. This paper traces recorded activity for 1775 from an enterprise to its diacony (business organization of a church) and from the diacony to the European Church headquarters. Reporting practices in both North American diaconies reflect a similar practice of branch accounting, each culminating in formal financial statements to the European “home office” of the Moravian Church.

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4

Gordon. "The Paxton Boys and the Moravians: Terror and Faith in the Pennsylvania Backcountry." Journal of Moravian History 14, no. 2 (2014): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.14.2.0119.

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5

Merritt, Jane T. "Dreaming of the Savior's Blood: Moravians and the Indian Great Awakening in Pennsylvania." William and Mary Quarterly 54, no. 4 (1997): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2953880.

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6

Lindman, Janet Moore. "Carté, Katherine Engel. Religion and Profit: Moravians in Early America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. 313 pp. $39.95 (cloth)." Journal of Religion 92, no. 1 (2012): 134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/663743.

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7

Sensbach, Jon. "Religion and Profit: Moravians in Early America. By Katherine Carté Engel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. x + 313 pp. $39.95 cloth." Church History 79, no. 4 (2010): 942–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640710001344.

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8

Beachy, Robert. "Katherine Carté Engel . Religion and Profit: Moravians in Early America . (Early American Studies.) Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . 2009 . Pp. viii, 313. $39.95." American Historical Review 115, no. 4 (2010): 1145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.115.4.1145.

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9

Bachrach, Bernard S. "Charles R. Bowlus Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995. Pp. xviii, 420, maps." Austrian History Yearbook 27 (January 1996): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800006007.

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10

Sommer, E. W. "Religion and Profit: Moravians in Early America. By Katherine Carte Engel. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009. x, 313 pp. $39.95, ISBN 978-0-8122-4123-5.)." Journal of American History 96, no. 4 (2010): 1154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/96.4.1154a.

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11

Atwood, C. "AARON SPENCER FOGLEMAN. Jesus Is Female: Moravians and the Challenge of Radical Religion in Early America. (Early American Studies.) Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 2007. Pp. x, 330. $49.95." American Historical Review 113, no. 1 (2008): 167–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.1.167.

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12

Marini, Stephen A. "Jesus Is Female: Moravians and Radical Religion in Early America. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. x + 331 pp. $49.95 cloth; $24.95 paper." Church History 77, no. 2 (2008): 486–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640708000826.

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13

Dewar, David P. "Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early North America, edited by A.G. RoeberEthnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early North America, edited by A.G. Roeber. Max Kade German-American Institute series. University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008. xxiv, 207 pp. $45.00 US (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 43, no. 3 (2008): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.43.3.565.

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14

Thorp, Daniel B. "Aaron Spencer Fogleman, Jesus is Female: Moravians and the Challenge of Radical Religion in Early America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008. 330 pp. ISBN: 978-0-8122-3992-8. $49.95." Itinerario 32, no. 2 (2008): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300002217.

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15

Górecki, Piotr. "Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907. By Charles R. Bowlus. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1995. Pp. xviii + 424. £48.95. ISBN 0-8122-3276-3." Central European History 30, no. 1 (1997): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000893890001339x.

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16

Longenecker, S. "Jesus Is Female: Moravians and the Challenge of Radical Religion in Early America. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. x, 330 pp. $49.95, ISBN 978-0-8122-3992-8.)." Journal of American History 94, no. 4 (2008): 1233–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25095339.

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17

Engel, Katherine Carté. "Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early North America. Edited by A. G. Roeber. Max Kade German-American Research Institute Series. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2008. xxiv + 217pp. $45.00 cloth." Church History 78, no. 2 (2009): 411–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640709000687.

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18

Adams, Anna. "Missionaries and Revolutionaries: Moravian Perceptions of United States Foreign Policy in Nicaragua, 1926–1933." Missiology: An International Review 15, no. 2 (1987): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182968701500204.

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German Moravian missionaries came to Nicaragua's east coast in 1849. They built churches, schools, and hospitals for the native Miskitu, Sumu, and Rama Indians. Their teachings stressed a Christian communal life, frugality, and the importance of work. In 1917 the headquarters of the mission moved to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Today most Miskitu Indians are Moravian. Some scholars have blamed the present conflict between Nicaragua's Sandinista government and the east coast Indians on traditional Moravian pro-American political bias. Yet documents in the Moravian Church Archives clearly show that during the period when Sandino was active fighting the U.S. presence in Nicaragua (1926–1933) the American missionaries in Nicaragua were hardly sympathetic with U.S. political goals which often conflicted with the mission's evangelical work.

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19

Adkins, Tucker. "Moravian Soundscapes: A Sonic History of the Moravian Missions in Early Pennsylvania by Sarah Justina Eyerly." Eighteenth-Century Studies 54, no. 2 (2021): 498–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ecs.2021.0024.

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20

Podmore, Colin. "Jesus is female. Moravians and the challenge of radical religion in early America. By Aaron Spencer Fogleman. (Early American Studies.) Pp. x+330 incl. 6 maps, 5 tables and 13 figs+8 plates. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. £32.50 ($49.95). 13 978 0 8122 3992 8; 10 0 8122 3992 X." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 59, no. 4 (2008): 785–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046908005307.

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21

Peucker. "The Haube Revolt: Conflict and Disagreement in the Moravian Community of Nazareth, Pennsylvania, 1815." Journal of Moravian History 15, no. 2 (2015): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.15.2.0136.

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22

IRVING, DAVID R. M. "SARAH JUSTINA EYERLY MORAVIAN SOUNDSCAPES: A SONIC HISTORY OF THE MORAVIAN MISSIONS IN EARLY PENNSYLVANIA Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020 pp. xvi + 269, isbn 978 0 253 04766 3." Eighteenth Century Music 18, no. 2 (2021): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478570621000099.

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23

Smith, Jewel A. "Moravian Soundscapes: A Sonic History of the Moravian Missions in Early Pennsylvania. By Sarah Justina Eyerly. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2020. 290 pp. $80.00 cloth; $22.00 paper; $18.99 e-book." Church History 90, no. 2 (2021): 461–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640721001864.

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24

Lenik, Stephan T., and Brenda Hornsby Heindl. "Missionaries, Artisans, and Transatlantic Exchange: Production and Distribution of Moravian Pottery in Pennsylvania and the Danish (U.S.) Virgin Islands." Historical Archaeology 48, no. 4 (2014): 95–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03376950.

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25

Sommer, Elisabeth. "A Different Kind of Freedom? Order and Discipline among the Moravian Brethren in Germany and Salem, North Carolina 1771–1801." Church History 63, no. 2 (1994): 221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3168589.

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On 19 January 1774, Joseph Müller was expelled from the town of Salem, North Carolina for becoming engaged to Sarah Hauser without the permission of the Elders Conference. On 23 August 1775 Mattheus Weiβ was likewise expelled forwriting a “bad letter” to friends in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and on 4 November 1789, Jacob Bonn Jr., who hadbeen struggling with chronic debt, was expelled for refusing to sell his house and accept a steward for his finances. Theexpulsion of inhabitants for such offenses seems odd in a century labelled the “age of enlightenment.” It might well be viewed by good American constitutionalists as an unacceptable intrusion into the private lives of the individuals concerned. For the Moravian Brethren who built Salem on an ideal molded in Germany, the behavior of such offending Brethren represented a conflict between two different concepts of freedom: that of individual freedom, whichcame to be identified by both the European and American leadership of the Brethren as “American,” and that ofa spiritual freedom, which found expression in the submission to the good of the whole and obedience to Christ as literallord of the community. Historian A. G. Roeber has pointed out that many Germans were puzzled by “the American freedom” especially in the post-revolutionary years and did not always even agree among themselves over its precise meaning. Clearly, however, for many of them it represented a sharp departure from the more communal orientation of German society and government. Even the greater spiritual freedom offered by the lack of a state church was often viewed ambiguously. We can gain insight into the particular meaning of the conflict for the Brethren by first looking at the origins of the Moravian behavioral ideal, then at the way in which the dynamics of church/town discipline illustrate the tension between communal ideal and individual freedom, and finally by considering the specific impact of the translation of this ideal to an American setting.

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26

Wheeler, Rachel. "Craig D. Atwood, Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004. 240 pp. $37.50 (cloth)." Journal of Religion 85, no. 3 (2005): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/447718.

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27

Surratt, Jerry L. "The Transformation of Moravian Bethlehem: From Communal Mission to Family Economy. By Beverly Prior Smaby. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. xix + 271 pp. $32.95." Church History 60, no. 4 (1991): 573–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3169068.

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28

Atwood, Craig D. "The Transformation of Moravian Bethlehem: From Communal Mission to Family Economy. By Beverly Prior Smaby. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988. xix + 271 pp. $32.95." Church History 60, no. 3 (1991): 409–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167501.

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29

Podmore, Colin. "A time of sifting. Mystical marriage and the crisis of Moravian piety in the eighteenth century. By Paul Peucker . (Pietist, Moravian and Anabaptist Studies.) Pp. xv + 248 incl. 10 ills. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015. $84.95. 978 0 271 06643 1." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 67, no. 4 (2016): 910–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046916001196.

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30

Podmore, Colin. "The letters of Mary Penry. A single Moravian woman in early America. Edited by Scott Paul Gordon. (Pietist, Moravian, and Anabaptist Studies.) Pp. xx + 295 incl. 7 ills. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018. $84.95. 978 0 271 08108 3." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 71, no. 1 (2020): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046919001970.

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31

Simmons, R. C. "Beverly Prior Smaby, The Transformation of Moravian Bethlehem from Communal Mission to Family Economy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1988, $32.95). Pp. 271. ISBN 0 8122 8130 6." Journal of American Studies 25, no. 1 (1991): 136–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800028395.

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32

Yoder, Peter James. "German Pietism and the Problem of Conversion. By Jonathan Strom. Pietist, Moravian, and Anabaptist Studies. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018. 226 pp. $89.95 cloth; $34.95 paper." Church History 88, no. 2 (2019): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640719001513.

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33

Douma, Kelly. "Paul Peucker: A Time of Sifting: Mystical Marriage and the Crisis of Moravian Piety in the Eighteenth Century . University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015; pp. xi + 248." Journal of Religious History 42, no. 2 (2018): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.12516.

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34

Thorp, D. B. "CRAIG D. ATWOOD. Community of the Cross: Moravian Piety in Colonial Bethlehem. (Max Kade German-American Research Institute Series.) University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2004. Pp. xi, 283. $37.50." American Historical Review 111, no. 1 (2006): 154–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.111.1.154.

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35

PODMORE, COLIN. "Community of the cross. Moravian piety in colonial Bethlehem. By Craig D. Atwood. Pp. xi+283 incl. 7 figs. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004. $37.50. 0 271 02367 8." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 56, no. 3 (2005): 614–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046905224399.

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36

Torrens, H. "The Transmission of Ideas in the Use of Fossils in Stratigraphic Analysis from England to America 1800-1840." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 2 (1990): 108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.er06u08533g47457.

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Transmission from the Old to the New World, by means other than publication, of the idea that fossils could help in the analysis of stratigraphic problems is discussed, over the period 1800 to 1840. Focus on the single direction of transmission from England to America does not imply that this was either the only or the most important route by which such ideas came to North America.The contribution of William Smith, and his pupil John Farey, is first briefly reviewed in this context. Until their elucidation of an adequate Standard of sequential lithological units in England, no practical transmission of the idea that fossils could help in stratigraphy was possible. Smith's contacts with American visitors are then discussed but the first migrant informed about the ‘new stratigraphy’ was Henry Steinhauer, a Moravian missionary who emigrated to Philadelphia in 1815. He came direct from the Bath circles in which a knowledge of Smith's results was commonplace. As an even more important link in the chain of transmission, Steinhauer took his own large fossil collection with him, arranged in Standard Smithian stratigraphic order. The next such migrant was John Finch, who arrived in America in 1823 to escape his many English creditors! His success in comparing English and Atlantic coast sequences based on fossils is reviewed. Others like Professor William Buckland, who had been brought up as a Smithian stratigrapher, were also then busy in England comparing such sequences, helped, in Buckland's case, by the geologically inclined Martha Hare, aunt of Professor Robert Hare in Pennsylvania. The contribution of two of Smith's own trans-Atlantic pupils, G.W. Featherstonhaugh and R.C. Taylor, is discussed in a final section. Taylor emigrated to North America in 1831, again taking his large fossil collection, arranged in Smithian stratigraphic order, with him. He took it with the specific intention that it be used to advance correlations between America and England.The arrival of such good collections of stratigraphically arranged fossils could have been a most important link in the chain of transmission of ideas in this field. More research is needed at the American end, in particular to discover what survives of the collections of these early scientific migrants.

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37

Rathey, Markus. "German Pietism and the problem of conversion. By Jonathan Strom. (Pietist, Moravian and Anabaptist Studies.) Pp. x + 226 incl. 1 ill. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2018. $89.95. 978 0 271 07934 9." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 70, no. 3 (2019): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046919000460.

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38

Goren, Yael Bitrán. "Music and the Southern Belle: From Accomplished Lady to Confederate Composer. By Candace Bailey. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2010. - Music, Women, and Pianos in Antebellum Bethlehem, Pennsylvania: The Moravian Young Ladies’ Seminary. By Jewel A. Smith. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University Press, 2008." Journal of the Society for American Music 8, no. 2 (2014): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752196314000091.

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39

"A. G. ROEBER, editor Ethnographies and Exchanges: Native Americans, Moravians, and Catholics in Early North America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 2008. Pp. xxiv, 216. $45.00." American Historical Review 113, no. 4 (2008): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.113.4.1283-a.

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40

"Charles R. Bowlus. Franks, Moravians, and Magyars: The Struggle for the Middle Danube, 788–907. (Middle Ages Series.) Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1995. Pp. xviii, 420. $48.95." American Historical Review, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/102.3.796.

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41

Bergland, Kristi. "Moravian soundscapes: a sonic history of the Moravian missions in early Pennsylvania." Music Reference Services Quarterly, September 7, 2021, 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10588167.2021.1944799.

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42

"beverly prior smaby. The Transformation of Moravian Bethlehem: From Communal Mission to Family Economy. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1988. Pp. xix, 271. $32.95." American Historical Review, October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr/95.4.1285-a.

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