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1
Fee, Wilma. Views on the introduction of a more formalised taught doctorate in the University of Ulster. (S.l: The Author), 1994.
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Volkova, Tat'yana. Course of mathematical analysis for undergraduate students of engineering faculties. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1013010.
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The textbook is prepared on the basis of lectures on mathematical analysis given by the author. The mathematical formalism of the presentation of classical textbooks is not suitable for the perception of a modern student, so the material is presented in a concise and more accessible form for assimilation. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For undergraduate students studying in the areas of "Information Systems and Technologies" and "Computer Science and Computer Engineering".
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Haferkamp, Hans-Peter. Legal Formalism and its Critics. Edited by Heikki Pihlajamäki, Markus D. Dubber, and Mark Godfrey. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198785521.013.41.
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Formalism is something bad. No one has ever referred to himself or herself as a formalist. Formalism amounts to an accusation and is an expression of anti-formalism. Formalists are portrayed as defending one-sided, often farcical views. Up to this day, this impedes access to the world these formalists inhabited, who actually thought on a more nuanced level than their critics. On top of that, formalism has always been used as a vague, polemic catchphrase, to describe a large number of different problems in a variety of contexts. In order to understand formalism, one must unravel these strands of discourse again. Four problem areas are distinguished on a historical level: anti-formalism as (1) a criticism of logical classifications of the positive law; (2) a criticism of the individualism of private law; (3) a criticism of a jurisprudence and judiciary considered to be out of touch with the world, as well as; (4) a criticism of the model of the separation of powers and the disregard for natural law.
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Detlefsen, Michael. Formalism. Edited by Stewart Shapiro. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195325928.003.0008.
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Viewed properly, formalism is not a single viewpoint concerning the nature of mathematics. Rather, it is a family of related viewpoints sharing a common framework—a framework that has five key elements. Among these is its revision of the traditional classification of the mathematical sciences. From ancient times onward, the dominant view of mathematics was that it was divided into different sciences. Principal among these were a science of magnitude (geometry) and a science of multitude (arithmetic). Traditionally, this division of mathematics was augmented by an ordering of the two parts in terms of their relative basicness and which was to be taken as the more paradigmatically mathematical. Here it was geometry that was given the priority. The formalist outlook typically rejected this traditional ordering of the mathematical sciences. Indeed, from the latter half of the nineteenth century onward, it typically reversed it. This reversal is the first component of the formalist framework.
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Faflik, David. Urban Formalism. Fordham University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5422/fordham/9780823288045.001.0001.
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Urban Formalism radically reimagines what it meant to “read” a brave new urban world during the transformative middle decades of the nineteenth century. At a time when contemporaries in the twin capitals of modernity in the West, New York and Paris, were learning to make sense of unfamiliar surroundings, city peoples increasingly looked to the experiential patterns, or forms, from their everyday lives in an attempt to translate urban experience into something they could more easily comprehend. Urban Formalism interrogates both the risks and rewards of an interpretive practice that depended on the mutual relation between urbanism and formalism, at a moment when the subjective experience of the city had reached unprecedented levels of complexity. What did it mean to read a city sidewalk as if it were a literary form, like a poem? On what basis might the material form of a burning block of buildings be received as a pleasurable spectacle? How closely aligned were the ideology and choreography of the political form of a revolutionary street protest? And what were the implications of conceiving of the city’s exciting dynamism in the static visual form of a photographic composition? These are the questions that Urban Formalism asks and begins to answer, with the aim of proposing a revisionist semantics of the city. This book not only provides an original cultural history of forms. It posits a new form of urban history, comprised of the representative rituals of interpretation that have helped give meaningful shape to metropolitan life.
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Henderson, Andrea. Analysis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.003.0004.
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This chapter argues that British photography of the 1850s and 60s wedded realism—understood as a commitment to descriptive truthfulness—with formalism, or a belief in the defining power of structural relationships. Photographers at mid-century understood the realistic character of photography to be grounded in more than fidelity to detail; the technical properties of the medium accorded perfectly with the claims of contemporary physicists that reality itself was constituted by spatial arrangements and polar forces rather than essential categorical distinctions. The photographs of Clementina, Lady Hawarden exemplify this formalist realism, dramatizing the power of the formal logic of photography not only to represent the real but to reveal its fundamentally formal nature.
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Hengameh, Saberi. Part II Approaches, Ch.21 Yale’s Policy Science and International Law: Between Legal Formalism and Policy Conceptualism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198701958.003.0022.
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This chapter challenges the conventional narrative about the career of the New Haven School (NHS) by arguing that the mainstream discipline’s rejection of the policy-oriented methodology was not a rejection of policy thinking as such, but rather an opposition to the conceptualism and formulaic determinism of New Haven’s jurisprudence resulting from a peculiar combination of a contextualist methodology and a non-cognitive view of normative values of human dignity. Rather than between law and policy, the tension was between two different perceptions of flexibility and rigidity. This tension resulted from the NHS’s dogmatic and erroneous presentation of what they dubbed ‘traditional’ and ‘rule-oriented’ approaches as formalist and the mainstream discipline’s more accurate understanding of the policy-oriented international law as a new mode of formalism.
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Baxi, Upendra. Sources in the Anti-Formalist Tradition. Edited by Samantha Besson and Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0011.
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This chapter explores the dialectics of international customary law. It argues that custom is at once a sheet anchor of public international law and its rope of sand as well. The chapter discusses aspects of chapter 9, the Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) contexts of ‘custom’ as the source of international law norms and standards, the jusnaturalist invocation of custom, and the idea of a ‘future’ custom. In addition, the chapter argues that much of the TWAIL thought about resistance and renewal stands to be redirected to the varieties of imperial legal positivisms. It also asks whether the UN Charter principle-and-purposes-centric perspective is a perspective more relevant to our reconceptualization of the role of custom as a source for a future international law.
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Mann, Peter. Hamilton’s Principle in Phase Space. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0015.
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This chapter derives Hamilton’s equations using the Legendre transform and the definition of the Hamiltonian function. While, in the Newtonian formalism, conservation laws were rather difficult to tease out, the Lagrangian formalism revolutionised the way of looking at them; however, the Hamiltonian formalism is perhaps even simpler than the Lagrangian formalism, making it straightforward to identify conservation laws and the symmetries of the system associated with each conserved property. In this chapter, the Hamiltonian is treated as being explicitly dependent on time, as this form is more general and will lead to an important relation that, although not an equation of motion, is still useful to discuss. The chapter also introduces Routhian mechanics as a symplectic reduction technique, using integrals of the motion.
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Buchbinder, Iosif L., and Ilya Shapiro. Introduction to Quantum Field Theory with Applications to Quantum Gravity. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198838319.001.0001.
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This book focuses on quantum field theory and its application to gravitational physics, in both semiclassical and full quantum frameworks, with special attention paid to renormalization, gauge theories and, especially, effective action formalism. Part I provides both conceptual and technical introductions to quantum field theory, starting from elements of group theory, through classical fields, up to effective action formalism in general gauge theories. Compared to other books on this topic, this book describes the general formalism of renormalization in more detail and pays more attention to gauge theories. Part II discusses basic aspects of quantum field theory in curved spacetime and perturbative quantum gravity. More than half of this part is written with a full exposition of details, including well-explained examples with simple calculations. All chapters include exercises, which range from very simple ones to those requiring small original investigations. The material in the second part was selected on the basis of the “must-know” principle: while detailed expositions are provided for relatively simple techniques and calculations, it is expected that the interested reader will be able to learn more advanced issues independently after learning the basic material and working through the exercises provided. In some cases, when more complicated subjects were discussed, the book only provides references for the original publications, where the reader can find the full details of the calculations used.
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Thygesen, K. S., and A. Rubio. Correlated electron transport in molecular junctions. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.23.
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This article focuses on correlated electron transport in molecular junctions. More specifically, it considers how electronic correlation effects can be included in transport calculations using many-body perturbation theory within the Keldysh non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism. The article uses the GW self-energy method (G denotes the Green’s function and W is the screened interaction) which has been successfully applied to describe quasi-particle excitations in periodic solids. It begins by formulating the quantum-transport problem and introducing the non-equilibrium Green’s function formalism. It then derives an expression for the current within the NEGF formalism that holds for interactions in the central region. It also combines the GW scheme with a Wannier function basis set to study electron transport through two prototypical junctions: a benzene molecule coupled to featureless leads and a hydrogen molecule between two semi-infinite platinum chains. The results are analyzed using a generic two-level model of a molecular junction.
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Lewis, Cara L. Dynamic Form. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749179.001.0001.
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This book traces how intermedial experiments shape modernist texts from 1900 to 1950. Considering literature alongside painting, sculpture, photography, and film, the book examines how these arts inflect narrative movement, contribute to plot events, and configure poetry and memoir. As forms and formal theories cross from one artistic realm to another and back again, modernism shows its obsession with form—and even at times becomes a formalism itself—but as the book states, that form is far more dynamic than we have given it credit for. Form fulfills such various functions that we cannot characterize it as a mere container for content or matter, nor can we consign it to ignominy opposite historicism or political commitment. As a structure or scheme that enables action, form in modernism can be plastic, protean, or even fragile, and works by Henry James, Virginia Woolf, Mina Loy, Evelyn Waugh, and Gertrude Stein demonstrate the range of form's operations. Revising three major formal paradigms—spatial form, pure form, and formlessness—and recasting the history of modernist form, the book proposes an understanding of form as a verbal category, as a kind of doing. It thus opens new possibilities for conversation between modernist studies and formalist studies and simultaneously promotes a capacious rethinking of the convergence between literary modernism and creative work in other media.
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Deruelle, Nathalie, and Jean-Philippe Uzan. Hamiltonian mechanics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0009.
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This chapter gives a brief overview of Hamiltonian mechanics. The complexity of the Newtonian equations of motion for N interacting bodies led to the development in the late 18th and early 19th centuries of a formalism that reduces these equations to first-order differential equations. This formalism is known as Hamiltonian mechanics. This chapter shows how, given a Lagrangian and having constructed the corresponding Hamiltonian, Hamilton’s equations amount to simply a rewriting of the Euler–Lagrange equations. The feature that makes the Hamiltonian formulation superior is that the dimension of the phase space is double that of the configuration space, so that in addition to point transformations, it is possible to perform more general transformations in order to simplify solving the equations of motion.
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Succi, Sauro. LB for Flows with Suspended Objects: Fluid–Solid Interactions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0031.
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In the recent years the theory of the fluctuating LB, as it was proposed and developed by A.J.C. Ladd in the early 90s, has undergone major developments, both at the level of theoretical foundations and practical implementation. This Chapter provides a cursory view of such developments, with special focus on the general formulation of fluid–solid interactions within the Lattice Boltzmann formalism. Clearly, the rheological behavior of these suspensions is highly accepted by the way the suspended particles interact with the fluid and among themselves. From the mathematical and computational standpoint, this configures a technically thick issue, namely the treatment of fluid-solid moving boundaries, in a more macroscopic-oriented context also known as fluid-structure interactions (FSI). In the sequel, a description of a number of methods which have been developed to include FSI within the LB formalism, is presented. In particular, the case of rigid and deformable bodies, both vital to many applications in science and engineering, shall be covered
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Succi, Sauro. Quantum Lattice Boltzmann (QLB). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0032.
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The Lattice Boltzmann concepts and applications described so far refer to classical, i.e., non-quantum physics. However, the LB formalism is not restricted to classical Newtonian mechanics and indeed an LB formulation of quantum mechanics, going by the name of quantum LB (QLB) has been in existence for more than two decades. Even though it would far-fetched to say that QLB represents a mainstream, in the recent years it has captured some revived interest, mostly on account of recent developments in quantum-computing research. This chapter provides an account of the QLB formulation: stay tuned, LBE goes quantum!
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Buga, Irina. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787822.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter gives an overview of the book’s main conclusions, painting a larger picture of the workings of the process of treaty modification by subsequent practice and customary law. It describes how the process may be considered and identified, in particular by dispute settlement bodies, in order to inject a degree of certainty, rather than to advocate formalism, and to explain how the possibility of treaty modification can be dealt with more consistently, with a greater sensitivity to context and circumstance. Finally, the chapter assesses the feasibility of codification of a rule on modification of treaties by subsequent practice, as attempted in the past, and reflects once more on the complexity, dynamism, and necessity of the process under international law.
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Boudreau, Joseph F., and Eric S. Swanson. Quantum mechanics I–few body systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198708636.003.0021.
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Several techniques for obtaining the eigenspectrum and scattering properties of one- and two-body quantum systems are presented. More unusual topics, such as solving the Schrödinger equation in momentum space or implementing relativistic kinematics, are also addressed. A novel quantum Monte Carlo technique that leverages the similarity between path integrals and random walks is developed. An exploration of the method for simple problems is followed by a survey of methods to obtain ground state matrix elements. A review of scattering theory follows. The momentum space T-matrix formalism for scattering is introduced and an efficient numerical method for solving the relevant equations is presented. Finally, the method is extended to the coupled channel scattering problem.
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Bianco, Magda, and Giulio Napolitano. Why the Italian Administrative System Is a Source of Competitive Disadvantage. Edited by Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0019.
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The development of the Italian administrative system showed some initial weaknesses: Italy was a latecomer, not having a strong administrative tradition; a substantial role of lawyers and legal administrative formalism strongly affected the evolution of the administration; the interaction between administration and politics was not always virtuous. All these factors had an impact on some of the expected outputs: we show as an example the evolution of the length, and quality, of civil justice decisions. Some reactions to these weaknesses-such as the development of "parallel" administrations, less subject to formal constraints-accompanied and sustained the country industrial growth at the beginning of the twentieth century and in the 1950s. But then again the inefficiencies and inadequacy of the responses prevailed. Parallel administrations slowly became similar to the formal public administration; overregulation, partly a reaction to inefficient law enforcement, followed; corruption strongly increased. Reforming the system proved more and more difficult.
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McFarlane, Ben, Nicholas Hopkins, and Sarah Nield. 7. Formal methods of acquisition:. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198722847.003.0007.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter describes the formality requirements that must be complied with for the creation or transfer of legal estates and interests in land. The three stages of creating and transferring legal rights are contract, creation or transfer, and registration. The Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989 had increased the formality requirements for contracts and made more severe the consequences of non-compliance. Under s 2 of the 1989 Act, a contract may take the form of a single document signed by both parties or an exchange of documents, each of which has been signed by one of the parties. Non-compliance results in a document being void as a contract for sale of land, but a valid contract may be obtained through use of collateral contracts or rectification. The Law Commission had envisaged the use of estoppel in appropriate cases in which formality requirements for a contract for sale were not complied with. The fundamental objective of the Land Registration Act 2002 is directly associated to the introduction of e-conveyancing. The goal of attaining e-conveyancing has not been deserted, but its introduction appears almost as far away now as it did when the LRA 2002 passed into law.
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European structural funds and the United Kingdom: How does the United Kingdom perform in securing European structural funds compared with countries with a more formalised regional government? London: Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, 1997.
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Como, David R. The Seeking Way. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199541911.003.0016.
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This chapter explores the outer edges of puritan religiosity during the 1640s, examining different species of “anti-formalism” that emerged in the period. First, it reconstructs a strain of thought maintaining that “forms”—or contestable niceties of doctrine and discipline—should be subordinated to godly solidarity, a position that came to sit near the center of the emerging “independent” coalition. The chapter then analyzes more extreme pietistic variants, which called into question the validity of all “forms” or religious observances—even to the point of denying the existence of any true church on earth. Attempts are made to explain how and where these disruptive modes of piety came into being, and likewise to assess their impact by charting the spread of such ideas into the heart of the parliamentarian coalition. While such formulations were at root religious, they sometimes had deep political and social implications, which are gestured at here.
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Glymour, Clark. Causation and Statistical Inference. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0024.
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In the applied statistical literature, causal relations are often described equivocally or euphemistically as ‘risk factors’, or as part of ‘dimension reduction’. The statistical literature also tends to speak of ‘statistical models’ rather than of causal explanations, and to say that parameters of a model are ‘interpretable’, often means that the parameters make sense as measures of causal influence. These ellipses are due in part to the use of statistical formalisms for which a causal interpretation is wanted but unavailable or unfamiliar, and in part to a philosophical distrust of attributions of causation outside experimental contexts, misgivings traceable to the disciplinary institutionalization of claims of influential statisticians, notably Karl Pearson and Ronald Fisher. More candid treatments of causal relations have recently emerged in the theoretical statistical literature.
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Rubery, Matthew, and Leah Price, eds. Further Reading. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198809791.001.0001.
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What does reading mean in the twenty-first century? As other disciplines challenge literary criticism’s authority to answer this question, English professors themselves are defining new alternatives to close reading and to interpretation more generally. Further Reading brings together thirty commissioned essays drawing on approaches as different as formalism, historicism, neuroscience, disability, and computation. Contributors take up the following questions: What do we mean when we talk about “reading” today? How are reading techniques evolving in the digital era? What is the future of reading? This book foregrounds reading as a topic worthy of investigation in its own right rather than as a sub-section of histories of the book, sociologies of literacy, or theories of literature. As our knowledge of reading changes in step with the media and the scholarly tools used to apprehend it, a more precise understanding of this topic is crucial to the discipline’s future. This collection therefore seeks to introduce new ways of conceptualizing the term’s forms, boundaries, and uses. Its contributors bring varied vocabularies to bear on the contested nature and continued importance of reading, within the academy and beyond.
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Roach, Lee. 2. Incorporation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815143.003.0002.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the process of incorporation and the advantages and disadvantages of conducting business through a company. The three principal methods by which a company can be incorporated are: incorporation by Act of Parliament, incorporation by Royal Charter, and incorporation by registration. The advantages of incorporation include perpetual succession, asset ownership, and the ability to commence legal proceedings. The disadvantages of incorporation include increased formality, regulation, publicity, and civil liability.
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de Cataldo, Mark Andrea, Luca Migliorini Lectures 1–3, and Luca Migliorini. The Hodge Theory of Maps. Edited by Eduardo Cattani, Fouad El Zein, Phillip A. Griffiths, and Lê Dũng Tráng. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691161341.003.0005.
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This chapter summarizes the classical results of Hodge theory concerning algebraic maps. Hodge theory gives nontrivial restrictions on the topology of a nonsingular projective variety, or, more generally, of a compact Kähler manifold: the odd Betti numbers are even, the hard Lefschetz theorem, the formality theorem, stating that the real homotopy type of such a variety is, if simply connected, determined by the cohomology ring. Similarly, Hodge theory gives nontrivial topological constraints on algebraic maps. This chapter focuses on the latter, as it considers how the existence of an algebraic map f : X → Y of complex algebraic varieties is reflected in the topological invariants of X.
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Henderson, Andrea. Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809982.003.0002.
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Edwin Abbott’s Flatland dramatizes the implications of dethroning what Victorians regarded as the preeminent representational system: Euclidean geometry. The displacement of the singular Euclidean account of space with a multiplicity of non-referential spatial regimes did more than introduce the possibility of varying perspectives on the world; the challenge to the “sacredness” of Euclid met with resistance partly because it suggested the ideal of a transparent representational system was inherently untenable. Flatland explores the repercussions of this problem for the novel, shifting emphasis from the revelation of the content of character to focus on the vagaries of point of view. The characters are Euclidean figures shown the limitations of their constructions of the world, and epistemic certainty is unavailable because all representational systems are contingent. Abbott finds consolation for this loss of certainty in the formalist, aesthetic character of projective geometry, insisting on the beauty of signs in and of themselves.
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Julier, Alice P. Potlucks. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037634.003.0005.
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This chapter examines the social significance of potlucks. In the United States, the word potluck has come to mean a particular category of commensal events, where each participant brings a “dish to pass” to create a communal meal. As a social social event, the potluck represents a shift in both the form of the meal and the normative expectations of hospitality, away from formality and temporal sequencing. Because both emotional and material labor is shared at potlucks, people potentially construct different situated identities through these events than they might if orienting their social lives around more formal modes of entertaining. Potlucks are also about constructing temporary unities, bounded groups of informal and often heterogeneous people.
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Conover, Emily, Melanie Khamis, and Sarah Pearlman. Job quality and labour market transitions: Evidence from Mexican informal and formal workers. 23rd ed. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/957-0.
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In this paper we analyse informal work in Mexico, which accounts for the majority of employment in the country and has grown over time. We document that the informal sector is composed of two distinct parts: salaried informal employment and self-employment. Relative to self-employment and formal salaried employment, on average informal salaried workers have lower wages and lower job quality as measured by an index. Education plays a different role in job matches and job transitions, depending on the type of informal employment. Well-educated workers are more likely to use informal salaried work as a stepping stone into formal salaried work, and are less likely to leave the formal sector once there. Less well-educated workers have higher exit rates from formality and shift more across informal sector jobs. For these latter workers there is more evidence that informal salaried work represents jobs of last resort rather than jobs of opportunity.
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Lay, Jann, and Tevin Tafese. Formalization and productivity: firm-level evidence from Viet Nam. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/921-1.
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Using a firm-level panel dataset on private small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Viet Nam’s manufacturing sector, this paper examines productivity dynamics of formal and informal firms. We decompose productivity changes into changes within and between formal and informal firms. We assess the contributions of firm entry and exit as well as informal–formal transitions. Our results show that productivity is considerably lower and misallocation more prevalent in the informal than in the formal sector. Yet, formalizing firms in Viet Nam make an important contribution to aggregate productivity growth among manufacturing SMEs, growing faster than other firms and increasing efficiency. We identify two ‘regimes’ of formalization. Until early 2010, more productive (previously) informal firms formalize. Policy changes and accelerated formalization then alter the characteristics of formalizers, as less productive firms become formal. While this formalization wave depresses average formal total factor productivity growth, the overall productivity effect is positive.
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Bergo, Bettina. Anxiety. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197539712.001.0001.
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This is a study of the unlikely “career” of anxiety in nineteenth- and twentieth-century philosophy. Anxiety is an affect, something more subtle, sometimes more persistent, than an emotion or a passion. It lies at the intersection of embodiment and cognition, sensation and emotion. But anxiety also runs like a red thread through European thought, beginning from receptions of Kant’s transcendental project. Like a symptom of the quest to situate and give life to the philosophical subject, like a symptom of an interrogation that strove to take form in European intellectual culture, angst (from anxiety to anguish) passed through Schelling’s Romanticism into Schopenhauer’s metaphysics, until it was approached existentially by Kierkegaard. Nietzsche situates it in the long history of producing an animal able to promise. Its returns in the twentieth century allow us to grasp the connection between phenomenology’s exploration of passivity, followed by interpretations of the human reality in a world and open to a call that it can hardly assume. The study thus begins with Kant; it probes late idealism and Romanticism, the metaphysical vitalism that flickered with Schopenhauer, the aesthetics and religious senses of angst in Nietzsche and Kierkegaard. It turns to three avatars of anxiety in the evolving psychoanalysis before exploring the return to rationalism and formalism in twentieth-century phenomenology, followed again by efforts to resituate human beings in world and body as well as, significantly, before the anxiogenic “other.”
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Carroll, John. Parsing. Edited by Ruslan Mitkov. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0012.
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This article introduces the concepts and techniques for natural language (NL) parsing, which signifies, using a grammar to assign a syntactic analysis to a string of words, a lattice of word hypotheses output by a speech recognizer or similar. The level of detail required depends on the language processing task being performed and the particular approach to the task that is being pursued. This article further describes approaches that produce ‘shallow’ analyses. It also outlines approaches to parsing that analyse the input in terms of labelled dependencies between words. Producing hierarchical phrase structure requires grammars that have at least context-free (CF) power. CF algorithms that are widely used in parsing of NL are described in this article. To support detailed semantic interpretation more powerful grammar formalisms are required, but these are usually parsed using extensions of CF parsing algorithms. Furthermore, this article describes unification-based parsing. Finally, it discusses three important issues that have to be tackled in real-world applications of parsing: evaluation of parser accuracy, parser efficiency, and measurement of grammar/parser coverage.
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Sawyer, Daniel. Reading English Verse in Manuscript c.1350-c.1500. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857778.001.0001.
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This volume offers the first book-length history of reading for Middle English poetry. Drawing on evidence from more than 450 manuscripts, it examines readers’ choices of material, their movements into and through books, their physical handling of poetry, and their attitudes to rhyme. It provides new knowledge about the poems of known writers such as Geoffrey Chaucer, John Lydgate, and Thomas Hoccleve by examining their transmission and reception together with a much larger mass of anonymous English poetry, including the most successful English poem before print, The Prick of Conscience. The evidence considered ranges from the weights and shapes of manuscripts to the intricate details of different stanza forms, and the chapters develop new methods which bring such seemingly disparate bodies of evidence into productive conversation with each other. Ultimately, this book shows how the reading of English verse in this period was bound up with a set of habitual but pervasive formalist concerns, which were negotiated through the layered agencies of poets, book producers, and other readers.
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Douglas, Gordon C. C. Conclusions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0007.
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The conclusion unites the study’s implications for the contemporary city and the book’s conceptual and theoretical contributions to urban studies. First, it confronts the theme of a formality-informality binary in urbanism, which the findings significantly complicate, positing social legitimacy as the better term for understanding the success or acceptability of an urban space intervention. The chapter describes how some of the problems with DIY urbanism—and many forms of urban placemaking—can be addressed through the operationalizing of legitimacy as a democratic, community-based metric of value and validity. But it also considers what additional and perhaps more intangible value DIY urban design still has in its very informality; along with the critical theory of Lefebvre, Harvey, and others and with sociological research on participatory citizenship and its limitations, it posits an inherent promise of unauthorized creative actions as sparks of popular participation and transformative potential.
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Douglas, Gordon C. C. “I’m an Expert on Public Space”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0004.
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Chapter 4 focuses on the personal and professional background of many do-it-yourselfers who employ sophisticated knowledge of professional planning and scholarly urbanism in their interventions. In doing so, it begins to challenge binary notions of formality and informality in urbanism. The chapter includes discussion of the history of informality in cities and the development of professionalized urban planning and placemaking practices. It then discusses how many do-it-yourself urban designers have professional design training that they to use in their projects. Where others lack such a background, they often seek information from official sources in order to strengthen and legitimate their interventions, from tools, techniques, and guidelines to justifications grounded in social science research. Although this may lead to better-designed and more effective improvements, it also gives the individuals a certain confidence in the quality of their actions and their right to make them.
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Wilson, George M. Narrative. Edited by Jerrold Levinson. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279456.003.0022.
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Narratology is the general theory of narratives and the structures they exemplify. The classical structuralist narratology of Todorov, C. Bremond, A. Greimas, and early Roland Barthes was concerned primarily with narrative as narrative product. In selecting that emphasis and in other methodological matters, these authors were influenced by their proto-structuralist predecessors, Russian formalists such as V. Shklovsky and V. Propp. Theorists in the linked traditions highlighted the fact that stories, both fictional and non-fictional, can be represented in very different narrative discourses. Indeed, the same story can be rendered in discourses that have been constructed within different media, such as literature, film, or theatre. A key analytical task of structuralist narratology has been to delineate the features of stories that are invariant across the fiction/non-fiction division and across the variety of their more specific realizations in different discourses and media.
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Mauro, Barelli. Part II Group Identity, Self-Determination, and Relations with States, Ch.9 Free, Prior, and Informed Consent in the UNDRIP: Articles 10, 19, 29(2), and 32(2). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199673223.003.0010.
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This chapter addresses the norm of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC) found in Articles 10, 19, 29(2), and 32(2). The rights to participation and consultation are crucial to guarantee the effective protection of the rights and interests of any ethno-cultural group, and represent a fundamental aspect of modern democratic societies. Accordingly, FPIC reinforces significantly the provisions of the Declaration dealing with participatory rights, and specifically those concerning the right of indigenous peoples to be consulted with regard to matters affecting them. At a minimum, FPIC requires that the relevant consultations should not be a mere formality, but, rather, should be conducted in good faith and with the objective of finding a common agreement. However, FPIC may also be understood in a more radical manner, namely one requesting that certain measures or projects should not be implemented in the absence of the consent of the indigenous people concerned.
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Mehling, Michael. Legal Frameworks for Linking National Emissions Trading Systems. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the linking of emissions trading regimes for climate change governance. It also assesses the legal frameworks for linking as the process assumes varying degrees of formality, with implications for the legal nature and the procedural requirements of adoption. Linkage results in an enlarged market, promising greater diversity of abatement costs and thus more efficient achievement of climate change mitigation objectives. Linkage is also credited with promoting liquidity and reduced price volatility in the carbon market, helping reduce the likelihood of manipulation and abuse. These results lead to operation in a multilayered framework of established rules, principles, and procedures constituting the legal order. Carbon markets are highly regulated, and this relevance of norms also extends to a linkage between such markets. The chapter analyses past and current trading schemes as a case study, such as the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, the biggest greenhouse gas emissions trading scheme.
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Mann, Peter. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.001.0001.
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This book explores the fascinating subject of classical mechanics, which is the pinnacle of nineteenth-century physics, from a fresh and exciting viewpoint. With its foundations laid down in ancient Greece, classical physics was truly born in the 1700s with Sir Isaac Newton’s discoveries and quickly developed into the modern scientific method that is commonplace today. After the Newtonian revolution, others reformulated classical mechanics into different descriptions and new formalisms, each uncovering novel aspects of the mathematical and geometrical laws of nature. Over the last 400 years, classical physics has been used to engineer bridges, railways, engines, antennas, planes and much, much more. Classical mechanics is still a vibrant field of active research in theoretical physics and, to this day, captures the excitement of many physicists. Classical mechanics persists today due to its incredible practicality and as the physical embodiment of many fields of abstract mathematics. In this book, the reader journeys from Newton’s three laws of motion to analytical mechanics and Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics, as well as the formulations of Jacobi and many other hard-working natural philosophers who lend their names to classical mechanics.
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Douglas, Gordon C. C. Constructive Deviance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190691332.003.0002.
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This chapter defines do-it-yourself urban design in detail. It does so first in contrast to existing social science perspectives (in sociology, criminology, art criticism, psychology, and critical theory) on unauthorized urban space interventions more generally: place-based direct actions that challenge normative uses of particular urban spaces. It argues that DIY urban design is distinct in its intentions and its form. The chapter describes the process of inquiry and discovery at the outset of the research and initial observations. Definitions for other key terms, including informality and formality, are also given. Additional findings about the actions themselves and the people who create them flesh out the definition while introducing some points of distinction among types of DIY urban design activities. Three main categories of DIY urban design are described: spontaneous streetscaping, renegade renewal, and aspirational urbanism. The discussion raises many of the questions that guide the remainder of the study.
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Polis, Stéphane. Linguistic Variation in Ancient Egyptian. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768104.003.0004.
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This chapter provides an overview of the types of linguistic variation attested in pre-demotic Egyptian. More specifically, a sociolinguistic perspective is adopted in order to describe the impact that extralinguistic factors—such as time, origin, and social status of the scribe, situation of communication—may have on the written performance at the time. It is observed that the dimensions of variation related to the scribes, while not entirely absent, are rather elusive in this corpus. Variation resulting from the contexts of communication, conversely, is significant: within a multifaceted scribal repertoire, each genre imposes the selection of specific linguistic registers, which range from greater vernacularity and variation to greater formality and standardization. In a final section, the community of Deir el-Medina, namely the settlement of (royal) tomb-builders during the New Kingdom, is in focus so as to describe the effects that this particular scribal environment had on the written production.
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Berthod, Olivier, Michael Grothe-Hammer, and Jörg Sydow. Inter-organizational ethnography. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.003.0011.
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Olivier Berthod, Michael Grothe-Hammer, and Jörg Sydow report an unconventional research design using multi-site ethnography. The aim is to study inter-organizational relationships, which are not well understood, and are not addressed by single-site ethnographic methods. Ethnography is a popular and established methodology in organization studies. However, organizing is a process that crosses boundaries, and the traditional approach that involves immersing the ethnographer in one defined social or organizational setting means that inter-organizational phenomena are overlooked. The challenge is to conduct fieldwork at multiple sites, across which inter-organizational relations may be conducted with varying degrees of formality, and be more or less visible. Inter-organizational ethnography thus builds on the combination of several techniques. Four techniques are explored: following boundary objects, capturing network enactments, using several investigators, and repeat interviews. The methodology is illustrated with a study of the network of eighty organizations that deal with large-scale crises and emergencies in Düsseldorf.
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Gipps, Richard G. T. Cognitive Behavior Therapy. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0072.
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Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) theorists propose that disturbances in cognition underlie and maintain much emotional disturbance. Accordingly the cognitive addition to behavioral therapy typically consists in collaboratively noticing, restructuring, de-fusing from, and challenging these cognitions by the therapist and the patient. With the right group of problems, patients, and therapists, the practice of CBT is well known to possess therapeutic efficacy. This chapter, however, primarily considers the theory rather than the therapy of CBT; in particular it looks at the central significance it gives tocognitionin healthy and disturbed emotional function. It suggests that if "cognition" is used to mean merely ourbelief and thought, then CBT theory provides an implausible model of much emotional distress. If, on the other hand, "cognition" refers to the processing ofmeaning, then CBT risks losing its distinctiveness from all therapies other than the most blandly behavioral. The chapter also suggests: (a) that the appearance, in CBT's causal models of psychopathology, of what seem to be distinct causal processes and multiple discrete intervention sites may owe more to the formalism of the theory than to the structure of the well or troubled mind; (b) that CBT theorists sometimes unhelpfully assimilate the having of thoughts to episodes of thinking; (c) that CBT models may sometimes overemphasize the significance of belief and thought in psychopathology because they have unhelpfully theorized meaning as belonging more properly to these, rather than to emotional, functions; (d) that CBT approaches can also misconstrue the nature and value of acknowledgement and self-knowledge-thereby underplaying the value of some of the CBT therapist's own interventions. The theoretical and clinical implications of these critiques is discussed-such as that there are reasons to doubt that CBT always works, when it does, in the manner it tends to describe for itself.
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Roche, David. Quentin Tarantino. University Press of Mississippi, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496819161.001.0001.
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An in-depth study of all Tarantino’s feature films to date (from Reservoir Dogs to The Hateful Eight), Quentin Tarantino: A Poetics and Politics of Cinematic Metafiction argues that, far from wallowing in narcissism and solipsism, a charge directed not only at Tarantino but at metafiction in general, these self-conscious fictions do more than just reflexively foreground their status as artefacts; they offer metacommentaries that engage with the history of cultural representations and exalt the aesthetic, ethical and political potential of creation as re-recreation and resignification. By combining cultural studies and neo-formalist approaches, this book seeks to highlight how intimately the films’ poetics and politics are intertwined. Each chapter explores a specific salient feature, some of which have drawn much academic attention (history, race, gender, violence), others less so (narrative structure, style, music, theatricality). Ultimately, Quentin Tarantino: Poetics and Politics of Cinematic Metafiction places Tarantino’s films firmly in the legacy of Hawks, Godard, Leone and the New Hollywood, and revises the image of cool purveyor of pop culture the American director cultivated at the beginning of his career by foregrounding the breadth and layeredness of the films’ engagement with cultural history, high and low, screen and print, American, East Asian and European. The films produced by the Tarantino team are formal invitations for viewers to similarly engage with, and reflect on, the material, and delight in doing so.
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Lurie, Peter. American Obscurantism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199797318.001.0001.
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American Obscurantism argues for a salutary indirection in U.S. culture. From its earliest canonical literary works through films of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, the most compelling manifestations of America’s troubled history have articulated this content through a unique formal and tonal obscurity. Envisioning the formidable darkness attending racial history at nearly every stage of the republic’s founding and ongoing development, writers such as William Faulkner and Hart Crane, and directors like the Coen brothers and Stanley Kubrick, present a powerful critique of American conquest, southern plantation culture, and western frontier ideology. American Obscurantism engages the basis of these explorations in Edgar Allan Poe and Herman Melville, each of whom present notable occlusions in their characters’ racial understanding, an obtuseness or naivety that is expressed by a corresponding formal opacity. Such oblique historicity as the book describes allows a method at odds with—and implicitly critical of—the historicizing trend that marked literary studies in the wake of the theoretical turn. The book thus restores an emphasis on aesthetic and medium-specific features to argue for a formalist historicity. Working through challenges to an implicitly white, bourgeois, heteronormative polity, American Obscurantism posits an insistent, vital racial otherness at the heart of American literature and cinema. It examines this pattern across a canon that shows more self-doubt than assuredness, arguing for the value of openness and questioning in place of epistemological or critical certainty.
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Waddell, Calum. Cannibal Holocaust. Liverpool University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325116.001.0001.
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This book is one of the most controversial horror films ever made. Despite not achieving huge success when it was first released, the Italian production found an audience on home video in the 1980s and became a 'must-see' for connoisseurs of extreme cinema. Indeed, Cannibal Holocaust's foremost legacy is in the United Kingdom, where it obtained its reputation as one of the most harrowing and offensive 'video nasties' — a term used to refer to a group of films deemed to be 'obscene' by the Department of Public Prosecutions. However, as the years have progressed, Cannibal Holocaust has been re-evaluated, mainly as the forefather of the 'found footage' film, and recent home video re-releases have added some valuable perspective to the onscreen violence with extensive cast and crew interviews. What is missing from this contemporary activity is contextualization of Cannibal Holocaust's style, affirmation and discussion of its locations and any extensive discourse about its representation of third world inhabitants (i.e. as 'primitives'). In addition, and also amiss from previous dialogue on the production, is that Cannibal Holocaust can be seen as one of the key post-Vietnam films. It is the spectre of war — and an explicit warning about Western involvement in civil conflict — which progresses Deodato's story of jungle adventurers in peril. By approaching the film from a more formalist position, this book provides an insightful discussion of this groundbreaking film.
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Beck, Robert J., and Henry F. Carey. Teaching International Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.309.
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The international law (IL) course offers a unique opportunity for students to engage in classroom debate on crucial topics ranging from the genocide in Darfur, the Israeli–Palestinian issue, or peace processes in Sri Lanka. A well-designed IL course can help students to appreciate their own preconceptions and biases and to develop a more nuanced and critical sense of legality. During the Cold War, IL became increasingly marginalized as a result of the perceived failure of international institutions to avert World War II and the concurrent ascent of realism as IR’s predominant theoretical paradigm. Over the past two decades, however, as IL’s profile has soared considerably, political scientists and students have taken a renewed interest in the subject. Today, IL teaching/study remains popular in law schools. As a general practice, most instructors of IL, both in law schools or undergraduate institutions, begin their course designs by selecting readings on basic legal concepts and principles. Once the basic subject matter and associated reading assignments have been determined, instructors typically move on to develop their syllabi, which may cover a variety of topics such as interdisciplinary methods, IL theory, cultural relativism, formality vs informality, identity politics, law and economics/public choice, feminism, legal realism, and reformism/modernism. There are several innovative approaches for teaching IL, including moot courts, debates, simulations, clinical learning, internships, legal research training, and technology-enhanced teaching. Another important component of IL courses is assessment of learning outcomes, and a typical approach is to administer end-of-semester essay-based examinations.