Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Moringa oleifera L. leaves'

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>A moringa, Moringa oleifera L., Ã uma Ãrvore da famÃlia Moringaceae, destacando-se pelo uso intensivo das propriedades quÃmicas de suas sementes. O presente trabalho objetivou estabelecer um protocolo bÃsico para a micropropagaÃÃo da moringa. Os Ãpices caulinares utilizados na micropropagaÃÃo foram retirados de plÃntulas germinadas in vitro cultivadas em meio MS. Ãpices caulinares de plantas adultas tambÃm foram isolados e cultivados em meio WPM. A desinfestaÃÃo das sementes e dos Ãpices caulinares de plantas adultas foi realizada com diferentes concentraÃÃes de hipoclorito de sÃdio (NaOCl) sendo que a 0,25 % por 10 minutos, proporcionou os melhores resultados para o estabelecimento das culturas. Os Ãpices caulinares, excisados de plantas cultivadas em meio MS apÃs, 12 dias da germinaÃÃo, foram submetidos a diferentes combinaÃÃes de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) (0,0; 0,05; 0,25; 1,25 e 6,25 &#956;M). No meio com 1,25 &#956;M de BAP verificou-se uma taxa de multiplicaÃÃo de 8,9. A fim de maximizar a regeneraÃÃo de plantas in vitro, foram realizados experimentos para avaliar as concentraÃÃes de BAP e de Ãcido indol-3-butÃrico (AIB) no meio de cultivo com diferentes concentraÃÃes e combinaÃÃes. A melhor taxa de regeneraÃÃo e alongamento de brotaÃÃes foi obtida com o meio MS contendo 0,25 &#956;M de BAP e 0,25 &#956;M de AIB. Contudo apÃs o subcultivo neste mesmo meio, observou-se uma reduÃÃo na taxa de multiplicaÃÃo de 8,95 para 5,08. Para os Ãpices provindos de plantas adultas foi realizado um ensaio testandose diferentes meios de cultura. O meio com os sais WPM promoveu um melhor estabelecimento para os Ãpices, visto que os mesmos se apresentavam menos vitrificados se comparados aos demais meios. Definido o meio WPM realizou-se um ensaio com diferentes combinaÃÃes de BAP (0,0; 0,05; 0,25; 1,25 e 6,25 &#956;M). O meio com 6,25 &#956;M promoveu a formaÃÃo de calo seguida da formaÃÃo de brotaÃÃes. Estas foram subcultivadas em meio contendo 0,25 &#956;M de BAP onde se desenvolveram sem a formaÃÃo de brotaÃÃes laterais.<br>Moringa Moringa oleifera Lam is a tree plant belonging to the family Moringaceae widely used for the chemical properties its seeds. In this work, we attempted to develop a basic protocol for the micropropagation of the plant. Shoot apexes originating from in vitro germinated seedlings on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were used as primary explants. Adventitious shoots obtained from field growing trees were also isolated and inoculated on Wood Plant Medium (WPM) for the same purpose. Subjecting the seeds to various regimes and sequences of surface sterilization using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) showed that the best regime is the use of 0.25% NaOCl for 10 minutes. In an attempt to micropropagate Moringa, excised adventitious shoots were cultured on MS medium for 12 days, following which they were transferred to MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations (0.0,0.05,1.25 and 6.25uM) of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). Explants subjected to the medium containing 1.25uM BAP demonstrated the highest rate of multiplication of 89%. In order to optimize the regeneration of plants from the primary explants, they were subjected to combinations of BAP and Indol-3-butyric acid at various concentrations. Although the highest rate of regeneration and shoot elongation was obtained when equimolar concentrations of BAP and IBA of 0.25uM was supplemented in an MS medium, there was a sharp decrease in the rate of multiplication from 89.5% to 50.8% when the shoots were sub cultured onto the same medium after 28 days. Subjecting shoot apexes obtained from field growing plants to WPM and MS based medium formulations, it was discovered that WPM promoted better proliferation of the explant compared to all other medium. Using WPM supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0.0,0.05,0.25,1.25), the medium containing 6.25uM BAP was found to result in formation of callus followed by shoot formation. Transferring the proliferating shoots to a medium containing 0.25uM BAP led to their development without formation of adventitious shoots.

CYSNE, J. R. B. Propagação in vitro de Moringa oleifera L. 2006. 81 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Agronomia/Fitotecnia) - Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006.<br>Submitted by Francisco Lacerda (lacerda@ufc.br) on 2014-07-18T19:45:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jrbcysne.pdf: 884419 bytes, checksum: 6eecdbad2c65befd109e4046a55788d1 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa(jairo@ufc.br) on 2014-07-21T18:32:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jrbcysne.pdf: 884419 bytes, checksum: 6eecdbad2c65befd109e4046a55788d1 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-21T18:32:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2006_dis_jrbcysne.pdf: 884419 bytes, checksum: 6eecdbad2c65befd109e4046a55788d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006<br>Moringa Moringa oleifera Lam is a tree plant belonging to the family Moringaceae widely used for the chemical properties its seeds. In this work, we attempted to develop a basic protocol for the micropropagation of the plant. Shoot apexes originating from in vitro germinated seedlings on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were used as primary explants. Adventitious shoots obtained from field growing trees were also isolated and inoculated on Wood Plant Medium (WPM) for the same purpose. Subjecting the seeds to various regimes and sequences of surface sterilization using sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) showed that the best regime is the use of 0.25% NaOCl for 10 minutes. In an attempt to micropropagate Moringa, excised adventitious shoots were cultured on MS medium for 12 days, following which they were transferred to MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations (0.0,0.05,1.25 and 6.25uM) of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). Explants subjected to the medium containing 1.25uM BAP demonstrated the highest rate of multiplication of 89%. In order to optimize the regeneration of plants from the primary explants, they were subjected to combinations of BAP and Indol-3-butyric acid at various concentrations. Although the highest rate of regeneration and shoot elongation was obtained when equimolar concentrations of BAP and IBA of 0.25uM was supplemented in an MS medium, there was a sharp decrease in the rate of multiplication from 89.5% to 50.8% when the shoots were sub cultured onto the same medium after 28 days. Subjecting shoot apexes obtained from field growing plants to WPM and MS based medium formulations, it was discovered that WPM promoted better proliferation of the explant compared to all other medium. Using WPM supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0.0,0.05,0.25,1.25), the medium containing 6.25uM BAP was found to result in formation of callus followed by shoot formation. Transferring the proliferating shoots to a medium containing 0.25uM BAP led to their development without formation of adventitious shoots.<br>A moringa, Moringa oleifera L., é uma árvore da família Moringaceae, destacando-se pelo uso intensivo das propriedades químicas de suas sementes. O presente trabalho objetivou estabelecer um protocolo básico para a micropropagação da moringa. Os ápices caulinares utilizados na micropropagação foram retirados de plântulas germinadas in vitro cultivadas em meio MS. Ápices caulinares de plantas adultas também foram isolados e cultivados em meio WPM. A desinfestação das sementes e dos ápices caulinares de plantas adultas foi realizada com diferentes concentrações de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) sendo que a 0,25 % por 10 minutos, proporcionou os melhores resultados para o estabelecimento das culturas. Os ápices caulinares, excisados de plantas cultivadas em meio MS após, 12 dias da germinação, foram submetidos a diferentes combinações de 6-benzilaminopurina (BAP) (0,0; 0,05; 0,25; 1,25 e 6,25 μM). No meio com 1,25 μM de BAP verificou-se uma taxa de multiplicação de 8,9. A fim de maximizar a regeneração de plantas in vitro, foram realizados experimentos para avaliar as concentrações de BAP e de ácido indol-3-butírico (AIB) no meio de cultivo com diferentes concentrações e combinações. A melhor taxa de regeneração e alongamento de brotações foi obtida com o meio MS contendo 0,25 μM de BAP e 0,25 μM de AIB. Contudo após o subcultivo neste mesmo meio, observou-se uma redução na taxa de multiplicação de 8,95 para 5,08. Para os ápices provindos de plantas adultas foi realizado um ensaio testandose diferentes meios de cultura. O meio com os sais WPM promoveu um melhor estabelecimento para os ápices, visto que os mesmos se apresentavam menos vitrificados se comparados aos demais meios. Definido o meio WPM realizou-se um ensaio com diferentes combinações de BAP (0,0; 0,05; 0,25; 1,25 e 6,25 μM). O meio com 6,25 μM promoveu a formação de calo seguida da formação de brotações. Estas foram subcultivadas em meio contendo 0,25 μM de BAP onde se desenvolveram sem a formação de brotações laterais.

The objective of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity (AA) and the quality of meat from goats and chickens supplemented with Moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves. For the first experimental chapter, eighteen 9 months old Xhosa lop-eared, castrated goats with an average body weight of 14 kg were used. There were three supplements namely, Moringa oleifera leaves, sunflower cake and grass hay. There were six goats per supplement. The goats were slaughtered after 60 days of supplementation and the Muscularis longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) of the right side of each goat was used to determine fatty acid composition, total phenolic content (TPC), diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2, 2 azino-bis (3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic diammonium salt (ABTS) assay and reducing power assay of meat. Glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) were taken as parameters to evaluate in vivo AA of the meat. For the second experiment, twelve male broilers were used in four groups of dietary supplementation. Three broilers were allocated per group. After slaughter, the breast muscle was sampled for total phenols, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, TPC, ABTS, GSH, CAT, SOD, lipid peroxidation, ultimate pH (pH24), colour (L* (lightness), a* (redness), b* (yellowness)), WB-shear force and cooking loss. In both chapters Moringa leaves exhibited the highest AA. Meat from goats supplement with Moringa exhibited the highest AA. Meat from broilers supplemented with a mixture of Moringa leaves, broiler finisher and crushed maize, had the highest (P < 0.05) pH24 and L* values. Moringa can therefore be used to preserve meat without changing the quality of meat.

As folhas de Moringa oleifera (MOL) possuem alto conteúdo proteico, alta atividade antioxidante, mostrando-se interessante para uso na alimentação humana e animal. A produção de frangos comercial tem crescido nos últimos anos e os maiores problemas de qualidade de carne de frango são o desenvolvimento de carnes PSE (Pale, Soft, Exudative) e processos oxidativos que levam a alterações na cor, sabor, odor e textura da carne e seus produtos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da adição de folhas de MOL na dieta de frango de corte sobre o desempenho animal e qualidade da carne. Frangos de corte (n=240), na fase de terminação (35 a 42 dias) foram aleatoriamente divididos em quatro tratamentos (com cinco repetições cada): C- controle, sem adição de MOL na ração; T1, T3 e T5 com adição de 1%, 3% e 5% de MOL secas na ração, respectivamente. Foram avaliados desempenho animal, rendimento de cortes cárneos e parâmetros de qualidade da carne como pH, cor, incidência de carnes PSE, capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), perda de peso por cozimento (PPC), força de cisalhamento, perfil de ácidos graxos e oxidação lipídica. Os dados foram analisados utilizando regressão polinomial (linear, quadrática e cúbica). Não foi verificada diferença na média de peso inicial e final dos animais, consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Não foi observada diferença no rendimento dos cortes cárneos (p>0,05). Apesar da adição de MOL não influenciar o pH, a luminosidade dos files de peito de frango (24h) e incidência de PSE, foi observado redução do componente a* e aumento de b*. A CRA, a PPC e força de cisalhamento não foram influenciadas para adição de MOL. Houve alteração do perfil lipídico de filés de peito e de coxas e sobrecoxas de frango com a adição de MOL. Foi observada redução da oxidação lipídica de filés de peito de frango com aumento da adição de MOL na dieta. Folhas de moringa apresentaram potencial para aplicação na ração de frangos sem influenciar o desempenho animal, os cortes cárneos, alterando o perfil lipídico e diminuindo a oxidação lipídica de filés de peito de frango.<br>Drumstick (Moringa oleifera L.) leaves (MOL) have high protein, high antioxidant activity, showing interesting for use in food and animal feed. The production of commercial chickens has grown in recent years and the main problems of chicken meat quality are the development of PSE meat (Pale, Soft, Exudative) and oxidative processes which lead to changes in color, taste, odor and meat texture and its products. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of adding MOL in the poultry diet on animal performance and chicken meat quality. Broiler chicks (n = 240) in the finisher phase (36-42 days) were randomly divided into four treatments (five repetitions each): C – control group: without MOL addition in the diet; T1, T3 and T5: with addition of 1%, 3% and 5% MOL addition in the diet, respectively. Animal performance, carcass yield, meat quality parameters like pH, color, incidence of PSE meat, water holding capacity (WHC), cooking loss, shear force, fatty acid profile and lipid oxidation were evaluated. The data was analyzed using regression coefficients (linear, quadratic and cubic). No difference in the initial and final average weight, feed intake, weigh gain and feed conversion was observed. There was no difference in the meat cut yields (p>0.05). No influence on pH, lightness (L*) 24 h post mortem and PSE incidence, despite an increase on a* component with a decrease on b* component was observed. WHC, cooking loss and shear force was not influenced by the MOL addition. There were changes on the fatty acid profile of breast fillets and thighs with the addition of MOL. A reduction on lipid oxidation of chicken breast fillets was observed with the increased addition of MOL. MOL have potential for application in broiler diets without affecting animal performance, meat cuts yield, changing the lipid profile and decreasing chicken breast lipid oxidation.

This study investigated the potential benefit of introducing Moringa oleifera (MO) and Leucaena leucocephala (LL) leaves as supplementary feed resource for indigenous goats feeding systems in southern Mozambique. The study started with a description of smallholder goat production systems in three resource-poor districts of Mozambique and subsequently investigated the variation and seasonal fluctuations of natural fodder quality in the Changalane district throughout a year period. Thereafter, the effect of tree forage supplementation on growth and reproductive performance of Landim goats were evaluated by simulating a typical feeding system used in the study area. In study one, a survey was conducted in three villages to collect data on indigenous goats and in smallholder husbandry practices in terms of feeding, health and reproduction management. Information from 45-smallholder goat keepers were recorded using a survey, which was complemented by interviews. Results showed that goats were raised under extensive systems, under free grazing. Tethering was a common management practice, with limited supplementation during the dry season. In general, during the dry season the natural pasture were scarcity and poor in quality and consequently does not sustained the energy and protein requirements of ruminants for maintenance and other functions. In study two, the eight key species that were consumed by the goats (namely Sclerocarya birrea, Spirostachys africana, Dichrostachys cinerea, Flueggea virosa, Acacia nigrescens, Acacia nilotica, Panicum maximum and Morus alba) were collected and analysed. Daily energy intake (4.27 ± 0.17 MJ/kg DM vs 3.71 ± 0.41 MJ/kg DM) and crude protein (CP) intake (92.83 ± 16.05 g DM/head/day vs. 59.38 ± 13.12 g DM/head/day) were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season. Daily intake of calcium and phosphorus did not show significant seasonal variations and were below the requirements levels for maintenance of a 20 kg bodyweight goat during the dry season and for the pregnant goat during both seasons. These results showed a need to supplement goats with energy, protein and phosphorus for maintenance, growth and reproduction during the dry season. In study three, the impact of supplementation with LL and MO on the growth and reproduction performance of indigenous goats were evaluated. Fifty-six goats were randomly divided into seven groups, with four castrated males and four females in each group. One group was used as the control group (animals grazing on natural veld without any supplementation), while first three groups were fed with LL and the other three groups with MO tree leaves, respectively. Compared to the control group, both treatments had a significant effect, irrespective of the level of supplementation in terms of overall body weight gain and the final body weight of the bucks. All female reproduction parameters measured for the supplemented groups were superior when compared to the control group. Findings of this study suggest the benefit of using LL and MO tree leaves as supplement for Mozambican goats to overcome the adverse effects of seasonal fluctuations in feed quality on their growth and reproductive performance.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.<br>Animal and Wildlife Sciences<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia_Antonia_Bartolomeu_Agustini.pdf: 1682331 bytes, checksum: 0dd2383445e56d53055b612bc06ee111 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-10<br>The use of essential oils configures itself as a promising alternative for the treatment of seeds. In this context, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of the essential oil of Moringa oleifera (EOM) on the phytopathogenic microflora and the physiological potential of bean seeds. For this, three experiments were conducted in order to extract and characterize the EOM, to evaluate its effect on viability, vigor, isoenzyme activity in bean seeds, and on plant pathogens. The extraction and characterization of EOM occurred by hydrodistillation of the leaves in Clevenger and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In assessing the EOM antimicrobial activity, were used six treatments, five doses of essential oil (0,0%, 0,1%, 0,2%, 0,4% and 0,8%) and a fungicide, in evaluating the germination of spores and fungi incidence percentage (blotter test). The same doses of EOM and a bactericidal were used against Xap. In turn, used seven treatments (five doses EOM, a fungicide and bactericide) with eight repetitions of fifty seeds distributed in CRD for evaluation of the percentage of germination, GSI and first count. The esterase, alcohol dehydrogenase, isocitrate lyase, and superoxide dismutase were investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The effects of the oil levels on germination of fungal spores, bacterial growth and physiological potential of seeds were evaluated by regression equations and the mean quantitative treatment (dose) were compared to synthetic treatment by the Dunnet test (P> 0,05). In the essential oil composition, eleven compounds were identified, of which 12.92% was terpenes (linalool, thymol and β-eudesmol) with antimicrobial properties above mentioned in the literature. The synthetic fungicide may be substituted by dose containing 0.4% EOM for the incidence of A. flavus, Fusarium sp. and Alternaria sp. in bean seeds. On germination of fungal spores, none of the OEM doses used were statistically equal to fungicidal, however, increasing doses obtained linear effect on the germination of spores of Rhizopus sp. and Fusarium sp. Despite the reduction in the number of CFUs, the EOM doses were inferior to synthetic bacterial elimination Xap. For the physiological potential, the dose with 0,8% EOM reduced the viability and vigor of the seeds of the cultivar Colibri and stood below the bactericide and fungicide for GSI and first count. For Campos Gerais, the dose with 0,8% EOM promoted germination and was superior to the bactericidal for the germination percentage and first count. The point of maximum emergence and GSI were obtained with doses of 0.6% and 0.28% (Campos Gerais), and 0,38% to 0,2% (Colibri). Low bands of expression values for EST and ADH, related to the higher germination of seeds and the greatest expression of SOD, was associated with reduction in germination<br>Os óleos essenciais configuram como uma alternativa promissora para o tratamento de sementes. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou extrair e caracterizar o óleo essencial de Moringa oleifera (OEM), e avaliar seu efeito sobre a microbiota fitopatogênica e o potencial fisiológico de sementes de feijão. Para tanto, três experimentos foram conduzidos com o intuito de extrair e caracterizar o OEM, avaliar seu efeito sobre a viabilidade, o vigor a atividade de isoenzimas em sementes de feijão, e sobre fitopatógenos. A extração e caracterização do OEM ocorreu mediante hidrodestilação das folhas em Clevenger e da cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas. Na avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana do OEM, utilizou-se seis tratamentos, sendo cinco doses de óleo essencial (0,0%; 0,1%; 0,2%; 0,4% e 0,8%) e um fungicida, na avaliação da germinação de esporos e da porcentagem de incidência de fungos (blotter test). As mesmas doses de OEM e um bactericida foram utilizados contra Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. Por sua vez, utilizou-se sete tratamentos (cinco doses de OEM, um fungicida e um bactericida) com oito repetições de cinquenta sementes distribuídos em DIC para avaliação do percentual de germinação, IVG e primeira contagem de germinação. Para os experimentos à campo, utilizou-se o DBC com 4 repetições de cinquenta sementes e avaliou-se a porcentagem de emergência e IVE. As enzimas esterase, álcool desidrogenase, superóxido dismutase e isocitrato liase foram investigadas por meio de eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. Os efeitos das doses do óleo sobre a germinação de esporos fúngicos, o crescimento bacteriano e o potencial fisiológico das sementes foram avaliados por meio de equações de regressão e as médias dos tratamentos quantitativos (doses) foram comparadas aos tratamentos sintéticos por meio do teste de Dunnet (P>0,05). Na composição química do óleo essencial foram identificados onze compostos, dentre os quais 12,92% são terpenos (linalol, timol e β-eudesmol) com propriedades antimicrobianas já referidas na literatura. O fungicida sintético pode ser substituído pela dose contendo 0,4% de OEM para a incidência de A. flavus, Fusarium sp. e Alternaria sp em sementes de feijão. Sobre a germinação de esporos fúngicos, nenhuma das doses de OEM utilizadas foram estatisticamente iguais ao fungicida, no entanto, as doses crescentes reduziram a germinação de esporos de Rhizopus sp. e Fusarium sp. Apesar da redução no número de UFCs, as doses de OEM foram inferiores em eficiência se comparadas ao bactericida sintético na eliminação de Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. Para o potencial fisiológico, a dose com 0,8% de OEM reduziu a viabilidade e o vigor das sementes da cultivar Colibri e apresentou-se inferior ao bactericida e ao fungicida para o IVG e primeira contagem. Para Campos Gerais, a dose com 0,8% de OEM promoveu maiores médias para a germinação e mostrou-se superior ao bactericida para o percentual de germinação e primeira contagem. O ponto de máxima emergência e IVE foram obtidos com as doses 0,6% e 0,28% (Campos Gerais) e, 0,38% e 0,2% (Colibri). Os baixos valores de expressão de bandas para EST e ADH, relacionaram-se à maior germinabilidade das sementes e a maior expressão de SOD, associou-se à redução na germinação

Cette thèse vise à comprendre pourquoi une grande partie de la population malgache souffre de malnutrition alors que le pays est connu pour ses richesses en ressources naturelles, comme les feuilles de Moringa oleifera (MO). L’hypothèse principale est que la malnutrition est liée non seulement à la pauvreté, mais aussi aux croyances et comportements alimentaires. Une démarche en trois phases a été utilisée. La caractérisation nutritionnelle et sensorielle des poudres de MO a tout d’abord montré des variations des taux en protéine, lipides, acides aminés et gras, calcium, magnésium et fer et des propriétés organoleptiques en fonction du lieu d’origine de MO. Des études de croyances et pratiques alimentaires ont ensuite été réalisées dans deux régions en zones rurales et urbaines. Elles ont montré que les aliments glucidiques dominent dans l’alimentation. En revanche, les légumes-feuilles ne sont pas considérés comme nutritives. Les attitudes et comportements alimentaires sont plus basés sur les propriétés sanitaires des aliments que sur l’équilibre en nutriments et le caractère énergétique. Les facteurs déterminants le choix alimentaire de la population ont été identifiés:disponibilité, prix, pouvoir rassasiant, habitude et préférence. Enfin, quatre formulations combinant manioc et MO ont été évaluées par des enfants : le produit avec 1,2 % de poudre de MO et sucré est le plus accepté et choisi face aux autres qui contiennent moins de MO et non sucrés. Il serait possible de contribuer dans la lutte contre la malnutrition en proposant des produits pas chers et incorporant le MO avec des programmes d’éducations adaptés à chaque zone cible<br>This work aims at understanding why a high proportion of Malagasy population suffer frommal nutrition, while Madagascar is rich on natural resources, like Moringa oleifera leaves (MO). The hypothesis is that malnutrition is related not only on poverty but also on food beliefs and behaviour. The studies integrating sociopsychology, food sciences and nutrition were conducted on three phases. First, nutritional and sensory characterizations of MO powder showed variations of protein, fat, amino acids, fatty acids, calcium, magnesium and iron contents and organoleptic proprieties depending on locations. Secondly, a study of food beliefs and practices was performed in two regions in urban and rural zones. It showed that Malagasy food is mostly based on carbohydrates foods and that leafy vegetables are not considered as nutritious. Food attitudes and behaviours were mostly based on sanitary proprieties of food than on the equilibrium of nutrients and the caloric characters. The determinants factors of food choice of the Malagasy population were identified: availability, price, satiating power, habit and preference. Finally, four formulations combining cassava roots and MO were evaluated by school age children: the sweet product with 1.2% of MO was the most accepted and chosen in front of the others containing less MO and not sweet. It is possible to contribute to fight against malnutrition by proposing cheap foods containing MO and by integrating information about MO in nutrition education programs adapted to each target area

Present days lifestyles increase the number of free radicals in our body and predispose people to oxidative stress, responsible for the development of several diseases as well as aging. The need for inhibitors of oxidative processes has become essential. Plant-derived antioxidant compounds are preferred. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. belongs to the Malvaceae family. Its calyces contain anthocyanins, responsible for the antioxidant activity reported for the extracts. Moringa oleifera Lam. belongs to the Moringaceae family. Its antioxidant properties are mainly attributed to its phenolic compounds and, recently, to its isothiocyanates, deriving from the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates. Both the plants are source of oils with an interesting composition in antioxidant compounds. This research work was divided into three lines: The first line focused on H. sabdariffa calyces. It was performed the selection of a variety of calyces rich in anthocyanins. It was optimized an extraction method suitable for the recovery of anthocyanins in high yield but transferable on large scale, too. It were tried different procedures to obtain an extract enriched in anthocyanins using polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The second line was devoted to M. oleifera tissues. This comparative study concerns plant material grown in Paraguay and therefore extends the information available on the chemical composition of M. oleifera plants cultivated in different areas of the world. As far as we know, this is the first study about the characterization of both direct and indirect antioxidant compounds in different tissues of M. oleifera. Branches and the patented matrix “EDYNEA” are investigated besides seeds and leaves. In the first part of the study, it was compared the total phenolic content (TPC), the direct total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the glucomoringin content (GMG) of aqueous extracts of different tissues of M. oleifera. Two different drying treatments (freeze-drying and oven drying, 40°C) were performed on the samples before extraction, to verify their influence on the chemical composition of the final extracts. The study was continued with the selection of an extraction condition able to maintain a high extraction yield of TPC and suitable for the conversion of GMG into its bioactive isothiocyanate (GMG-ITC) inside the extracts that were obtained from the tissues selected in the first part of the study because of their richness in GMG or TPC. A further objective was the determination of GMG, GMG-ITC, TPC and TAC in the extracts. In the applied extraction conditions, the branches (that have a lower TPC and TAC than leaves) could bring to an extract with an equal TPC but a higher TAC than the extract of leaves, becoming a valid alternative to leaves in the preparation of extracts rich in antioxidant compounds. The matrix “EDYNEA” showed to be an interesting alternative to leaves for the preparation of extracts richer in GMG-ITC. The third project was dedicated to oilseeds and oily extracts. The perspective was the production of an oily extract enriched in antioxidant compounds, with a higher TAC than the pure oil. It was decided to use M. oleifera oil and H. sabdariffa oils for the preparation of the extracts together with two commonly used oils in the preparation of cosmetics and for human consumption (refined olive oil and sunflower oil). The oil of H. sabdariffa was selected between different varieties of H. sabdariffa oils. The oleolites were prepared by ultrasonic extraction. The main classes of antioxidant compounds were determined as well as the TAC. The production of an oily extract higher in antioxidant components has not lead to a better TAC compared to the pure oil, at least in the extraction conditions used. Among the oils, the more active was the one extracted from the selected variety of H. sabdariffa seeds.<br>Gli stili di vita attuali causano un aumento del numero di radicali liberi nel nostro corpo e predispongono le persone allo stress ossidativo, responsabile dello sviluppo di diverse patologie e dell'invecchiamento. La necessità di inibitori dei processi ossidativi è diventata essenziale. Si preferiscono i composti antiossidanti derivati da piante. L’Hibiscus sabdariffa L. appartiene alla famiglia delle Malvaceae. I suoi calici contengono antocianine, responsabili dell'attività antiossidante riportata per gli estratti. La Moringa oleifera Lam. appartiene alla famiglia delle Moringaceae. Le sue proprietà antiossidanti sono principalmente attribuite ai suoi composti fenolici e, recentemente, ai suoi isotiocianati, derivanti dall'idrolisi enzimatica dei glucosinolati. Entrambe le piante sono fonte di oli con una composizione interessante in composti antiossidanti. Questo lavoro di ricerca è diviso in tre linee: la prima linea è incentrata sui calici di H. sabdariffa. È stata eseguita la selezione di una varietà di calici ricchi di antocianine. È stato ottimizzato un metodo di estrazione adatto al recupero di antocianine ad alto rendimento ma trasferibile anche su larga scala. Sono state provate diverse procedure per ottenere un estratto arricchito in antocianine usando il polivinilpolipirrolidone. La seconda linea è dedicata ai tessuti di M. oleifera. Questo studio comparativo riguarda il materiale vegetale coltivato in Paraguay e quindi amplia le informazioni disponibili sulla composizione chimica delle piante di M. oleifera coltivate in diverse aree del mondo. Per quanto ne sappiamo, questo è il primo studio sulla caratterizzazione di composti antiossidanti diretti e indiretti in diversi tessuti di M. oleifera. I rami e la matrice brevettata "EDYNEA" sono stati studiati oltre a semi e foglie. Nella prima parte dello studio, è stato confrontato il contenuto fenolico totale (TPC), la capacità antiossidante totale diretta (TAC) e il contenuto di glucomoringina (GMG) di estratti acquosi di diversi tessuti di M. oleifera. Due diversi trattamenti di essiccazione (liofilizzazione e asciugatura in forno, 40 ° C) sono stati eseguiti sui campioni prima dell'estrazione, per verificarne l'influenza sulla composizione chimica degli estratti finali. Lo studio è proseguito con la selezione di una condizione di estrazione in grado di mantenere un alto rendimento di estrazione di TPC e adatta per la conversione di GMG nel suo isotiocianato bioattivo (GMG-ITC) all'interno degli estratti che sono stati ottenuti dai tessuti selezionati nella prima parte dello studio per la loro ricchezza in GMG o TPC. Un ulteriore obiettivo è la determinazione di GMG, GMG-ITC, TPC e TAC negli estratti. Nelle condizioni di estrazione applicate, i rami (che hanno un TPC e TAC inferiori rispetto alle foglie) portano a un estratto con un TPC uguale ma un TAC superiore rispetto all'estratto di foglie, diventando una valida alternativa alle foglie nella preparazione di estratti ricchi in composti antiossidanti. La matrice "EDYNEA" si è rivelata un'alternativa interessante alle foglie per la preparazione di estratti più ricchi in GMG-ITC. Il terzo progetto è dedicato ai semi oleosi e agli estratti oleosi. L’obiettivo è la produzione di un estratto oleoso arricchito in composti antiossidanti, con un TAC superiore rispetto all'olio puro. Si è deciso di utilizzare l'olio di M. oleifera e gli oli di H. sabdariffa per la preparazione degli estratti insieme a due oli comunemente usati nella preparazione di cosmetici e per il consumo umano (olio di oliva raffinato e olio di girasole). L'olio di H. sabdariffa è stato selezionato tra diverse varietà di oli di H. sabdariffa. Gli oleoliti sono stati preparati mediante estrazione a ultrasuoni. Le principali classi di composti antiossidanti sono state caratterizzate così come il TAC. La produzione di un estratto oleoso più ricco in componenti antiossidanti non ha portato a un TAC migliore rispetto all'olio puro, almeno nelle condizioni di estrazione utilizzate. Tra gli olii, il più attivo è quello estratto dalla varietà selezionata di semi di H. sabdariffa.

碩士<br>嘉南藥理科技大學<br>保健營養系<br>101<br>Moringa oleifera is native to India and is also known as the 'drumstick' tree. There are 14 known species of the genus Moringa, which grow in the tropics. The young leaves, flowers and immature pods of drumstick tree are a common edible vegetable in Asian diets because it is easy to breed, grows quickly and contains nutritive value. Some studies have shown that Moringa oleifera is used in folk medicine to treat a variety of disorders. However, the study of immunomodulatory effects of the extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves, seeds or pods focus on anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory impacts to cell lines. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Moringa oleifera leaf extracts on systemic and mucosal Th1/Th2 cytokines secretion in murine primary cell culture. 8 to 10-week-old female BALB/c mice were used to prepare the primary cell cultures of spleen, Peyer’s patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN). The spleen, PP and MLN cells were cocultured with 0, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000μg/mL water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of freezing dried and hot-wind drying Moringa oleifera leaves, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10μg/mL) and concanavalin A (Con A, 10μg/mL) for 24 and 48 hours. The supernatant was collected for determining IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IFN-gamma by ELISA. MTT assay was performed to assess the cytotoxicity of the Moringa oleifera leaf extracts. The yields of water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of freezing dried Moringa oleifera leaves were 22.16±0.59 %、23.07±1.09 % and 10.47±0.46 %, respectively. The yields of boiling water, ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of hot-wind drying Moringa oleifera leaves were 38.1± 3.96%、24.24 ± 0.08 % and 7.58 ± 2.09 %, respectively. In general, the stimulatory effects of water extracts of freezing dried Moringa oleifera leaves on the secretion of cytokine in spleen, MLN and PP cells was higher than the hot-wind drying sample. Ethyl acetate extracts did not affect the cytokines secretion of spleen, MLN and PP cells. Among the assay cytokines, the Moringa oleifera leaf extracts had the prominent effects on stimulated IL-10 secretion. Therefore, Moringa oleifera leaves may be able to promote humoral immune response through enhanced immune cells to secret IL-10. Keywords: spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, Moringa oleifera, cytokine, mice

碩士<br>嘉南藥理科技大學<br>營養與保健科技研究所<br>99<br>In modern human life, a global health problem is the unbalanced diet, such as excess consumption of refined sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages. Several studies had shown that consumption of high sucrose or fructose facilitated metabolic disorders but the mechanisms involved were unclear. In this study, we used sucrose water (30%) to induced hyperlipidemia in rats. To examine the effect of Moringa oleifera on sucrose water-induced lipid metabolism and antioxidative changes in rats. 3-week-old male Wistar rats (n = 6~11 rats/group) were divided into 3 groups, AIN-93G diets plus plain water (group N), AIN-93G diets plus 30% sucrose water (group S)、AIN-93G diets supplemented with 6% M. oleifera leaves powder plus 30% sucrose water (group MS). All rats were free access to food, drinking water or 30% sucrose water. At the end of 8 weeks, the rats were killed and collected blood、liver and fat for the analysis of lipid or antioxidative parameters. Integration the effects of sucrose water (S versus N, p&amp;lt;0.05), rats fed sucrose water caused a significant increase in serum TG and cholesterol concentrations, lowered the α-tocopherol/TG ratio in serum and liver. In the liver, S group caused a decrease in the content of GSH and SOD、GPx activities. In body fat , S group increased TG and cholesterol in liver and retroperitoneal fat (RE) as compared with N group. Results showed that rat fed sucrose water induced significantly hyperlipidemia, increased the lipid content in liver and retroperitoneal fat, and decreased the antioxidative moleculars and antioxidative enzymes. We suggested that rats had detrimental effects on lipid metabolism and antioxidant defense system by drinking sucrose water. Integration the effects of M. oleifera leaves (MS versus S, p&amp;lt;0.05), it was found that decreased food intake and total caloric intake significantly and body weight gain. In MS group, higher GSH in red blood cells and GR activities in liver were found. MS group decreased TG and cholesterol content in serum and liver, but caused a increase in fecal cholesterol excretion as compared with S group. The expression of lipogenesis-associated transcription factors, hepatic ChREBP, SREBP-1c and LXR-α mRNA were decreased significantly in MS group as compared with S group. Those results showed that M. oleifera leaves had a alleviative effect on high sucrose water-induced hyperlipidemia, and lowering effects of tissue lipid contents might be due to decreasing LXR-α, ChREBP and SREBP-1c expression.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of Science. Johannesburg, 2014.<br>Unable to load abstract.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>化學研究所<br>93<br>Moringa oleifera Lam., a member of Moringaceae family originally found in India, is a tropical plant with easy seeding and growing characteristics. It is popularly grown in Africa, the Middle East, southeastern Asia, and southern America, and is now widely grown in Taiwan and China. The leaves, flower, fruit, and bark of M. oleifera have traditionally been used as herbal medicines. To scientifically verify the therapeutic properties of M. oleifera, we chose to investigate the essential oils from its leaves. The leaves were freshly harvested form M. oleifera trees. After cleaning and immediately air-dried, the leaves were steam-distilled for essential oils. The essential oils in the distillate were then solvent extracted before treatment with base to remove acidic compounds. The slightly brown neutral essential oil mixture was separated and purified by column chromatography. The oil mixture was chromatographically separated into hydrogenated and oxygenated fractions that were analyzed for the chemical components by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and mass spectrometer detector (MSD), Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR). In the hydrogenated fraction, pentacosane, tridecane, α-ionene, tetradecane, 4,6-dimethyl-dodecane, pentadecane, isolongifolene, docosane, 1-docosene, tetracosane, hexacosane, and [6E,10E]-7,11,15-trimethyl-methylene-1,6,10,14-hexadeca-tetraene were identified. In the oxygenated fraction, hexahydrofarnesylactone, dihydro-actiridioide, (E)-phytol, farnesylacetone, α-ionone, β-ionone, indole, 2,5,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthol, benzaldehyde, β-damascenone, benzeneacetaldehyde, linaloloxide, 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexane-1,4-dione, p-menth-1-en-8-ol, 2,3-epoxycarane, 3,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1-indanone, geranylacetone, (2E)-3-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-propenal, 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienecarbaldehyde, and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene were identified. The in vitro anti-fungal activities of the essential oil, the oxygenated fraction, and extracts from other parts of the plant were tested against dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis. The oxygenated fraction of the essential oil was found to have better anti-fungal effect, with the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICS) on different fungi showed 0.2 to 1.6 mg/mL DMSO. The crude essential oil and the ethyl acetate fraction of the seed extraction showed appreciable inhibitory effect, albeit not as good as that of the oxygenated fraction. The in-vitro anti-bacterial activity of the oxygenated fraction of the essential oil against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas auruginosa was also studied. MICs of 4 mg/mL DMSO after 18 hours showed inhibitory effect for P. auruginosa but not E. coli.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, 2018<br>Since its discovery in India many centuries ago, Moringa oleifera has been used largely in the tropics and subtropics where it is native for nutritional, medicinal and industrial benefits. These benefits are attributed to the antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties in the phytochemical compounds of M. oleifera. Agriculture of M. oleifera in South Africa is currently minimal despite its multiple benefits. Naturalisation of M. oleifera in the country is important in the aid to eliminate the shortage of nutritional food reserves, and utilise the plant as a source for realising and developing new medicinal compounds. Global warming and consequent climate change have caused extreme high and low temperature seasons in the past in South Africa. Studying the effects of extreme high and low temperatures on the growth, performance and phytochemistry of M. oleifera at controlled conditions is vital in understanding its responses and adaptability. M. oleifera grown for three months in a greenhouse of the University of the Witwatersrand was subjected to two extreme temperature conditions of 15/10°C and 47/29°C for seven days (144 hours). The control was kept at ambient temperature (25/22°C). The morphology, histology, total phenolic contents, total flavonoid contents, quercetin and kaempferol concentrations were assessed using dissecting microscope, light electron microscope, UV-Vis spectroscopy and HPLC-UV respectively. The effect of high temperatures showed increased senescence. However, plants that were treated with low temperature appeared to be more tolerant by indicating a delay in leaf senescence. Yellowing, browning, curling and drying of the leaves worsened after 144 hours at high temperature treatment. The histological examination at high temperatures showed intact cellular structures such as upper epidermis, lower epidermis, spongy mesophyll, palisade mesophyll and intercellular spaces in green leaves after 24 hours. However, leaf size decreased over the seven days treatment. The cellular structures in leaves that became yellow had collapsed and showed evidence of necrosis. In the low temperature treatment, 1% of leaves showed signs of leaf curling after VII 48 hours while others remained green and intact. After 144 hours, 5% of leaves showed signs of senescence while others turned dark green and remained intact. Leaves cells such as palisade mesophyll had elongated and thus increased the thickness of the leaves. This was evidence of acclimation to cold temperatures. The total phenolic content increased by 10.1% after 48 hours under high temperatures. However, a decrease of 3.5% and 3.1% was observed after 96 and 144 hours respectively. Quercetin increased by 8.5% after 48 hours then after 96 and 144 hours a decrease of 41.7% and 61.6% was observed respectively. A significant increase in kaempferol concentration of 203.5% after 48 hours was noted. This was followed by a decline after 96 and 144 hours of 43.0% and 24.8% respectively. Concentration of total flavonoid content increased by 11.6% and 33.8% after 48 and 96 hours, and after 144 hours, a decline of 0.4% was observed. The combined evidence from the present study showed that the three months old M. oleifera plants are sensitive and cannot withstand temperatures as high as 47/29°C. However, the species has showed to be positively more tolerant to cold temperatures (15/10°C). This evidence may have meaningful contribution towards the industry, Moringa oleifera farming practices as well as advance the understanding of the effects of extreme temperatures on the species.<br>XL2019

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, School of Physiology in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine. Johannesburg, South Africa, 2017.<br>Excess dietary fructose intake has been associated with an increase in metabolic disorders. Traditionally, these disorders are managed by physical exercise, lifestyle modification, and by conventional drug therapy. A significant proportion of the population also depends on the therapeutic/prophylactic properties of natural plants for their medical problems. The tree Moringa oleifera is well recognized for its medicinal and nutritional properties. The plant is said to possess antiobesity, antilipidaemic, antidiabetic and hypotensive effects amongst other medicinal properties. Most previous studies that explored the effects of Moringa oleifera on metabolism used adult male experimental animal models without considering adult female and young growing animal models, despite the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome in females and growing children. This study thus investigated the impact of a methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves on fructose-induced metabolic dysfunction in growing Sprague Dawley rats of both sexes. One hundred and two (102), 21 day old, weaned male and female pups were randomly allocated to six groups that were sex matched. All groups received standard commercially sourced rat chow ad libitum throughout the study. In addition, Group I (negative control) received tap water for drinking and plain gelatine cubes. Group II received 20% fructose solution as drinking fluid and plain gelatine cubes. Group III received 20% fructose solution as their drinking fluid and 400 mg.kg-1 body weight of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves suspended in gelatine cubes. Group IV received 20% fructose solution as their drinking fluid and 100 mg.kg-1 body weight of fenofibrate (positive control) suspended in gelatine cubes. Group V received 400 mg.kg-1 body weight of the methanolic leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera in gelatine cubes and had plain drinking water. Group VI received 100 mg.kg-1 body weight of fenofibrate in gelatine cubes and had access to plain drinking water. After 10 weeks of the interventions, the rats were euthanased by anaesthetic overdose following an overnight fast; and samples of blood and tissue were collected. The outcomes of the interventions on growth performance, morphometry of the gastro-intestinal tract organs, circulating metabolites, adiposity, liver lipid accumulation and general health markers were assessed. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed by one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) depending on the variables. The statistical significance of analyzed values was set at ≤ 5%. Administration of 20% fructose solution significantly elevated hepatic lipid content in both sexes (P<0.0001) and the concentration of circulating triglycerides in female rats (P<0.0001) compared with negative controls. These lipid elevations were prevented by the administration of 400 mg.kg-1 body weight of methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and by 100 mg.kg-1 body weight of fenofibrate (P≤0.05). The effect of fenofibrate was more pronounced than that of Moringa. Fenofibrate treated groups (both sexes) had hepatomegaly (P<0.0001), higher fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P<0.0001), higher alkaline phosphatase activity in plasma (P<0.05) and lower (P<0.05) epididymal fat relative to tibial length (males) compared with the other treatment groups. The plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels were higher in females than in males (P<0.05). The absolute and relative visceral fat pad masses were also higher in females (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the hepatic lipid content and creatinine levels between the two sexes (P>0.05). However, male rats had significantly higher levels of FBG, liver enzymes (ALT and ALKP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), urea to creatinine ratio and higher organ morphometry than their corresponding females (P<0.0001). No adverse effects were observed with fructose or Moringa on growth, organ morphometry, determinants of metabolic dysfunction and surrogate markers of general health. However, hepatomegaly was observed in fenofibrate treated groups (P<0.0001). In the present study, sex differences were observed in the metabolic responses of growing Sprague Dawley rats to a high-fructose diet. In addition, the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves was beneficial in preventing the hypertriglyceridaemia and abnormal deposition of hepatic lipids in high-fructose fed animals. However, the extract was not effective in preventing fructose-induced visceral obesity in male animals. The use of methanolic leaf extracts of Moringa oleifeira should be further explored as a possible candidate prophylactic intervention in the fight against the global epidemic of diet induced metabolic dysfunction.<br>LG2018

MSc (Food Science and Technology)<br>Department of Food Science and Technology<br>White maize-based porridge is a staple food for about 80% consumers in South Africa and sub-Saharan African countries contributing significantly to the diet of rural populations in developing countries. White maize is deficient in some amino acids and over-dependency on its porridge may lead to high prevalence of malnutrition-related health conditions. Moringa oleifera (MO) and termite (Isoptera spp.) are known to contain a substantially high amount of protein. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of powders from MO leaves and termite on the nutritional and sensory properties of instant-maize porridge. Inclusion of MO and termite powders in instant-maize porridge, at different treatments, was considered using a completely randomised design. Factor levels were: AOB-control (maize flour); BEA (maize, powders of cooked dried MO and termite); CIA (maize, powders of blanched dried MO and termite) and DJE (maize, powders of uncooked dried MO and termite). Data were analysed using SPSS version 23. The protein content of fortified instant-maize porridge (FMP) significantly (p < 0.05) increased from 10.02 to 21.20% compared to unfortified porridges. The mineral content of FMP was higher in terms of Zn, Fe, Ca and Mg. Moisture content of FMP increased from 5.00 to 6.00%. Sensory analysis showed that among fortified porridges, CIA was rated high for colour and texture, BEA higher in taste and DJE higher for aroma. AOB had higher acceptance than fortified porridges for taste. Powder from MO leaves and termite could be used in complementary foods and food supplements to increase protein and mineral contents.

A high rate of micronutrient deficiencies persists in Africa with the most vulnerable groups being women and children. The Moringa oleifera tree has been identified to help alleviate malnutrition at household level because of its rich content of vitamin A in its plant form - beta-carotene, iron and vitamin C. The objectives of this study was to identify households that consumed Moringa, to identify households that required diet diversification through the use of a Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) and to determine the acceptability of various dishes prepared from Moringa leaves as a possible contribution to the alleviation of malnutrition in resource poor communities. The dietary diversity score of the traditional Bapedi community is 4.7 and the results of the acceptability test of dishes prepared with Moringa indicated that Moringa could be recommended as an additional food ingredient to add micronutrient to the diet of Bapedi communities.<br>Agriculture and Environmental Sciences<br>M.A. (Human Ecology)