Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Morningness/eveningness'

Les systèmes de robotique sociale sont de plus en plus présents dans nos vies. Ce ne sont plus des entités isolées, mais on s'attend à ce qu'ils soient capables d'interagir et de communiquer avec les humains. Ils doivent respecter les normes comportementales attendues par les humains avec qui les systèmes robotiques sont en interaction.L'une des principales pistes de recherche dans le domaine de la robotique sociale est représentée par la conception d'une interaction naturelle entre un robot social et un individu. Plus spécifiquement, cette interaction devrait prendre en considération le profil de l'individu, l'état émotionnel, l'état physiologique et l'humeur, entre autres.Dans cette thèse, nous explorons la relation qui existe entre l'échelle de typologie circadienne, la performance cognitive et l'état physiologique au cours de différents scénarios d'interaction homme-robot. L'administration de différents questionnaires psychologiques permet de déterminer le profil d'un individu. En outre, à l’aide de différents capteurs (par exemple, GSR, caméra thermique), de multiples méthodologies ont été développées pour déterminer l’état physiologique d’un individu. Plus spécifiquement, la variation de la température faciale, le clignotement des yeux et la réponse galvanique de la peau ont été étudiés.Plusieurs scénarios d'interaction homme-robot ont été conçus afin de tester le système développé. L'impact de l'empathie a également été étudié. En outre, le système développé a été testé avec succès dans deux environnements réels, avec deux populations vulnérables. La première application d'assistance est représentée par le projet de recherche EU H2020 ENRICHME, dans lequel un robot a été développé pour les personnes âgées atteintes d'un trouble cognitif léger. La deuxième population vulnérable est constituée d'individus souffrant de différents troubles du sommeil.Nous pensons que cette thèse représente une étape importante dans la compréhension de l'état physiologique de l'individu et est liée à la performance cognitive
Social robotic systems are more and more present in our everyday lives. They are no longer isolated entities, but instead, they are expected to be capable of interacting and communicating with humans. They have to follow the behavioral norms that are expected by the individuals the robotic systems are interacting with.One of the main research directions in the field of social robotics is represented by the design of a natural interaction between a social robot and an individual. More specifically, this interaction should take into consideration the profile of the individual, the emotional state, the physiological internal state, and the mood, among others.In this thesis it is explored the relationship that exists between morningness-eveningness, cognitive performance, and the internal physiological state during different human-robot interaction scenarios. By administering different psychological questionnaires, the profile of an individual can be determined. Moreover, with the help of different sensors (e.g., GSR, thermal camera), multiple methodologies were developed to determine the internal physiological state of an individual. More specifically, the facial temperature variation, the blinking, and the galvanic skin response were investigated.Several human-robot interaction scenarios have been designed in order to test the developed system. The impact of empathy was also investigated. Furthermore, the developed system was successfully tested in two real-world environments, with two vulnerable populations. The first assistive application is represented by the ENRICHME EU H2020 research project, where a personal robot was developed for the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. The second vulnerable population consists of individuals suffering from different sleep disorders.We believe that this thesis represents an important step in understanding how the physiological internal state of an individual is related to cognitive performance, and to the user profile of that individual

Introdução: O horário de realização de atividades, nos seres humanos, pode influenciar fatores fisiológicos, comportamentais e sociais. Podendo interferir, então, em questões relacionadas à atividade física e consumo alimentar. Objetivos: Identificar características acerca da atividade física e alimentação em esportistas que treinavam pela manhã e à noite. Métodos: Foi realizado através da aplicação de questionários (cronotipo, atividade física habitual e recordatório alimentar de vinte e quatro horas) e aferição de medidas antropométricas (peso e altura). Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações positivas entre a matutinidade e a prevalência de indivíduos treinando pela manhã, maior escore total de atividade física, e maior consumo de quilocalorias e proteínas pela manhã. Conclusão: Os achados sugerem que a tipologia circadiana está envolvida com a preferência pela prática de exercícios em determinados turnos, e tendências no consumo energético e proteico, além do nível de atividade física. Mas ainda são necessárias mais pesquisas na crescente área da cronobiologia associada à nutrição e exercícios.
Background: The time of conducting activities, in humans, may influence physiological, behavioral and social factors. And may interfere, then, on physical activity and food intake issues. Objective: Identify characteristics about physical activity and feeding in sportspeople who trained in the morning and the evening. Methods: Was conducted through the use of questionnaires (chronotype, habitual physical activity and twenty-four hours food recall) and anthropometric measurements (height and weight). Results: Positive correlations were found between morningness and morning training, higher total score of physical activity, and higher intake of kilocalories and protein in the morning. Conclusion: The findings suggests that the circadian typology is involved with preference for exercises practicing in certain shifts, and trends in energy and protein intake, beyond the physical activity level. But still more research is needed in the growing area of chronobiology associated with nutrition and exercise.

O impacto da dimensão matutinidade/vespertinidade pode interferir no comportamento social e na saúde do indivíduo. Nos últimos anos, esta dimensão tem sido amplamente estudada dentro do âmbito da cronobiologia. Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo determinar o cronotipo de estudantes universitários do 6º semestre dos cursos de turno integral da Universidade de Passo Fundo - Rio Grande do Sul e observar a associação desses cronotipos com parâmetros sociodemográficos, comportamentais e também com a qualidade do sono, a sonolência diurna e distúrbios psiquiátricos menores. Os instrumentos utilizados na pesquisa foram: Pittsburg (PSQI), para avaliar a prevalência da qualidade do sono; Horne Ostberg (MEQ), para determinar o cronotipo; o SRQ20, para os distúrbios psiquiátricos menores; o Epwort (ESS), para sonolência diurna; o AUDIT, para o uso de álcool, e um questionário para variáveis sociodemográficas e comportamentais. Participaram do estudo 372 estudantes, 66,7% do sexo feminino e 33,3% masculino, com idade média de 21,6 anos DP±3,08 (IC min18 max 50); 92,2% não faziam uso de tabaco; 58,9% praticam atividade física e 58,6 % apresentaram consumo de risco para o álcool; referiram trabalhar no terceiro turno 19,7%. Quanto à prevalência para os cronotipos, foram encontrados cronotipos indiferentes 55,9%, seguidos de 39,5% para vespertinos e 4,6% matutinos. Cronotipos vespertinos foram associados ao sexo masculino odds ratio OR=1,72; pobre qualidade do sono OR=1,89; distúrbios psiquiátricos menores OR=1,92 e uso de tabaco OR=3,65. Estes resultados apontam a necessidade de ações educativas e preventivas para esta população vulnerável, no intuito de minimizar possíveis danos à sua saúde física e mental.
The impact of morningness-eveningness dimension can affect social behavior and individual health. The aim of the present study was to determine the chronotype of full time university students in the 6th semester of the Universidade de Passo Fundo - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil - and evaluate its influence in behavioral parameters. The instruments used in the study were: a demographic questionnaire; PSQI to evaluate sleep quality; MEQ to determine chronotypes; SRQ-20 to minor psychiatric disorders; ESS to daytime sleepiness; AUDIT to alcohol use. 372 students participated in the study: 66.7% were female and 33.3% were male; aged 21.6 years + 3.08 (mean +SD). 92,2% did not use tobacco, 58.9% practiced physical activity and 58,6 showed risks of alcohol abuse; 19.7% reported working in third shift. Regarding the prevalence of chronotypes, it was found 55,9% of indifferent chronotypes, 39,5% of evening, and 4,6% of morning type. Evening chronotypes was associated that male gender odds ratio OR =1,72; poor sleep quality OR=1,89; minor psyquiatric disorders OR= 1,92 and tobacco use OR=3,65. So this study concluded that evening chronotype was related with gender, poor sleep quality, minor psychiatric disorders and tobacco use in the studied population and points to preventive actions and education for this vulnerable population.

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Há poucos estudos que caracterizam o padrão do ciclo vigília-sono (CVS) na população geral, particularmente de grandes metrópoles. Nesse contexto, os objetivos do presente estudo foram avaliar: o CVS em uma amostra da população de São Paulo; as características do CVS de acordo com o cronotipo; e a concordância entre uma noite de polissonografia (PSG) com a actimetria, registradas simultaneamente. Métodos: Voluntários de um estudo com base populacional (São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study), estratificado por sexo, idade (20-80 anos) e classe sócio-econômica, utilizaram actímetro (Actwach-64®) e preencheram diários de sono por um período mínimo de três dias consecutivos. Dados sócio-demográficos, de saúde e de sono foram coletados a partir de questionários e uma PSG completa foi realizada. Resultados: De uma amostra de 1101 voluntários selecionados para representar a população adulta da cidade de São Paulo, 359 utilizaram adequadamente o actímetro, dos quais 60% eram mulheres. A idade média foi 43 ± 14 anos e a duração média de sono observada foi de 365 ± 57 min. A maioria dos participantes apresentou padrão monofásico de sono (92%), 25 (7%) bifásico e 3 (1%) polifásico. Pela análise de cluster, os indivíduos foram agrupados em três grupos: matutino (61%), apresentou horário de inicio de sono em torno de 22:00h e tempo total de sono (TTS) médio de 374 ± 52 minutos; vespertino (32%), apresentou horário de início de sono em torno de 2:00h e TTS = 349 ± 66 minutos; e o terceiro grupo (7%) apresentou um padrão variável para o início do sono e TTS = 362 ± 58 minutos. Houve moderada correlação entre a PSG e a actimetria para o TTS (r=0,67) (p<0,001) e fraca correlação para a eficiência do sono (r=0,41) (p<0,001), latência do sono (r=0,2) (p<0,001) e vigília após o início do sono (r=0,26) (p<0,001). Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem que a população avaliada apresentou predominantemente padrão monofásico de sono. Baseada na escolha das variáveis: horário de dormir, TTS, eficiência do sono e latência de sono, a actimetria foi eficaz em identificar perfil da população de acordo com o cronotipo. Embora tenham sido observadas diferenças entre a actimetria e a polissonografia, os resultados evidenciaram a adequação da actimetria para estudos do CVS.
Introduction: There are few studies evaluating the characteristics of the sleep-wake cycle (SWC) patterns in the general population. The aims of this study was to evaluate the SWC in a sample of the São Paulo city population; to assess the characteristics of SWC according to the chronotype; and to compare the polysomnography (PSG) and actimetry simultaneously recorded. Methods: Volunteers were selected from a population based study (São Paulo Epidemiologic Sleep Study), stratified by gender, age (20-80 years-old) and socioeconomic status. SWC was measured for at least three consecutive days using actimetry (Actwach-64®) and sleep diary. Social-demographic, health and sleep habits and complaints data were gathered from the questionnaires and a full-night PSG was performed. Results: Out of a sample of 1101 volunteers selected to represent the adult population of São Paulo, 359 volunteers wore the actimetry properly and 60% were women. The mean age was 43 ± 14 years and the mean total sleep time (TST) was 365 ± 57 minutes. The most of the participants presented monophasic pattern of sleep (92%), 7% had biphasic pattern and 1% had poliphasic pattern. According to a Two-step Cluster analysis, volunteers were included into three groups: morningness (61%), composed of individuals that had the sleep onset around 10:00 PM and TST was 374 ± 52 minutes; eveningness (32%), composed of individuals that had the sleep onset at 2:00 AM and TST was 349 ± 66 minutes; and the other group (7%), who had no defined sleep onset time and TST was 362 ± 58 minutes. We observed a moderate correlation between PSG and actimetry for TST (r=0.7) (p<0.001), and a weak correlation for sleep efficiency (r=0.4) (p<0.001), sleep latency (r=0.2) (p<0,001) and wake after sleep onset (r=0.3) (p<0.001). Conclusions: Our data suggest that the evaluated population presented mostly monophasic sleep pattern. Based on the selection of the variables (sleep onset time, TST, sleep efficiency and sleep latency) the actimetry was reliable to establish the profile of the population according to chronotype. Although differences between the actimetry and the PSG have been observed, the results support the use of actimetry to evaluate the sleep episodes.
TEDE

Os indivíduos diferem em suas preferências quanto ao horário para alocar períodos de sono e de atividade. Essas diferenças inter-individuais se devem, parcialmente, ao relógio biológico que controla funções relacionadas à expressão gênica, secreção hormonal, temperatura corporal, funções cognitivas e comportamentais como o ciclo sono-vigília. O presente estudo cronobiológico teve como objetivo principal avaliar em uma amostra populacional de estudantes universitários da região sul do Brasil, a distribuição dos cronotipos e estudar a relação entre cronotipo e as seguintes variáveis: ponto médio de sono nos dias livres e nos dias de atividade (estudo), bem como avaliar a consistência interna, confiabilidade e concordância entre o Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) e o Questionário de Cronotipo de Horne e Östberg (HO) para identificar cronotipos. Com a análise discriminante dos parâmetros de sono para o cronotipo vespertino destaca-se a importância de se obter preditores mais fáceis para a tipologia vespertina visto que essa característica tem sido associada a alguns riscos de transtornos comportamentais e mentais. Duzentos e quarenta e quatro estudantes universitários (59.0% mulheres), com idade de 17-35 anos, foram analisados através de um estudo transvesal. O Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) foi usado para avaliar os parâmetros de sono nos dias livres e de trabalho (estudo) e o Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) para avaliar os cronotipos. Os dados foram analisados através da curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic curve) e de uma análise discriminante. As variáveis que apresentaram os mais altos coeficientes discriminantes foram: o ponto médio de sono nos dias livres (0.89) e o início do sono nos dias livres (0.86). Testando os valores de diagnóstico da fase do ponto médio de sono para identificar o tipo vespertino observou-se que a área sob a curva ROC foi de 76%. Este estudo mostrou uma boa sensibilidade e especificidade para identificar o cronotipo vespertino com esses parâmetros de sono. Conclui-se, portanto, que estes parâmetros sejam úteis para identificar o cronotipo vespertino podendo ser usados para propósitos de pesquisa e na prática clínica.
Individuals differ in their preferences to allocate the time periods of sleep and activity. These inter-individual differences are due partly to the biological clock that controls functions related to gene expression, hormone secretion, body temperature, cognitive and behavioral functions such as sleep-wake cycle. This chronobiological study aimed to evaluate a sample of university students in southern Brazil, the distribution of chronotypes and to study the relationship between chronotype and the following variables: mid- sleep on free days and days of activity (study), and to assess the internal consistency, reliability and agreement between the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire (MCTQ) and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) of Horne and Östberg (HO) to identify chronotypes. By discriminant analysis of sleep parameters for the evening chronotype highlights the importance of obtaining easier predictors to the evening typology since such characteristic has been associated with some risks of mental and behavioral disorders.Two hundred and forty four undergraduate students (59.0% women), 17- 35 years old, were assessed in a cross-sectional study. The Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) was used to evaluate sleep parameters on free days and work days and the Morningness/Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) to assess chronotypes. The data were analyzed by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and a discriminant analysis. The variables that presented the highest discriminant coefficients were mid-sleep on free days (0.89) and sleep onset on free days (0.86). Testing the diagnostic values of mid-sleep phase to identify eveningtype it was observed that the area under the ROC curve was 76%. This study showed a good sensitivity and specificity to identify the evening chronotype with these sleep parameters. We conclude that these parameters are useful to identify evening typology and can be used both to research purposes and clinical practice.

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This study reports the initial findings of a four-year longitudinal study undertaken to assess the total amount of sleep received by cadets at the United States Military Academy. Specifically, data on the Class of 2007 were collected and analyzed during the freshman year. Survey data were collected (n=1290) on sleep habits prior to the cadets reporting to the Academy. Actigraphy data were collected (n=80) during summer military training and during the Fall academic semester. Survey data were analyzed using two different methods to determine total amount of sleep prior to reporting to the Academy ( x =8.5 hrs, s.d.=1.7 hrs; x =7.76 hrs, s.d.=1.46 hrs). Actigraphy data revealed that cadets received much less nighttime sleep (naps not included) during the Fall academic semester than they reported receiving in the month before CBT (total: x =5.32 hrs, s.d.=35.3 mins; school nights: x =4.86 hrs, s.d.= 37.4 mins; non-school nights: x =6.56 hrs, s.d.=64.4 mins). Using morningness/eveningness chronotypes, owls and non-owls differed significantly along the following dimensions: cadet attrition (z=2.66, p=0.0039), fall term academic quality point average (t=3.92, p<0.001), military program score (t=5.169, p<0.001), and physical program score (t=3.295, p=0.001). Suggestions for additional analysis of existing and subsequent data are proposed.
United States Military Academy, West Point, NY
Ensign, United States Naval Reserve

This study has emerged from a growing interest in students' sleeping habits. During practical training as teachers, we have noticed a discussion of students' sleeping habits, fatigue and student performance at school in relation to their sleeping habits. The purpose of this field survey was to examine students’ sleeping habits and self-perceived performance ability in school in relation to sleeping habits. The material was collected from a questionnaire that was answered by 200 students in 4-6^th grade and 188 students in 1-2th grade in the upper secondary school, this to give an opportunity to see if there were any differences between the different age groups. Differences in gender have also been looked into. The results of the study show that many students, regardless of age or gender, that are sleeping less than 8 hours on school-nights also are tired in school and not able to fully concentrate during the day. The results show some correlation between sleeping habits and how the students feel they are able to perform in school. The results also show that older students sleep less than the younger ones, but a bigger part of the younger students than the older seem to have problems concentrating in school. The results also show a tendency towards differences in sleeping habits between genders, regardless of age, where boys sleep less than girls, but girls have a harder time concentrating in school.

Zeit ist ein fundamentaler Aspekt menschlichen Verhaltens. Während Untersuchungen bislang meist nur auf einem der drei Hauptaspekte der Zeit: Dauer, Zeitfolge und individuelle zeitliche Orientierung fokussierten, untersucht diese Dissertation Zusammenhänge zwischen der individuellen zeitlichen Orientierung und der Zeitfolge. Zeit ist nicht direkt wahrnehmbar, sondern an kognitive Abstraktionsprozesse gebunden. Diese benötigen kognitive Ressourcen und werden kognitiven Fähigkeiten beeinflusst. Daher wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und allgemeinen kognitiven Fähigkeiten ebenfalls untersucht. Studie 1 analysiert, wie verschiedene Aspekte individueller zeitlicher Orientierung korreliert sind, und diese Korrelationen von Alter und Geschlecht beeinflusst sind. Studien 2 und 3a analysieren Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und der Zeitfolge. Studie 3b untersucht mittels einer geometrischen Analogieanforderung Korrelationen zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung und höheren fluiden Intelligenzleistungen. Befunde zu Zeitperspektive-Chronotyp- Relationen sowie Zeithorizont-Chronotyp-Relationen werden berichtet, ebenso Zusammenhänge zwischen Zeitperspektive, Zeithorizont und der Zeitfolge. Ausgehend von diesen und früheren Befunden wird ein kognitives Modell vorgestellt, welches alle drei Aspekte psychologischer Zeit (Zeitdauer; Zeitfolge; individuelle zeitliche Orientierung) integriert. Ferner werden als Ergebnis der Studien Zusammenhänge zwischen der Zukunftsperspektive und fluider Intelligenz sowie Chronotyp und verbaler Intelligenz berichtet. Verhaltensdaten und psychophysiologische Daten (Pupillendilation) zeigen ferner Zusammenhänge zwischen individueller zeitlicher Orientierung, analogem Denken, exekutiven Funktionen und Konfliktverarbeitung. So scheinen Zukunftsperspektive und Morgentyp eng mit Konfliktverarbeitung verbunden, der Zeithorizont hingegen eng mit inhibierenden Kontrollprozessen.
Time is a fundamental aspect of human experience. Whilst most research investigated major aspects of psychological time - time duration, time succession, individual temporal orientation - in isolation, this dissertation investigates interrelations between individual temporal orientation and time succession. Since psychological time is bound to cognitive abstraction processes that rely on cognitive resources and functions, interrelations between individual temporal orientation and cognitive capacities were also investigated. Study 1 explored how different levels of individuals’ temporal orientation may be interrelated, and how interrelations may be influenced by age and sex. Interrelations between individual temporal orientation and time succession were explored in a task predominantly requiring crystallized intelligence (Study 2) and in a semantic analogy task requiring crystallized and fluid intelligence (Study 3a). Study 3b investigated interrelations between individual temporal orientation and higher-level fluid intelligence measures by applying a geometric analogy task. Interrelations between time perspective and chronotype as well as between chronotype and temporal depth are reported. Further, both future time perspective and temporal depth are interrelated with time succession. A testable global working memory model of time perception integrating all three aspects of psychological time is proposed. Further, interrelations between individual temporal orientation and cognitive capacities are reported. Future time perspective was related to fluid intelligence, chronotype to verbal intelligence. Behavioral as well as pupillary data suggest that individual temporal orientation is related to analogical reasoning, executive functions and goal management. Whereas future time perspective and morningness appear interrelated with conflict detection, temporal depth appears interrelated with inhibitory control.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
São cada vez mais os indivíduos que se queixam de problemas de sono, nomeadamente, queixas referentes à insónia. Desta forma, é pertinente averiguar a relação destas queixas relativamente ao cronótipo dos indivíduos. A presente investigação teve como objetivo de analisar a probabilidade de, em indivíduos adultos, existirem associações entre Matutinidade-vespertinidade e os três principais subtipos de insónia (i.e., insónia inicial, intermédia e final/terminal), definidos pela Classificação Internacional dos Distúrbios de Sono (3ª Edição). Paralelamente, foram estudados outros padrões de sono de matutinos e vespertinos, nomeadamente ao nível da duração de sono e horários de deitar e levantar durante a semana e fim-de-semana, comparando-os entre si.Desta forma, foi selecionada uma amostra final uma amostra de 584 indivíduos entre os 18 e 63 anos, em que 70% eram do sexo feminino e 30% do sexo masculino. Os participantes preencheram o Questionário Compósito de Matutinidade (QCM), Escala Básica de Sintomas de Insónia e Qualidade de Sono (BaSIQS) e o Inventário de Sintomas Psicopatológicos-18 (BSI-18).Constatou-se que existe uma correlação estatisticamente significativa entre os matutinos e as queixas de insónia final (i.e., acordar antes da hora desejada) e uma correlação também estatisticamente significativa entre os vespertinos e as queixas de insónia inicial (i.e., dificuldade em adormecer). Este estudo também comprovou que os vespertinos têm uma duração de sono menor que os matutinos durante a semana, mas o contrário verifica-se durante o fim-de-semana. Além disso, a análise também revelou que os matutinos se deitam e acordam mais cedo, tanto à semana como ao fim-de-semana, mas o contrário verifica-se nos vespertinos.Em suma, pode-se concluir que a presente investigação contribuiu para uma melhor compreensão dos subtipos de queixas de insónia através do tipo diurno dos indivíduos.
More and more individuals complain of sleep problems, namely insomnia complaints. This way, it is pertinent to investigate the relationship of these complaints regarding the chronotype in adults. The present study aimed to analyze the likelihood of associations between morningness-eveningness and the three major subtypes of insomnia (i.e., initial, maintenance and late insomnia) as defined, for instance, by the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (3rd ed.). A complementary aim consisted in comparing other sleep patterns between morning and evening types, such as sleep durations and schedules during the week and the weekend.This way, a final sample of 584 individuals between 18 and 63 years old was selected, 70% women and 30% men, all non students, subjected to daytime schedules (shift/night workers were excluded). Participants completed the Composite Scale of Morningness (QCM), Basic Scale on Insomnia Complaints and Quality of Sleep (BaSIQS) and the Brief Symptoms Inventory-18 (BSI-18).It was found that there were statistically significant associations between morningness and late insomnia complaints (i.e., wake up before the desired time) and between eveningness and initial insomnia complaints (i.e., difficulty falling asleep). This study also showed that evening-types obtained shorter sleep duration than morning ones during the week, but the opposite occurs during the weekend. Besides, the morning-types showed early bedtimes and risetimes, both at weekdays and weekends, whereas the opposite was found in the evening-type ones.In summary, it can be concluded that the present investigation contributed to a better understanding of the subtypes of insomnia complaints depending on the diurnal type of individuals.

Chronotype describes the daily rhythm of an individual’s performance capability as it changes through the day. It is defined using the Horne-Östberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) which assesses time-of-day preference; or the Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ) which indicates sleep timing parameters. My hypothesis was that chronotype predominantly reflects an individual’s perceived daily rhythm in executive function. We tested this by comparing MEQ and MCTQ with the University of Toronto Inventory of Morningness and Eveningness (UTIME) Questionnaire which examines performance on scenarios requiring cognitive, physical, and/or emotional responses. Highest correlations were found between MEQ and UTIME tasks with high executive demand. The same UTIME tasks were also correlated with MCTQ (mid-sleep, free days), although the correlations were consistently lower than UTIME versus MEQ. Correlations among UTIME tasks and MCTQ (mid-sleep, workdays) were not linked to executive demand. Chronotype appears to reflect the perception of peak executive ability independently of sleep pattern.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
Foi objetivo deste trabalho analisar longitudinalmente padrões de sono-vigília de estudantes universitários, e principais consumos, em períodos de aulas e de exames. Um total de 230 estudantes preencheu os Questionário sobre padrões de Sono e Vigília em Estudantes do Ensino Superior (QSVES) – versão “tempo de aulas”, Questionário Compósito de Matutinidade (durante o semestre) e o QSVES – versão “época de avaliações” (durante os exames). ANOVAs mistas a 2 fatores revelaram diferenças para horários, duração e qualidade de sono, em função do fator momento do semestre, assim como cada um dos fatores sexo, tipo diurno e presença/ausência de problemas de sono (potenciais moderadores). De aulas para exames, os vespertinos registaram atrasos superiores aos dos matutinos nas horas de deitar e de levantar, e os homens na hora de levantar em comparação com as mulheres. A duração foi aproximadamente a mesma tanto durante a semana de aulas como em geral durante as avaliações (7-8 hr), mas ao fim de semana, em período de aulas, foi mais elevada (Md = 8-9 hr). Foram as mulheres quem mais diminuiu a duração de sono em exames. Quanto à qualidade não houve efeitos de interação, mas verificou-se uma diminuição de aulas para exames. Também em exames, aumentou o consumo de café, em ambos os sexos, enquanto os homens diminuíram o consumo de outras substâncias. Em conclusão, de aulas para exames ocorrem algumas mudanças na saúde de sono aos níveis da quantidade, qualidade e horários, e em comportamentos de consumo relacionados com higiene de sono.
The aim of the present study was to longitudinally analyze the sleep-wake patterns of college students, as well as main substances usage, during periods of classes and exams. A total of 230 students completed the Sleep-Wake Questionnaire for University Students [SWQUS] – “during-the-semester” version, together with the Composite Morningness Questionnaire (CMQ) at the middle of the semester, and the SWQUS – “exams” version, during the examinations period. Mixed between-within subjects ANOVAs revealed differences for schedules, duration and quality of sleep, by time of the semester (within subjects factor) and each of the potentially moderating variables (between subjects factors, tested one at a time): sex, diurnal type, perceived presence/absence of sleep problems. From classes to exams, evening-types showed higher delays in bed and wake times compared to morning-types, and men delayed more their wake time compared to women. Sleep duration was approximately the same in week nights of classes or during exams period in general (7-8 hr), but higher (Md = 8-9 hr) at weekends during classes. Women reduced more their sleep duration during examinations than men. In terms of quality, no interaction effects were found, but there was a decrease from classes to exams. In addition, during exams coffee consumption increased in both sexes, while men decreased the consumption of other substances. In conclusion, during evaluations undergraduate students show later sleep schedules, a decrease in sleep duration and quality, and greater coffee consumption translating poorer sleep hygiene behaviors.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Psicologia apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação
A presente investigação teve como objetivo principal averiguar se os estados emocionais das crianças variam conforme a hora do dia (HD), dependendo do seu tipo diurno (TD).Participaram 298 crianças (51,3% meninas), dos 3º e 4º anos de agrupamentos de escolas da Região Centro, das quais 52 eram matutinas e 82 vespertinas. Após consentimento informado, os encarregados de educação preencheram o Questionário de Cronótipo em Crianças (QCTC), o Questionário sobre o Padrão de Sono-Vigília de Crianças (QSVC) e o Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ). O TD das crianças foi identificado pela escala de matutinidade/vespertinidade do QCTC. Em contexto de sala de aula, em dois momentos do dia, ~9:10 e ~16:00 ou pela ordem inversa (contrabalanceamento), as crianças preencheram as Escalas de Faces (EF), de Ansiedade-Estado para Crianças (STAIC) e de Afeto Positivo e Negativo em Crianças (EAPNC).Numa análise preliminar, as medidas de estados emocionais apenas revelaram associação significativa com pontuações da subescala “Problemas no relacionamento com os colegas” do SDQ. Nas análises de interesse, a interação TD*HD foi significativa no STAIC e tendencialmente significativa na EF. Testes de folow-up indicaram que à tarde as crianças matutinas sentem-se mais ansiosas e as vespertinas menos ansiosas. Nas restantes duas medidas os efeitos interativos foram não significativos. Não houve efeitos principais HD ou TD significativos, exceto o do TD sobre a ansiedade-estado, superior nos matutinos do que nos vespertinos. Nas crianças estudadas, o tipo diurno em interação com a hora do dia influenciam a oscilação da ansiedade-estado.
The main goal of this study was to investigate how children’s emotional states vary depending on Time-of-Day (ToD) in interaction with their Diurnal Type (DT).Participants were 298 elementary school children (51,4% female), from 3rd and 4th grades. After informed consent, the children’s guardians filled the Children's Chronotype Questionnaire (CCTQ), the Child Sleep-Waking Questionnaire (CSWQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). There were 52 Morning-type and 82 Evening-type children, as assessed by the Morningness/Eveningness scale of the CCTQ. In the classroom, in two different moments - ~9 a.m. and ~4 p.m, or in a reverse order (counterbalanced) - children filled the Faces Scale (FS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children (EAPNC).In a preliminary analysis, the measures of the emotional states only revealed significant association with the SDQ subscale “Peer relationship problems” score. The analyses of interest showed that the interaction between the DT and the ToD was significant for STAIC and approached significance for the FS. Follow-up tests indicated that in the afternoon Morning-type children feel more anxious while Evening-type children feel less anxious. The main effects of the ToD and of the DT were not significant for any of the emotional states’ measures, except for the STAIC in which there was a main effect of the DT, with the state-anxiety being higher for the Morning-types.In conclusion, the children’s diurnal type in interaction with ToD seem to influence their state-anxiety oscillations throughout the school day.
FCT