Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Morozov'

A concept of a well-posed problem was initially introduced by J. Hadamard in 1923, who expressed the idea that every mathematical model should have a unique solution, stable with respect to noise in the input data. If at least one of those properties is violated, the problem is ill-posed (and unstable). There are numerous examples of ill- posed problems in computational mathematics and applications. Classical numerical algorithms, when used for an ill-posed model, turn out to be divergent. Hence one has to develop special regularization techniques, which take advantage of an a priori information (normally available), in order to solve an ill-posed problem in a stable fashion. In this thesis, theoretical and numerical investigation of Tikhonov's (variational) regularization is presented. The regularization parameter is computed by the discrepancy principle of Morozov, and a first-kind integral equation is used for numerical simulations.

In this thesis we investigate the concept of good Z-grading of a finite dimensional semisimple Lie algebra over an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. Throughout the thesis we make use of the theorem of Jacobson Morozov, a fundamental result in the Lie theory. First of all we give a fundamental example of good grading, the Dynkin one. Afterwards we study more in general some properties of the good Z-gradings of a Lie algebra. Finally we give a complete description of the good Z-gradings of the symplectic Lie algebra.

This thesis aims to study the good gradings of simple finite-dimensional Lie algebras. The Dynkin grading is given as an example of good Z-grading of a semisimple Lie algebra. The main properties of a good Z-grading of a semisimple Lie algebra are proved and all good Z-gradings of gl(n), the Lie algebra of all matrices of order n, are classified. Finally, we extend the definition of good gradings to Lie superalgebras and start studying the good gradings of the Cartan superalgebra W(n). The case of W(2) and W(3) are analyzed.

L’analyse et la simulation numérique du problème de complétion de données, connue sous la dénomination de problème de Cauchy est le sujet de cette thèse. La méthodologie consiste d’abord à évaluer certaines des méthodes de régularisation parmi les plus populaires, telles que la méthode itérative de Richardson et la méthode de Lavrentiev, dans le cadre de la formulation variationnelle de type condensation sur le bord incomplète. Une discrétisation du problème de Steklov-Poincaré, par les éléments finis est proposée. Le problème discret est ensuite mis sous forme matricielle, qui est sévèrement mal-conditionnée. Une analyse approfondie de ce système aboutit à l’équivalence entre la méthode de régularisation de Lavrentiev et celle de Tikhonov. Il en résulte que le cadre mathématique complet développé pour la convergence de la méthode de Tikhonov s’étend tel quel à la procédure de Lavrentiev dans le cas particulier de la complétion de données. La deuxième partie de la thèse introduit un nouvel artifice basé sur l’extension du domaine de calcul pour renforcer les stratégies de régularisation connues. Ici nous mettons l’accent sur la méthode de Lavrentiev. Etant donné que la partie la plus imprécise de la solution de Cauchy calculée est condensée autour de la frontière incomplète, alors nous étendons le domaine de calcul au-delà de cette frontière, nous menons des calculs sur le domaine élargi et récupérons enfin la solution sur le domaine réel. L’amélioration des résultats numériques obtenus sont remarquables pour certaines configurations dont quelques unes nous intéressent spécialement dans notre projet de détections de points source à partir de l’EEG
The subject of this thesis is the analysis and the numerical simulation of the date completion problem, based on an elliptic Cauchy problem. The first part of the thesis is to evaluate certain regularization methods among the most popular ones, such as the Richardson iterative method and the Lavrentiev method, where the date completion is reformulated into a condensed type variational formulation on the incomplete boundary. A finite element discretization of the Steklow-Poincaré problem is proposed. The discrete problem is represented into a matrix form, which is severely ill-conditioned. Thanks to the formulation and properties of the algebraic system, we show an equivalence between the Lavrentiev and the Tikhonov regularization methods, which means that convergence results of the latter can be extended to the former in this special case of the date completion. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the introduction of a new artifice, based on the extension of the computational domain, to strengthen some known regularization strategies. Here we emphasize on the Lavrentiev method. Observing that the main perturbation of computed solutions occur at the vicinity of the incomplete boundary, we extend the computational domain beyond this boundary, compute the solution on the extended domain, and retrieve the desired solution by a restriction on the real domain. Numerical results gives a remarkable improvment on the accuracy of the computational procedure for certain configurations, some of wich are of our interest, and are our objective in the problem of point-sources detection from EEG

Cette description de l'agni (langue kwa de cote d'ivoire) comprend quatre parties de longueurs inegales. La premiere (ch. 1) est consacree aux unites de deuxieme articulation : phonologie (systemes phonematique et tonal). Les trois autres (ch. 2 a 7) etudient les unites de premiere articulation. Tout d'abord la grammaire (ch. 2 a 5) etudie les lois tres generales et absolument contraignantes du fonctionnement de l'agni. Ceci est fait en deux niveaux : a) celui de la lexicologie(ch. 2 : lexicologie des bases ; ch. 3 : lexicologie du constituant nominal ; ch. 4 : lexicologie du constituant verbal) ; b) celui de la syntaxe (ch. 5) qui etudie la structure generale de l'enonce agni. Une autre partie (ch. 6) intitulee de la grammaire au lexique se situe a un niveau intermediaire entre celui tres general de la grammaire et celui des cas particuliers du lexique. A l'interieur du scheme d'enonce decrit en grammaire, elle dit quelles sont les structures d'enonces effectivement realisees par opposition aux autres structures egalement possibles mais qui ne sont pas attestees. Elle manifeste quels sont les choix ou habitudes enonciatives de la communaute linguistique agni. La derniere partie (ch. 7) intitulee lexique presente une conception du lexique articulee sur les resultats obtenus dans la partie precedente et s'attache plus particulierement a l'etude du lexique des verbes.

In this article the term ‘African leafy vegetables’ was adopted to refer to the collective of plant species which are used as leafy vegetables and which are referred to as morogo or imifino by African people in South Africa. Function is central in this indigenous concept, which is subject to spatial and temporal variability in terms of plant species that are included as a result of diversity in ecology, culinary repertoire and change over time. As a result, the concept embraces indigenous, indigenised and recently introduced leafy vegetable species but this article is concerned mainly with the indigenous and indigenised species. In South Africa, the collection of these two types of leafy vegetables from the wild, or from cultivated fields where some of them grow as weeds, has a long history that has been intimately linked to women and their traditional livelihood tasks. Among poor people in remote rural areas the use of these types of leafy vegetables is still common but nationwide there is evidence of decline, particularly in urban areas. Cultivation of indigenous or indigenised leafy vegetables is restricted to a narrow group of primarily indigenised species in South Africa. Seven groups of indigenous or indigenised African leafy vegetables that are important in South Africa were given special attention and their local nomenclature, ecology, use and cultivation are discussed.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor
Las entidades financieras están desarrollando constantemente modelos que les ayuden a predecir el comportamiento de sus clientes, con el fin de mejorar sus ganancias o de reducir las pérdidas, como el riesgo de “no pago” o de “morosidad”. El objetivo es crear un modelo predictivo de Árboles de Decisión por Clasificación con minería de datos para predecir la morosidad financiera en Lima Metropolitana, describiendo y analizando las variables independientes con el algoritmo CHAID (Detector automático de Chi-cuadrado de interacción) siguiendo la metodología CRISP-DM en una base de datos de una entidad financiera. La principal ventaja de esta metodología es que no está sujeta a supuestos estadísticos, este método es muy usado cuando se busca predecir o clasificar comportamientos de riesgo, como la morosidad, y se cuenta con más variables cualitativas que cuantitativas. La metodología persigue la separación óptima en la muestra, de tal modo que los grupos de la variable respuesta ofrecen distintos perfiles de riesgo.
Trabajo de suficiencia profesional

Humanitarian aid, while useful in the short run, sometimes has the effect of contributing to poverty and poor economic conditions in the long run. This occurs when recipients of relief aid lose their initiative to fend for themselves and become reliant on external aid. The purpose of this mixed method study was to evaluate the degree to which dependency on long term aid has contributed to chronic poverty in the Moroto district of Uganda. This study was grounded on Harvey & Lind’s conceptualization of the dependency syndrome. The research questions addressed the relationship between household production and investment pattern with number of year as aid beneficiary, while exploring the beneficiaries’ perceptions on the roles of relief aid in their livelihood. Survey data were acquired from 75 participants from five sampled villages in Moroto District; qualitative data were acquired from the same villages involving five focus group discussions with 15 key informants per village. Quantitative data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and resulted in a finding of a statistically significant negative relationship between household production and investment with number of years spent as aid beneficiary. Qualitative data were inductively coded, and then organized around key themes. These findings suggest that many rural Ugandans believe that if aid were to cease, they would either migrate to an area where aid was available, or die of starvation. Implications for positive social change are connected to a recommendation to organizations offering humanitarian aid to package relief aid with other programs that support the recipients’ resilience building capacity in order to save lives and reduce chronic poverty that is common in disaster-prone areas around the world.

Humanitarian aid, while useful in the short run, sometimes has the effect of contributing to poverty and poor economic conditions in the long run. This occurs when recipients of relief aid lose their initiative to fend for themselves and become reliant on external aid. The purpose of this mixed method study was to evaluate the degree to which dependency on long term aid has contributed to chronic poverty in the Moroto district of Uganda. This study was grounded on Harvey & Lind's conceptualization of the dependency syndrome. The research questions addressed the relationship between household production and investment pattern with number of year as aid beneficiary, while exploring the beneficiaries' perceptions on the roles of relief aid in their livelihood. Survey data were acquired from 75 participants from five sampled villages in Moroto District; qualitative data were acquired from the same villages involving five focus group discussions with 15 key informants per village. Quantitative data were analyzed using multivariate regression analysis and resulted in a finding of a statistically significant negative relationship between household production and investment with number of years spent as aid beneficiary. Qualitative data were inductively coded, and then organized around key themes. These findings suggest that many rural Ugandans believe that if aid were to cease, they would either migrate to an area where aid was available, or die of starvation. Implications for positive social change are connected to a recommendation to organizations offering humanitarian aid to package relief aid with other programs that support the recipients' resilience building capacity in order to save lives and reduce chronic poverty that is common in disaster-prone areas around the world.

Questa tesi si pone come obiettivo la conoscenza di una parte culturale molto importante per la Russia, ovvero il Capodanno e le sue due figure principali, Ded Moroz e Snegurochka. Per i Russi infatti questa è una delle festività più importanti del paese, oltre al Giorno della Vittoria e altre tipiche feste russe. In questo elaborato verrà fatto un viaggio “storico”, per scoprire come è nata questa ricorrenza e come si è “evoluta” nel tempo.

An estimated 57 % of the black Africans in South Africa live in rural areas. Traditional vegetables play an important role in providing nutrition for rural subsistence households. Morogo refers to traditional leafy vegetables that are well adapted to local growing conditions, produce high yields and can be cultivated cost-effectively. Some of these vegetables occur as weedy plants in cultivated lands. The dietary value and cultivation practices of traditional vegetables are largely embedded in indigenous knowledge systems of local communities and not well documented in scientific literature. The present study was conducted in a rural African community in the Mopani District of the Limpopo Province. Questionnaires were used to obtain and document information related to morogo types consumed, subsistence agricultural practices as well as traditional food preservation and processing methods. Since dietary safety of food produced for rural household subsistence has - received little attention, the mycological safety of morogo was investigated. Standard techniques were employed to isolate potential toxigenic fungi from fresh and processed household morogo. Members of the fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium were present in low numbers. Alternaria was isolated in relatively high numbers mainly from internal leaf structures and Fusarium strains from leaf surfaces. Fusarium levels were found to be lower in samples of sun-dried, cooked and rinsed morogo. Molecular techniques were employed to confirm the identity of suspected fumonigenic Fusarium isolates and the presence of fumonisin-encoding genes. Fumonisin-producing Fusarium in the subsistence agro environment implies a risk that morogo might be contaminated with fumonisin mycotoxins. Subsequent research should be aimed at investigating the source of Fusarium contamination in the subsistence agro-environment and identifying risk factors for toxin production in traditional morogo.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un Modelo de Scoring para segmentación de clientes morosos con más de 180 días mora, y con mayor probabilidad de pago, usando técnicas de minería de datos y análisis predictivo para reducir costos mediante la reasignación de carteras de cobranza en una empresa de cobranzas del Perú. Para el desarrollo del modelo se utilizó data histórica del período de junio a setiembre 2020. Se consideró a los clientes morosos agrupados en tramos de morosidad. Cada tramo está definido según el número de días acumulado de morosidad. De estos tramos, se escogió el de “más de 180 días de mora” debido a que en este grupo se encuentran la mayor cantidad de clientes con el más bajo nivel de efectividad de recupero. Se utilizó la metodología CRISP-DM para implementar la solución. Durante la fase de modelado se definió, entre otras, la variable dummy “Flag_Pago_Cliente” para clasificar a los clientes como Bueno o Mal pagador. Para la construcción del modelo y las pruebas se utilizó la herramienta Rapidminer. En base a las técnicas de análisis predictivo se desarrollaron 4 modelos: K-Nearest Neighbors, Árbol de Decisión, SVM y Regresión Logística. Se seleccionó el Modelo de Regresión Logística porque durante los 4 meses de análisis de estudio tuvo mayor nivel de exactitud con un promedio de 98.4% y un AUC de 81.51%. Finalmente, se planteó la propuesta de implementación con una nueva distribución en la asignación de la cartera, considerando la gestión del 20% a través del Call Interno y el 80% en Call Externo. Los clientes con mejores probabilidades de pago fueron asignados al Call Interno. Mediante una simulación del despliegue de la solución se obtuvo que la efectividad de pago del Call Interno, en promedio mensual en los 4 meses, fue de 6.46% versus el 0.84% del Call Externo. Mientras que a nivel de Volumen de Clientes que pagan, en promedio mensual, fueron 192 clientes más en el Call Interno respecto al Call Externo, con lo que quedó validado y justificado la importancia del modelo en la reasignación de carteras con más de 180 días mora.

Ubiquitous in agro-environments, Fusarium species infect and damage economically important crops and contaminate food commodities with harmful secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. In addition, human infection by pathogenic Fusarium strains has now emerged as a major problem particularly among individuals with suppressed immunity. Trichothecenes, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, rnoniliforme and fumonisins are potent toxins produced by Fusorium species including F. poae, F. nygami, F. oxysporum, F. proilferatum and F. verticillioides. The last three, together with F. solani and F. chlamydosporum are presently recognised as major role players in the occurrence of fusarioses in individuals with compromised immunity. In subsistence situations in rural areas of South Africa, a variety of traditional leafy vegetables, collectively known as morogo, supplement maize-based staple diets with minerals and vitamins. The utilisations of these traditional vegetables are generally based on indigenous knowledge pertaining to production and processing. Morogo plants are not natural hosts to mycotoxigenic and mycotic Fusarium species that are mainly associated with pathogeneses of grain crops such as maize. However, morogo growing in close proximity of maize in typical subsistence agricultural situations might be at risk of Fusarium contamination from maize. The study was conducted in the Dikgale Demographic Surveillance Site (DDSS), a rural area in the Limpopo Province characterised by the production of maize and different types of traditional morogo for household subsistence. HIVIAIDS is prevalent in the Limpopo Province. Chronic dietary exposure to Fusarium toxins and disseminated fusarioses might enhance disease outcomes associated with AIDS in affected individuals, thus adding to the burden of disease in DDSS communities. The aim of the study was to investigate the occurrence of mycotic and mycotoxigenic Fusarium species in traditional morogo and ago-environments in DDSS. Questionnaires were employed to obtain relevant information and indigenous knowledge from communities of Sefateng. Madiga, Mantheding and Moduane related to the utilisation of raditional morogo. At each village thepe (amaranth) and lerotho (African cabbage) were sampled on two occasions, namely before maize planting (M-) and when maize was fully grown (M+). Maize, soil and air were sampled at the same time. Botanical species identification was carried out on specimens of lerotho and thepe from each village. Lerotho. thepe, maize, soil and air samples were subjected to mycological analysis to determine the average fungal levels and Fusarium species that occurred. Samples of fresh and traditionally sun-dried samples of thepe and lerotho were analysed by HPLC for fumonisins. Average fungal plate counts of morogo from all four villages were notably higher in lerotho compared to thepe. Lerotho sampled from M- fields of Madiga, Mantheding and Moduane exhibited higher average fungal levels than those from the M+ fields. However, in lerotho sampled from the M+ field of Sefateng average fungal levels were significantly higher than that of the M- field. Fungal levels in maize growing close to morogo were lowest in Sefateng and highest in Moduane. The highest fungal counts in soil were reported for Sefateng's M- field and the lowest for Sefateng M+ field. Fungal levels were high in air samples of M+ fields of all four villages and the lowest in M- field of Sefateng. The majority Fusarium isolates retrieved from morogo and environmental samples belonged to known mycotoxigenic and/or mycotic species, though predominant species and levels thereof varied in samples from M- and M+ fields of the four villages. Fusarium levels in thepe from both M- and M+ fields were shown to be lower as in lerotho. In samples of the Sefateng M- field, F. poae occurred predominantly in lerotho, thepe, soil as well as air, while F. subglutinans was the predominant species in lerotho and air samples of Mantheding. In Sefateng samples from M+ field, F. chlamydosporum predominated among isolates retrieved from lerotho, F. prolifiratum and F. gramenearum among those from maize and F. solani among those from soil and air. F. proliferatum dominated among isolates from lerotho, maize, soil and air of M+ sites of Madiga and F. chlamydosporum in soil and air samples of Mantheding. HPLC analysis detected fumonisin B1 in traditionally sun-dried as well as fresh samples of lerorho as well as thepe. The occurrence of mycotoxigenic and rnycotic Fusarium species in traditional morogo and agro-environments might be an aggravating health risk factor for DDSS communities.
Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como objetivo principal apoyar el proceso de toma de decisiones comerciales sobre clientes morosos del suministro de agua potable en la municipalidad de Chota frente a la situación problemática que existía debido a que los usuarios tenían deudas de no solo meses sino incluso años. Con esta finalidad, se planteó el desarrollo de un sistema de análisis comercial basado en Inteligencia de Negocios, utilizando la metodología de Barquin para dar soporte al proceso de toma de decisiones sobre clientes morosos. Finalmente, se obtuvieron como resultados que eran 5 las dimensiones idóneas que alimentarían al hecho “Ingresos”; los reportes permitieron mostrar los ingresos reales según un período de tiempo determinado, la evolución de suministros, la evolución de ingresos, el análisis de ingresos por zonas y las deudas de los clientes. Además, mediante el juicio de expertos se logró validar el sistema en base a la ISO 9421 con el criterio de usabilidad y el coeficiente de V-Aiken.

The study examined interactions between morogo plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Fusarium species. Morogo refers to traditional leafy vegetables that, together with maize porridge, are dominant staple foods in rural areas of the Limpopo Province such as the Dikgale Demographic Surveillance Site (DDSS). Morogo plants grow either as weeds (often among maize), occur naturally in the field or are cultivated as subsistence crops by rural communities. Botanical species of morogo plants consumed in the DDSS were determined. Colonisation of morogo plant roots by AMF and Fusarium species composition in the immediate soil environment were investigated in four of eight DDSS subsistence communities, Isolated AMF were shown to belong to the genera Acaulospora and Glomus. Twelve Fusarium species were isolated from soil among which Fusariurn verticilliodes and Fusarium proliferaturn occurred predominantly. Greenhouse pot trials were conducted to examine the effect of AMF on morogo plant growth (cowpea; Mgna unguiculata) and Fusarium proliferatum levels in soil, Interaction between plants and AMF, as well as tripartite interactions of cowpea plants, AMF and Fusarium proliferatum were investigated. Non-inoculated cowpea plants served as controls for the following inoculations of cowpea in pots: (i) Fusarium proliferatum; (ii) commercial AMF from Mycoroot (PTY) Ltd. (a mixture of selected indigenous Glomus spp referred to commercial AMF for the purpose of this study); (iii) indigenous AMF obtained from DDSS soil (referred to iocal AMF for the purpose of this study); (iv) commercial AMF plus Fusarium proliferatum; (v) local AMF plus Fusariurn proliferatum. Results showed reduced root colonization by local as well as commercial AMF when Fusarium proliferatum were present. Local AMF significantly enhanced cowpea growth while commercial AMF apparently reduced the level of Fusarium proliferatum in the rhizosphere and surrounding soil. Results suggest that AMF may have potential as biological growth enhancers and bioprotective agents against Fusarium proliferatum.
Thesis (M. Environmental Science (Water Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

La recerca s'ha desenvolupat a través d'un estudi que ha interrelacionat el procés d'integració social i cultural de la comunitat marroquina en la societat d'assentament amb la integració escolar dels infants i joves en els centres d'educació obligatòria. El que suposa una anàlisi del paper integrador que l'escola desenvolupa i pot desenvolupar, i també una reflexió sobre la interculturalitat i l' educació intercultural com a posicionament que afavoreix la integració plural. Tot aquest treball s'ha desenvolupat des d' una perspectiva articulada, ja que permet una major comprensió del fet migratori que es viu a una i altra banda de la Mediterrània.
La investigació s 'ha desenvolupat en un paradigma sociocrític i a través d'un procés etnogràfic (observació, relats de vida, entrevistes ... ) al llarg de quasi tres anys, que ha estudiat i ha analitzat des d' una perspectiva comprensiva i transformadora, com la comunitat marroquina valora l'escolarització dels infants i joves des de les concepcions d'educació i d'escola que ha construït a través:
1. El procés migratori, entenent-lo mitjançant l' emigració i la immigració, en una perspectiva articulada.
2. El procés d'integració sociocultural en la societat d'arribada.
El treball realitzat ha plantejat un marc teòric de tipus interdisciplinar -que s'ha estès al llarg de la investigació- per tal de situar el procés migratori, el concepte d'integració en la societat d'avui, des d'una perspectiva habermasiana i el paper de l'educació i de l'escola des d'una posicionament comunicatiu.
Un cop presentat el marc teòric s'ha estudiat el procés migratori situant-se primer en el context de partida, el Marroc, realitzant una anàlisi que s'ha desenvolupat mitjançant factors socioculturals i educatius que en aquest darrer cas s'han ubicat sobre: l'educació en l'islam i en l'actual sistema d'ensenyament nacional. Posteriorment s'ha estudiat el context d'immigració a través d'aspectes demogràfics, jurídics, socioculturals i educatius. Presentant en aquest darrers un perfil socioformatiu de l'alumnat d'origen marroquí a través d'un estudi realitzat a la província de Girona.
En els últims capítols s'exposen, primer situant-se en el Rif Oriental (Marroc), la ciutat de Nador i el seu entorn, de forma mes breu, i després amb extensió sobre l'espai de les comunitats marroquines d'Angles i Palafrugell a Catalunya, localitats de les comarques gironines, les característiques del context sociocutural i escolar, com a elements sobre el quals analitzar el procés d'integració sociocultural i escolar en el context d'assentament.
La recerca també ha recollit l'opinió i l'experiència dels treballadors i famílies d'origen marroquí sobre l'escolarització dels infants i joves de la comunitat marroquina i sobre les expectatives que els pares i adults tenen de l'escola corn a institució formativa i integradora.
Finalment es presenta una anàlisi, partint de la inforrnació obtinguda, que interrelaciona el procés d'integració sociocultural i escolar en el país d' assentament que ha aportat els següents referents i orientacions:
1. El procés d'integració de la comunitat marroquina mostra que es dóna un replegament sobre si mateixa que dificulta la integració plural. Aquest replegament es dóna mitjançant els valors de la tradició i de l'islam que són simultàniament, elements de cultura i de control.
2. Cal analitzar la integració en funció del model d' integració dominant en la societat d'arribada que es basa sobretot en aspectes funcionals: econòmics, jurídics i productius.
3. La integració en els àmbits morals: drets i deures, i en els aspectes simbòlics: identitats i identificacions són dominats en el primer cas per l'assimilació en els aspectes socials, culturals i productius, i pels estereotips en els aspectes identitaris i d'identificació.
Aquesta situació comporta la necessitat de desenvolupar un model d'integració escolar que ha de tenir corn a referent que l'escola no pot integrar ni l'alumnat pot integrar-se si viu un procés de marginació o exclusió fora del centre i si el centre educatiu no és conscient d'allò que succeeix al seu entorn i a l'alumnat més enllà del context escolar.
1- Ha de procurar la integració de l'alumnat en la xarxa relacional i formativa del centre.
2- Ha d'aconseguir la integració de l'alumnat a l'aula.
3- Ha de tenir present que les accions integradores, abans esmentades, han d'afavorir la integració de l'alumnat fora de l'espai escolar i en una perspectiva de futur, ha d' afavorir la integració sociolaboral.
Per tant, l'escola ha de plantejar-se que és necessari establir un diàleg amb totes les famílies a través d'un nou model de participació en el qual l'escola passi de ser un lloc de pas a un lloc de trobada. Aquesta dinàmica també replanteja ara les actuals fronteres entre allò públic i privat, entre l'escola i la família, amb l' objectiu de descobrir les coincidències entre els projectes social, cultural i educatiu d'ambdues institucions.
This research is based on a study of the interrelation of the social and the cultural elements in the integrating process of the Moroccan community in the host society; and the integration of their youngsters in the compulsory educational system of the host country. We establish the role of the "School" in the whole integrating process and debate the importance of interculture and intercultural education in favor of a plural education. We worked from different perspectives in order to provide a major understanding of the migration process that takes place between both sides of the Mediterranean Sea.
Our analysis was developed through an ethnographic process that includes observation, tell tales, personal interviews... in both sides, the Eastern Rif (Morocco) and Catalunya (Spain). We studied multiple data provided from a comprehensive and transforming perspective: the family and the Moroccan community value the education of the younger members from the new conceptions of School and Education built:
1. During their migrating process. Migration and emigration gave them new points of view.
2. The socio-cultural integrating process in the host society.
The results of our investigation confer several points that we considered worth to mention:
1. The integrating process of the Moroccan community within the community itself. The values and traditions of the Islam are their referents, as well as their culture and a powerful weapon to control the community.
2. The predominant integrating pattern of the host society -mostly based on economic, legal and productive facts- defines the integrating process of the community.
3. The moral integration: rights and duties; and the symbolic facts: identities and identifications, predominant through the assimilation of the social, cultural and productive realities, identities and identification stereotypes.
This situation involves a school integrating pattern defined by some special rules. The members of the community can not be integrated in the School if they are suffering from social isolation or exclusion, off the limits of the School. Moreover, the school system must be aware of the events and situations that surround the new arrived students.
The School has to integrate immigrant students through a three step process:
1. Integration of the students in the affective and formative network of the school.
2. Integration of the students within the class.
The two already mentioned steps have to integrate the students into the surrounding world, off the limits of the School, and promote their integration in a future working market.
The school has to carry out its role as an integrating center through encouraging discussion within the families of the community, and adopting a new function as a meeting nucleus. The limits between what becomes public and private, between school and family vanish or simply change. School and family both become more interested in the social, cultural and educational projects they get involved with.

碩士
輔仁大學
會計學系碩士班
100
Due to the increase of global climate-change, the frequency of a major disaster occurs increasingly. After disaster, our government often has to prepare a huge budget to devote to the reconstruction, and raises fund by lending, which exacerbated the burden of government’s finance. Additionally, according to implementation of the Special Budget in the past, often transferred a large amount of retained budget to the next year, or resulted in a high ratio of the budget balance. Hence, the use of government’s limited resources may be another form of waste. Base on this, there are some mechanisms designed in the government procurement act to make the procurement procedure transparently and achieves the purpose of prefect competition. Authorities should estimate the number of procurement cases and amount of each case in procurement process. The budget and estimate amount of procurement cases is public information in the invitation bulletin. This method will help the constructor to assess profit of tenders in order to determine its bidding strategy. It is a positive effect to the competition of bidding. However, when there is a remarkable gap between the tender awarding value and the government reconstruction budget, it is difficult to judge that it is a case of high original budget or the price of bidding is too low in practices. This study aims to investigate the determinants of the difference between government reconstruction budget and the tender awarding value. I examine this issue by the literature review, basic statistical analysis and regression analysis. The empirical results show that the gap of bidding ratio might be significantly affected by the style of constructions, the source of funds, the period of works, construction cost index adjustment act , number of competitors and economic growth. By this way, it could help the authorities to compile the project budget or approved project grants. It is expected to improve the efficiency of resources allocation on reconstruction by Government.

Food insecurity remains a major challenge affecting the rural poor households in South Africa. The consumption of green leafy vegetables is important to address micronutrients deficiency in rural communities and, at the same time, it contributes to fibre intake. This study investigated the people’s attitude towards the cultivation and utilisation of ILVs in rural communities. A cross-section survey study was conducted among 1 000 respondents in randomly selected households in communities. The majority of respondents were not willingly consuming ILVs. This is because most consumers were black and of the low-income group. ILVs that are consumed grow mainly in the wild. The regular consumption of these vegetables as indicated in this study is interesting, as this will help in mitigating micronutrient deficiency. Furthermore, these vegetables could be incorporated in formulated food to improve iron and zinc, especially in infant foods formulation. Based on the findings of this study it would be important to find ways of encouraging cultivation of ILVs for both nutrition and as income generating activities.
Business Management
M. Consumer Science