To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Morphological and syntactic constraints.
Journal articles on the topic 'Morphological and syntactic constraints'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Morphological and syntactic constraints.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Seeker, Wolfgang, and Jonas Kuhn. "Morphological and Syntactic Case in Statistical Dependency Parsing." Computational Linguistics 39, no. 1 (2013): 23–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00134.
Full textAbstract:
Most morphologically rich languages with free word order use case systems to mark the grammatical function of nominal elements, especially for the core argument functions of a verb. The standard pipeline approach in syntactic dependency parsing assumes a complete disambiguation of morphological (case) information prior to automatic syntactic analysis. Parsing experiments on Czech, German, and Hungarian show that this approach is susceptible to propagating morphological annotation errors when parsing languages displaying syncretism in their morphological case paradigms. We develop a different architecture where we use case as a possibly underspecified filtering device restricting the options for syntactic analysis. Carefully designed morpho-syntactic constraints can delimit the search space of a statistical dependency parser and exclude solutions that would violate the restrictions overtly marked in the morphology of the words in a given sentence. The constrained system outperforms a state-of-the-art data-driven pipeline architecture, as we show experimentally, and, in addition, the parser output comes with guarantees about local and global morpho-syntactic wellformedness, which can be useful for downstream applications.
2
Bohnet, Bernd, Joakim Nivre, Igor Boguslavsky, Richárd Farkas, Filip Ginter, and Jan Hajič. "Joint Morphological and Syntactic Analysis for Richly Inflected Languages." Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics 1 (December 2013): 415–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tacl_a_00238.
Full textAbstract:
Joint morphological and syntactic analysis has been proposed as a way of improving parsing accuracy for richly inflected languages. Starting from a transition-based model for joint part-of-speech tagging and dependency parsing, we explore different ways of integrating morphological features into the model. We also investigate the use of rule-based morphological analyzers to provide hard or soft lexical constraints and the use of word clusters to tackle the sparsity of lexical features. Evaluation on five morphologically rich languages (Czech, Finnish, German, Hungarian, and Russian) shows consistent improvements in both morphological and syntactic accuracy for joint prediction over a pipeline model, with further improvements thanks to lexical constraints and word clusters. The final results improve the state of the art in dependency parsing for all languages.
3
Xie, Zhu. "Two Types of Verb Reduplications in Mandarin Chinese." Studies in Chinese Linguistics 41, no. 1 (2020): 73–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scl-2020-0003.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper analyzes verb reduplication in Mandarin Chinese under a lexicalist framework. By adopting the Lexicalist Hypothesis proposed by Chomsky (1970), a distinction has been made between syntactic and morphological verb reduplications by means of five tests: productivity, le insertion, categorial stability, transitivity, and input/output constraints. It is found that the AA and ABAB patterns of verb reduplication have relatively high productivity and regular syntactic behaviors, whereas the AABB pattern of verb reduplication shows extremely low productivity and syntactic idiosyncrasy. Given these observations, this paper proposes that the AA and ABAB patterns should be syntactic verb reduplications derived at the syntactic level, whereas the AABB pattern should be morphological verb reduplication formed in the lexicon. The two types of verb reduplications have different generative mechanisms.
4
Pavlou, Natalia. "The Morphotactics of the Cypriot Greek Augment." Languages 7, no. 2 (2022): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020149.
Full textAbstract:
This paper adopts a morphological approach to the reduplication of the past-tense augment in Cypriot Greek and explores the morphotactic constraints that apply. Phonological reduplication phenomena have been addressed in morphology by developing a framework that can account for both doubling and metathesis. This phenomenon has been a focus of discussion, but less is known about the application of this mechanism to tense prefixes, known as augments. Doubling of the augment appears in verbal complexes depending on the position of its components, what I will argue are cases that support the post-syntactic morphological doubling and metathesis analysis in Distributed Morphology. The data from this non-standard variety provide a novel analysis of augments and contribute to a better understanding of their distribution by redefining this phenomenon as morphological and supporting a unified framework for the formalism designed to account for similar post-syntactic morphological phenomena.
5
Zabrocki, Tadeusz. "Syntactic diacrisis in a rigid and a free word order language." Investigationes Linguisticae, no. 34 (September 15, 2016): 113–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/il.2016.34.8.
Full textAbstract:
The paper is concerned with some syntactic consequences of Polish being a synthetic language with a rich system of case inflections and English lacking morphological case (or having a residual form of it). It will be argued that this typologically significant grammatical difference provides an essential premise in a unified explanation for the clustering of a number of syntactic differences between the two languages.The argument is based on a set of functionally motivated constraints on grammatical representations. The constraints are proposed as a part of a theory of “syntactic diacrisis” and are claimed to result from a) the general nature of language as a semiotic system, and b) the specific properties of the human parsing mechanism.The paper consists of three sections. The first contains a brief discussion of the role and place of functional explanations in syntax and introduces the concept of a “parser’s requirement on structure” (PROS).The second section introduces and justifies some basic principles of “syntactic diacrisis”.The third focuses on several syntactic differences between English and Polish and shows how they could all be explained by reference to the interplay of the functional (theory of diacrisis)and grammatical factors.
6
Lu, Zijia. "Syntactic Information Extraction in the Parafovea: Evidence from Two-Character Phrases in Chinese." Behavioral Sciences 15, no. 7 (2025): 935. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15070935.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates syntactic parafoveal processing in Chinese reading using a boundary paradigm with two-character verb–object phrases. Participants (N = 120 undergraduates) viewed sentences with manipulated previews (identity, syntactically consistent, and inconsistent previews). Results showed a selective syntactic preview effect: syntactical violations reduced target word skipping rates, but fixation durations remained unaffected. This dissociation contrasts with robust syntactic preview benefits observed in alphabetic languages, highlighting how Chinese’s lack of morphological markers constrains parafoveal processing. The findings challenge parallel processing models while supporting language-specific modulation of universal cognitive mechanisms. Our results advance understanding of hierarchical information extraction in reading, with implications for developing cross-linguistic reading models.
7
HENGEVELD, KEES, JAN RIJKHOFF, and ANNA SIEWIERSKA. "Parts-of-speech systems and word order." Journal of Linguistics 40, no. 3 (2004): 527–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226704002762.
Full textAbstract:
This paper argues that the word order possibilities of a language are partly determined by the parts-of-speech system of that language. In languages in which lexical items are specialized for certain functionally defined syntactic slots (e.g. the modifier slot within a noun phrase), the identifiability of these slots is ensured by the nature of the lexical items (e.g. adjectives) themselves. As a result, word order possibilities are relatively unrestricted in these languages. In languages in which lexical items are not specialized for certain syntactic slots, in that these items combine the functions of two or more of the traditional word classes, other strategies have to be invoked to enhance identifiability. In these languages word order constraints are used to make syntactic slots identifiable on the basis of their position within the clause or phrase. Hence the word order possibilities are rather restricted in these languages. Counterexamples to the latter claim all involve cases in which identifiability is ensured by morphological rather than syntactic means. This shows that there is a balanced trade-off between the syntactic, morphological, and lexical structure of a language.
8
Yang, Yongzhong. "The Structure of Chinese Compounds: The Perspective of Predicative Implicitness." Acta Linguistica Asiatica 14, no. 1 (2024): 55–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.14.1.55-86.
Full textAbstract:
This paper examines Chinese nominal compounds with respect to their internal structure, thematic relations, generation process, and constraint mechanism from the perspective of predicate implicitness. Findings reveal that constituent functions in these compounds vary based on their structural positions, closely aligning morphological and syntactic structures. Predicate implicitness necessitates hierarchical adjunction, disallowing cross-layered adjunction. Corresponding relations exist between theta-roles, semantic relations, syntactic, and morphological structures. The study delineates differences between agentive and non-agentive compounds and explores how syntactic structure influences morphological structure. It also delves into theta-roles, argument structure, and linear order, arguing that constituent word order adheres to the Prominence and Locality Principles, dictated by their syntactic hierarchy positions.
9
Pirvulescu, Mihaela. "Morphological Paradigms and the Role of Tense." Revue québécoise de linguistique 31, no. 2 (2004): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/009311ar.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this paper I propose that the existence of morphological paradigms in the domain of the verbal inflection is subject to a morphosyntactic constraint: paradigms are based on an asymmetrical relation between tense and agreement features. The syntactic dependence of agreement features on the Tense node is carried out at the morphological level in the following way: verbal forms that have a syntactic tense representation will be assigned a paradigm in a post syntactic morphological module; verbal forms that do not have a syntactic tense representation will not be assigned a morphological paradigm (as is the case of the so-called non-personal moods like the gerund) or will have a “parasitic paradigm” (as, for example, the subjunctive and the imperative in Romance languages). In other words, tense features legitimate paradigmatic structure. Examples from Romance languages as well as from unrelated languages as Hungarian and Albanian seem to support this hypothesis.
10
Culicover, Peter W., Giuseppe Varaschin, and Susanne Winkler. "The Radical Unacceptability Hypothesis: Accounting for Unacceptability without Universal Constraints." Languages 7, no. 2 (2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7020096.
Full textAbstract:
The Radical Unacceptability Hypothesis (RUH) has been proposed as a way of explaining the unacceptability of extraction from islands and frozen structures. This hypothesis explicitly assumes a distinction between unacceptability due to violations of local well-formedness conditions—conditions on constituency, constituent order, and morphological form—and unacceptability due to extra-grammatical factors. We explore the RUH with respect to classical islands, and extend it to a broader range of phenomena, including freezing, A′ chain interactions, zero-relative clauses, topic islands, weak crossover, extraction from subjects and parasitic gaps, and sensitivity to information structure. The picture that emerges is consistent with the RUH, and suggests more generally that the unacceptability of extraction from otherwise well-formed configurations reflects non-syntactic factors, not principles of grammar.
11
Katsouda, Georgia. "The Greek suffix -ozos." Journal of Greek Linguistics 16, no. 2 (2016): 232–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15699846-01602003.
Full textAbstract:
This paper offers a morphological analysis of the borrowed derivational suffix -όζος [ózos], used in both a number of Modern Greek (MGr) dialects and in Standard Modern Greek (SMGr). It draws on an extensive corpus to examine the suffix from both a synchronic and a diachronic perspective. Our diachronic analysis emphasizes the geographical distribution, the etymological provenance of the suffix, and the loan accommodation strategies employed in various MGr dialects, thus providing some interesting etymological findings regarding the lexical stock of Modern Greek (Standard and dialects). Our synchronic analysis focuses on the stem categories with which the suffix combines and accounts for the phonological, morphological, and syntactic constraints that function during the derivational process.
12
Clahsen, Harald, Sabrina Gerth, Vera Heyer, and Esther Schott. "Morphology constrains native and non-native word formation in different ways." Mental Lexicon 10, no. 1 (2015): 53–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.10.1.03cla.
Full textAbstract:
The role of morphological and syntactic information in non-native second language (L2) comprehension is controversial. Some have argued that late bilinguals rapidly integrate grammatical cues with other information sources during reading or listening in the same way as native speakers. Others claim that structural cues are underused in L2 processing. We examined different kinds of modifiers inside compounds (e.g. singulars vs. plurals, *rat eater vs. rats eater) with respect to this controversy, which are subject to both structural and non-structural constraints. Two offline and two online (eye-movement) experiments were performed examining the role of these constraints in spoken language comprehension of English and German, testing 77 advanced L2 learners. We also compared the L2 groups to corresponding groups of native speakers. Our results suggest that despite native-like sensitivity to the compounding constraints, late bilinguals rely more on non-structural constraints and are less able to revise their initial interpretations than L1 comprehenders.
13
Palomar, Manuel, Antonio Ferrández, Lidia Moreno, et al. "An Algorithm for Anaphora Resolution in Spanish Texts." Computational Linguistics 27, no. 4 (2001): 545–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089120101753342662.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents an algorithm for identifying noun phrase antecedents of third person personal pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, reflexive pronouns, and omitted pronouns (zero pronouns) in unrestricted Spanish texts. We define a list of constraints and preferences for different types of pronominal expressions, and we document in detail the importance of each kind of knowledge (lexical, morphological, syntactic, and statistical) in anaphora resolution for Spanish. The paper also provides a definition for syntactic conditions on Spanish NP-pronoun noncoreference using partial parsing. The algorithm has been evaluated on a corpus of 1,677 pronouns and achieved a success rate of 76.8%. We have also implemented four competitive algorithms and tested their performance in a blind evaluation on the same test corpus. This new approach could easily be extended to other languages such as English, Portuguese, Italian, or Japanese.
14
Cacchioli, Gioia. "The Tigrinya zɨ- prefix". Brill's Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics 15, № 1 (2023): 232–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18776930-01501004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Head-final languages are not expected to display verbal prefixes. However, in Tigrinya—a consistent SOV Ethio-Semitic language—the “relative marker” is a prefix that precedes the subordinate verb. Taking an antisymmetric and LCA approach to head-finality, I challenge the idea that what have been traditionally called prefixes in head-final languages have an intrinsic “prefixal morphological property”. Instead, I argue that prefixes are elements that are subject to specific syntactic constraints that result in them appearing in front of verbs. I therefore propose a new syntactic analysis of relative clauses in Tigrinya that explains not only the appearance of the prefix zɨ- on the left of the subordinate verb, but also its occurrence on both the verb and the auxiliary in periphrastic verbal forms expressing progressive aspect: I suggest that zɨ- is a marker of successive-cyclic movement.
15
Lardiere, Donna. "L2 acquisition of English synthetic compounding is not constrained by level-ordering (and neither, probably, is L1 )." Second Language Research 11, no. 1 (1995): 20–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839501100102.
Full textAbstract:
This article investigates the acquisition of English synthetic compounding by native Spanish and native Chinese speakers. Data are presented which con tradict the claim by Gordon (1985), Clahsen (1991) and Clahsen et al. (1992) that morphological level-ordering is universally, innately available to lan guage learners to guide their acquisition of compounding constraints. Empirical arguments are given which show that compounding, at least, can not be universally subject to the particular inflectional constraints - namely, a restriction on plurals in compounds - imposed by the level-ordering mod els cited in the above acquisition studies. I also present additional experi mental results which demonstrate that L2 learners of English freely violate this restriction, and that such violations reflect particular L1 influence. I suggest an alternative approach to analysing the role of Universal Grammar in the acquisition of compounding which better accounts for both the L1 and L2 English data, by considering 1) the interaction of syntactic principles with lexical derivation; 2) the parametric differences between the L1 and L2; and 3) the language-specific nature of morphological affixation.
16
Czaplicki, Bartłomiej. "Construction-specific effects of phonological similarity avoidance." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 58, no. 2 (2022): 159–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0010.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Previous research on similarity avoidance has focused on such phonological factors as featural similarity and adjacency. This paper additionally investigates the phonology-morphology interface and draws attention to morphological and lexical effects of similarity avoidance. Avoidance of identical or similar sounds may give rise to a variety of strategies, including periphrastic category formation, an unexpected allomorph of the stem or affix and a lexical gap. It is argued that, although similarity avoidance has a universal basis in language processing, the various strategies to implement it are construction specific. In particular, it is shown that one construction may exhibit a different scope of OCP effects than another, which entails that the constraints regulating OCP effects should be morphosyntactically indexed, in turn requiring reference to multiple cophonologies with distinct properties. A novel finding is that cophonologies may be delimited by the syntactic category of the base of category formation. Drawing on the insight of Construction Morphology, the analysis represents dissimilation as an interaction of construction-specific OCP constraints with schemas that include reference to the base. In order to derive the gradience of OCP effects, the relevant constraints are ranked on the basis of a similarity metric and formal complexity. The proposed constraint-based analysis aims to represent the construction-specific strategies for dealing with dissimilation and capture the observed gradience of the pressure.
17
Wiltschko, Martina, and Strang Burton. "On the Sources of Person Hierarchy Effects in Halkomelem Salish." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 49, no. 1 (2004): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100002784.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractLike many other Salish languages, in Halkomelem Salish, with transitive verbs, it is not possible to combine a 3rd person with a 2nd person. We propose that this *3/2 constraint is morphological in nature. This departs from previous analyses which have taken the *3/2 constraint to be the effect of a hierarchy of [person] and/or [animate] features. One consequence of analysing the *3/2 constraint as morphologically based is that person/animacy hierarchies are not primitives in the grammar. In particular, we show that person-based gaps in transitive verb paradigms receive a morpho-syntactic explanation, and that apparent restrictions on the distribution of the [animate] feature actually reflect the lexical semantics of the predicate.
18
Tickoo, Asha. "The lexico-syntactic marking of chronological order." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 21, no. 1 (1998): 109–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.21.1.07tic.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The complexities inherent to the acquisition of temporal reference have not been associated with the first formal means of representing time in L2 acquisition of temporal reference, namely temporal adverbials. But this study of the use of ‘then’/ ‘after that’ by Vietnamese learners of ESL suggests that this temporal adverb poses as much of a learning challenge as morphological means of temporal reference. A distinct form to function mapping is evident in this learner’s use of ‘then’/ ‘after that’, just as it is in interlanguage morphological marking of tense and aspect. The same asymmetry in the learning process is evident, with target-like form being acquired at a point at which the corresponding function is till not completely target-like. ‘Then’/ ‘after that’ marks chronological order for salient narrative events. I will show that this learner’s usage is monitored by a looser notion of salience, which emerges from the transference of a salience-marking principle from a tense-free L1. It is suggested that since the tenseless L1 is clearly impacting not just the acquisition of English tense-aspect morphology, but rather the entire system of temporal reference, the teacher should not assume shared intuitions on the felicitous use of ‘so simple a word’ as ‘then’. And target usage should be introduced as a proper subset of the learner counterpart, using negative evidence to illustrate the more highly constrained nature of target usage.
19
Schlücker, Barbara. " Sportschau-like , raststättenlike , Claudialike . Like -Adjektive als neues Wortbildungsmuster im Deutschen." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 52, no. 3 (2024): 545–74. https://doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2024-2024.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Adjectives with the borrowed head constituent like are a previously undescribed phenomenon in German. This corpus-based study shows that they occur frequently in certain text sources and analyses them as a productive word-formation pattern. The article describes the morphological, syntactic, graphemic, semantic, and pragmatic properties of these adjectives. While their structural formation is subject to only few constraints, their use is much more restricted. This is shown, among other things, by the frequent use of quotation marks which indicates that writers are aware of the novelty or expressiveness of the formations. Finally, the emergence of the pattern in German is discussed in terms of foreign word-formation vs. grammatical borrowing.
20
CHRABASZCZ, ANNA, and KIRA GOR. "Quantifying contextual effects in second language processing of phonolexically ambiguous and unambiguous words." Applied Psycholinguistics 38, no. 4 (2017): 909–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000497.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTSecond language (L2) speakers often experience difficulty discriminating speech sounds of the nonnative language, which can result in phonolexical ambiguity. We report two experiments that examine how L2 Russian speakers may utilize contextual constraints for phonolexical ambiguity resolution during speech comprehension. L2 ambiguous words constitute minimal pairs with palatalized and unpalatalized consonants in the Russian language, where the phonological feature of palatalization marks semantic, morphological, or syntactic distinctions between words. L2 performance is compared to that of a control group of Russian native speakers. The results demonstrate that L2 listeners rely on contextual information for meaning disambiguation during sentence comprehension, but that the relative reliance on different types of context is task specific.
21
Orozco, Rafael. "Variation in the expression of nominal possession in Costeño Spanish." Spanish in Context 7, no. 2 (2010): 194–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.7.2.03oro.
Full textAbstract:
To express nominal possession, Spanish speakers use a linguistic variable with three variants: a possessive adjective, a definite article and periphrasis. This study explores the expression of possession in Barranquilla, Colombia examining data extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with a socially stratified group of twenty informants. I conducted a series of statistical regression analyses for each variant testing ten linguistic and five social constraints. The results revealed that possessive adjectives and definite articles marking possession are almost evenly distributed. The expression of possession is conditioned by eight linguistic and two social constraints including distance between referent and possessive, semantic category, type of subject, speaker’s sex and social status/age. The results also suggest that the incursion of possessive periphrasis may constitute a manifestation of cyclicity, a crosslinguistic evolutionary process triggering internal syntactic and morphological adjustments. The results help increase our understanding of variation in contemporary Spanish and of how the sociolinguistic forces constraining language variation in Colombian Costeño Spanish conform to established sociolinguistic theory.
22
Alshammari, Wafi Fhaid, and Ahmad Radi Alshammari. "Adaptation of Turkish Loanwords Originating from Arabic." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 5 (2020): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n5p388.
Full textAbstract:
This study investigates the phonological and morphological adaptation of Turkish loanwords of Arabic origin to reveal aspects of native speakers’ knowledge that are not necessarily obvious. It accounts for numerous modification processes that these loanwords undergo when borrowed into Turkish. To achieve this, a corpus of 250 Turkish loanwords was collected and analyzed whereby these loanwords were compared to their Arabic counterparts to reveal phonological processes that Turkish followed to adapt them. Also, it tackles the treatment of morphological markings and compound forms in Turkish loanwords. The results show that adaptation processes are mostly phonological, albeit informed by phonetics and other linguistic factors. It is shown that the adaptation processes are geared towards unmarkedness in that faithfulness to the source input—Arabic—is violated, taking the burden to satisfy Turkish phonological constraints. Turkish loanwords of Arabic origin undergo a number of phonological processes, e.g., substitution, deletion, degemination, vowel harmony, and epenthesis for the purpose of repairing the ill-formedness. The Arabic feminine singular and plural morphemes are treated as part of the root, with fossilized functions of such markers. Also, compound forms are fused and word class is changed to fit the syntactic structure of Turkish. Such loanwords help pave the way to invoke latent native Turkish linguistic constraints.
23
Parrott, Jeffrey K. "Danish Vestigial Case and the Acquisition of Vocabulary in Distributed Morphology." Biolinguistics 3, no. 2-3 (2009): 270–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/bioling.8711.
Full textAbstract:
As Halle & Marantz (2008: 71) acknowledge, “we have no real idea about how a child assigns features to Vocabulary Items” in Distributed Morphology (DM). Stated generally, how do children acquire language-specific (sometimes variable) mappings between morpho-syntactic features and their morpho-phonological exponents? Following Emonds (1986) in a DM framework, this article advances a testable ‘morphological transparency’ constraint on the acquisition of Vocabulary, and presents supporting results from a pilot observational child-language study in Danish. This constraint explains a significant difference in the mechanisms of Germanic case morphology. By hypothesis, ‘vestigial’ case forms of English and Danish pronouns are contextual allomorphs, with Vocabulary that do not contain any morpho-syntactic case features. Vestigial-case mechanisms constitute a comprehensive analysis of intra-individually variable case-form mismatches in coordinate Determiner Phrases, predicate nominals, and other syntactic structures. Thus, a principle of language acquisition ultimately explains the distribution of case forms both within and across language varieties.
24
Jaensch, Carol. "Defective adjectival inflection in non-native German: Prosodic transfer or missing surface inflection?" EUROSLA Yearbook 8 (August 7, 2008): 259–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.8.14jae.
Full textAbstract:
Two recent hypotheses which support the theory of full access to Universal Grammar have been proposed in order to account for variant data supplied by L2 learners. The Prosodic Transfer Hypothesis (Goad, White & Steele 2003) suggests that non-target-like behaviour by L2 learners is partially due to the differences in prosody between the L1 and L2 and the ensuing prosodic constraints; whilst the Missing Surface Inflection Hypothesis (Prévost & White 2000) proposes that problems are due to the learners’ variability in mapping abstract syntactic features onto morphological forms. This paper discusses a study of Japanese native speakers acquiring L3 German adjectival inflection in light of these two hypotheses. Data are provided from a written gap-filling task and from two oral production tasks. The results indicate stronger support for the MSIH.
25
Siegel, Jeff. "Two Types of Functional Transfer in Language Contact." Journal of Language Contact 5, no. 2 (2012): 187–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740912x639247.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article is to examine one kind of cross linguistic influence, or transfer, in language contact situations. This is “functional transfer”, defined as applying the grammatical functions of a morpheme from one language to a morpheme in another language that does not normally have these functions. With regard to language contact, most reported instances of this kind of transfer concern the creation of a new grammatical morpheme in an expanded pidgin or creole, resulting from the use of a lexical morpheme of the lexifier (here the recipient language, RL) with semantic and syntactic properties of a grammatical morpheme of the substrate language(s) (here the source language(s), SL).Another kind of functional transfer, however, results in an already existing grammatical morpheme in the RL being used with semantic properties, but not syntactic properties, of a grammatical morpheme in the SL that speakers perceive as equivalent. Thus, the two types of functional transfer differ in that the first entails morphological augmentation while the second involves functional alteration of an existing morpheme.Other differences between the two types of transfer are that certain constraints appear to apply to the first type but not to the second. In addition, the first type of transfer, as opposed to the second, does not commonly occur in the process of second language acquisition. Explanations proposed for these distinctions concern different strategies used for morphological expansion in the development of a contact language. Different contact languages can be placed along a continuum based on the prevalence and type of functional transfer.
26
Colomina, María Pilar. "A distinctness approach to clitic combinations in Romance." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 13, no. 2 (2020): 277–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2020-2031.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis paper analyses the combinatorial restrictions that operate in clitic clusters in certain Eastern Iberian varieties (Aragonese, Spanish, and Catalan). In particular, I focus on the combination of third person clitics. As it is well known, in some Romance varieties the combination of a third person accusative clitic and a third person dative clitic is banned (the so-called ∗le lo restriction, Bonet, Eulàlia. 1991. Morphology after syntax: Pronominal clitics in Romance. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dissertation; Cuervo, María Cristina. 2013. Spanish clitic clusters: Three of a perfect pair. Borealis: An International Journal of Hispanic Linguistics 2. 191–220; Nevins, Andrew. 2007. The representation of third person and its consequences for person-case effects. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 25(2). 273–313; Ordóñez, Francisco. 2002. Some clitic combinations in the syntax of Romance. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 1. 201–224, Ordóñez, Francisco. 2012. Clitics in Spanish. In José I. Hualde, Antxon Olarrea & Erin O’Rouke (eds.), The handbook of Spanish Linguistics, 423–453. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell; Perlmutter, David. 1971. Deep and surface structure constraints in syntax. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston). In order to license this troublesome combination, languages resort to different ‘repair strategies’ modifying the structure of one of the merged clitics. In the literature on clitic combinations, there have been two main proposals of analysis: morphological and syntactical. In this paper, I put forward an analysis based on the Distinctness Condition (Hiraiwa, Ken. 2010. The syntactic OCP. In Yukio Otsu (ed.), The proceedings of the 11th Tokyo Conference on Psycholinguistics, 35–56. Hituzi: Tokyo; Neeleman, Ad & Hans van de Koot. 2005. Syntactic haplology. In Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), The Blackwell companion to syntax, 685–710. Wiley-Blackwell; Perlmutter, David. 1971. Deep and surface structure constraints in syntax. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston; Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees, vol. 56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Van Riemsdijk, Henk. 1998. Categorial feature magnetism: The endocentricity and distribution of projections. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 2(1). 1–48; Yip, Moira. 1998. Identity avoxidance in phonology and morphology. In Steven G. Lapointe, Diane K. Brentari & Patrick M. Farell (eds.), Mophology and its relation to phonology and syntax, 216–246. Stanford, CA: CSLI). Specifically, I argue that the restrictions that constraint clitic combinations are due to the impossibility to linearize two identical syntactic objects, such as <XP, XP> (Chomsky, Noam. 2013. Problems of projection. Lingua 130. 33–49; Chomsky, Noam. 2015. Problems of projection. In Elisa Di Domenico, Cornelia Hamann & Simona Matteini (eds.), Structures, strategies and beyond: Studies in honour of Adriana Belletti, 1–16. Amsterdam: John Benjamins; Moro, Andrea. 2000. Dynamic antisymmetry (No. 38). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees, vol. 56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press). From this perspective, cross-linguistic variation is the result of different ‘repair strategies’ languages deploy to make <XP, XP> objects linearizable (Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees, vol. 56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
27
Essa, Hatem. "Exploring the Acquisition of English Plural Formation and Compounding: Insights from L1 speakers of Libyan Arabic." World Journal of English Language 15, no. 6 (2025): 325. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v15n6p325.
Full textAbstract:
One of the most widely studied morphological phenomena in psycholinguistics is the avoidance of regular but not irregular plurals in noun compounds (e.g., rats eater vs. mice eater). This study addresses this issue by examining the acquisition of English synthetic and root compounding by L1 speakers of Libyan Arabic, focusing on the role of L1 transfer and Universal Grammar (UG) in learning this presyntactic property. Specifically, it investigates whether morphological constraints on plural formation in noun compounds are universally available to second language learners or subject to L1 influence. Participants were selected at different phases of learning English in the classroom to offer an indication of possible developmental progress. A forced-choice gap-filling task was used to investigate how learners apply pluralization rules in English compounds. The results suggest some evidence of L1 influence, but no clear indication of UG influence. Moreover, little development change was observed across proficiency levels. These findings challenge the claims that morphological level-ordering is universally and innately accessible (e.g., Clahsen, 1991; Clahsen et al., 1992; Gordon, 1985). Overall, the results are consistent with an L1 transfer/access to UG view of the L2 acquisition of pre-syntactic properties, without providing strong support for this position.
28
Di Sciullo, Anna Maria. "Affixes at the Edge." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 50, no. 1-4 (2005): 83–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008413100003674.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article shows how affixal scope and precedence relations fall out in a natural way from properties of the computational system. Using Asymmetry Theory (Di Sciullo 2005), it is proposed that: (i) roots and affixes form minimal trees; (ii) minimal trees compose with each other to form morphological phases; (iii) features of a morphological phase edge that are legible at Phonetic Form (PF) determine affix-root linearization; and (iv) ordering of affixes relative to each other follows the Hierarchy of Homogeneous Projections, which constrains scope relations at Logical Form (LF). Three languages are considered: English (which has prefixing and suffixing), Yekhee (strongly prefixal), and Turkish (strongly suffixal). The findings presented here support a parallel model of grammar: morphological derivations (DM) parallel syntactic derivations (DS), with restricted interactions between them.
29
Alves, Michele Calil dos Santos. "Differences between grammatical gender and semantic gender in pronominal antecedent retrieval in Brazilian Portuguese." Diacrítica 33, no. 2 (2019): 89–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/diacritica.403.
Full textAbstract:
Coreference is a syntactic dependency in which pronouns are bound to previous referents in discourse. Granted that antecedents of anaphors must be retrieved from memory in coreference, the aim of this research is to provide more information on how pronominal antecedents are retrieved, and more precisely to clarify the role of gender cues in pronominal antecedent retrieval when gender morphology is overt. Since Portuguese is a language with visible morphology, speakers of this language are used to rely on agreement cues to process language. The results of two eye-tracking experiments conducted with native speakers of Brazilian Portuguese demonstrated that both binding structural constraints and gender morphological cues are equally important in antecedent retrieval in memory throughout processing. In addition, the results indicated that semantic gender seemed to weigh more in memory than grammatical gender since structurally unacceptable candidates carrying semantic gender caused more interference effects than grammatical gender.
30
ALEXOPOULOU, THEODORA, and DIMITRA KOLLIAKOU. "On Linkhood, Topicalization and Clitic Left Dislocation." Journal of Linguistics 38, no. 2 (2002): 193–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226702001445.
Full textAbstract:
This paper focuses on the Information Packaging notion of linkhood and provides a structural definition of this notion for Greek. We show that a combination of structural resources – syntactic (left dislocation), morphological (clitic duplication) and phonological (absence of nuclear accent) – are simultaneously exploited to realize linkhood in Greek, a generalization that can be captured in a constraint-based grammar such as HPSG, which permits the expression of interface constraints. We assume Vallduví's (1992) approach to Information Packaging, and Engdahl & Vallduví's (1996) implementation of the latter in HPSG, but deviate from Vallduví's work in adopting Hendriks & Dekker's (1996) revised definition of linkhood that relies on non-monotone anaphora. From an empirical point of view, our approach directly accounts for the invariable association of Clitic Left Dislocated NPs with wide scope readings, as well as a number of systematic differences in felicity conditions between Clitic Left Dislocation and other apparently related phenomena (Topicalization and Clitic Doubling). From a theoretical perspective, our analysis departs from syntax-based notions of topichood or discourse-linking and supports a definition that unifies linkhood with other anaphora phenomena. As such, it arguably overcomes previously noted problems for Vallduví's treatment of links as the current-locus-of-update in a Heim-style file-card system.
31
TISHEVA, YOVKA. "EIGHT FORUM ON BULGARIAN GRAMMAR." Journal of Bulgarian Language 69, PR (2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.69.22.pr.01.
Full textAbstract:
The Eighth Forum on Bulgarian Grammar titled Predication, Predicates, Predicatives was held on 21 and 22 October 2021. The Forum was organised by the Institute for Bulgarian Language Prof. Lyubomir Andreychin at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Department of Bulgarian Language of the Faculty of Slavic Studies at Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski. The forum was dedicated to the 90th anniversary of one of the most renowned Bulgarian linguists of our time – Prof. DSc Yordan Penchev Penchev. The Forum’s topic encompassed a broad range of theoretical and applied issues related to the lexical peculiarities, the semantic description and the classification of (selected classes of) predicates and predicatives, the description of grammatical categories involved in the realisation of predication, the study of the syntactic patterns of argument expression and the identification of relevant semantic and grammatical features. The main focus of the discussion was centred around (though not limited to) the following issues: • Lexical and semantic characterisation of various classes of predicates and predicatives • Approaches to the description of valency and argument selection • The expression of predication at the morphological level • Semantic and syntactic structure of sentences with predicates and predicatives • Description of semantic and grammatical constraints on subject, complement and adjunct realisation. Following the established tradition, the papers presented at the Forum are published in Balgarski ezik’s Supplement.
32
Hammarberg, Björn. "Examining the Processability Theory." EUROSLA 6 55 (January 1, 1996): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.55.07ham.
Full textAbstract:
The Processability Theory (PT), originating from the German ZISA Project and recently revised by Pienemann (1993, in prep.), claims that the order of grammatical development in a second language is determined by a hierarchy of psycholinguistic constraints on the processability of grammatical structures. The present paper discusses some problematic aspects of this theory and argues for a dynamic view of L2 acquisition in which factors which drive acquisition ahead are also taken into account. It is suggested that a Principle of Perceived Communicative Value (PCV) plays a part in conditioning the order of L2 development. The relative role of processability and communicative value factors is investigated here in a case where they compete. The acquisition of adjective agreement in L2 Swedish is chosen as a test case to examine predictions about the order of development derived from PT and PCV. This permits the comparison of a phrasal (NP) and inter-phrasal (subject-predicative) syntactic domain as well as the comparison of different morphological categories (gender and number). Longitudinal data are gathered from a corpus of conversations with six adult learners reflecting successive stages of development for each individual from the beginning stage to an advanced level. The results indicate that the nature of the morphological category is decisive in determining acquisition order, which means that PCV is effective and overrules PT in those cases where the two are in conflict. On the other hand, if the same morpho-logical category is compared in different syntactic domains, PTs prediction that phrasal agreement comes before inter-phrasal agreement is borne out. This suggests that the two principles of processability and communicative relevance interact, and that a theory of processability is neither sufficient nor invalid, but needs to be placed in the context of a wider model of L2 development. It lends support to the dynamic view of L2 acquisition discussed in the paper.
33
Edeleva, Julia, Anna Chrabaszcz, and Valeriia Demareva. "Resolving conflicting cues in processing of ambiguous words: The role of case, word order, and animacy." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 8 (2020): 1173–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820902429.
Full textAbstract:
We report results from a self-paced silent-reading study and a self-paced reading-aloud study examining ambiguous forms (heteronyms) of Russian animate and inanimate nouns which are differentiated in speech through word stress, for example, uCHItelja.TEACHER.GEN/ACC.SG and uchiteLJA.TEACHERS.NOM.PL.1 During reading, the absence of the auditory cue (word stress) to word identification results in morphologically ambiguous forms since both words have the same inflectional marking, -ja. Because word inflection is a reliable cue to syntactic role assignment, the ambiguity affects the level of morphology and of syntactic structure. However, word order constraints and frequency advantage of the GEN over both the NOM and the ACC noun forms with the - a/-ja inflection should pre-empt two different syntactic parses (OVS vs. SVO) when the heteronym is sentence-initial. We inquired into whether the parser is aware of the multi-level ambiguity and whether selected conflicting cues (case, word order, animacy) can prime parallel access to several structural parses. We found that animate and inanimate nouns patterned differently. The difference was consistent across the experiments. Against the backdrop of classical sentence processing dichotomies, the emergent pattern fits with the serial interactive or the parallel modular parser hypothesis.
34
Tsvetkov, Yulia, and Chris Dyer. "Cross-Lingual Bridges with Models of Lexical Borrowing." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 55 (January 13, 2016): 63–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.4786.
Full textAbstract:
Linguistic borrowing is the phenomenon of transferring linguistic constructions (lexical, phonological, morphological, and syntactic) from a donor language to a recipient language as a result of contacts between communities speaking different languages. Borrowed words are found in all languages, andin contrast to cognate relationshipsborrowing relationships may exist across unrelated languages (for example, about 40% of Swahilis vocabulary is borrowed from the unrelated language Arabic). In this work, we develop a model of morpho-phonological transformations across languages. Its features are based on universal constraints from Optimality Theory (OT), and we show that compared to several standardbut linguistically more naïvebaselines, our OT-inspired model obtains good performance at predicting donor forms from borrowed forms with only a few dozen training examples, making this a cost-effective strategy for sharing lexical information across languages. We demonstrate applications of the lexical borrowing model in machine translation, using resource-rich donor language to obtain translations of out-of-vocabulary loanwords in a lower resource language. Our framework obtains substantial improvements (up to 1.6 BLEU) over standard baselines.
35
Egbert, Maria M. "Context-sensitivity in conversation: Eye gaze and the German repair initiatorbitte?" Language in Society 25, no. 4 (1996): 587–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500020820.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTJust as turn-taking has been found to be both context-free and context-sensitive (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson 1974), the organization of repair is also shown here to be both context-free and context-sensitive. In a comparison of American and German conversation, repair can be shown to be context-free in that, basically, the same mechanism can be found across these two languages. However, repair is also sensitive to the linguistic inventory of a given language; in German, morphological marking, syntactic constraints, and grammatical congruity across turns are used as interactional resources. In addition, repair is sensitive to certain characteristics of social situations. The selection of a particular repair initiator, Germanbitte?‘pardon?’, indexes that there is no mutual gaze between interlocutors; i.e., there is no common course of action. The selection ofbitte?not only initiates repair; it also spurs establishment of mutual gaze, and thus displays that there is attention to a common focus. (Conversation analysis, context, cross-linguistic analysis, repair, gaze, telephone conversation, co-present interaction, grammar and interaction)
36
Meng, Hai-Rong, and Takeshi Nakamoto. "Discourse particles in Chinese–Japanese code switching: Constrained by the Matrix Language Frame?" International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 1 (2016): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916658712.
Full textAbstract:
Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: The purpose of this paper is to clarify the grammatical constraints on discourse particles in Chinese–Japanese intra-sentential code switching in light of the general framework of the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) model augmented by the 4-M model. Design/methodology/approach: This study retrieves data collected for three years from three Chinese–Japanese bilingual children aged between 2;1 and 5;0. Data and analysis: The database consists of nearly 300 hours of spontaneous conversations that are audio-recorded from the families of the three bilingual children, as well as diary entries. It shows that a large number of code switching utterances involve discourse particles. Findings/conclusions: Qualitative analyses of the data indicate that discourse particles are generally constrained by the MLF, yet they do not fit into any category of the 4-M model. Morphologically bound, discourse particles represent the information structure of a sentence (as in the Japanese topic marker - wa) or encode constraints on the inferential processes (as in the Japanese complementizer - kara) rather than truth-conditional information. They manifest some idiosyncrasy at the interface of syntax and pragmatics, and set up the MLF at a discourse level. Thus, the MLF model is extended from a merely syntactic level to the syntax–discourse interface. Originality: The present work has contributed empirical evidence from a hitherto undocumented language pair of Chinese and Japanese, and made theoretical explorations on the linguistic constraints of discourse particles. Significance/implications: On one hand, it is work that provides support for the robust nature of universality of the MLF constraints on code switching. On the other hand, discourse particles exhibit typological features that need further theoretical exploration in order to make a more comprehensive account for the grammatical constraints on Chinese–Japanese code switching.
37
Salem, Essa, Marwan Jarrah, and Imran Alrashdan. "Humor and the Creative Use of English Expressions in the Speech of University Students: A Case From Jordan." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (2020): 215824402091455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020914552.
Full textAbstract:
The present study examines the use of English lexical insertions to create humor by Jordanian university students. The data of the study are collected from spontaneous tape-recorded conversations from 62 participants of both males and females, representing different age groups (from 18–23 years old) and belonging to different specializations (e.g., engineering, pharmacy, mathematics, business, and English). The recorded conversations are qualitatively analyzed applying Auer’s sequential approach to code-switching to attain a local interpretation of lexical insertions for humor effect from English into Jordanian Arabic (JA). The findings of the study reveal that Jordanian university students exploit their bilingual repertoire to create humor by playfully and innovatively switching to English. This is shown to take place by unexpected switching points, a switching that flouts Arabic syntactic constraints, a violation of code-switching constraints, incongruity and incompatibility of translating Arabic culture-bound expressions to English, and imposing Arabic word formation templates to English insertions. Specifically, five patterns of code-switching of humor are found, namely, switching around the interrogative, playful affixation, phonological playfulness, haphazard calquing, and the imposition of Arabic morphological rules on English lexical insertions. The study argues that humorous insertions are in fact a marker of solidarity and an in-group membership. Humorous insertions are also shown not to contribute to the content of the message or the pragmatic meaning. Bilingual university students (of Arabic and English) purposefully make use of an additional linguistic resource to mock certain propositions.
38
Sankoff, David, Shana Poplack, and Swathi Vanniarajan. "The case of the nonce loan in Tamil." Language Variation and Change 2, no. 1 (1990): 71–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000272.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTNonce borrowings in the speech of bilinguals differ from established loanwords in that they are not necessarily recurrent, widespread, or recognized by host language monolinguals. With established loanwords, however, they share the characteristics of morphological and syntactic integration into the host language and consist of single content words or compounds. Furthermore, both types of loanwords differ from intrasentential code-switching — alternate sentence fragments in the two languages, each of which is grammatical by monolingual standards from the standpoints of appropriate function words, morphology, and syntax. In a large corpus of Tamil—English bilingual speech, many words of English origin are found in objects governed by Tamil verbs and vice versa. The equivalence constraint on intrasentential code-switching predicts that no code-switch should occur between verb and object in an SOV/SVO bilingual situation, and hence that objects whose language differs from that of the verb must be borrowed, if only for the nonce. To verify this prediction, we compare quantitatively the distribution across various syntactic contexts of both native Tamil and English—origin complements of Tamil verbs, and find them to be parallel. But the strongest evidence in favor of the nonce borrowing hypothesis comes from an analysis of variable accusative and dative case marking in these complements, in which the English-origin material is shown, morphologically and syntactically, to be virtually indistinguishable from Tamil (nonpronominal) nouns. In addition, we present supporting evidence from the genitive, locative, and other cases and from nonce borrowings from Tamil into these speakers' English.
39
Latifah, Latifah. "PEMBELAJARAN SINTAKSIS BAGI PEMBELAJAR ASING YANG BERBAHASA PERTAMA BAHASA INGGRIS." Semantik 2, no. 2 (2017): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22460/semantik.v2i2.p55-66.
Full textAbstract:
Syntax is a branch of linguistics that discuss the relationship between words in speech , language elements that are included in the scope of syntax is a phrase, clause , sentence . Learn syntax for foreign speakers is not easy , it takes a lot of practice so that students are able to understand the material and found it difficult syntax of the results of the exercises . Difficulties and constraints Indonesian Phrases patterned material or noun - adjective DM , whereas the English phrase patterned MD - noun or adjective , thus allowing the formation of fault Indonesian phrases by foreign speakers . Difficulties in material clauses are any deformities of grammatical tense marker in English into lexical time markers in Indonesian . The existence of multiple forms of predicates in the English language into a form of predicate in Indonesian can actually facilitate foreign learners in learning Indonesian clause for foreign learners do not need to be bothered with the selection predicate forms that must be used . Learning difficulties at the level of sentences for foreign speakers closely associated with a lack of understanding of the concept of morphological. By understanding the difficulties experienced by the learners experienced difficulties in practice able to be overcome by focusing on the difficulties faced by learners.Keywords :syntactic learning for foreign speakers
40
Sagyndykuly, В. "THE CATEGORY OF MODALITY IN THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SCIENTIST K.MAMADIL." Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2023-1.11.
Full textAbstract:
The article is based on the dissemination of scientific views on the category of modality in Kazakh linguistics. The author, differentiating the work of the scientist K. Mamadil, offers a different look at the nature of the topic termination. The article proposes to consider modal units, the most recognized morphological category, on the other side of linguistics. This is the lexical character of modal words. Here the emphasis is not only on the obligatory, predictable tone of modality, but also on the nature of their homonymization, synonymization. Secondly, the modal category is indicated as the main tool for creating an impersonal sentence type. Therefore, its syntactically character is revealed. Thirdly, it is argued that the scientific and theoretical proposals formed by the scientist K. Mamadil regarding the composition, structure and models of the modal structure of the verb can also be used in the recognition of other units of the language. This corresponds to the linguo-mathematical principles of the scientist's theme, and are recognized as the main ways of its implementation. All these designations were decided on the basis of the findings of Kazakh, Russian, German scientists. And he is responsible for the nature of the learning of contactology. In particular, such a principle affects the internal, external relationship of science, more precisely, morphosyntactic, lexico-syntactic and lingua-mathematical. In conclusion, it should be noted that the compositional-structural models proposed by K. Mamdil have priority in determining the functions of a constrained combination and a contact combination, which are already recognized as a syntactic unit. Indeed, although such scientific statements have a qualitative consistency in the field of phonetics and morphology of Kazakh linguistics, it is not possible to find the necessary conclusions from syntactic differences. Also, the homonymous and synonymous reasoning proposed by K. Mamadil opens the way to revealing the contactological nature of linguistics. It is clear that this feature underlies lexico-syntactic relations in the field of linguistics and will be an indispensable model for the main measurements of future research.
41
González-Álvarez, Dolores, and Javier Pérez-Guerra. "Profaning Margery Kempe's tomb or the application of a Constraint-Grammar Parser to a late Middle English text." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9, no. 2 (2004): 225–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.9.2.04gon.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent of grammatical variation between late Middle English and Present-day English. To that end, we compare the automatic output which the English Constraint Grammar Parser (ENGCG-2) offers of an updated medieval text from The Book of Margery Kempe and its corresponding modern version. In the first half of the paper we focus on the description of the parser. This system parses every constituent and associates it with a complex tag which provides morphological and syntactic information. The second half of the paper is devoted to the evaluation of the results obtained after the application of the parser to the medieval and the contemporary passages. By examining the instances exhibiting either unjustified ambiguity or parsing failure we determine to what extent morphosyntactic rules designed for Present-day English can be suitably applied to earlier stages of the language.
42
Outeiral, Sara María Riveiro, and Juan Carlos Acuña-Fariña. "Agreement processes in English and Spanish." Functions of Language 19, no. 1 (2012): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/fol.19.1.03riv.
Full textAbstract:
The nature of agreement has been the topic of extensive debate in the recent literature of both linguistics and psycholinguistics. In contrast to either fully syntactic or fully semantic accounts, so-called ‘constraint-satisfaction models’ (Haskell et al. 2010, among others) posit that all grammatical encoding is subject to a number of influences (syntax, semantics, pragmatics, frequency, etc.) which compete to dominate every computation, including agreement processes. After briefly considering psycholinguistic work on attraction (Wagers et al. 2009 and references therein), we try to shed light on this debate by observing how agreement operates in certain structures which were previously tested by Berg (1998) in a comparison of German and English. Here, we establish the same type of comparison between Spanish and English, and conclude that: 1. agreement is resolved after a constant tug-of-war between the syntactic and the semantic, a process in which semantics is likely to interfere in formal operations when these are performed in the context of a weak morphology; 2. agreement resolution is effectively subject to various linguistic influences, including the morphological characteristics of each language, but also the domain in which agreement is realised; and 3. agreement is responsible for shaping overall linguistic systems in the sense that, as noted by Berg, it may motivate left–orientation (as in English) or not (as in Spanish) as a general default strategy for locating subjects.
43
Alotaibi, Mansour. "The Default Case in Standard Arabic." International Journal of Linguistics 12, no. 6 (2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v12i6.17895.
Full textAbstract:
The default Case is a common phenomenon in Universal Grammar (UG). There are some languages which require that all Noun Phrases have Case. For these languages default Case meets something that has become known as the Case Filter (Rouveret and Vergnaud 1980). This is to say, if a particular Noun Phrase is not assigned a Case in association with some specification in some other part of the grammar, then default Case assignment principle can apply. Typical cross-linguistic default Cases are Nominative or Genitive, though the value of the default Case can vary from one language to another. While the default Case in English is accusative, it is nominative in most languages. The default mechanism which assigns this value is only invoked when the structural mechanism is not applicable. This paper argues, by citing multiple cross-linguistic examples, that assumption of a default Case in a language accounts for a better understanding of its syntactic and morphological structure. Based on Schütze’s (2001) proposal for English, it develops a theory to account for the default Case in Standard Arabic (SA). It argues that nominal expressions in SA do not receive nominative Case by assignment of other syntactic means. As such, its mechanism does not interact with the Case Filter, which is assumed to be a syntactic constraint. This paper shows that diverse phenomena in the distribution of nominative nominal expressions in SA can be treated using default Case. Previous studies have ample evidence that such phenomena from other languages have proved that instances for default Case are common, and furthermore, that there are opportunities within the Case framework to reduce the cross-linguistic differences in Case patterns in the event of choosing a default Case.
44
Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria, and Maria Dimitrakopoulou. "The Interpretability Hypothesis: evidence from wh-interrogatives in second language acquisition." Second Language Research 23, no. 2 (2007): 215–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658307076546.
Full textAbstract:
The second language acquisition (SLA) literature reports numerous studies of proficient second language (L2) speakers who diverge significantly from native speakers despite the evidence offered by the L2 input. Recent SLA theories have attempted to account for native speaker/non-native speaker (NS/NNS) divergence by arguing for the dissociation between syntactic knowledge and morpho(pho)nology. In particular, Lardiere (1998), Prévost and White (2000), and Goad and White (2004) claim that highly proficient learners have knowledge of the abstract syntactic properties of the language but occasionally fail to associate them with the correct morphological or phonological forms. On the other hand, theories that support partial availability of Universal Grammar (UG) (Tsimpli and Roussou 1991; Hawkins and Chan, 1997) argue for a problem in the syntax: while UG principles and operations are available in SLA, the formal features of the target language that are not instantiated in the L1 or have a different setting, cause learnability problems. This article discusses acquisitional data in the light of the Interpretability Hypothesis (Tsimpli and Mastropavlou, 2007), which is a reformulation of the SLA theory suggested by Tsimpli and Roussou (1991) in minimalist terms. It is argued that a minimalist approach to SLA can be implemented to specify the status of the features that are least accessible to re-setting in the SLA process, given (1) constraints on their learnability and (2), their setting in the L1 grammar. The phenomenon discussed concerns the use of the resumptive strategy in wh- subject and object extraction by intermediate and advanced Greek learners of English. It is proposed that the acceptability rate of pronouns in the extraction site is conditioned by the Logical Form (LF) interpretability of the features involved in the derivation. Hence, the interpretable features of animacy and discourse-linking are hypothesized to be involved in the analysis of English pronouns by Greek L2 learners, while the first language (L1) specification of resumptive pronouns as clusters of uninterpretable Case and Agreement features resists resetting.
45
Patroeva, N. V., and A. V. Rozhkova. "Revisiting the evolution of linguistic views and poetic language of the poet and reformer Vasily Kirillovich Trediakovsky." Russian language at school 84, no. 2 (2023): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2023-84-2-32-42.
Full textAbstract:
The paper presents a linguo-stylistic analysis of two poems by V. K. Trediakovsky, namely "A Ceremonial Ode on the Surrender of the City of Gdansk" (1734) and "Ode I. A Solemn Ode on the Surrender of the City of Gdansk" (1752). The study aims to determine the correlation between the key provisions of Trediakovsky’s language programme and his linguistic style reflected in the two chronologically distant texts. To achieve this goal, we used analysis, synthesis, as well as inductive, deductive, comparative-contrastive, typological, linguo-stylistic, lexicographic, and quantitative methods. The contrastive analysis confirms the genre-driven systematic use of bookish Slavonic elements. Moreover, a significant proportion of them, primarily lexical and morphological, are found in the 1752 version, which indicates the tendency for the style of mature Trediakovsky to archaize. Both texts are characterized by the use of phonetic Old Church Slavicisms and clipped adjectives. The observation of lexical units enables us to postulate a wider range of such means in the 1752 text. It is in this poetic version that some cases of replacing a stylistically neutral word with a Slavicism are identified, which seems important in the light of confirming the archaizing tendencies in the style of late Trediakovsky. The observations of the sentence typology and structure allow us to suggest that the new verse requirements of the 1752 version triggered syntactic transformations. The result was a rarer use of one-member sentences, an increase in the number of two-member and asyndetic composite sentences, and an insignificant decrease in the proportion of extending members of the sentence and syndetic multi-component composite constructions. At the same time, the syntactic pattern of the text does not appear to be completely renewed and innovated due to such constraints as the inverted order of sentence members and their significant intentional distancing. The analysis we performed confirms the inconsistency in the style and linguistic aspirations of V. K. Trediakovsky. His individual style still remains to be studied comprehensively.
46
Kanwit, Matthew, and Virginia Terán. "Ideas Buenas o Buenas Ideas: Phonological, Semantic, and Frequency Effects on Variable Adjective Ordering in Rioplatense Spanish." Languages 5, no. 4 (2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040065.
Full textAbstract:
Although linguistic research has often focused on one domain (e.g., as influenced by generative prioritization of the Autonomy of Syntax), critical findings have been uncovered by exploring the interaction of multiple domains (e.g., the link between morphological status and lateralization of /ɾ/; the syntactic–pragmatic interface’s constraints on subject expression). The position of adjectives relative to the nouns they modify is a good test case in this discussion because multiple areas of the grammar are implicated, including syntax, phonology, and semantics. Moreover, research on this structure has yielded small cells, which prevented the use of statistical tests to convey the relative importance of multiple factors. Consequently, our study used a controlled, 24-item contextualized preference task to assess the roles of semantics (i.e., adjective class), phonology (i.e., noun–adjective syllable length differences), and lexical frequency on variable adjective ordering for 100 speakers of rioplatense Argentinean Spanish. Mixed-effects regression revealed that each factor was significant, with shorter, high-frequency, evaluative adjectives most favoring pre-position. Individual adjective analysis confirmed the greater effect of lexical frequency than semantic class, with additional corpora analyses further elucidating these trends. The study adds to the growing body of research on the role of factors across linguistic domains, while arguing for the importance of the relative frequency of adjective–noun collocations and complementing recent research on lexical effects.
47
Arends, Myra. "Verwervingsvolgorde In Het Nederlands Als Tweede Taal." Toegepaste Taalwetenschap in Artikelen 77 (January 1, 2007): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.77.08are.
Full textAbstract:
The assumption that L2 acquisition is constrained by processing is the basis for several approaches to SLA. Pienemann's Processability Theory (PT) is one of them (Pienemann, 1998; 2005). PT is a universal framework that predicts the order in which certain morphological and syntactic phenomena of a specific language are acquired. The current paper presents the results of a test of the validity of PT for L2 Dutch. For this study I elicited utterances of 32 foreign students learning Dutch. Three phenomena were chosen for this test: (i) attributive adjective-noun agreement; (ii) subject-verb agreement in main clauses: (iii) the placement of conjugated verbs in subordinate clauses. These phenomena are located at successive developmental stages in the hierarchy predicted by PT. The presented results appear not to support PT and raise questions about the predictions made by the theory.
48
Lee, Jeong Min. "The Study Of ‘V1+connective ending+V2’Korean Serial Constructions." Dongnam Journal of Korean Language and Literature 53 (May 31, 2022): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21654/djkll.2022.53.1.5.
Full textAbstract:
This paper aims to examine that a structure of ‘V1-a V2’ is separated by focus particles. The categories of verb linking constructions which combine focus particles are the same in terms of the morphological identity, but not the syntactic-semantical identity. In addition, it violates the Lexical Island Constraint and causes a contradiction between form and meaning when focus particles are combined with compound verbs. It seems to be induced by the specificity of each category of the ‘V1-a V2’ and the application of variable semantic domains of focus particles. Therefore, this paper argues the phenomenon mentioned above based on Copy Theory. As a result, the higher copy of the focus particles is not realized in the PF layer due to phonological restrictions while the copies of the focus particles are realized differently depending on the discourse semantic situation in the LF layer.
49
Lusini, Gianfrancesco. "Mohammed Ali, ʿƎmanini (“Trust me”): Linguistic features of a novel in Tigre". Aethiopica 10 (18 червня 2012): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.10.1.193.
Full textAbstract:
The novel ʿƎmanini (“Trust me”) by Mohammed Ali Ibrahim Mohammed (born 1966) is the first work written in Tigre by a native speaker. This is a true literary and linguistic experiment, which will greatly enrich our knowledge of the Tǝgrāyǝt grammar and vocabulary, specifically its little known variant spoken among the Beni ʿAmǝr. Several phonetic, morphological, syntactical and lexical peculiarities of the text are here examined in order to reveal whether they are dictated by linguistic constraints (lexico-semantic, grammatical or pragmatic), or have been chosen by the author as stylistic devices for reasons of expressiveness. Passages of ʿƎmanini are here published, translated and commented.
50
Bošković, Željko. "Now I’m a Phase, Now I’m Not a Phase: On the Variability of Phases with Extraction and Ellipsis." Linguistic Inquiry 45, no. 1 (2014): 27–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00148.
Full textAbstract:
On the basis of a number of cases where the status of X with respect to phasehood changes depending on the syntactic context in which X occurs, I argue for a contextual approach to phasehood whereby the highest phrase in the extended projection of all lexical categories—N, P, A, and V (passive and active)—functions as a phase. The relevant arguments concern extraction and ellipsis. I argue that ellipsis is phase-constrained: only phases and complements of phase heads can in principle undergo ellipsis. I show that Ā-extraction out of an ellipsis site is possible only if the ellipsis site corresponds to a phasal complement. I also provide evidence for the existence of several AspectPs, all of which have morphological manifestations, in the VP domain of English and show that they crucially affect the phasehood of this domain. The article provides a uniform account of a number of superficially different constructions involving extraction and ellipsis from Serbo-Croatian, Japanese, Turkish, and English.